Traditional Medicine Monograph On Popular Home Remedies

Monograph on Popular and Effective Select Traditional Home Remedies
2006-07
2006-07 Department of AYUSH Ministry of Health & Family Welfare New Delhi In collaboration with WHO Country Office for India
CONTENTS
Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Particulars Triphla Kasaya for Eye Discharge Amalaki Churna for Acidity & Gastritis Chaturbhadra Kwath for Indigestion Haridra for Wound
Page Numbers 2-6 7-12 13-18 19-23 24-28
Lodhra Churna for Leucorrhoea Ashvagandha Churna for Malaise Shatpuspa Churna for Painful Menstruation Katuka Churna for Jaundice Dhattura Lepa for Lice Infestation Ela Churna for Vomiting Pippali Churna for Cough Goksura Churna & Kwath for Urinary Disorder
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
29-34 35-37 38-45 46-52 53-58 59-65 66-72
Triphla Kasaya for Eye Discharge. Description of Eye discharge: Drainage from the eye of any substance other than tears, with or without burning and itching, is found in many eye conditions and also due to environmental pollutants. Mostly, eye discharge is a common symptom in the inflammatory diseases of eye and allergic conditions. In viral conjunctivitis, eye becomes red or bloodshot and irritation causes discharge but this condition does not last more than 10 days or so, if uncomplicated and proper hygienic care taken. Bacterial conjunctivitis is not common, but if it develops and eye discharge is thick white, yellow or greenish, it is advisable to seek medical advice. Cigarette smoke, chlorine in swimming pool water and chemicals in make up materials are some of the uncommon causes of eye discharge. In such cases, eye discharge and other associated symptoms appear on coming in contact with the irritant and do not last long. Specific medication is not required but to avoid the cause of eye irritation. Thin watery discharge coupled with itching and burning in the eyes is due to allergy and it is sometimes very uncomfortable. This condition necessitates determination of the cause of allergy.
Management of common eye ailments is mentioned in traditional medicine literature and also practiced in folk lore. The traditional approach of managing eye ailments may be empirical, but a sound logic is mostly found. For eye discharge, the simple principle of treatment recommended in Ayurvedic literature is to avoid the causative factor and palliate the symptom with medicines having antagonistic properties. Triphla kasaya is one such medicine which is widely popular and considered quite effective in alleviating various eye symptoms including discharge, inflammation and irritation.
Description of the formulation: Triphla Kasaya is a decoction made from the fruits of
three myrobalans collectively designated as Triphla in Ayurveda, meaning the three specific fruits put together. This formulation is included in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India and the ingredients are described in Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia. The formulation is simple, cheap and easy to prepare. It finds vivid description in Ayurveda literature and is frequently used by practitioners inter alia in the treatment of eye diseases, particularly conjunctivitis and vision disorders. Both decoction and powder of Triphla are indicated for internal and external use. Triphla decoction is mainly used for washing inflamed eyes with purulent discharge or as eye drops in controlling conjunctivitis. Apart from providing relief in inflammation induced eye symptoms with its decongestant, antiinflammatory and soothing effects, instillation of Triphla Kasaya in eyes is proven to have prophylactic value for preventing viral conjunctivitis during epidemics.
Composition:
Decoction of Triphla is prepared by boiling together in water the coarse powder of dried fruits of following three medicinal plantsLocal Name Haritaki Bibhitaki Amalaki Latin Name Terminalia chebula Retz. Terminalia belerica Roxb. Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Family Combretaceae Combretaceae Euphorbiaceae Part used Fruit Fruit Fruit
Chemical constituents: Triphla as a whole is rich in vitamin C, gallic acid and tannins.
Ingredient-wise the main chemical constituents are-
Amalaki: Vitamin C, carotene, nicotinic acid, riboflavin and tannins. Bibhitaki: Gallic acid, tannic acid and glycosides. Haritaki: Tannins, anthraquinones and polyphenolic compounds.
Quality Standards:
Simple quality parameters for selection of raw materials could be followed for having desired efficacy from Triphla KasayaIngredient Foreign matter
Not more than 1% Not more than 2% Not more than 3%
Total ash
Acid insoluble ash

Alcohol soluble extractive

Not less than 40% Not less than 8% Not less than 40%
Water soluble extractive

Haritaki Bibhitaki Amalaki
Method of preparation: Triphla decoction for cleansing eyes is prepared in following

steps Clean the dried fruits and remove the seeds. Take as much quantity of each of the ingredients as could be sufficient for the course of treatment. For 15 days treatment, each ingredient in 500 gram is required. Make coarse powder separately of the three dried fruits. Mix together the three powders in equal amounts to form a uniform mixture. Take 10 to 50 gram of the mixture for one application and soak it for about an hour in sixteen times water. Then boil till half water remains. Filter the decoction through fine cotton cloth and keep in a clean bowl or jug. Slight warm decoction should be used for washing eyes at the earliest after its preparation.
Soft decoction for the use in children and sensitive individuals can be prepared by soaking 50 gram of powdered triphla in 200 milliliter of hot water for half an hour and then filter it before using.
Dosage form: Decoction prepared in water.
Therapeutic properties: Shothahar (Anti-inflammatory), Sravahar (Decongestant),

Ksobhahar (Soothing), Vranashodhaka & ropaka (wound healing property).
Dose and mode of administration: Sufficient quantity of Triphla decoction, say

about 100 to 200 milliliter, is required to wash eyes in one of the following ways(i) Dip small piece of cotton in slightly warm Triphla decoction and clean with it each eye 3-5 times from nasal side outwards, each time with separate cotton. Wipe the eyes with clean cotton or soft cloth. Do this procedure two to three times a day. Ask the patient to lie down on back. Irrigate the open eyes, one by one, with Triphla kasaya poured through a clean dropper. The procedure may be done twice or thrice a day. With patient lying down on back first clean the eyes with cotton or soft cloth soaked in clean water and then make rings of wheat-flour dough around both eyes. Put Triphla Kasaya in the rings in such a way as it may not spill out. Keep this position for 5 to 10 minutes and ask the patient to blink eyes and move eye balls in between. This procedure should be done at least twice a day.
(ii)
(iii)
Indications & uses: Triphla Kasaya is used for washing eyes in acute and chronic
infections and inflammatory diseases of eye including trachoma, where watery or purulent discharge is the main symptom. It is also recommended for oral use in various Netraroga (Eye diseases).
Precautions & safety aspects:

Due care must be taken to make and keep the decoction in clean utensil. Do not keep decoction uncovered and in an unhygienic place. Dipping fingers in the decoction to judge its temperature should be strictly avoided. Too hot and too cold decoctions should not be used as they may not yield desired effects.
Frequency of eye wash should be determined on the basis of severity of symptoms. It is advisable to wash the affected eye at least twice a day and for each application fresh decoction should be prepared. Warm compresses should be applied to soften and remove crusts in the eyelids, before washing the eyes. Softened crusts can be removed with cotton. Medical advice must be sought, if vision is decreased, eye pain gets severe, the discharge is thick, frankly purulent, greenish or bloody and light sensitivity is intense. Do not continue using Triphla Kasaya in case eye symptoms of itching, discharge, redness etc worsen or do not improve in one to two weeks. Amalaki, Haritaki and Bibhitaki fruits are traditionally considered safe in the prescribed doses and no adverse effects are reported in the literature.
References:
(1) Tambvekar, N.R. (1985), Ayurvedic drugs in common eye conditions, J. Nat. Integ. Med. Assoc., Vol.27 (5), PP.13-18. Mehta, B.K.; Shitut, S. & Wankhade, H. (1993), In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of Triphala, Fitoterapia , Vol. 64 (4), PP.371-372. Thakare, R.P. (1979-80), Studies on the anti-bacterial activity of some plant extracts, Indian Drugs, Vol. 17, PP.148. Bhusari, D.B. (1995), A report on the effect of Sookshma Triphala on Anjananamika, Ayurvedic Research Papers II, PP.124-125. Juss, S.S. (1997), Triphala-The wonder drugs, Indian Med. Gaz., Vl. 131 (6), PP.194-196. Mitra, A.K.; Gupta, A.K. & Debdas, M. (1986), Clinical observations on an herbal eye drops preparation, Antiseptic, Vol. 83 (2), PP.95-98.
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Selected further reading & bibliographies:

(1) Anonymous (2000), The Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Department of Indian Systems of Medicine and Homeopathy, New Delhi, India, Part II, PP.72. Anonymous (2001), The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Department of Indian Systems of Medicine and Homeopathy, New Delhi, India, Part I, Vol. I, PP.5, 26, 47.
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Amalaki Churna for Acidity & Gastritis Description of Acidity & Gastritis: Acidity means sourness of the stomach due to
over secretion of acid or fermentation of food. Gastric acidity and inflammation of the stomach called gastritis mostly produce a common symptom of burning sensation in the upper middle part of abdomen, may be in throat and heart area. The burning sensation may co-exist with other gastro-intestinal symptoms like sour belching, nausea, loss of appetite, indigestion and mild to moderate upper abdominal pain and distress. Frequent dietary irregularities and ingestion of irritant materials like too spicy & sour foods, alcohol and analgesic drugs like aspirin are the common causes of acidity and gastritis. Mental stress significantly aggravates the symptoms of acidity and gastritis. Ayurveda designates the symptom complex of acid peptic disease as Amlapitta attributed for its causation to impairment of digestive fire and protective lining of stomach. Improperly treated Amlapitta may lead to cause Parinamshoola (Peptic ulcer) due to damage in the mucosal lining of stomach and duodenum.
Description of the formulation: Amalaki Churna is a single-ingredient herbal formulation mentioned in the classic Ayurveda literature and widely used by Indian practitioners as a medicine as well as rejuvenative tonic. The formulation is made from the dried mature fruits of Amalaki, which is a small or medium sized tree found abundantly in natural habitat in mixed deciduous forests and cultivated in gardens and home yards. Ripe fruits are collected in late winter or early summer and are dried in shade. Dried fruits are then separated from the seeds and are kept in airtight plastic bags or boxes under dry storage conditions. Potency of the properly preserved dried fruits lasts for one year. Ascorbic acid, carotene, nicotinic acid, riboflavine and Gallo tannins are the main constituents of Amalaki. Ascorbic acid of Amalaki is proven to be heat stable. Extensive uses of Amalaki as medicine and tonic are described in Indian medicine and the medicinal plant is included in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.
Composition:
The formulation is a fine powder made of single herbal ingredient Amalaki. English Name: - Emblic Myrobalan, Indian gooseberry. Latin Name: - Emblica officinalis Gaertn. or Phyllanthus emblica Linn. Family: -Euphorbiaceae. Plant part used: - Fruit.
Quality standards:
Purity and strength of dried mature fruits of Amalaki is determined on the basis of (i) Foreign matter not more than 3%; (ii) Total ash not more than 7%; (iii) Acid insoluble ash not more than 2%; (iv) Acid-soluble extractive not less than 40%; and (v) Water-soluble extractive not less than 50%.
Method of preparation:
Seedless dried fruits of Amalaki are cleaned and then ground in to fine powder with a grinder or pulverizer. Powder is sieved through mesh 80 to remove coarse particles and fibres. Keep powder in a dry airtight container and prevent it from exposure to moisture.
Dosage form: Fine blackish powder.
Therapeutic properties: Antacid, anti-ulcer, appetizer, anti-emetic, anti-inflammatory,

anti-oxidant, and rich source of Vitamin C.
Dose and mode of administration: Three to six gram, twice a day, to be swallowed
empty stomach or just before meals with water.
Indications & uses: Hyperacidity, Gastritis, Anorexia, Pregnancy vomiting and anaemia
associated with chronic acid peptic disease are the common indications for the use Amalaki Churna. Clinical trials have proven Amalaki to be effective in the management acid gastritis, non-ulcer dyspepsia and duodenal ulcer with significant prevention recurrence of symptoms. Amalaki Churna can also be used as a natural supplement Vitamin C in nutritional deficiencies, pregnancy and chronic diseases. of of of of
Safety aspects & precautions:

