Essays in Science
By Albert Einstein and Neil Berger
4/5
()
About this ebook
The Authorized Albert Einstein Archives Edition: An homage to the men and women of science, and an exposition of Einstein’s place in scientific history.
In this fascinating collection of articles and speeches, Albert Einstein reflects not only on the scientific method at work in his own theoretical discoveries, but also eloquently expresses a great appreciation for his scientific contemporaries and forefathers, including Johannes Kepler, Isaac Newton, James Clerk Maxwell, Max Planck, and Niels Bohr. While Einstein is renowned as one of the foremost innovators of modern science, his discoveries uniquely his own, through his own words it becomes clear that he viewed himself as only the most recent in a long line of scientists driven to create new ways of understanding the world and to prove their scientific theories.
Einstein’s thoughtful examinations explain the “how” of scientific innovations both in his own theoretical work and in the scientific method established by those who came before him.
This authorized ebook features a new introduction by Neil Berger, PhD, and an illustrated biography of Albert Einstein, which includes rare photos and never-before-seen documents from the Albert Einstein Archives at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein was a German mathematician and physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity. In 1921, he won the Nobel Prize for physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. His work also had a major impact on the development of atomic energy. In his later years, Einstein focused on unified field theory.
Read more from Albert Einstein
Essays in Humanism Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Out of My Later Years: The Scientist, Philosopher, and Man Portrayed Through His Own Words Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Relativity: The special and the general theory Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Johannes Kepler: Life and Letters Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5The World As I See It Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Ultimate Quotable Einstein Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsLetters to Solovine, 1906–1955 Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Theory of Relativity: And Other Essays Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Letters on Wave Mechanics: Correspondence with H. A. Lorentz, Max Planck, and Erwin Schrödinger Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Albert Einstein Collection Volume Two: Essays in Science, Letters to Solovine, and Letters on Wave Mechanics Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsColleagues in Genius: Out of My Later Years, Scientific Autobiography, and Nuclear Physics Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe Collected Works of Albert Einstein: The Complete Works PergamonMedia Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Albert Einstein, Mileva Maric: The Love Letters Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Einstein's Miraculous Year: Five Papers That Changed the Face of Physics Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Einstein on Peace Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Albert Einstein, The Human Side: Glimpses from His Archives Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5The foundation of the generalized theory of relativity Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Travel Diaries of Albert Einstein: The Far East, Palestine, and Spain, 1922–1923 Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Where Is Science Going? Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsSidelights on Relativity (Illustrated Edition) Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Einstein's Essays in Science Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Mental Radio Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratings
Related to Essays in Science
Related ebooks
Einstein's Essays in Science Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Albert Einstein Collection Volume Two: Essays in Science, Letters to Solovine, and Letters on Wave Mechanics Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsEinstein's Theory of Relativity Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5General Relativity 1: Newton vs Einstein Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5E=mc2: A Biography of the World's Most Famous Equation Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Einstein's Miraculous Year: Five Papers That Changed the Face of Physics Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Perfect Theory: A Century of Geniuses and the Battle over General Relativity Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Black Hole: How an Idea Abandoned by Newtonians, Hated by Einstein, and Gambled on by Hawking Became Loved Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Letters to Solovine, 1906–1955 Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Void: The Strange Physics of Nothing Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Einstein Theory of Relativity: University of Leyden Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsEinstein and the Quantum: The Quest of the Valiant Swabian Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Relativity: The Special and the General Theory - 100th Anniversary Edition Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5On Gravity: A Brief Tour of a Weighty Subject Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Einstein's Greatest Mistake: A Biography Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Quantum Legacies: Dispatches from an Uncertain World Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5When Einstein Walked with Gödel: Excursions to the Edge of Thought Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5New Pathways In Science Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Summary: The God Equation: The Quest for a Theory of Everything: Michio Kaku Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsEinstein's Genius Club: The True Story of a Group of Scientists Who Changed the World Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Colleagues in Genius: Out of My Later Years, Scientific Autobiography, and Nuclear Physics Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe Theory of Relativity: And Other Essays Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Relativity: The Special and the General Theory Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Scientific Autobiography: And Other Papers Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5The foundation of the generalized theory of relativity Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Collected Works of Albert Einstein: The Complete Works PergamonMedia Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Origin and Development of the Quantum Theory by Max Planck with a Chapter on Heat Radiation Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe World as I See It Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Nuclear Physics Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5
Science & Mathematics For You