(i) Amalaki Churna is generally a safe medicine. No toxic or adverse effects are reported even with continuous use. Assay study for cellular toxicity of crude alcoholic extract of Amalaki has proved it safe. Safety of Emblica officinalis is attributed to its anti-mutagenic, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-oxidant, anti-tumour and immuno-modulatory activities and numerous indications for its use in children and pregnant women. Individuals sensitive to sour taste should add sugar to the formulation or consume it in capsule form. Mixing it in half cup of warm water or milk sweetened with sugar or honey makes ingestion of Amalaki Churna easy. Amalaki has cooling property and hence individuals intolerant to cold should consume it with ginger powder and warm water or honey. Even then if symptoms get worsened, medication with Amalaki Churna may be stopped. It is advisable for patients of acidity and gastritis to avoid the intake of spicy, hard, heavy, dry and raw foods, particularly leafy vegetables and salad. Tendency of overeating and frequent munching and use of alcoholic beverages should be avoided.
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References:
(1) Sharma, P.C.; Yelne, M.B. & Dennis, T.J. (2001), Database on Medicinal Plants Used in Ayurveda, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha, New Delhi, Vol. 3, PP.11-16. Ahmad, I; Mehmood Z. & Mohammad, F. (1998), Screening of some Indian medicinal plants for their antimicrobial properties, J. Ethnopharmacol., Vol. 62 (2), PP.182-193. Badave, S.V. & Phadake, S.G. (1998), To assess the role of Amalaki (Emblica officinalis) in Katuraspradhan tikshna ushna Ahar Janeet Amlapitta, Ayurveda Update, Vol.1 (3), PP.3-5. Biswas, S.; Talukder, G. & Sharma, A. (1999), Protection against cytotoxic effects of arsenic by dietary supplementation with crude extract of Emblica officinalis fruit, Phytotherpay Res., Vol. 13(6), PP.513-516. Chawla, Y.K.; Dubey, P.; Rajpal Singh; Nandu,S. & Tandon, B.N.(1982), Treatment of dyspepsia with Amalaki (Emblica officinalis Linn.)-an Ayurvedic drug, Indian J. Med. Res., Vol.76 (Suppl.), PP.95-98. Giri, K.V. (1939), Indian gooseberries (Phyllanthus emblica Linn.) as a source of vitamin C, Indian J. Med. Res., Vol.27, PP.429-439.
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Ratnam, C. & Srinivasan, M. (1959), Behaviour of ascorbic acid in Indian gooseberry to heat treatment, J. Sci. Ind. Res., Vol.18 C (7), PP. 132-133. Hanif, M.; Rahman, J.; Ahmad, I.; Bhatty, M.K. & Karimullah (1966), Antioxidant factor of amla fruit, Pak.J. Sci. Res., Vol.18 (1), PP.61-63. Kirtikar, K.R. & Basu, B.D. (1988), Indian Medicinal Plants, reprinted edition, L.M. Basu, Allahabad, Vol.III, PP.2220-2222. Kurup, P.N.V.; Ramdas, V.N.K. & Joshi, P. (1979), Hand Book of Medicinal Plants (revised and enlarged), Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi, PP.5-6. Li, L.Y. & Chou, C.Y. (1948), Ascorbic acid content of fruits, vegetables and other plant part in Fukien, Fukien Agric. J., Vol. 10(1-2), PP.1-14; For. Abstr., 1949, 11(1), 569. Mitra, K. & Ghose, A.K. (1942), Ascorbic acid value of Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica), Ann. Biochem., Vol. 2(4), PP.205; index Lit. Food Invest., 1947, 18 (4), 1878. Morton, J.F.(1955), Emblic (Phyllanthus emblica L.), a rich but neglected source of vitamin C, Proc. Florida State Hortic. Soc., Vol. 68, PP. 315320; Biol. Abstr., 1957, 31 (7), 22364. Nadkarni, A.K. (1976), K.M. Nadkarnis Indian Materia Medica, Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd., Bombay, PP.480-484. Rastogi, R.P. & Mehrotra, B.N. (1993), Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants, reprinted edition, Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, Vol. 1, PP.173. Rastogi, R.P. & Mehrotra, B.N. (1993), Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants, reprinted edition, Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, Vol. 2, PP.293. Roberts, E. (1931), Phyllanthus emblica (Emblica myrobalans), Vegetable Materia Medica of India and Ceylon, Plate Limited, Colombo, PP.269, 274. Mathew, S.M.; Rao, S.B; Nair, G.R.S. (1995), Anti-ulcer activity of amla extract, Int. Seminar on Recent Trends in Pharm. Sci., Ootacamund, Abstr. No. A 7. Parvathavarthini, S. et al. (2000), Anti-ulcer activity of Emblica officinalis (Indian gooseberry), Proc. Int. Cong. Ayurveda 2000, Chennai TN, India, 28-30 Jan. 2000, PP.210-211.
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Rai, M.K. (1994), Herbal medicines in India: retrospect and prospect, Fitoterapia, Vol.65, PP.483-491. Rajaram Rao & Siddiqui (1964), Studies on Emblica officinalis, Indian J. Pharm., Vol.26, PP.178.
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Rastogi, R.P. & Mehrotra, B.N. (1993), Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants, reprinted edition, Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, Vol.2, PP.173. Rastogi, R.P. & Mehrotra, B.N. (1993), Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants, reprinted edition, Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, Vol.2, PP.293. Rastogi, R.P. & Mehrotra, B.N. (1993), Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants, Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, Vol.3, PP.263. Reddy, P.S. (2000), A comparative study on the effect of Ayurvedic compound preparation and antacid and dietary therapy in the management of Amlapitta, Proc. Int. Congr. Ayurveda-2000, Chennai, TN, India, 28-30 Jan.2000, PP.92. Sairam, K.; Agarwal, V.K.; Joshi, V.K. & Goel, R.K. (2000), Effect of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. on gastric ulceration and secretion, Indian J. Pharmacol., Vol. 32(1), PP.82. Sharma, P.V. (1981), Dravyaguna Vijnana, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, Vol. II, PP.758. Sharma, P.V. (1996), Classical Uses of Medicinal Plants, Chaukhambha Visvabharati, Varanasi (India), PP.33. Shastri, A.D. (1981), Bhaishajyaratnavali, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, PP. 56,275. Singh, B.N. & Sharma, P.V. (1971), Effect of Amalaki on amlapitta, J. Res. Indian Med., Vol.5, PP.223. Singh, K.P. & Singh, R.H. (1985), Recent advances in the management of amlapitta-parinama sula (non ulcer dyspepsia and peptic ulcer disease), J. Res. Ayur. & Siddha, Vol. 6 (2), PP.132-148. Swami, R.P. & Govardhan, K. (1983), Role of Khandamalaki in Parinamashoola, Nagarjuna, Vol. 26 (6), PP. 129-131.
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Swayam Prakash, M.K. (1991), Treatment of anaemia with special reference to iron in ancient Indian Medicine-Ayurveda : A historical perspective, Bull. Indian Instt. Hist. Med., Vol. 21(2), PP.99-105. Tariq, M., Zafarullah, M. & Hasib, H.A. (1975), Scientific appraisal of some medicinal plants in the indigenous and modern systems of medicine, J. Sci. Ind. Res., Vol. 34(11), PP.644-646.
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Thorat, S.P. et al. (1995), Emblica officinalis: a novel therapy for acute pancreatitis-an experimental study, HPB Surg., Vol. 9(1), PP.25-30. Tripathi, P.C. et al. (1992), The role of Amalaki in management of amlapitta, Indian Medicine, Vol. 4 (2), PP.11. Varma, M.D. et al. (1977), Amalaki rasayana in the treatment of chronic peptic ulcer, J. Res. Indian Med. Yoga & Homeop., Vol. 12 (4), PP.1. Xia, Q.; Xiao, P.; Wan, L. & Kong, J. (1997), Ethnopharmacology of Phyllanthus emblica L., Chung Kuo Chung Yao Tsa Chih., Vol.22 (9), PP. 515-518, 525, 574.
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Selected further reading/bibliographies:

(I) Singh, B. & Chunekar, K.C. (1972), Glossary of Vegetable Drugs in Brhattrayi, Chaukhambha Amarbharati Prakashan, Varanasi (India), PP.36. Anonymous (1999), Handbook of Domestic Medicine and Common Ayurvedic Remedies, second edition, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha, New Delhi, PP.63. Anonymous (2001), The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Department of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, New Delhi, India, Part-I, Vol.I, Reprinted Edition, PP.5-6.
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Chaturbhadra Kwath for Indigestion Description of Indigestion: Improper digestion of the food is indigestion. This condition
usually results from overeating, frequent eating without having the feeling to eat, untimely eating and improper sleep. Decreased secretion of digestive juices is relatively a less common cause of indigestion. Usually there occurs relative deficiency of digestive ferments, imbalance of gastro-intestinal environment and impaired movements of intestines. All the gastro-intestinal factors when in order facilitate proper digestion, if food is taken in time in right amount and contents. Individuals with stressful lifestyle mostly suffer from persistent low-grade indigestion with acute attacks in between on doing dietary indiscrimination. Indigestion can also result from gastro-intestinal infection, consumption of contaminated food or due to certain medicines, which cause irritation in the stomach and upper part of intestines. Indigestion becomes apparent with feeling of fullness or heaviness in abdomen, low appetite, nauseating feeling, abnormal taste in mouth and disturbed bowel movements in the form of constipation or loose motions. In acidic indigestion sour eructation or belching and water brash are usually present. Indigestion is primarily a self-limiting condition manageable with escaping solid food for a day or two followed by intake of soft, light and easily digestible food for a couple of days. Severely prolonged indigestion however always needs medication and can be effectively managed with simple digestive herbal formulations like Chaturbhadra Kwath.
Description of the formulation: Chaturbhadra Kwath is an herbal formulation listed in

the Ayurvedic Formulary of India for management of indigestion and indigestion-induced gastro-intestinal problems. Its ingredients are individually described in the pharmacopoeia and are reported to have therapeutic properties useful for management of bowel disorders including impaired, diarrohea, vomiting, loss of appetite and protozoal infection. The formulation is carminative and astringent and it improves the digestive and gastro-intestinal functions.
Composition: Chaturbhadra Kwath is a decoction made from following ingredients in

equal parts-
(i)
Guduchi English name: Tinospora Latin name: Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. ex Hk.f.& Th. Family: Menisper(iiimaceae Part used: Stem Main chemical constituents: Terpenoids and alkaloids.
(ii)
Ativisa English name: Indian Atis Latin name: Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex. Royle
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Family: Ranunculaceae Part used: Root Main chemical constituents: Alkaloids. (iii) Sunthi English name: Ginger Latin name: Zingiber officinale Rosc. Family: Zingiberaceae Part used: Rhizome Main chemical constituents: Essential oil, pungent constituents gingerol & Shogaol, resinous matter and starch. Mustaka English name: Nut grass Latin name: Cyperus rotundus Linn. Family: Cyperaceae Part used: Rhizome Main chemical constituents: Volatile oil.
(iv)
Quality Standards:
For quality assurance, physical constants of the ingredients used in the formulation should be as underIngredient Foreign matter
Not more than 2% Not more than 2% Not more than 1% Not more than 2%
Total ash
Not more than 16% Not more than 4% Not more than 6% Not more than 8%
Water soluble ash
Acid insoluble ash

Not more than 3%
Alcohol Water soluble soluble extractive extractive

Not less than 3% Not less than 11%
Volatile oil
Guduchi
Ativisa Shunthi Mustaka
Not more than 1% Not less than 1.5% Not more than 4%
Not less than 1%
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Method of preparation: With following steps decoction is prepared(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) All the four ingredients are cleaned and dried first. Make coarse powder of each ingredient. Mix the powders properly. The mixture should be stored in air-tight container for use within one year, after which its potency is lost. Boil 10 gram of the mixture in 160 milliliter of water till one-fourth water remains. Filter the liquid part. Add 1-2 gram of finely powdered ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) and cumin seeds (Cuminum cyminum Linn.) to make the decoction more effective.
Dosage form: Warm light brownish decoction. Therapeutic properties:

Digestive, appetizer, anti-emetic, stomachic, carminative and anti-diarrhoeal.
Dose and mode of administration: 40 milliliter of freshly prepared warm decoction is

administered twice a day before meals. It is advisable to sip the decoction instead of swallowing it in one lot.
Indications & uses: The decoction is mainly used for the management of indigestion
resulted from overeating, untimely meals and consumption of heavy food-items and from liver dysfunction. Other indications include poor appetite, vomiting, flatulence, nausea and indigestion associated with diarrhea and dysentery. Gastro-intestinal upsets due to giardial and amoebic infections can also be managed with Chaturbhadra Kwath.

(i) Always freshly prepared decoction should be used as it is said to loose potency & gets contaminated after few hours and hence the stale decoction may not be useful. Individuals not liking the taste of the formulation can add sugar or honey. For fast recovery patients should consume soft, light and semisolid or liquid diet and avoid cold & heavy foods and raw vegetables. Mental relaxation must be achieved if indigestion is induced or aggravated due to stress. The formulation is traditionally considered to be safe in the recommended doses and side effects are mostly unlikely. However, due to presence of Ativisa and Sunthi in the formulation, overdose may cause symptoms like dryness of mouth, tremor, nervous depression etc. Pregnant women should use the formulation under clinical guidance.
(ii) (iii)
(iv)
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References:
(1) Singh, K.P. & Chaturvedi, G.N. (1982), Some traditional anti-diarrhoeal drugs, Nagarjun, Vol.25 (6), PP.130. Al-Yahya, M.A.; Rafatullah, S.; Mossa, J.S.;Ageel, A.M.; Parmar, N.S. & Tariq, M.(1989), Gastroprotective activity of ginger Zingiber officinale rocs. in albino rats, Am. J. Chin. Med., Vol.17 (1-2), PP.51-56. Ernst, E. & Pittler, M.H. (2000), Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials, Br. J. Anaesth., Vol. 84 (3), PP.367371. Nanda, G.C.; Tewari, N.S. & Prem Kishore (1985), Clinical studies on the role of sunthi in the treatment of Grahni roga, J. Res. Ayur. Siddha, Vol. 6(1,3-4), PP.7887. Nanda, G.C.; Tewari, N.S. & Prem Kishore (1993), Clinical evaluation of Sunthi (Zingiber officinale) in the treatment of Grahni roga, J. Res. Ayur. Siddha, Vol. 14(12), PP.34-44. Newall C.A.; Anderson, L.A. & Phillipson, J.D. (1996) Herbal Medicines: a guide for health care professionals, The Pharmaceutical Press, London, PP.135. Bhatt, A.D. & Bhatt, N.S. (1996), Indigenous drugs and liver disease, Indian J. Gastroenterology, Vol.15(2), PP.63-67. Bhattarai, N.K. (1993), Folk herbal remedies for diarrhea and dysentery in central Nepal, Fitoterapia, Vol. 64, PP. 243-250. Choe, Y.T. (1986), Antibacterial activities of some herbal drugs, Korean J. Pharmacog., Vol.17 (4), PP.302-307. Singh, K. P. & Chaturvedi, G.N. (1982), Some traditional anti-diarrhoeal drugs, Nagarjujun, Vol. 25(6), PP.130-135.
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(I) Anonymous (2003), The Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part-I, Second Revised English Edition, PP.54.
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Shastri, A.D. (1999), Bhaishajyaratnavali, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, India, PP. 168. Anonymous (2001), The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part-I, Vol. III, PP.129-130. Anonymous (2001), The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part-I, Vol. I, Reprinted Edition, PP. 22, 41,103. Billore K.V. et al.(2005), Database on Medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi, India Vol.7, PP.38-41 Sharma, P.C. et al. (2002), Database on Medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi, India Vol. 5, PP.315-322. Sharma, P.C. et al. (2001), Database on Medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi, India Vol. 3, PP.256-260 & 404-408. Khare, C.P. (2007), Indian Medicinal Plants, Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, India, PP. 14-15, 195, 662-663, 733-734.
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Haridra for Wound Description of Wound: Wound is a commonly encountered problem that many a times
becomes difficult to treat, if adequate timely intervention is not resorted to. Medically, wound is a type of physical injury wherein the skin is torn or punctured or contusion is formed due to blunt force. Accordingly, wound is called open when skin is breached due to injury and closed when there is no tearing or cutting of skin. Wound is considered as minor when it is superficial, away from natural orifices, with minor or no bleeding and not caused by a tool or instrument or animal. Other types of wounds including stab & gunshot wounds and those with doubtful background are considered as major or severe and must be given proper medical attention. In severe open wounds, risk of blood loss and infection is high. Such wounds need to be kept cleaned and closed until medical help is provided. Internal wounds are comparatively dangerous for not revealing the extent of damage to the tissues. In this monograph, the term wound is confined to external and superficial injuries including incised wounds, lacerations, abrasions, puncture wounds, contusions and mild haematoma. If not severe and complicated, wounds can be successfully managed with simple traditional medical care making use of medicinal plants.
Description of the formulation: Haridra is a well established medicinal plant of Indian

medicine for its wound healing properties. Classical medical literature is replete with the uses of turmeric and adequate evidence is available for its antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-allergic actions. Earliest reference of turmeric with its indications for skin diseases and wounds is found in Ayurvedic text Charak Samhita documented around 3000 years ago. Use of turmeric is recommended for facilitating wound healing in para-surgical procedures prescribed in Ayurveda like leech therapy for chronic wounds, Ksharsutra therapy for piles & fistula. Turmeric is the commonest household medicine for first hand management of injuries and wounds. Its juice, paste, powder, decoction and various formulations are used externally and internally. Haridra is dried rhizome, like that of ginger, of a perennial herb of Zingiberaceae plant family, which is extensively cultivated in all parts of India and harvested between October to April when lower leaves of the plant turn yellow. The rhizomes are boiled and then dried and skin peeled off. Turmeric is available in the market both in raw and powder forms. Powdered Haridra is essential commodity in Indian homes used as condiment in almost all sorts of cooking.
Composition: Haridra is known as turmeric in English and its Latin name is Curcuma
longa Linn. belonging to Zingiberaceae family of plant kingdom. Rhizome of the plant is the part used as medicine. Its main constituents are curcuminoids including yellow coloring principle curcumin, and an essential oil with high content of bisabolane derivatives. Minor components include phytosterols, dihydrocurcumin, fatty acids and polysaccharides.
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Quality Standards:
For quality assurance of turmeric rhizome, following parameters are recommended in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of IndiaForeign matter not more than 2% Total ash not more than 9% Acid-insoluble ash not more than 1% Alcohol-soluble extractive not less than 8% Water-soluble extractive not less than 12% Volatile oil not less than 4% volume/weight. On addition of concentrated sulphuric acid or mixture of concentrated suphuric acid and alcohol to the powdered turmeric, a deep crimson colour is produced.
Powder of turmeric is prepared by grinding dried rhizomes in a grinder or puverizer and filter it through mesh 80. Powder should be kept in a dry container and stored in moisture-free area. Decoction of turmeric for washing wounds is made by boiling 10 gram of powder in 200 milliliter of water till one-fourth liquid remains.
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Paste for application over the wound is prepared by mixing 5 to 10 gram of turmeric powder in equal amount of clean water.
Dosage form: Fine yellow powder, decoction, paste Therapeutic properties: Anti-inflammatory, blood prurifier, anti-allergic, antibacterial, anti-fungal, antiprotozoal, demulcent
Dose and mode of administration:

For oral use turmeric powder in the dose of one to three gram or juice of fresh turmeric in the dose of 10 to 20 milliliter is administered twice daily with water or honey. Wash the wound twice daily with turmeric decoction. Apply thin paste of turmeric over the wound and keep it for 8 to 10 hours and then remove. Alternatively, wound is dressed with gauze piece soaked in turmeric decoction or juice or mixture of turmeric and mustard oil.
Indications & uses: External and internal use of turmeric is indicated in acute and
chronic wounds with not much damage to the tissues. Inflammation & skin discoloration around wound is also manageable with oral use and topical application of turmeric.

Due care must be taken to keep the wound clean and dry. It is advisable to use turmeric decoction for washing the wound. Frank bleeding and pus discharge from the wound should be attended to properly. Treatment with turmeric may be stopped, if it does not yield beneficial effects in a couple of days. Turmeric being regularly used as food item is considered safe and no adverse effects are reported of its long term use. However, its oral use in children and pregnant women should be done under medical supervision. Turmeric or its alcoholic extract administered respectively in the dose of 2.5 gram per kilogram body weight and 300 milligram per kilogram body weight on different species of animals proved non-toxic.
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References:
(1) Bhavmisra (1999), Bhavaprakasa Nighantu, reprinted edition, edited by Pandey, G.S., Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, India, PP. 114-116. Arora, R.B.; Basu, N.; Kapoor, V. & Jain, A.P.(1971), Anti-inflammatory studies on Curcuma longa (Turmeric), Indian J. Med. Res., Vol.59 (8), PP.289. Basu, A.P. (1971), Anti-bacterial activity of Curcuma longa, Indian J. Pharm., Vol.58 (9), PP.622-627. Bhawani Shankar, T.N. & Sreenivasa Murthy, V. (1979), Effect of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) fractions on the growth of some essential and pathogenic bacteria in vitro, Indian J. Exptl. Biol., Vol.17 (12), PP.1363-1366. Dhawan, B.N. (1993), Turmeric a gold mine, Indian Spices, Vol.30 (2&3), PP.1920. Eigner, D. & Scholz, D.(1993), Food as medicine & medicine as food: Nutritional plants in medical prescriptions in the notebook of a Tamang healer-Ferula asafetida L. & Curcuma longa L. in treatment & diet in Nepal, medicines & foods, nd Te Ethnopharmacological Approach, 2 European Colloquium on th Ethnopharmacology, PP.89 (24-27 March 1993). Khung, N.; Rastogi, G. & Grover, J.K. (1998), Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Curcuma longa, Indian J. Pharmacology. Vol. (18) (1), PP.19. Pandya, M.M. (1995), Septic wounds in diabetics & role of herbal treatment, Sachitra Ayurveda, Vol.48 (3), PP.392-394. Pillai, S.N.; Desai, M.V. & Shah, H.M. (1975), Nematicidal properties of turmeric, Indian Phytopathol., Vol. 28 (1), PP.128-129. Potnis, V.V. & Grampurohit, N.D. (1994), Anti-inflammatory activity of the creams containing turmeric & red sandalwood, Indian Drugs, Vol.31 (3), PP.117-118. Sangameswara Sarma, S. (1962), Turmeric and its uses, Spices Bull., Vol. 2(3), PP.-5-8, 21. Shukla, N.K. et al. (1991), Multicentric randomized controlled clinical trial of Ksharasootra (Ayurvedic medicated thread ) in management of fistula-in-ano, Indian Journal of Medical Research, Vol. 94 B, PP.175-185. Vohra, S.B. & Mishra, G.V. (1998), Rational basis of the use of medicinal plants in skin diseases, Indian Drugs, Vol. 35 (1), PP.1-17.
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Yano, S. et al. (1996/97), Antiallergic activity of extracts from Curcuma longa: Active components & mechanism of actions, Phytomedicine, Vol. 3 (Suppl. 1), PP.58. Kundu, S. et al. (2005), Turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizome paste and honey show similar wound healing potential; a preclinical study in rabbits, Int. J. of Low Extreme Wounds, Vol.4, PP. 205-213. Anonymous (2006), Ayurveda and its Scientific Aspects, Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy and Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, New Delhi, PP.14.
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(i) Anonymous (2001), The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part-I, Vol. I, Reprinted Edition, PP. 45,46. Sharma, P.C. et al. (2000), Database on Medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi, India Vol. 1, PP.152-155. Khare, C.P. (2007), Indian Medicinal Plants, Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, India, PP. 187, 188. Sharma, P.V. (2001), Dravyaguna Vigyan, reprinted edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, India, Vol.II, PP. 162-165. Anonymous (1976), Medicinal plants of India, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, Vol.1, PP.312-317. Anonymous (1998), Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Regional Research Laboratory, CSIR, Jammu-Tawi & Indian Drug Manufacturers Association, Mumbai, Vol.I, PP.64-72. Ivan, A. Ross (1999), Medicinal Plants of the World, Vol. 1, Humana Press, Totowa, PP. 139-153.
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Lodhra Churna for Leucorrhoea Description of Leucorrhoea: Leucorrhoea is a symptom of pouring out whitish mucus
rich discharge from the female genital canal. Basic cause of this problem is overproduction of secretions from the genital tract due to continuous irritation. Mostly there is change in the vaginal flora and alkalinity of the secretions. Vaginal infection is the commonest cause, which usually results from bad local hygiene. Other pathological causes of leucorrhoea are ill health, undernourishment, marital disharmony, psychological, endocrinal disturbance, genital-tract inflammation, any growth in the uterus and use of contraceptives. Leucorrhoea without any underlying pathological condition is seen in early pregnancy, sexual excitement and at puberty. This type of leucorrhoea needs no medication but assurance and it corrects itself though excessive secretions are sometimes enough to keep vulva moist and stain the under-clothing. Differentiation in the underlying causes of leucorrhoea can be grossly done according to the period of womans life. Early age leucorrhoea up to puberty usually occurs due to inflammation of vagina; post-puberty leucorrhoea up to marriage usually occurs from poor genital hygiene, vaginal infection and ill health & anemia; post-child birth leucorrhoea occurs mainly due to vaginal or cervical tear; leucorrhoea during child bearing age after first child birth usually occurs due to cervical erosion or chronic infective inflammation of cervix and vagina, use of contraceptives, excessive vaginal medication or use of tampons; premenopausal leucorrhoea results from uterine polyps, fibroid, carcinoma and prolapse; and post-menopausal leucorrhoea is mainly the result of genital tract growth, uterine prolapse or senile changes in the vagina.
Description of the formulation:

Lodhra Churna is a single-ingredient powder made from the bark of Symplocos tree and is used orally as well as for topical application in the form of vaginal douche. The formulation is mentioned in classical Ayurvedic texts and Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India for use in conditions with increased discharge like diarrhoea, dysentery, leucorrhoea, excessive menstrual bleeding, hemorrhagic disorders, conjunctivitis, gonorrhoea etc. The bark has astringent, styptic, cooling, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties and is used in various Ayurvedic formulations. Scientific studies have showed Symplocos bark to have inhibitory effect on the growth of Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus, E. coli, and enteric groups of organisms.
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Quality Standards: The bark of Lodhra (Symplocos racemosa Roxb.) to be used for
making medicinal powder should have the following physical constantsNo foreign matter, Total ash not more than 12%, Acid-insoluble ash not more than 1%, Alcohol-soluble extractive not less than 9%, and Water-soluble extractive not less than 15%.
i) Properly dried stem-bark of Symplocos is cleaned first to remove foreign matters and then powdered and sieved through 80 meshes. Exposure to moisture should be avoided during preparation of the powder. Powder should be kept in air-tight container in a dry place. Properly kept powder retains its potency for one year. For preparing decoction for vaginal wash, stem-bark of Symplocos is cleaned and coarsely powdered. Decoction is prepared by boiling 20-30 gram of coarse powder of Symplocos bark in 300 to 500 ml. of water till 100 to 125 ml. remains. Filter the decoction and use it light warm for vaginal douche.
ii)
Dosage form: Grayish-brown powder for oral use and decoction for vaginal wash. Therapeutic properties: Astringent, styptic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial. Dose and mode of administration:
(i) Powder is given orally in the dose of 3 to 5 gram, twice a day, with rice water or warm water. Rice water is prepared by soaking one tablespoon of raw rice in 50 ml. plain water for an hour and then taking out the liquid part. Alternatively, mixture of given dose of powder with equal amount of honey can be swallowed with warm water or rice water. Vaginal wash with the decoction of Symplocos bark should be done daily for twothree weeks till local symptoms are adequately controlled. Thereafter, only oral medication should be continued. Concomitant use of powder orally and decoction for vaginal wash helps in speedy and better control of leucorrhoea.
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Indications & uses: Sveta Pradara (Leucorrhoea),

Rakta Pradara (Menorrhagia/Metrorrhagia).

It is advisable to have the cause of leucorrhoea established before starting treatment with Lodhra. Overdose and empty stomach consumption of Lodhra churna may cause abdominal heaviness, nausea and constipation in individuals prone to gastrointestinal upsets. These symptoms can be avoided by taking light & liquid-rich diet. Decoction of Lodhra bark for vaginal wash should be prepared fresh and should not be left uncovered for long time. It is better to use the decoction within an hour or so. Lesser dose of Lodhra churna may be taken, if menstrual flow gets diminished. Excess use of spicy & sour food items and curd should be avoided during medication. Mental stress aggravates the symptoms of leucorrhoea and hence all attempts should be made to remain stress-free. If significant control of symptoms is not achieved in three-four weeks, medical opinion must be sought. No adverse effects are reported when taken in recommended dose.
References:
(1) Anonymous (1971), Dhanvantari Vanaushadhi Visheshank (Hindi), ed. K.P. Trivedi, Dhanvantari Karyalaya, Vijayagarh, Vol. VI, PP.168-171. Shahriar, M. et al.(1999), Acute metabolic and chronic toxicity studies of Symplocos racemosa Roxb., Hamdard Medicus, Vol.42 (2), PP.62-66. Shahriar, M. et al.(2000), Pharmacological study of Symplocos racemosa Roxb., Hamdard Medicus, Vol.43 (2), PP.8-18. Sirsi, M. (1964), Pharmacology of Symplocos racemosa Roxb., Indian J. Pharm., Vol.26, PP.129. Joshayam, S.; Arifulla, H.M. & Amruthraj, G. (1985), Screening of antiinflammatory activity of stem bark of Symplocos racemosa (Lodhra), Asian Congress of Pharmacol., January 15-19, New Delhi, Indian J. Pharmacol., Vol.17(Suppl., unpagenated), Abstr. No. P-023.
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Selected further reading/bibliographies: (i) Anonymous (2001), The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part-I, Vol. I, Reprinted Edition, PP. 82-83. Sharma, P.C.; Yelne, M.B. & Dennis, T.J. (2002), Database on Medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha, New Delhi, Vol. 5, PP. 164-166. Sharma, P.V. (2001), Dravyaguna Vigyan, reprinted edition Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi, India, Vol. II, PP.616-617. Bhavamisra Sri (1999), Bhavaprakash Nighantu, ed. Pandey, G.S., Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi, India, Reprinted edition, PP. 128-129. Sharma, P.V.(1996), Classical Uses of Medicinal Plants, Chaukhambha Visvabharati, Varanasi, India, PP.331. Anonymous (1970), Charaka Samhita, Commentary by Shastri, K.N. et al., Chaukhambha Vidyabhavan, Varanasi, Su. 3. 12,26,29; 4.5,31,46; 5.22; 25. 49(2). Anonymous (1982), Ashtanga Hridayam, ed. Kunte, A.M. et al., Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, U.18, 21; 34.4. Bhattacharjee, S.K. (1998), Handbook of Medicinal Plants, Pointer Publishers, Jaipur, India, PP.336. Chopra, R.N.; Chopra, I.C. & Varma, B.S. (1992), Supplement to Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants, Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, PP.94. Chopra, R.N.; Chopra, Nayar, S.L. & Chopra, I.C. (1986), Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants, reprinted edition Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, PP.237. Chunekar, K.C. (1982), Bhavaprakasa Academy, Varanasi, PP.128. Nughantu, Chaukhambha Bharati
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Kirtikar, K.R. & Basu, B.D. (1989), India Medicinal Plants, reprinted edition, L.M. Basu, Allahabad, Vol. II, PP.1511. Kurup, P.N.V.; Ramadas, V.N.K & Joshi, P. (1979), Handbook of Medicinal Plants, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi, PP.135.
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Mukerji, B. (1953), Indian Pharmaceutical Codex, Indigenous Drugs, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, Vol. I, PP.11861188. Nadkarni, A.K. (1976), K.M. Nadkarnis Indian Materia Medica, Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd., Bombay, Vol. I, PP.1186. Rastogi, R.P. & Mehrotra, B.N. (1993), Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants, Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, Vol. III, PP.619.
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(xvii) Singh, B. & Chunekar, K.C. (1972), Glossary of Vegetable Drugs in Brhattrayi, Chaukhambha Amarabharati Prakashan, Varanasi, PP.351, 352. (xviii) Vaidya, Bapalal G. (1968), Nighantu Adarsa (Purvardha), Chaukhambha Vidya Bhawan, Varanasi, PP. 821,823.
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28
Ashvagandha Churna for Malaise

Malaise is a symptom of psychosomatic origin characterized by a general feeling of illness or lack of well-being and infrequently accompanied by discomfort, fatigue lassitude, restlessness, loss of strength and lack of interest and drive. This symptom is usually a vague sense of ill being and exhaustion seen in patients suffering from any significant febrile infection and metabolic or chronic disease. Mechanism of development of malaise is not fully understood and probably it may result from excessive presence of reactive molecules called free radicals. These molecules cause oxidant injury to the body cells and inadequate supply of anti-oxidants in the diet lead to decline of levels of anti-oxidants with increasing age. The onset of malaise may be sudden or staggering depending upon the nature of the underlying disease. Malaise associated with other symptoms indicates significant illness. Following is the list of conditions that mostly cause malaise Acute infectious diseases like bronchitis, pneumonia, influenza, and viral fever. Chronic infectious diseases like AIDS, parasitic disease, hepatitis and tuberculosis. Organ specific chronic diseases like heart failure, obstructive lung disease, kidney failure and liver disease. Autoimmune diseases like Rheumatoid arthritis, Sarcoidosis, and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Endocrinal disorders like Diabetes mellitus, dysfunctions of thyroid and adrenal glands. Cancerous conditions like leukemia, lymphoma, colon cancer and solid malignant tumors. Severe anemia Mental illness with long lasting depression. Medication with anti-convulsant, anti-histaminic, psychotropic and beta-blocker drugs and multi-drug treatments.
Description of Malaise:
Certain herbal medicines called Rasayanas in Ayurveda- the Indian system of natural medicine are proven to have excellent anti-oxidant, immuno-enhancer, anti-infective, antidegenerative and anti-stress effects. Ashwagandha is one such medicinal herb, which helps in many ways in the restoration and maintenance of health & vitality and to reinforce the psychosomatic mechanisms involved in preventing and treating malaise of varied origin.
Description of the formulation: Ashwagandha is one of the most commonly used

medicinal plants in Indian Medicine for varied range of physical and psychological ailments. It finds mention in almost all classical compendia of Indian medicine, particularly in the context of rejuvenation therapy. The plant is best known for its tonic, anti-stress and vigour and vitality enhancing properties. Alkaloids and steroidal lactones are the main constituents of Ashwagandha. The alkaloid content is made up chiefly of withanine and somniferine. The root of the plant is used as such in powder form or in combination with other medicinal plants in various kinds of formulations mentioned in official formularies and pharmacopoeia of India. 29
A lot of scientific work has been done on Ashwagandha proving it to be useful as immunomodulator, antioxidant and adaptogenic. Due to these very beneficial effects Ashwagandha is preferred for adjuvant use in the management of various psychosomatic, infectious and drug-induced ailments and nutritional deficiency states with malaise as a main symptom. Ashwagandha improves tissue vitality, physical and mental endurance and neuromuscular strength.
Composition: Ashwagandha Churna consists of dried mature roots of Withania somnifera