Outsmart Your Brain: Why Learning is Hard and How You Can Make It Easy Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Activate Your Brain: How Understanding Your Brain Can Improve Your Work - and Your Life Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Born for Love: Why Empathy Is Essential--and Endangered Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Big Book of Hacks: 264 Amazing DIY Tech Projects Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Free Will Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Dorito Effect: The Surprising New Truth About Food and Flavor Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5A Letter to Liberals: Censorship and COVID: An Attack on Science and American Ideals Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Becoming Cliterate: Why Orgasm Equality Matters--And How to Get It Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Big Fat Surprise: Why Butter, Meat and Cheese Belong in a Healthy Diet Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Metaphors We Live By Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Wisdom of Psychopaths: What Saints, Spies, and Serial Killers Can Teach Us About Success Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Systems Thinker: Essential Thinking Skills For Solving Problems, Managing Chaos, Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5How Emotions Are Made: The Secret Life of the Brain Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Invisible Rainbow: A History of Electricity and Life Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Memory Craft: Improve Your Memory with the Most Powerful Methods in History Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/52084: Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Humanity Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Fantastic Fungi: How Mushrooms Can Heal, Shift Consciousness, and Save the Planet Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Other Minds: The Octopus, the Sea, and the Deep Origins of Consciousness Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Hunt for the Skinwalker: Science Confronts the Unexplained at a Remote Ranch in Utah Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Ultralearning: Master Hard Skills, Outsmart the Competition, and Accelerate Your Career Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5No Stone Unturned: The True Story of the World's Premier Forensic Investigators Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5How to Think Critically: Question, Analyze, Reflect, Debate. Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Oppenheimer: The Tragic Intellect Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Psychology of Totalitarianism Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Great Mortality: An Intimate History of the Black Death, the Most Devastating Plague of All Time Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Misinformation Age: How False Beliefs Spread Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5
Reviews for Essays in Science
11 ratings2 reviews
- Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5In this book Einstein discusses his motive and philosophical guidance in forming relativity theory and some other topics. It is not a good book to learn about the relativity theories themselves. It could be said to be concerned with the philosophy of relativity, which of course fits the fact that it was published as part of the Philosophical Library. The primary motivation for Einstein was a belief in the simplicity and unity of nature and natural laws. He searched for the simplicist explanation of the reality that we see around us. Simplicity in this context does not mean easy to calculate, but means the logical scheme with the least axioms. This view is expressed very clearly in this book. For Einstein the distinguishing advantage of the theories of relativity is their logical completeness, not the accuracy of their predictions or the ease of calculation of the predictions. One of his motivations for the general theory of relativity was to explain by one axiom the identity of gravitational and inertial mass. In one essay, the nature of reality is discussed. In view of Mermin's article in the May 2010 issue of Physics Today, questioning the reality of fields, this essay is of special interest. If he were still alive, Einstein would surely have joined in the chorus of critical letters, since in this book (probably written early in the 20th century) he affirms his firm belief in the reality of electromagnetic fields even though the ether played no role in forming the fields. His expectation of the developement of physics was that all observed phenomena would be expressed as fields, ie., solutions of partial differential equations without singularities, with particles being clumps of high intensity fields. Said in this way, Einstein's goal is presently being approached with fields being the Lagrangian fields of QED, but Einstein went further than this and expected that only the values of metric field and another field describing the property of parellel direcrtions would be needed. This attempt to explain fields and particles in term of just these two fields as an clearly an example of the search for logical simplicity. The need for the parallel field has been obviated by modern relativity theory since this characteristic has been supplied by the concept of parallel transport which in turn comes from the covariant deravitive and this in turn comes from the derivatives of the metric field. Although it seems that we are very close to realizing "Einstein's dream" with just one basic field, it has been found too difficult to close the gap in a mathematically consistent way, but this story may not be over. Einstein gives a good description of his thought processes in coming to the general theory. The first step was the equivalence principle: that the phenomena of gravitation was equivalent to an acceleration of the coordinate system. This brought in the idea of a nonlinear transformation of coordinates, a problem, since this was in conflict with the conept of a coordinate as a physical entity. The equivalence principle also brought in another problem since according to special relativity the mass of a body depends on its energy and if gravity was a force proportional to mass, bodies of different energy content could not fall at the same rate. The common solution was Riemann geometry where the metric was also changed by a transformation of coordinates with physical reality being only the combination of a coordinate system with a metric, and where the path of a freely moving body could be given by a geodesic in the Riemann space with that metric, thus giving up the idea of a force of gravity. The concept of massive body being the origin of a force was replaced by showing that the paths of bodies responding to gravitation were determined by properties of space (curvature as expressed by the metric) through which they passed which in turn were determined by the surrounding distribution of matter and/or energy (Einstein field equations). The belief in fundamental logical simplicity was almost surely the fundamental reason why Einstein was upset by quantum mechanics (which has no logical connection to relativity theory). This situation is best described by assuming the relation between relativity theory and quantum theory as their being connected by a black box. Some say we have no need to know what is in the box because the two theories together describe reality as we know it. From this book it is clear that Einstein would say we need to know what is in that box.
- Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Who says you can't judge a book by its cover? I haven't read this one yet, but it looks really interesting. Some of Einstein's speeches and papers, given on various topics, were gathered together in 1934 and published in book form as "The World As I See It." This little volume is a reprint of just the science topics from that book. According to the dust jacket, the central core of the Theory of Relativity is explained in clear language accessible to any interested reader. Einstein also holds forth on the principles of research, the nature of scientific truth, and the method of theoretical physicsHe also offers acute analyses and appreciation of the work of such giants as Johannes Kepler, Isaac Newton, Clerk Maxwell, and Niels Bohr. In short, the book offers a rare look into one of the greatest minds of the 20th century. I'm looking forward to reading it.