Dunal. of Family Solanaceae.
Quality Standards: Identity, purity and strength of Ashwagandha roots is determined on the basis of presence of foreign matter not more than 2%, total ash not more than 7%, acidinsoluble ash not more than 1%, alcohol-soluble extractive not less than 15% and assay of total alkaloids not less than 0.2%. Method of preparation: Dried roots of Ashwagandha are cleaned and ground in to a fine powder. Powder is filtered through mesh of 80 size to remove fibres and coarse particles and then kept in an airtight jar or polythene bag away from moisture. Potency of wellpreserved Ashwagandha powder is retained for one year. Dosage form: Cream-colored fine powder. Therapeutic properties: Tonic, Anti-stress, Somniferous, Stimulant, Vitalizer,
Aphrodisiac and immuno-enhancer. Pharmacological studies have concluded immunomodulatory, cytoprotective, anti-oxidant and anti-ageing activities of Ashwagandha. 30
Dose and mode of administration: Three to six gram of powder is taken twice a day,
with honey or warm milk, and swallowed before meals. It is advisable to first mix Ashwagandha Churna properly with equal amount of honey and then swallow the mixture with sips of milk. Alternatively, boil single dose of Ashwagandha Churna in four times milk and eight times water till milk remains. Add sugar to the medicated milk and drink it luke warm. This way every dose of Ashwagandha Churna has to be boiled with milk fresh.
Indications & uses: Malaise, debility, impotence, neurasthenia, and mental stress and
fatigability.
Safety aspects and precautions:

i. Diagnosis of serious illness must be ruled out before starting the use of Ashwagandha. ii. Malaise persisting for more than a week must be properly investigated. iii. Concomitant use of alcohol and psychotropic drugs should preferably be avoided while using Ashwagandha Churna. Individuals with hot body-mind constitution should take lower dose of Ashwagandha and should avoid excessive consumption of hot beverages, sour & spicy and stimulant foods. Ashwagandha powder is generally considered as safe and used in a dose up to 9 gram per day for four weeks is reported to be welltolerated. Daily dose of 100 milligram per kilogram body weight administered to rats for 30 days is reported not to cause any mortality and changes in blood chemistry. LD 50 of 50% ethanolic extract of the Ashwagandha roots is reported to be 1000 milligram per kilogram body weight.
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References:
(1) Devis L., Kuttan G. (2000) Immunomodulatory activity of Withania somnifera. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 71; 193-200. Singh N, Nath R, Lata A, et al. (1982) Withania somnifera (aswagandha), a rejuvenating herbal drug which enhances survival during stress (an adaptogen). Int J Crude Drug Res; 20:29-35. Dadkar VN, Ranadive NU, Dhar HL, (1989) Evaluation of antistress (adaptogen) activity of Withania somnifera (ashawgandha) Ind. Jour. Clinical Biochem.2: 101108. Archana R, Namasivayan A, (1999) Antistress effect of Withania somnifera. J.
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Ethnopharma.64: 91-93. (5) Scartezzini, P. & Speroni, E. (2000), Review on some plants of Indian traditional medicine with antioxidant activity, J. Ethnopharmacol., Vol. 71 (1-2), PP.23-43. Bhattacharya, S.K.; Satyan, K.S. & Ghosal, S. (1997), Antioxidant activity of glycowithanolides from Withania somnifer, Indian J. Exp. Biol., Vol.35 (3), PP.236239. Anonymous (1998), Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia, A Joint Publication of Regional Research Laboratory, Jammu Tawi and Indian Drug Manufacturers Association, Mumbai, Vol.I, PP.165-173. Anonymous (1997), Indian Medicinal Plants, ed. Warrier, P.K. et al., Orient Longman Ltd., Madras, Vol. V, PP.409. Anonymous (1989), Bhartiya Ayurved Yog Sangrah, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Vol.2, PP.12, 32, 33, 45, 50, 51, 55. Anonymous (1982), Ashtanga Hridayam, ed. Kunte, A.M. et al., Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, Sa.2, 50; Ci 3.122, 133; 5. 25, 79; 8.19; 13.41; 14.14; 19.65; Ka. 4.7, 54; U.2.50, 52, 53; 3.54; 5.15; 18. 45, 56; 25.47, 52; 39.157; 40.14. Anonymous (1980), SushrutaSamhita, ed. Acharya, J.T., Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, Su.15, 33; 16.22, 37.6, 23,30; 39.3; 46.433(2); Ci 5.10; 15. 33; 17.14; 25.14, 18, 26; 37.17; Ka. 8.51; U.17.34; 21.6; 31. 3; 41.41, 49; 45.40. Chopra, I.C. & Handa, K.L. (1959), Role of indigenous drugs in the practice of western medicine in India, Pharmaceutist (Annual), Vol. 4(12), PP.51-52, 85. Panda, S. & Kar, A. (1997), Evidence for free radical scavenging activity of Ashwagandha root powder in mice, Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol., Vol 41(4), PP.424-426. Rege, N.N.; Thatte, U.V. & Dhanukar, S.A. (1999), Adaptogenic properties of six rasayana herbs used in Ayurvedic medicine, Phytotherapy Res., Vol.13 (4), PP.275-291. Puri, H.S. (1971), Vegetable aphrodisiacs of India, Quart. J. Crude Drug res., Vol.11 (2), PP.1742-1748. Ziauddin, M; Phansalkar, N; Patki, P. Diwanay, S. & Patwardhan, B. (1996), Studies on the immunomodulatory effects of Ashwagandha, J. Ethnopharmacol., Voil.50(2), PP.69-76. Srivastava, K.K. (1995), Adaptogens in high mountains, Indian J. Nat. Prod., Vol.11 (Special Issue), PP.13-19. 32
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Singh, S. & Sushil Kumar (1998), Withania somnifera: The Indian Ginseng Ashwagandha, PP. 293. Singh, R.H. et al. (1990), Depressive illness a therapeutic evaluation with herbal drugs, J. Res. Edu. Ayur.Siddha, Vol.11 (104), PP.1-6. Singh, R.H. (2000), Rasayana therapy: Evidence based relevance to aging, immunity and mental health, Proc.Int. Cong. Ayurveda-2000, Chennai, TN, India, 28-30 January, 2000, PP.63. Singh, N. (1981), A new concept on the possible therapy of stress disease with Adaptogens (Anti-stress drugs) of indigenous plant origin, Curr. Med. Practice, Vol.23 (1), PP.50. Sharma P.V. (1996), Classical Uses of Medicinal Plants, Chaukhambha Visvabharati, Varanasi (India), and PP.27. Shastri, A.D.(1981), Bhaishajyaratnavali, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, PP. 309, 521. Puri H.S. Rasayana: Ayurvedic Herbs for Longevity and Rejuvenation, London: Taylor & Francis, 2003. Nataraj, C.H. (2000), Role of herbal extracts in HIV infected patients, Proc. Int. Cong. Ayurveda-2000, Chennai, TN, India, 28-30 January, 2000, PP.207. Nadkarni, A.K. (1976), K.M. Nadkarnis Indian Materia Medica, Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd., Bombay, Vol.I, PP.1292. Mishra, L.C.; Singh, B.B. & Dagenais,S.(2000), Sicentific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): a review, Altern. Med. Rev., Vol. 5 (4), PP.334-346. Kulkarni, S.K.; George, B.& Mathur, R.(1998), Neuroprotection by Withania somnifera root extract against lithium-pilocarpine induced seizures, Indian Drugs, Vol. 35 (4), PP. 208-215. Kirtikar, K.R. & Basu, B.D. (1988), Indian Medicinal Plants, reprinted edition, L.M. Basu, Allahabad, Vol.3, PP.1774. Gupta, O.P.; Singh, B. & Atal, C.K. (1977), Pharmacological investigations of Withania somnifera, Indian J. Pharm., Vol.39 (6), PP.163, No. C9. Elsakka, M; Pavelescu, M. & Grigorescu, E. (1989), Withania somnifera, a plant with a great therapeutic future, Rev. Med. Chir. Soc. Med. Nat. Iasi., Vol.93 (2), PP.349-350. 33
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Chunekar, K.C. (1982), Bhavaprakasa Nighantu, Chaukhambha Bharti Academy, Varanasi (India), PP.393. Chopra, R.N.; Nayar, S.L. & Chopra, I.C. (1986), Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants, reprinted edition, Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, PP.258. Chopra, R.N.; Chopra, I.C.; Handa, K.L. & Kapur, L.D. (1958), Indigenous Drugs of India, U.N. Dhur & Sons Pvt. Ltd., Calcutta, PP.52, 436, 437, 570, 599,602, 608, 610, 707. Handa, S.S. (1994), Rasayana drugs, Pharma Times, Vol. 26 (3), PP.17-25.
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(i) Anonymous (1989), The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Health, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part-I, Vol.1, PP.15. Sharma, P.C. et al. (2001), Database on Medicinal Plants Used in Ayurveda, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi, Vol.3, PP.88. 93. Khare, C.P. (2007), Indian Medicinal Plants, Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, India, PP. 717-718. *******
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Shatpuspa Churna for Painful Menstruation Description of Painful Menstruation: Painful menstruation or dysmenorrhoea is a
common problem of females of reproductive age. Many causes are attributable to this condition ranging from congenital, mechanical, and vascular to psychogenic. Nature, severity and time of pain vary from female to female in accordance with the underlying cause and tolerability of the individual and how the female takes the condition. Pain may be before the start of menstrual flow, during the flow or sometimes after the flow is over or even intermenstrual i.e. between the menses. Dull continuous pain or heaviness in the pelvic region, intermittent or spasmodic attacks are the variants of painful menstruation. State of anxiety, stress and unsatisfied sexual stimulation contribute significantly to induce or aggravate painful menstruation without anatomic or pathologic explanation. Primary type of painful menstruation is present from the time of menarche i.e. from the onset of menstruation and is also termed as congenital or essential. Exact cause of this type of painful menstruation is unknown. Another kind of painful menstruation is secondary, which results from congestive, inflammatory, obstructive and functional conditions of the genital canal and ovarian ducts. Painful menstruation without pathologic conditions can be successfully managed with simple remedies and by following certain dos & donts.
Description of the formulation:

Shatpuspa Churna is a single-ingredient powder of a medicinal herb that is used as household remedy for first hand management of common ailments like diarrhoea, flatulence, indigestion, acute abdominal pain and fever. The formulation is listed with given indication in the Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India. Tribal communities make use of dried ripe fruits of Shatpuspa in the form of decoction or powder or boiled with milk and mixed with other herbs for female health problems resulting during menstruation and after delivery of child. Ripe fruits of the aromatic herb, which is found and cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions, are collected near the end of winter, dried in shade and kept in dry conditions. Properly preserved fruits are dark brown and rich in essential oil with faintly aromatic odour and warm and slightly sharp taste resembling that of caraway. Optimal potency of the herb and its powder lasts for about one year.
Composition:
The formulation consists of powdered dry fruits of Shatpuspa. English name: Dill` Latin name: Anethum sowa Roxb. ex Flem. Synonyms: Anethum graveolens Linn. Var. sowa Roxb., Anethum graveolens DC Peucedanum sowa Roxb., Peucedanum graveolens Benth. Family: Apiaceae/Umbelliferae Main chemical constituents: Essential oil, flavonoids, coumarins, xanthones and triterpenes. 35
Quality Standards:
The raw material to be used for preparing the medicine should not have foreign matter more than 5%, total ash more than 14%, acid-insoluble ash more than 1.5%, alcohol-soluble extractive less than 4%, water-soluble extractive less than 15% and volatile oil less than 3%. Powdered Shatpuspa fruits under microscope show spiral vessels, micro-rosette crystals of calcium oxalate and oil globules.
Clean the dried fruits of Shatpuspa removing dust and other foreign particles. Grind fruits in a dry grinder or pulverizer. Filter the powder through sieve with mesh 80.
Dosage form: Brownish powder.
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Therapeutic properties: Antispasmodic, stomachic, carminative, anti-flatulent and

emmenagogue.
Dose and mode of administration:

Three to six gram of the powder in two equally divided doses, to be taken with warm water, preferably after meals. Powder can be mixed with equal amount of honey and swallowed with warm water or milk.
Indications & uses:

Painful menstruation with or without abdominal symptoms. Shatpuspa is also indicated for improving menstrual flow and lactation after delivery.

Hot & spicy and sour food items should be avoided during menstruation and medication with Shatpuspa Churna. In summer season either the dose of Shatpuspa should be reduced or take it with some cooling liquid. Strenuous exertion, mental stress and irregularity in sleep should be avoided. Use of Shatpuspa may be discontinued, if menstrual blood flow increases and symptoms of giddiness, heat, burning, excessive thirst and dryness appear. These symptoms usually appear in women with hot body-mind constitution and can be negated by consuming soft, lubricating, soothing, semisolid and juicy food items. Toxic or adverse effects of Shatpuspa are not reported in the literature.
References:
(1) Sharma, P.V. (2001), Dravyaguna Vijnana, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi, India, Reprinted edition, Vol. II, PP.403-404. Anonymous (1998), Medicinal plants used in Ayurveda, National Academy of Ayurveda, New Delhi, PP.37. Sri Bhavamisra (1999), Bhavprakash Nighantu, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi, India, Reprinted edition edited by Dr. G.S. Pandey, PP. 35-36.
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(i) Anonymous (1999), The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Health, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part-I, Vol. II, PP.153-154. Khare, C.P. (2007), Indian Medicinal Plants, Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, India, PP. 51.
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Katuka Churna for Jaundice

Description of Jaundice: Jaundice is yellowish coloration of the skin and white part of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood. Jaundice itself is not a disease but a stage indicative of excess amount of blood bilirubin due to different underlying causes. The color of the skin, eyes and urine in the patients of jaundice varies depending on the level of bilirubin. Slight rise of bilirubin level produces yellowish coloration. More and more bilirubin concentration in the blood makes the color of the skin etc more and more deep tending to be brown.
The role of liver in the body is to remove toxic chemicals and waste products from the blood. Bilirubin is a waste product produced in the body from globin part of haemoglobin, which is released from the destruction of old blood red cells and remains in the blood after iron is removed. It is liver that is responsible to remove bilirubin from the blood by secreting bilirubin containing bile in to intestines via bile ducts. Jaundice is produced accordingly either with (i) over production of bilirubin exceeding the capacity of liver to remove it from blood, or (ii) from functional disturbance of the liver that prevents removal, conversion and secretion of bilirubin, or (iii) from blockage of the bile ducts causing reduced flow of bile & bilirubin from liver in to the intestines. First type of jaundice is found in excessive breakdown of red blood cells due to the effect of toxins or certain drugs when large amount of bilirubin is released in to blood. Second type of jaundice is characteristic of hepatitis. The third type of jaundice is seen in conditions in which bile ducts get obstructed due to gall stones, cancer or inflammation.
Whatever may be the cause of jaundice, the jaundice itself causes certain problems. Apart from yellowish coloration of skin and eyes, there are changes in the color of stool and urine. Stool can be light in color, even clay-colored because of the absence of bilirubin that normally gives stool its brown color. The urine may turn dark or brownish in color. This occurs due to increased excretion of bilirubin through urine. Another troublesome symptom found in the patients of jaundice is itching, which may be as severe as to cause scratching and disturbed sleep. If the jaundice is due to liver disease, the patient may have symptoms or signs of liver disease or cirrhosis including fatigue, swelling of the ankles, muscle wasting, fluid accumulation in the abdomen, mental confusion or sensorial disturbance and bleeding. In jaundice caused by blockage of the bile ducts, bile does not enter the intestines so there is impairment of fat digestion and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, particularly Vitamin K. This condition leads to fatty stools and deficiency symptoms of fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamin K deficiency in such patients of jaundice usually manifests with uncontrolled bleeding.
It is always important to understand the underlying cause of jaundice so that right treatment could be planned. Many laboratory tests are available for determining the cause of jaundice, but the history of manifestation of jaundice is most important. The history can 38
suggest possible reasons for the jaundice. For example, history of excess use of alcohol is suggestive of alcoholic liver disease, whereas use of hepato-toxic drugs suggests drugtoxicity induced jaundice and sharing of syringes for injection of drugs point towards viral hepatitis. Attacks of abdominal pain in a patient of jaundice suggests blockage of the bile ducts usually by gallstones. Bulky and clay colored stools and dark urine suggests obstruction in the passage of bile.
Description of the formulation: Katuka Churna is a simple formulation made of powder of the dried rhizomes of a perennial hairy herb grown in alpine regions with temperate climatic conditions. The medicinal plant in Indian Medicine is named as Katuka or Katuki owing to its immense bitter taste and is included in the list of endangered species. The rhizome of the plant is a bitter tonic used in Ayurveda for the treatment of febrile and liver disorders. Uses of Katuka are documented in the ancient classical texts-Charak Samhita and Sushruta Samhita written around 1000 years B.C. Most of the Ayurvedic remedies described in literature and commercially manufactured for jaundice and liver disorders essentially contain Katuka as one of the ingredients. Katuka and its formulations find mention in the Indian Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia and Formulary respectively. Apart from highly preferred use of Katuka in the treatment of jaundice and related diseases by Indian practitioners, scientific studies have established that it has anti-inflammatory action, provides liver protection and improves bilirubin excretion. Judicious use of Katuka Churna along with necessary precautions of diet is capable to treat uncomplicated jaundice successfully. Composition: Katuka Churna consists of finely powdered dried rhizomes & roots of Katuka for oral use. English Name-Picrorhiza, Hellebore Latin Name- Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. Family-Scrophulariaceae. Part used-Rhizome with roots Constituents- Glucoside Picrorhizin, Kutkin Quality Standards: Identity, purity and potency of Katuka rhizome for its oral use is estimated on the basis of following physical constantsForeign matter-Not more than 2%, Total ash-Not more than 7% , Acid-insoluble ashNot more than 1%, Alcohol-soluble extractive- Not less than 10%, Water-soluble extractive- Not less than 20%
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Method of preparation: i) Take 50 grams of dried rhizomes of Katuka. Dry them further to remove moisture for easy powdering. Rhizomes should not have been harvested more than one year back. ii) Grind rhizomes in a grinder or pulverizer till fine powder is obtained. iii) Filter the powder through 85 size mesh to remove coarse fibers and other particles. iv) Keep the powder in a dry and air-tight plastic or glass container and consume it before the next rainy season. Therapeutic properties: Katuka is a bitter tonic with cooling, laxative, carminative, digestive, stomachic, cholagogue, hepato-protective, antiviral, antipyretic, immuno-modulating, freeradical scavenging, antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory properties. In large doses it is purgative. Dose and mode of administration: Adult dose of Katuka Churna is one to three gram, to be taken twice daily with water, preferably after meals. Consuming the medicine empty stomach should be avoided as it may cause nausea and vomiting due to its too bitter taste. Indications & Uses: Katuka is useful in jaundice, liver and spleen dysfunctions, decreased appetite, flatulence, constipation and piles. It is also used in intermittent febrile conditions and skin diseases.
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Precautions & safety aspects: i) No side or toxic effects are reported in literature with recommended dose of Katuka. Clinical studies have shown no adverse effects in patients treated with Katuka alone and with formulations containing Katuka. Katuka being purgative in large doses should be used carefully in patients with loose bowels and in pregnant women. Dose should be reduced; if stools are watery loose associated with abdominal pain. Bitter taste of the medicine may induce nausea and vomiting in sensitive individuals. This tendency can be masked by consuming the medicine mixed with honey or sweet syrup. Medication with Katuka should be stopped, if the intensity of jaundice does not come down within 3 to 5 days and the symptoms aggravate. Chronic and severely jaundiced patients should consume Katuka under medical supervision. Jaundice with complications like body itching, bleeding, anaemia, edema, loss of weight should be properly investigated and treated under medical supervision.
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
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vi)
Hot, spicy, pungent, sour, fat rich and heavy foods should be avoided. It is advisable to take soft and semisolid or liquid diet during and after medication till normal digestive power is restored and blood bilirubin level comes to normal range.
References: (1) Anonymous (1970), Charak Samhita, Commentary by Shastri, K.N. et al., Chaukhambha Vidyabhavan, Varanasi, Vi. 7.17, Ci. 7. 68; 18. 163; 23.108; 26.190,198, 202; Ka.7.61. (2) Anonymous (1980), Sushruta Samhita, ed. Acharya, J.T., Chaukhamha Orientalia, Varanasi, Ci.2. 74; 4.4; 5.13, 34; 9.10, 27; 17.19; 19. 57; 22.32; 37.27,31; 38.26,71; Ka.8.44; U. 24.56; 39. 113,196,198,227,245, 290; 40. 77; 51. 25,33; 61.36; 62.27. Anonymous (1999), The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part-I, Vol. II, PP.85-87. Anonymous (1978), The Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part-I, PP.244. Anonymous (2000), The Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part-II, PP.329. Anonymous (1996), Pharmacological Investigations of Certain Medicinal Plants and Compound Formulations Used in Ayurveda & Siddha, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha, Govt. of India, New Delhi, PP.189. Anonymous (1997), Indian Medicinal Plants, ed. Warrier, P.K. et al., Orient Longman Ltd., Madras, Vol. 4, PP.269. Anonymous(2000), Report of the task force on conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants, Planning Commission, Govt. of India, PP. 56,89, 115,136,144,149,160, 162. Antarkar, D.S. et al. (1980), Double blind clinical trial of Arogyavardhini, an Ayurvedic drug in acute viral hepatitis, Indian J. Med. Res. Vol. 72, PP.588.
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Atal, C.K.; Sharma, M.L.; Kaul, A. & Khajuria, A. (1986), Immunomodulating agents of plant origin, I: Preliminary screening, J. Ethnopharmacol., Vol. 18 (2), PP.133-141.
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Bhatt, A.D. & Bhatt, N.S. (1996), Indigenous drugs and liver disease, Indian J. Gastroenterology, Vol. 15(2), PP.63-67. Chaturvedi, G.N. & Singh, R.H. (1965), Treatment of jaundice with an indigenous drug, Picrorhiza kurroa (A review of thirty cases and clinical trial), J. Res. Indian Med., Vol.1 (1), PP.1. Chaturvedi, S.; Singh, N. & Abbas, S.S. (2003), Effect of Liver-kidney care an nd Ayurvedic formulation in cases of various liver and kidney disorders, 2 World Congress on Biotechnlogical Developments of Herbal Medicine, NBRI, Lucknow, U.P., India, Feb. 20-22, PP.137. Binduja, Saraswat; Visen, P.K.S.; Patnaik, G.K. & Dhawan, B.N. (1997), Protective effect of Picroliv, active constituent of Picrorhiza kurroa, against oxytetracycline induced hepatic damage, Ind. J. Exp. Biol., Vol. 35, PP. 13021305.. Govindarajan, R.; Vijayakumar, M.; Rwat, A.K.S. & Mehrotra, S. (2003), Free radical scavenging potential of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth., Indian J. Exp. Biol., Vol. 41 (8), PP.672-676. Joy, K.L. & Kuttan, R. (1996), Protective effect of lycovin and Picrorhiza kurroa extract against acute as well as chronic hepatotoxicity induced by Carbon Tetrachloride in rats, Amala Res. Bull., Vol. 16, PP. 67-72. Khan, A.B. & Shahid, A. (1985), Effect of Picrorhiza kurroa Benth. On experimental liver damage induced in rats, (Asian Congr. Pharmacol. 15-19 January, New Delhi), Abstr. No. P-061, Indian J. Pharmacol., Vol. 17 (Suppl. Unpagenated). Langer, J.C.; gupta, O.P. & Atal, C.K. (1980), Clinical trials on Picrorhiza kurroa th as an immunoregulator, 13 Ann. Conf. Indian Pharmacol. Soc., Reg. Res. LAB., Jammu-Tawi, India, 30 Sept.-2 Oct., Abstr., No. 138. Latha, U.; Rajesh, M.G. & Latha, M.S. (1999), Hepatoprotective effect of an Ayurvedic medicine, Indian Drugs, Vol. 36 (7), PP. 470-473. Luper, S. (1998), A review of plants used in the treatment of liver disease: part 1, Altern. Med. Rev., Vol. 3 (6), PP.410-421. Luper, S. (1999), A review of plants used in the treatment of liver disease: part 2, Altern. Med. Rev., Vol. 4(3), PP.178-188. Mishra, A. et al. (1996), Antioxidant properties of Picrorhiza kurroa against agents, Int. Sem. On Free Radicals Med. Diseases and Ayurveda, IMS, BHU, Varanasi, India, 2-4 Sept., Abstr. No.A-28.
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Pandey, B.L. et al. (1983), Anti-inflammatory activity of a Himalayan herb (Picrorhiza kurroa), an experimental study, Indian J. Pharmacol., Vol. 15 (1), PP.39. Pandey, V.N. & Chaturvedi, G.N. (1966), Certain studies in Kamala Roga (Jaundice), Pt. I, Nagarjun, Vol. 10, PP. 1-11. Pandey, V.N. & Chaturvedi, G.N. (1966), Certain studies in Kamala Roga (Jaundice), Pt. II, Nagarjun, Vol. 10 (3), PP. 130-142. Pandey, V.N. & Chaturvedi, G.N. (1969), Effect of different extracts of Kutaki (Picrorhiza kurroa) on experimentally induced abnormalities in the liver, Indian J. Med. Res., Vol. 57 (3), PP.503-512. Prakash, S. & Rai, N.P. (2000), Role of Picrorhiza kurroa (Katuka) in the treatment of infective hepatitis (Kamala), Proct. Int. Congr. On Ayurveda2000, Chennai, TM, India, 28-30 Jan., 2000, PP. 101-102. Rajalakshmi, S.; Sivanandam, G. & Veluchamy, G. (1992), Effect of Kadugurohini (Picrorhiza kurroa Royle) in the treatment of viral hepatitis-a double blind study with placebo control, J. Res. Ayur. Siddha, Vol. 13 (1-2), PP.27-34. Thyagarajan, S. et al. (2002), Herbal medicines for liver diseases in India, J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., Vol. 17 (Suppl.3), PP. S370-S376. Vaidya, A.B. et al. (1996), Picrorhiza kurroa (Kutaki) Royle ex Benth as a hepatoprotective agent-experimental & clinical studies, J. Postgrad. Med., Vol. 42(4), PP.105-108. Vohora, S.B.; Peshawar Kumar; Naqvi, S.A.H. & Afaq, S.H. (1972), Pharmacological investigations on Picrorhiza kurroa(Kutaki) roots with special reference to its choleretic and antimicrobial properties, India J. Pharm., Vol. 34, PP-17.
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Selected further reading/bibliographies: (I) Billore, K.V.; Yelne, M.B.; Dennis, T.J. & Chaudhari, B.G. (2005), Database on Medicinal Plants Used in Ayurveda, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha, New Delhi, India, Vol.7, PP.179-185. Anonymous (2000), The useful plants of India, National Institute of Science Communication, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, PP.455.
(II)
(III)
Anonymous (2001), Picrorhiza kurroa, Monograph, Altern. Med. Rev., Vol. 6(3), PP.319-321.
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(IV)
Anonymous (1987), Medicinal Plants of India, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, Vol. II. PP.419. Chatterjee, A. & Pakrashi, S.C. (1997), The Treatise on Indian Medicinal Plants, National Institute of Science Communication, CSIR, New Delhi, Vol. 5,PP.40. Chopra, R.N. & Ghosh, S. (1934), Some common indigenous remedies, Ind. J. Med. Res., Vol.22, PP.263. Chunekar, K.C. (1999), Bhavaprakasa Nighantu, reprinted edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, India, PP. 70-71.
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(VIII) Sharma, P.V. (1996), Classical Uses of Medicinal Plants, Chaukhabha Visvabharati, Varanasi, India, PP. 69. (IX) Sharma, P.V. (1981), Dravyaguna Vijnana, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, India, Vol. II, pp. 441. Date, S.; Sakharkar, P. & Dhawane, V. (1999), Hepatoprotective drugs from plants, Hamdard Medicus, Vol. 42(3), PP.22-25. Doreswamy, R. & Sharma, D. (1995), Plant drugs for liver disorders management, Indian Drugs, Vol. 32(4), PP. 139-154.
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(XII) Dwivedi, Y.; Rastogi, R.; Garg, N.K. & Dhawan, B.N. (1993), Perfusion with Picroliv reverses biochemical changes inducedin livers of rats toxicated with galactosamine or thioacetamide, Plants Medica, Vol. 59 (5), PP.418-420. (XIII) Vaidya, A.B. & Antarkar, D.S. (1989), The therapeutic potential of some indigenous drugs for liver diseases, Indian Pract., Vol. 37, PP.669. (XIV) Khare, C.P. (2007), Indian Medicinal Plants, Springer (India) Private Limited, New Delhi, First Indian Reprint, PP. 485-486. (XV) Anonymous (2004), Cultivation of Selected Medicinal Plants, National Medicinal Plants Board, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, PP. 83-87.
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Dhattura Lepa for Lice Infestation

Description of Lice infestation (Pediculosis): Pediculosis is an infection of the skin, hair, or genital region caused by small insects called lice, which live directly on the body or in garments. The lice are small wingless parasites with sucking mouthparts that feed on human blood and lay their eggs on body hairs or in clothing. Lice infestation itself is not dangerous but a serious public health problem because some lice can carry microorganisms that cause diseases like relapsing fever, trench fever, and epidemic typhus. Lice infestation usually occurs due to poor upkeep and hygiene of hairy body parts for want of adequate facilities for bathing and washing of clothes, particularly undergarments. Any individual could get lice infestation; children with long hair are however more prone to suffer. Elderly people are quite vulnerable to typhus and other diseases carried by lice. Commonest site of lice infestation is head transmitted from one person to another by close contact and by sharing of combs and hair-brushes. Head lice infestation in epidemic form is common in school going children. Adult lice can be seen on patients scalp close to the base of hairs and around the ears and these may spread from the scalp to the eyebrows, eyelashes, and beard in adults, although they are more often limited to the scalp in children. Grayish white eggs called nits may also be visible along with lice. Nits are premature forms of lice, which take three to fourteen days to hatch. Infestations of body lice and pubic lice are seen in individuals, who maintain poor personal hygiene, wear same clothes and vests continuously without laundering, do not bathe regularly and share bedding or clothes or towels with infected persons. The common symptom of lice infestation irrespective of body location is intense itching, usually with injury to the skin caused by scratching or scraping. The itching may be intense, and may be followed by bacterial infection of skin that has been scratched open. The itching results from an allergic reaction to a toxin that is present in the saliva of the lice. Diffuse skin eruption or inflammation can result with repeated bites of lice. Another common complication in head lice infestation is swelling or inflammation of the neck glands. Head lice do not spread typhus or other systemic diseases. Patients with body lice often have intense itching with deep scratches around the folds of shoulders, flanks, or neck. The bites first appear as small red pimples but may cause a generalized skin rash. If the infestation is not treated, the patient may develop complications that include headache, fever, and bacterial infection with scarring. Body lice can spread systemic typhus or other infections. Pubic lice may sometimes produce small bluish spots on the patient's trunk or thighs. Prevention of lice infestation and re-infestation is tedious requiring avoidance of close contacts with infected persons, sharing of garments, towels etc. and maintenance of adequate body hygiene and hence more important than the treatment. Local application of the paste of certain medicinal plants and medicated oils is in practice in India for the treatment of lice infestation. Some commonly used formulations are documented in the officially approved Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia and formulary. Dhatura lepa is one such formulation that is widely used in rural areas for its effectiveness in killing lice.
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Description of the formulation: Dhattura is a popular medicinal plant of India documented th for its anti-lice efficacy in the classical Ayurvedic literature. A 17 century book on Materia Medica compiled by Sri Bhavamisra describes the use of Dhattura seeds for the treatment of Yuka (lice) and Liksha (nits). The plant is enlisted in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India providing pharmacopoeial standards and uses of whole plant and seeds. Botanically, the plant belongs to Solanaceae family and it grows as a weed throughout India. The plant is an erect and succulent annual herb or shrub of about one meter in height with often purplish branches and triangular ovate leaves, bell-shaped flowers having purplish colour outside and white inside and round thorny fruits. Dhattura seeds are light brown to yellowish brown in colour, odourless, kidney shaped, about 0.6 centimeter in length and 0.4 centimeter in width, compressed, flattened and thickened towards the curved edge and bitter & acrid in taste. Dhattura plant can be grown on variety of soils and is usually grown as summer crop. Seeds are sown in March and plants can be directly grown from seeds or by transplanting of 8-12 centimeter tall seedlings. Irrigation is required within first week of sowing of seeds and then every ten to fifteen days till the harvest is taken. Fruits are harvested as and when ripe, whereas tender branches along with leaves are cut and dried in shade. Juice of fresh leaves or paste of seeds made in water or mustard oil is applied over scalp or other lice infested part, consecutively for three to five days to kill lice and nits and to treat dandruff. Seeds are poisonous on oral use and hence should be used under the supervision of a medical practitioner after proper detoxification and in recommended doses.
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Composition: The Lepa (Paste) for application over lice-infested part consists of Dhattura seeds. English name: Thorn apple Latin name: Datura metel Linn. Synonyms: Datura fastuosa Linn., Datura alba Ramph, Datura cornucopaea Hort. Family: Solanaceae Parts used: Whole plant, leaf, seeds. Main chemical constituents: Tropane alkaloids-Hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine etc. and fixed oil.
Quality Standards: Mostly Dhattura seeds and fresh leaves are used by the people as such for topical application without looking in to quality standards. However, potency of seeds may be estimated on the basis of following physical tests of identity, purity and strength(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Foreign matter not more than 2%, Total ash not more than 6%, Acid-insoluble ash not more than 1%, Alcohol-soluble extractive not less than 5%, and Water-soluble extractive not less than 7%.
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Method of preparation: (i) Fresh mature leaves of Dhattura are plucked and ground in a mortar or grinder with little water. Juice is expressed from the ground leaves for application on same day. (ii) For making paste, dry seeds are first finely powdered and then mixed properly with equal amount of water or mustard oil. Adding mustard oil to the leaf juice or seed powder enhances the anti-lice effect of Dhattura. The body-part, where juice or paste of Dhattura is to be applied, should not be wet and it is better to use the medicament in the night for having optimal effect.
(iii)
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Dosage form: Greenish juice of leaves and yellowish brown oily powder of seeds. Therapeutic properties: Dhattura is known to have strong nematicidal, analgesic, antiviral, anthelmintic and antispasmodic properties by virtue of which it is useful in lice infestation and associated symptoms. Dose and mode of administration: i) Amount of leaf juice or seed powder required for application depends upon the size of affected area. Normally, 25 to 30 milliliter of leaf juice and paste of 5 to 10 gram of seeds in 15 to 20 milliliter of water or mustard oil is required for single application over scalp. Paste of powdered seeds is preferred over leaf juice in case lice infestation is confined to head. ii) Fresh juice of Dhattura leaves or paste of seeds is prepared, applied uniformly over the affected area with hands and left for at least three to four hours. Medicine should be applied against the direction of hairs to provide maximum exposure to the insects. Longer the medicine remains in contact with the body, better results are seen. Due care must be taken to ensure that the medicine is applied close to the base of the hair in scalp and other parts of the body. iii) Washing the hair with shampoo before or after applying the medicine should be avoided as it dilutes the medicinal effectiveness. iv) Dead lice or nits should be removed manually or with comb after the paste or juice is dried up. v) Application of Dhattura leaf juice or paste of seed powder should be done consecutively for three to five days till all lice and nits are killed and removed. Indications & uses: Lice infestation with or without nits in head, pubic and other regions of the body and associated symptoms of itching & skin rash is the main indication for the use of Dhattura lepa.
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Precautions & safety aspects: It is important to observe following precautions Dhattura is a poisonous medicinal plant and hence its use should be well-guarded, particularly for internal consumption. While applying or removing leaf juice or seed paste of Dhattura due care must be taken that the medicine does not fall in eyes, mouth, ear, nose and other natural openings of the human body. Remove the dead or partially inactivated lice with narrow-teeth comb or manually. Use of Dhattura medication in extra amount is not recommended as it may prove dangerous when misused or overused. Mixing Dhattura medication with other drugs is not desirable as drug to drug interaction is unknown. The most important step in treating head lice infestation is to treat the person and other family members simultaneously with medication to kill the lice and prevent reinfestation and cross infection. Wash clothes and bed-sheet used by the infested person in the two-day period just before the treatment is started. Do not re-wash hair for 1-2 days after treatment. The lice-infested person should wear clean clothing after each application of Dhattura lepa. In case a few live lice are still found after two to three applications of medicine, but are moving more slowly than before, then there is no need of further treatment. Comb the hair to remove such lice and wait for a day or two for the medicine to kill lice. Whereas no dead lice are seen and lice are as active as before, the medicine may not be working. In such a situation seek medical opinion and follow doctors directions. After a course of 2-3 days treatment, check the hair bases and comb hair with a nit comb to remove nits and lice on alternate day. Continue to check for 2-3 weeks until it is assured that all lice and nits are killed and removed. To kill lice and nits present in the clothing and bed linen that was used during two days before treatment, wash them using hot water not less 130F temperature or dry laundry using high heat for at least 20 minutes. Similarly, combs and hair brushes should be dipped in hot water and washed with soap. Non-washable cloths like coat, scarf, cap etc. should be dry cleaned.
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In order to prevent re-infestation all such activities should be avoided that are likely to spread lice- like head-to-head contact during play and at home; sharing of cloths & towels, hair-brushes and combs; and lying on beds, sofas, couches, pillows, carpets, or stuffed animals that have recently been in contact with an infested person.
References: (1) Chunekar, K.C. (1999), Bhavprakash Nighantu, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi, India, Reprinted edition edited by Dr. G.S. Pandey, PP. 317-320. Sharma, P.V. (2001), Dravyaguna Vijnana, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi, India, Reprinted edition, Vol. II, PP.500-503. Borthakur, S.K. (1992), Native phytotherapy for child and woman diseases from Assam in North Eastern India, Filoterapia, Vol. 63(6), PP. 483-488. Chomchalow, N.(1996), An overview of botanical pesticides derived from medicinal and aromatic plants in Asia and the Pacific, MEP News, Vol. 6(2), PP.8-9. Qumar, F.; Kapadia, Z; Khan, S.A. & Badar, Y. (1995), Datura metel L., a plant with nematicidal potential, Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res., Vol. 38 (8), PP.319-321. Suru, P.P. & Kulkarni, P.H. (1995), Use of Vranashodhan taila in case of darunaka (dandruff), Ayurved Research Papers II, PP.200-204. Nadkarni A.K. (1976), K.K. Nadkarnis Indian Materia Medica, Popular Book Depot, Bombay, Vol. I, PP. 434-440. Kurup, P.N.V.; Ramadas, V.N.K. & Joshi, P. (1979), Handbook of Medicinal Plants, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi (India), PP.61.
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Selected further reading/bibliographies: (I) Anonymous (2001), The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part-I, Vol. III, PP.43-44. Anonymous (2004), The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of AYUSH, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part-I, Vol. IV, PP.25-27.
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Sharma, P.C., Yelne, M.B., Dennis, T.J. (2001), Database on Medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha, New Delhi, India, Vol. 2, PP.200-204. August 19, 2005 reviewed website page of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, US Department of Health and Human Services. Anonymous (1976), Medicinal Plants of India, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India, Vol. 1, pp. 333. Sharma, P.V. (1996), Classical Uses of Medicinal Plants, Chaukhambha Visvabharati, Varanasi (India), PP. 201. *****
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Ela Churna for Vomiting
Description of Vomiting: Vomiting is the forcible expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth. It usually results as a reflex action due to upper gastro-intestinal irritation. Cause of irritation may be gastric hyperacidity, gastritis, indigestion, gastrointestinal infection, worm infestation, regurgitation of stomach contents or ingestion of any irritant material. Psychogenic vomiting without any gastro-intestinal cause is seen in persons suffering from anxiety and it usually occurs in the morning hours on awakening. Early morning vomiting is a frequent symptom in hypersensitive pregnant women and persons suffering from depression. This type of vomiting rarely occurs in the later part of the day. Water brash, nausea, loss of appetite, salty taste in the mouth, suppression of eructation etc. are the common associated symptoms of vomiting resulted from gastrointestinal cause. These symptoms do not accompany vomiting of psychogenic origin. By and large vomiting is a short-lived symptom and manageable with diet regulation and simple medication. Pregnancy, uraemia, anxiety neurosis, brain tumour and stomach cancer induce vomiting of persistent nature with certain specificity in accompanying symptoms. Weight loss may result from chronic vomiting, particularly resulted from gastric or brain tumour. Whatever may be the cause and nature of vomiting, it is always important to treat this symptom to prevent fluid and electrolyte imbalance in the body system and untoward effects on the functioning of vital organs. Judicious use of simple home remedies is effective in successful management of vomiting and should be resorted to, in case proper medical facility is not readily available.
Description of the formulation: Ela (Cardamom) is one of the common spices that find place almost in every Indian kitchen and is known for its medicinal properties in the traditional medicine of Asian region. Ela seeds are used for its aroma and appetizing property in various food recipes and for chewing alone or along with other aromatic spices as mouth freshener and appetizer. It is an effective home remedy for many of the common ailments of digestive system. Many Ayurvedic formulations described in classical literature have powdered Ela seeds as one of the ingredients. Powder of cardamom seeds alone is specifically indicated for the treatment of symptoms resulting from excess heat or acidity in the body system. Easy accessibility, cost effectiveness, long history of safe use, palatable taste and small dose are the attributes that make this formulation a simple but ideal home remedy for first hand management of common ailments like vomiting, loss of appetite, indigestion, gastric irritation, nausea, burning sensation, thirst, giddiness, burning urination, bad smell from mouth etc. This herbal drug is described as Sukshmaila in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and is widely used by the people in self-health care mode. Eladi th Churna described in ancient classical Ayurvedic text of 13 Century is the most popular formulation made of Ela seeds and other herbal ingredients for the management of different kinds of vomiting.
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Composition: Ela Churna consists of finely powdered seeds of dried fruits of a stout large perennial herb that grows naturally and also cultivated. Cardamom cultivation is restricted to the regions with annual rainfall of150 to 520 centimeters and 700 to 1700 meter altitude. Rich loamy soil with shade and humus is best for successful cultivation. Cultivation is done by sowing of seeds as well with vegetative propagation by division of rhizomes. Full grown fruits are harvested during August to October and dried in the open air. Fruit is strongly aromatic with characteristic taste and contains 15 to 20 seeds, which are brownish black, angled, wrinkled and enclosed in a thin membrane. English name: Cardamom Latin name: Elettaria cardamomum (Linn.) Maton. Family: Zingiberaceae Parts used: Seeds. Main Constituents: Essential oil with dominance of palmitic and oleic fatty acids and alpha-tocopherol.
Quality Standards: Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India provides quality standards of Ela seeds based on following physical constantsForeign matter: Nil, Total Ash: Not more than 6% , Acid-insoluble ash: Not more than 4% , Alcohol-soluble extractive: Not less than 2%, Water-soluble extractive: Not less than 10% , Volatile oil: Not less than 4%
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Method of preparation: i) Not more than one year old dried cardamom fruits with adequate aroma are taken in as much quantity as is required for making powder for medicinal use. Remove dust and any other foreign matter and outer skin of the fruits before grinding the seeds to make powder. About 10 gram seeds are sufficient for a treatment period of seven to ten days. Grind the seeds in a clean grinder or mortar to make a fine powder and filter it through a metallic sieve. It is difficult to make powder, if seeds are not properly dried due to presence of high moisture content. Such seeds should be dried in shade before powdering. Powder should not be filtered through coarse cloth as it absorbs the essential oil, which contains aromatic and bio-active chemical constituents. Seed powder is then kept in a dry air-tight small bottle, away from direct sunlight, in such a place, where temperature normally does not exceed beyond average room temperature. Keeping the powder in hot surroundings should be avoided as it facilitates loss of volatile content leading to reduced therapeutic potency.
Dosage form: Brownish powder with strongly aromatic odour and characteristic taste. Powder can be filled in to capsules. Therapeutic properties: Ela is described to have aromatic, cooling, stimulant, carminative, digestive, stomachic and appetizer properties and is useful in nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, bad taste of mouth, indigestion and giddiness. Owing to these properties Ela churna is considered beneficial for the treatment of vomiting resulted from various causes. Pharmacological studies have proven Ela seeds to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antispasmodic, antimicrobial and antifungal activities. The volatile oil is reported to inhibit formation of fungal toxins i.e. aflatoxin synthesis.
Dose and mode of administration: Seed powder of Ela (Cardamom) is recommended in the dose of 250 milligram to 500 milligram (about 3-4 pinches), two to three times a day, with little warm water or any soft sweet syrup. It is advisable to consume the powder empty stomach or half an hour before eating something. The best way to consume Ela churna for control of vomiting is to swallow it with minimal amount of water or syrup. Intake with large amount of water or any other liquid should be avoided. In cases of vomiting due to indigestion, gastritis, pregnancy and high levels of blood urea in kidney failure, it is advisable to administer infusion of Ela churna in small frequent doses for fast absorption of the medicine. Infusion is prepared by putting half to one teaspoonful (2.5 to 5 gm) of Ela churna in 30 milliliter of warm water for 30 minutes and then filtering it on getting cooled. Infusion is given in the dose of 5 to 10 milliliter (one to two teaspoonfuls) at regular intervals and is to be consumed same day.
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Indications & uses: Nausea, vomiting, gastritis, indigestion, anorexia, excessive thirst and giddiness. Precautions & safety aspects: i) Traditionally, cardamom seeds are regarded as safe owing to their use as home remedy and common spice in various food items and beverages. No adverse effect and toxicity is reported in the literature. However, there are reports that cardamom seeds can trigger gallstone colic and hence not recommended for self-medication in patients with gallstone. ii) Patients with vomiting as a major symptom should take small meals in liquid or semisolid forms made of soft easily digestible materials. Overeating, irregular eating and heavy, fiber-rich and spicy foods should be avoided. iii) Fresh infusion of cardamom seeds as described above should be used if the patient does not find seed powder palatable. iv) Strenuous work, anxiety and stress should be avoided for successful management of vomiting. Adequate bed rest and sleep at proper time help a lot to enhance the effect of medication. v) Medical advice should be sought if vomiting is drastic and does not control with Ela churna and the patients condition deteriorates rapidly. vi) Underlying cause of vomiting must be properly treated with suitable medication. Mere symptomatic relief of vomiting should not be attempted, if the condition gets severe and nonresponsive to self medication with Ela Churna and similar other home remedies. vii) Medication with Ela Churna should be restricted to mild to moderate vomiting mainly resulting from gastrointestinal causes and pregnancy. Specific treatment of the underlying cause is required in kidney failure, cancer of stomach, worm infestation, brain tumour and psychogenic vomiting. References: (1) Anonymous (2001), The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Reprinted Edition, Part I, Vol. I, PP. 101-102. Anonymous (1978), The Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I, PP.49,27, 39,68,258. Anonymous (1987-88), Spices-for what they are, Indian Spices, Vol.24 (4) & 25 (1), PP.3-8. Anonymous (1995), Indian Medicinal Plants, ed. Warrier, P.K. et. al., Orient Longman Ltd., Madras, Vol. 2, PP.360.
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(5)
Parashar, Radhakrishan, Sharangadhar Samhita, Shri Baidyanath Ayurved Bhavan Ltd, India, PP.271. Chopra, R.N.; Chopra, I.C.; Handa, K.L; and Kapur, L.D. (1958), Indigenous Drugs of India, U.N. Dhur & Sons Pvt. Ltd., Calcutta, PP. 142,597. Chopra, R.N.; Nayar, S.L. & Chopra, I.C (1986), Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants, reprinted edition, Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, PP.106. El-Kamali, H.H. & Khalid, S.A. (1996), The most common herbal remedies in Central Sudan, Filoterapia, Vol. LX VII, PP.301-306. El-Kamali, H.H. & Khalid, S.A. (1998), The most common herbal remedies in Dongola Province, Northern Sudan, Filoterapia, Vol. LXIXI, PP.118-221. Jawad, A.M.; Jaffer, H.J.; Al-Naib, A. & Saber, A.A.W. (1988), Antimicrobial activity of some Iragi plants, Filoterapia, Vol. 59 (2), PP.130-133. Kletter, C.; Krasser, R.; Tashigang,, T.Y. & Kubelka, W. (1997), Investigations on Indian plant drugs used in Tibetan medicine, Sci. Pharm., Vol. 65 (1-2), PP.S 55. Khare, C.P. (2007), Indian Medicinal Plants, Springer (India) Private Limited, New Delhi, PP. 235.
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Selected further reading/bibliographies: (i) Chunekar, K.C. (1982), Bhavaprakasa Nighantu, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, India, PP.223. Sharma, P.V. (2001), Dravyaguna Vijnana, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi, India, Reprinted edition, Vol. II, PP.719-720. Al-Zuhair, H.; el-Sayeh, B.; Ameen, H.A. & al-Shoora, H.(1996), Pharmacological studies of cardamom oil in animals, Pharmacol. Res., Vol. 14(2), PP. 105-109. Bhattacharjee, S.K. (1998), Handbook of Medicinal Plants, Pointer Publishers, Jaipur, India, PP.140. Bhattacharjee, S.K. (2000), Handbook of Aromatic Plants, Pointer Publishers, Jaipur, India, PP.184.
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Kirtikar, K.R. & Basu, B.D. (1989), Indian Medicinal Plants, reprinted edition, L.M. Basu, Allahabad, Vol. IV, PP.2442. Kurup, P.N.V.; Ramadas, V.N.K. & Joshi, P. (1979), Handbook of Medicinal Plants, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi, PP.66. Sharma, P.V. (1996), Classical Uses Visvabharati, Varanasi, India, PP.66. of Medicinal Plants, Chaukhambha
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Sharma, V.K. (1998), Medicinal and Aromatic plants from earliest times to modern age, Aryavaidyan, Vol. 11(2), PP. 88-94. *****
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Pippali Churna for Cough

Description of Cough: Cough is a reflex phenomenon characterized by sudden violent expulsion of air from mouth, with or without sputum, after deep inspiration and closure of glottis. This is the most frequent of all respiratory symptoms. Coughing is an important way to keep throat and airways clear. However, involuntary excessive coughing means there is an underlying cause that compels the person to cough. Some coughs are dry, while others are productive. In dry cough there is only explosive sound and no or little material comes out from the airways. Whereas productive cough is one that brings up phlegm or sputum, may be mixed with pus or blood or both. Cough can be either acute or chronic. Acute cough usually appears suddenly, goes away within 2-3 weeks and it is often due to common cold, flu, or sinus infection. Chronic cough lasts longer than 2 to 3 weeks and is a symptom of constant disease condition mostly of respiratory tract. Besides respiratory infections, other common causes of cough include allergies, asthma, sinusitis, lung diseases like emphysema, bronchitis, bronchiectasis and tumours, reflux disease of gastrointestinal system, smoking, air pollution and certain medicines used for the treatment of high blood pressure. Cough is short, painful and half suppressed when inflammation of lung covering accompanies pneumonia. Intermittent, ineffectual and exhausting cough occurs in chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma and it is generally worst at night or on waking. Cough may be loose and readily productive of sputum in bronchiectasis and early stage of bronchial cancer. Sputum production may be a relatively late development in lung tuberculosis. Loud and harsh cough without explosive character called stridor is found in whooping cough and in presence of laryngeal or tracheal obstruction. Cough usually aggravates with change in temperature or weather. Explosive character of normal cough is lost in laryngeal paralysis. A short troublesome cough of old people due to chronic bronchitis recurs in every winter and it is called Winter Cough. Cough due to smoking is usually dry and irritating. Traditional Indian Medicine considers cough as a disease for which specific line of treatment and various remedies are prescribed. Simple herbal remedies can successfully treat uncomplicated cough, if patients observe necessary dos and donts along with medication.
Description of the formulation: Pippali Churna is a single-ingredient herbal formulation made from the fruits of long pepper. Use of Pippali as a multipurpose drug is first documented in the 3000-year old maiden compendium of Ayurvedic medicine-Charak Samhita, where it is listed among Rasayana (Rejuvenative and Immunoenhancer) drugs and largely mentioned in the chapters of cough, respiratory distress, gastro-intestinal disorders, pulmonary tuberculosis etc. The drug is widely referred in various Ayurvedic texts and compilations right from its first mention in Charak Samhita. Besides codified knowledge about its uses, Pippali is largely used as home remedy and in folk medicine.
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Long pepper is a commonly used Drugs & Cosmetics Act. The formulation spice in India and other Asian countries being simple can be easily prepared at and its medicinal usage is quite popular, domestic level for personal use. particularly for the treatment of common Scientific studies have proven bioailments of childhood. Regarded as availability enhancing, liver protective, drug of choice for coughs of different immuno-stimulatory and anti-narcotic origins, Pippali Churna is widely used by roles and medicinal utility of long pepper the Ayurvedic practitioners and in in various disease conditions resulting government dispensaries & hospitals in from imbalance of bio-fire. India not only for symptomatic control but also for the treatment of root causes of cough affecting nasorespiratory, digestive and blood systems. This popular plant drug is even indicated for naso-respiratory allergy and tuberculosis of lungs and for immunodeficiency conditions. Traditional use of Pippali in disease-conditions with cough as a dominant symptom is based on the concept that the functional integrity of the respiratory tract is attributable to the balance of digestive fire and Pippali helps in correcting digestive disorder. Pippali is described in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia and formulations made of it in Ayurvedic Formulary of India. The formulation is freely available in the Indian market and is manufactured for sale under the provisions of Indian
Composition: Pippali Churna consists of powder of dried fruits of an aromatic climber with perennial woody roots. The fruits are harvested around January while still green and unripe, as they are most pungent at this stage and of high medicinal value. Harvested fruits are dried in the sun till they turn grey or blackish.
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English name: Long pepper, Joborandi Latin name: Piper longum Linn. Family: Piperaceae Part used: Fruit Chemical constituents: Essential oil and alkaloids -Piperine, Sesamin and Piplartine . Quality Standards: As per Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, quality standards determining the identity, purity and strength of long pepper fruits are based on following physical constantsForeign matter-Not more than 2%, Total ash-Not more than 7%, Acid-insoluble ash-Not more than 0.5%, Alcohol-soluble extractive- Not less than 5%, Water-soluble extractiveNot less than 7%. The Pepper powder under microscope shows deep moss green colour, fragments of parenchyma, oval or elongated stone cells, oil globules and starch grains.
Method of preparation: Dried long pepper fruits are cleaned and then powdered in a grinder or mortar. Powder is filtered through mesh of 80 size and kept in a air-tight plastic or glass container. Exposure to moisture should be avoided. It is advisable to prepare at least 50 gram of powder at a time. Dosage form: Blackish green powder with aromatic odour and pungent taste. Therapeutic properties: Anti-inflammatory, anti-phlegmatic decongestant, antispasmodic, expectorant, anti-allergic, appetizer, anthelmintic, immuno-stimulatory and tonic. Dose and mode of administration: The adult dose of the formulation is 1 to 3 gram, two or three times a day, mixed with honey or warm water. Honey is the best vehicle for consuming Pippali Churna. Jaggery or liquorice root powder should be used in place of honey, if cough is dry, irritating and persistent. Warm water or tea should be taken after consuming the medicine to facilitate its swallowing and fast absorption.
Indications & uses: Pippali Churna is indicated for acute and chronic cough due to common cold, pharyngitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, naso-respiratory catarrh, respiratory allergy, asthma and smoking. Non-specific cough is adequately manageable with Pippali Churna. The formulation is also effective in controlling symptoms associated with cough like sneezing, hiccough, nasal discharge, re fever, poor appetite, indigestion etc.
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Safety aspects and precautions: (i) Pippali is regarded as safe in recommended doses. Ayurvedic literature does not specifically mention any toxicity or adverse effects of even long term use of Sitopaladi Churna. Scientific studies have shown 750-800 milligram/kg dose as LD-50 value of piperine in mice. Do not consume Pippali Churna without mixing properly with honey or warm water. Fried and spicy foods, chilled drinks, curd, yogurt, smoking and exposure to cold should be avoided while suffering with cough. Frequent sipping of warm water helps a lot to facilitate the effect of medicine in controlling cough whether dry or productive. Patients with cough lasting for more than 10-15 days should take proper medical advice for diagnosis and treatment of underlying cause. Patients of Diabetes mellitus should use the formulation without honey or jaggery or jaggery. Similarly, sugar and jaggery should not be taken with Pippali for long-term use in overweight and obese individuals suffering from chronic cough. The formulation could alleviate cough resulting from lung tuberculosis and tumour or cancer of respiratory tract, but it is not the remedy for these underlying conditions. Dont attempt to treat cough with Pippali Churna, if the sputum is mixed with blood or frank blood is coughed out. Stop medication with Pippali Churna, if symptoms aggravate and dryness of mouth, excessive thirst and burning sensation in the body and urine appear. Owing to hot and lubricating nature of Pippali, its excessive and long term use is contraindicated in Ayurvedic literature. Ignorance about this fact may lead to untoward symptoms. Individuals with hot temperament/body constitution and menstruating & pregnant women should be careful in observing any unwanted effects while consuming Pippali Churna. In case of adverse effects medical advice should be sought promptly. Proper medical advice should be taken, if cough accompanies difficulty in breathing, swelling of face or feet, high grade fever, expectoration with foulsmelling yellowish green phlegm, blood in sputum, difficulty in lying down, night sweating and weight loss.
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References: (1) Anonymous(2004), The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part-I, Vol. IV, PP.91-92. Abhang, R (1993), Clinical study to evaluate the efficacy of an Ayurvedic Sukshma Compound preparation in diseases of Pranvahastrotas, Deerghayu International, Vol. IX-3 (35), PP.11-16. Abhang, R (1994), Clinical study to evaluate the efficacy of an Ayurvedic Sukshma Compound preparation in diseases of Pranvahastrotas, Deerghayu International, Vol. X-01 (37), PP.9-10. Annamalai, A.R. & Manavalan, R. (1990), Effects of Trikatu and its individuals and piperine on gastrointestinal tract, Trikatu- a bioavailability enhancer, Indian Drugs, Vol. 27 (12), PP.596-604. Anshuman, P.S.; Singh, K.P. & Aasra, K.G. (1984), Effect of Vardhman Pippali (Piper longum) on patients with respiratory disorders, Sachitra Ayurved, Vol.37 (1), PP.47-49. Bhatnagar, S.S. et al (1961), Bilogical activity of Indian Medicinal Plants, Part-I, Antibacterial, anti-tubercular & antifungal action, Indian J. Med. Res., Vol. 49, PP.799. Bhattarai, N.K. (1993), Folk medicinal use of plants for respiratory complaints in Central Nepal, Filoterapia, Vol.64, PP.163-170. Dadich, A.P.; Vyas, D.S. & Khanna, N.K. (1992), Mrtyunjayarasa Vati in chronic sinusitis- A preliminary Clinical Study, J. Res. Ayur. Siddha, Vol.13 (12), PP.78-81. Dhanukar, S.A. & Karandikar, S.M.(1984), Evaluation of anti-allergic activity of Piper longum, Indian Drugs, Vol. 21 (9), PP. 377-383. Dhanukar, S.A.; Karandikar, S.M. & Desai, M. (1984), Efficacy of Piper longum in childhood asthma, Indian Drugs, Vol. 21 (9), PP. 384-388. Fernandes, A.; Taraves, F. & Athavale, V.B. (1980), Asthma in children: A clinical controlled study of Piper longum in asthma, Paediatr. Clin. India, Vol. 15 (4), PP.45. Jain, S.R.; Jain, P.R. & Jain, M.R.(1974), Antibacterial evaluation of some indigenous medicinal volatile oils, Planta Medica, Vol. 26, PP. 196.
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Rege, N.N.; Thatte, U.M. & Dhanukar, S.A. (1999), Adagtogenic properties of six Rasayana herbs used in Ayurvedic medicine, Phytotherapy Res., Vol 13 (4), PP.275-291. Sharma, M.L. et al. (1978), Pharmacological Screening of Indian Medicinal Plants, Indian J. Exp. Biol., Vol. 16, PP.228. Upadhayay, S.D.; Kansal, C.M. & Pandey, N.N. (1982), Clinical evaluation of Pippali (Piper longum) Kshira Paka on patients of bronchial asthma-A preliminary study, Nagarjun, Vol. 25 (11), PP. 256-258. Irwin RS, Baumann MH, Bolser DC, et al. Diagnosis and management of cough executive summary: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006;129 (1 Suppl):1S-23S. Chang AB, Glomb WB. Guidelines for evaluating chronic cough in pediatrics: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006; 129 (1 Suppl):260S-283S. Review. Holmes RL. Evaluation of the patient with chronic cough. Am Fam Physician. 2004; 69(9): 2159-2166.
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Selected further reading/bibliographies: (i) Anonymous (1970), Charaka Samhita, Commentary by Shastri, K.N. et al., Chaukhambha Vidya Bhavan, Varanasi (India), Viman Sthan. Chapter 1 & 8, Chikitsa Sthan Chapter 1, 17, 18 1-1. 25, 48,58,62,68,77; 1-2.7,8,9,10; 1-3, 3,24, 32, 33,36,37,39,40,45,46; 14.15,20; 17. 75,102,108,111,114,115,123,135, 136, 141; 18. 36, 47, 51, 53, 55, 57, 60, 63,64,71,74, 100,101, 109,119,126, 161,163, 166,169,172. Sharma, P.C.; Yelne, M.B. and Dennis, T.J. (2001), Database on Medicinal Plants Used in Ayurveda, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha, New Delhi (India), Vol. 3, PP. 472-477. Anonymous (1987), Medicinal Plants of India, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, Vol.II, PP.427-456. Anonymous (1989), Bhartiya Ayurved Yog Sangraha, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, Part-II, PP. 12-14 & 32. Anonymous (1996), Pharmacological Investigations of Certain Medicinal Plants and Compound Formulations used in Ayurveda and Siddha, Centyral Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi (India), PP.272.
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64
(vi)
Anonymous (1997), Indian Medicinal Plants, ed. Warrier, P.K. et al., Orient Longman Ltd. Madras, Vol. IV, PP.290. Chatterjee, A. & Pakrashi, S.C. (1994), The Treatise on Indian Medicinal Plants, Publications and Information Directorate, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, Vol. I, PP.28. Chopra, R.N.; Chopra, I.C.; Handa, K.L; and Kapur, L.D. (1958), Indigenous Drugs of India, U.N. Dhur & Sons Pvt. Ltd., Calcutta, PP. 18, 520, 598, 601,605, 608, 610, 682. Kirtikar, K.R. & Basu, B.D. (1988), Indian Medicinal Plants, reprinted edition, L.M. Basu, Allahabad, Vol.III, PP.2128. Kletter, C.; Krasser, R. & Tashigang, J.Y. (1997), Investigations of Indian Plant Drugs used in Tibetan Medicine, Sci. pharm, Vol. 65 (12),PP.555. Kurup, P.N.V.; Ramdas, V.N.K. & Joshi, P. (1979), Handbook of Medicinal Plants, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi, PP. 166. Sharma, P.V. (2001), Dravyaguna Vijnana, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, reprinted edition, Vol. II, PP.275-279. Sharma, P.V. (1996), Classical Uses of Medicinal Plants, Chaukhambha Visvabharati,Varanasi (India), PP.239. *****
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65
Goksura Churna & Kwath for Urinary Disorder
Description of Urinary Disorder: Urinary disorder is a general term referring to disturbances of varied nature of urinary flow and consistency. By and large this condition represents difficulty in passing urine. Problems in the urinary system include kidney failure, urinary tract infections, kidney stones, prostate enlargement, and impaired bladder control. These problems usually manifest in the form of difficulty in urination, incontinence of urine, retention of urine or abnormally altered amount of urine. Urinary problems may be caused by the following: (i) Increasing age- As one gets old, changes appear in the structure and capability of the kidneys and the muscles of the ureters, bladder, and urethra. These age-related changes tend to bring about disturbances in the production and flow of urine. Urinary infections- Direct or indirect infection of the urinary system may occur. In old age, chances of urinary infection are more because the bladder muscles do not tighten enough to empty the bladder completely. Urine incontinence- Decrease in the strength of pelvic muscles and bladder sphincters may be associated with age, can cause incontinence i.e. inability to hold urine.
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Functional damage of kidneys- Any illness or injury to the kidneys and other parts of the urinary tract can impair urine formation and proper passing of urine. Uncontrolled high blood pressure, diabetes, chronic obstruction in the path of urine and untreated prostate enlargement usually lead to disturbance in kidney function.
Individual patients experience urinary symptoms differently. However, the common symptoms called as urinary disorder include- frequent urination, particularly at night; burning or difficulty during urination; infrequent urination; blood or any other abnormal component in the urine
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Depending upon the extent and nature of underlying condition, following symptoms may be associated with the main urinary disorder, on the basis of which differential diagnosis could be made loss of appetite nausea vomiting fatigue puffiness around eyes swelling of hands and feet darkening of skin muscle cramps pain in the back just below the ribs not aggravated by movement high blood pressure frequent headaches itchiness all over the body
Description of the formulation: Goksura Churna and Kwath means powder and decoction respectively of a medicinal herb called Goksura in Ayurveda. Goksura is a prostrate, annual or biennial weed of the pasture lands growing in hot, dry and sandy regions. Fruits, roots and the whole plant alone or in combination with other medicinal plants are extensively used in Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of genitor-urinary disorders ranging from difficulty in urination to urinary stones and sexual weakness. Charak Samhita-the maiden compendium of Ayurveda written around 1000 years B.C. ascribes Goksura as the best remedy for burning and painful urination. Many other uses of the plant are in practice and described in Ayurvedic literature. Simple and multiingredient formulations made of Gokshur are listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary and Pharmacopoeia of India and scientific studies have provided enough evidence of its varied usefulness in urinary and other diseases. Traditionally, Goksura Churna and Kwath are independently used mainly as diuretic and soothing urinary cleanser in the diseases of genito-urinary tract resulting from inflammation, infection and presence of crystals, stones, ulceration and prostate enlargement.
Composition: Goksura Churna and Kwath are made from dried ripe fruits of the plant. The herb is a common weed growing up in rainy season and it flowers and fruits almost throughout the year. The herb has natural occurrence but it can be propagated by seeds. Fruits are small, rounded and spiny consisting of five woody chambers, each with many seeds. Harvesting should be done preferably in winter when the properly dried ripe fruits could be preserved to retain potency till next rainy season. English name: Land caltrops, Puncture vine. Latin name: Tribulus terrestris Linn. Family:Zygophyllaceae Parts used-Fruits, Whole plant Constituents- Potassium nitrate, Sterols, Sapogenin, Diosgenin, Cholorogenin, Ditogenin.
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Quality Standards: Quality standards of Goksura fruits as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia are based on following physical constantsForeign matter-Not more than 2%, Total ash- Not more than 15%, Acid-insoluble ashNot more than 2%, Alcohol-insoluble extractive- Not less than 6% and Water-soluble extractive-Not less than 10% Microscopically fruit shows small epidermal cells in each coccus with rosette of calcium oxalate crystals in abundance. Method of preparation: (i) Depending upon the duration of treatment take 50 to 100 gram of dried fruits or whole plant harvested not more than one year before. Further dry the raw material by keeping in sunlight or drier. (ii) Make fine powder in grinder and filter it through 80 number mesh to remove coarse woody particles and fibers. Keep the powder in air-tight plastic or glass container away from moist surroundings. (iii) Decoction of Goksura is prepared by boiling 20 to 30 gram of the coarse powder of the raw material in 160 to 240 milliliter water till one fourth liquid remains. Decoction has to be prepared daily and consumed fresh same day.
Dosage form: Fine pale colored powder and straw colored decoction.
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Therapeutic properties: Cooling, diuretic, lithotriptic, styptic, antimicrobial, muscle relaxant, aphrodisiac, emollient, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective lithotriptic Dose and mode of administration: Goksura Churna is consumed before meals in the dose of 3 to 6 gram, twice a day, with water. The dose of decoction is 40 to 50 milliliter and it should be taken luke warm.
Indications & uses: Goksura is indicated for burning urination, difficulty in passing urine, decreased urination, urinary crystals and stones, albuminuria, haematuria and spermaturia. It is useful for improving the urinary function and management of urinary complaints resulting from inflammation, infection, ulceration, calculi and abnormal discharge. Benign prostate enlargement and erectile dysfunction are the other indications, where Goksura alone or in combination with other medicinal herbs is used . Safety aspects and precautions: (i) Goksura is conventionally regarded as safe. No side effects or toxic symptoms and contraindications are reported in Ayurvedic literature. However, in experimental studies seeds of the plant are found to be toxic to the liver of rats. Therefore, patients with liver dysfunction should use Goksura without seeds and continue medication under medical supervision. (ii) As Goksura is cooling in nature and the indicated urinary disorders result from predominance of dry and hot contents in urinary system, it is always advisable to avoid during medication alcoholic beverages and diet rich in spicy, pungent, sour, acidic, hot and dry food items. Indulgence in aggression, anger like furious states of mind and suppression of natural urges of urination, passing stools and flatus should be avoided. (iii) Simple, soft, digestible and liquid-rich diet is recommended while suffering from and medicating for urinary disorders. Old rice, barley, butter-milk, pumpkin and aloe are the useful articles of diet for patients of urinary disorders. (iv) Patients suffering from urinary disorders should abstain from strenuous exertion, excessive thirst and frequent sexual intercourse and lead a disciplined life with healthy habits. (v) Severe urinary symptoms with presence of pus and blood in the urine and inability to urinate should be properly treated under medical advice. Medication with Goksura may be stopped and medical advice should be sought, if patients symptoms aggravate or do not respond. (vi) Urinary symptoms usually worsen, if constipation is concomitantly present. In such cases due care should be taken to treat constipation with modification in diet or with soft lubricating laxative.
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(vii) The symptoms of urinary disease may mimic other medical conditions. Therefore, if empirical treatment with a given formulation fails, it is always advisable to consult medical expert for a diagnosis.
References: (1) Anonymous (2001), The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part-I, Vol.-I, reprinted edition, PP.40. (2) Anonymous ( 1999), Handbook of Domestic Medicine and Common Ayurvedic Remedies, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi (India), Second Edition, PP. 223-226. Khare, C.P. (2007), Indian Medicinal Plants, Springer (India), Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, PP. 669-670. Anand, R; Patnaik, G.K.; Kulshreshtha, D.K. & Dhawan, B.N. (1994), Activity of certain fractions of Tribulus terrestris fruits against experimentally induced urolithiasis in rats, Indian J. Exp. Biol., Vol. 32 (8), PP. 548-552. Anonymous (1960), Urine output due to some Ayurvedic drugs, Indian J. Pharm., Vol. 22 (10), PP.263-264. Anonymous (2003), The Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part-I, Second Revised English Edition, PP.67, 68. Anonymous (1964), Toxicity of Tribulus terrestris, Agric.Res., New Delhi, Vol. 4 (1), PP.54. Harvey, S.K. (1966), Preliminary experimental study of the diuretic activity of some indigenous drugs, Indian J. Med. Res., Vol. 54(8), PP. 774-778. Ikram, M & Haq, I.(1980), Screening of medicinal plants for anti-microbial activity, Part I, Filoterapia, Vol. 51 (5), PP. 231-235. Karnick, C.R. (1975), Studies on Indian medicinal plants used in Ayurvedic system of medicine, Part V, Tribulus terrestris Linn., J. Res. Indian medicine., Vol. 10 (1), PP.4-10. Mehta, A.P.; Shishu Pal Singh & Pramod Kumar (1982), Clinical trial of Stonone in the management of urolithiasis and crystalluria, J. Sci. Res. Plants Med., Vol. 3 (23), PP.61-63. Mukherjee, T.; Bhatia, N.; Aulakh, G.S. & Jain, H.C. (1984), Herbal drugs for urinary stones, Literature appraisal, Indian Drugs, Vol. 21 (6), PP. 224-228. 70
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Pramod Kumar; Despande, P.J. & Singh, L.M. (1980), Studies on urolithorite action of indegenous drugs, J. Sci. R. Plants Med., Vol. 1 (3-4), PP.9-14. Sangeeta, D. et al. (1993), Therapeutic response of Tribulus terrestris (Gokhru) aqueous extract on hyperoxaluria in male adult rats, Phytotherapy Res., Vol. 7 (2), PP. 116-119. Sannd, B.N.; Anil Kumar & Naresh Kumar (1993), To evaluate the effect of Ayurvedic drugs Sveta parpati with Pasanabheda and Gokshura, in the management of Mutrasmari (Urolithiasis), J. Res. Ayur. Siddha, Vol. 14 (34), PP. 98-114. Satish, S.; Periasamy, P. & Namasivyayam, A. (1996), Effect of Tribulus terrestris on experimental urolithiasis induced by ethylene glycol in albino rats, Pharm. Sci., Vol. 2 (9), PP. 437-439. Siddiqui, M.B. & Hussain, W. (1993), Traditional treatment of gonorrhoea through herbal drugs in the province of Central Uttar Pradesh, India, Filoterapia, Vol. 64, PP. 399-403. Singh, R.C.P. & Sisodia, C.S. (11), Effect of Tribulus terrestris fruit extracts on chloride and creatinine renal clearances in dogs, Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol., Vol. 15 93), PP.93-96.
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Selected further reading/bibliographies: (i) Anonymous (1970), Charaka Samhita, Commentary by Shastri, K.N. et al., Chaukhambha Vidya Bhavan, Varanasi, Su. 4. (16); 38; 25.40; Ci. 2-1.26; 3.267; 26. 64, 87; 27.41; 28.161; Si .9.8; 12. (16) 2,6,11. Anonymous (1980), Sishruta Samhita, ed. Acharya, J.T., Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, Su. 42.11; Ci. 26.35; 38.106; U.39. 223; 42.112; 58.53. Anonymous (1989), Bhartiya Ayurved Yog Sangraha, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, PP. 13, 19, 21-23, 35, 104. Anonymous (1996), Pharmacological Investigations of Certain Medicinal Plants and Compound Formulations Used in Ayurveda and Siddha, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi, PP.112. Chunekar, K.C. (1982), Bhavaprakash Academy, Varanasi (India), PP. 292. Nighantu, Chaukhambha Bharati
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71
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Dipak, P. et al. (1985), Evaluation of Tribulus terrestris (Chotagokhru), Indian Drugs, Vol. 22 (6), PP. 332-333.
(vii)
Sharma, P.V. (1981), Dravyaguna Vijanana, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi (India), Part II, PP. 632.
(viii) Sharma, P.V. (1996), Classical Uses of Medicinal Plants, Chaukhambha Visvabharati, Varanasi (India), PP.132. *****
72

Traditional Medicine Monograph On Popular Home Remedies

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Monograph on Popular and Effective Select Traditional Home Remedies

Page Numbers 2-6 7-12 13-18 19-23 24-28

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

29-34 35-37 38-45 46-52 53-58 59-65 66-72

Acid insoluble ash

Alcohol soluble extractive

Water soluble extractive

Haritaki Bibhitaki Amalaki

Not more than 5% Not more than 7% Not more than 7%

Method of preparation: Triphla decoction for cleansing eyes is prepared in following

Dosage form: Decoction prepared in water.

Therapeutic properties: Shothahar (Anti-inflammatory), Sravahar (Decongestant),

Dose and mode of administration: Sufficient quantity of Triphla decoction, say

Precautions & safety aspects:

Selected further reading & bibliographies:

Dosage form: Fine blackish powder.

Therapeutic properties: Antacid, anti-ulcer, appetizer, anti-emetic, anti-inflammatory,

Safety aspects & precautions:

Selected further reading/bibliographies:

Description of the formulation: Chaturbhadra Kwath is an herbal formulation listed in

Composition: Chaturbhadra Kwath is a decoction made from following ingredients in

Water soluble ash

Acid insoluble ash

Alcohol Water soluble soluble extractive extractive

Ativisa Shunthi Mustaka

Not less than 6% Not less than 3% Not less than 5%

Not less than 1%

Dosage form: Warm light brownish decoction. Therapeutic properties:

Dose and mode of administration: 40 milliliter of freshly prepared warm decoction is

Precautions & safety aspects:

Selected further reading/bibliographies:

Description of the formulation: Haridra is a well established medicinal plant of Indian

Dose and mode of administration:

Precautions & safety aspects:

Selected further reading/bibliographies:

Description of the formulation:

Indications & uses: Sveta Pradara (Leucorrhoea),

Precautions & safety aspects:

Ashvagandha Churna for Malaise

Description of the formulation: Ashwagandha is one of the most commonly used

Composition: Ashwagandha Churna consists of dried mature roots of Withania somnifera

Safety aspects and precautions:

Selected further reading/bibliographies:

Description of the formulation:

Dosage form: Brownish powder.

Therapeutic properties: Antispasmodic, stomachic, carminative, anti-flatulent and

Dose and mode of administration:

Indications & uses:

Precautions & safety aspects:

Selected further reading/bibliographies:

Katuka Churna for Jaundice

Dhattura Lepa for Lice Infestation

Ela Churna for Vomiting

Pippali Churna for Cough

Goksura Churna & Kwath for Urinary Disorder

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