Book preview
Essays in Science - Albert Einstein
Preface to the New Edition
ALBERT EINSTEIN WAS THE greatest physicist of the twentieth century. His image and name are recognizable to almost everyone, along with his equation E = mc², which describes the relationship between energy and mass. His impact on science and intellectual thought during his lifetime was profound.
This volume contains a collection of sixteen essays written before 1935, when Einstein was at the height of his scientific powers but not yet known as the sage of the atomic age. His stature in the world allowed him to express his views on philosophical issues relating to the field of physics. These essays established his early foray into this area.
Why are we so interested in all aspects of Einstein’s philosophical positions and his thought processes? His theories of relativity and universal gravitation are generally regarded as inaccessible to the ordinary person. Yet we know that he was an original thinker who was able to see beyond the conventional scientific worldview of his age. What is remarkable is that Einstein’s greatest discoveries belong to him alone. It is perhaps fitting that this volume is being published one hundred years after Einstein settled the question of why the sky is blue. What we see is a giant intellect struggling as an ordinary person to make sense of the realities of life in the twentieth century.
This volume concentrates on the essays on science that Albert Einstein included in the first authorized edition of Mein Weltbild. These essays had an amazing breadth and made many fundamental points about the nature of the universe. The central theme answered the question of how Einstein came to his theories. He believed that the only source of knowledge was experience, and that in the case of general relativity such experience did not always suggest the scientific truth of a theory. The development of a theory depended on only intuition resting on a sympathetic understanding of experience.
It was the object of all theory to make the irreducible elements as simple and few in number as possible.
He was convinced that we can discover by purely mathematical constructions […] the key to the understanding of natural phenomena.
Experience suggests, the mind constructs (with the help of mathematics), and experience confirms.
Einstein bolstered his argument by tracing the development of various universal theories of science and the advances that these theories brought to our ability to understand the world. Euclid’s geometry gave the human intellect the confidence in itself for subsequent achievements.
Purely logical thinking [such as Euclid] cannot yield us any knowledge of the empirical world.
Galileo and Kepler showed that all knowledge of reality starts from experience and ends in it.
And Newton still believed that the basic laws of his system could be derived from experience.
Further, in his essay On Scientific Truth, the idea of a superior mind as conceived in Spinoza’s pantheistic
religion revealing itself in the world of experience represented Einstein’s conception of God.
Spinoza’s metaphysics created a world view which was in conflict with the idea of an ever-expanding universe as predicted by an early version of the generalized relativity theory. By 1919, Einstein had amended his general theory of relativity to include a cosmological term so that the universe would be spatially self-enclosed as outlined in On the Theory of Relativity. In 1929, Edwin Hubble verified by astronomical observations that the universe was expanding and consequently there was at some time a big bang.
Had Einstein not added the cosmological term and accepted his early version of the generalized relativity theory the expanding universe would perhaps have been his greatest predication.
With the advent of Maxwell, Faraday, Hertz, and Lorentz there was a shift from description of material points to electro-magnetic fields, which became the ultimate entity. According to Einstein the development of field theory led directly to the special theory of relativity once he realized that field theory creates reciprocal actions between bodies […] by processes which are propagated through space at a finite speed.
Such fields ruled out the existence of forces acting at a distance, with the resulting destruction of the notion of absolute simultaneity.
Einstein felt that a final leap had to be made to develop the general theory of relativity. Such a theory can no longer be based on observation and reality. The theory must first be conceived through intuition by making the theory as simple as possible and then checked to see if it fits reality. It happens that generalized relativity depends heavily on mathematical constructions due to Riemann, Ricci, and Levi-Civita, which were already known. It is clear that Einstein felt that he would not have been able to complete his theory without their mathematical constructions.
Where does quantum mechanics fit into all this? Can field theory find a way to include quantum mechanics? Can there be a unified
field theory? In 1934, Einstein had hope of finding a solution but spent the remainder of his life looking unsuccessfully for it.
Another interesting thread throughout Essays in Science involved the use of mathematics in developing a theory of reality. Starting with Euclid, the mathematics was whole unto itself. This was followed by Kepler, who developed the motion of the planets using circles and ellipses, which exhibit the simplest conceivable form of regularity.
According to Einstein, Kepler’s achievement is a particularly fine example of the truth that knowledge cannot spring from experience alone but only from the comparison of inventions of the intellect with observed facts.
Kepler’s laws represented integrals of the motion. Newton’s mechanics required the development of the calculus, ordinary derivatives, and differential equations. Field theory required partial derivatives. And finally, general relativity required the Rici calculus and the concept of invariant derivatives, which were independent of the geometry of space.
In the essay The Cause of the Formation of Meanders … Einstein used simple arguments to give the elementary principles involved [and a] short qualitative exposition of them.
In the next pages he used thought experiments to prove his thesis. Together with the following essay, The Flettner Ship, they provide outstanding examples of Einstein’s mind at work.
Einstein’s connection to all things German, and in particular the scientific community in Berlin, through his appointment to the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, made it very painful for him to give up his German citizenship. Throughout his years in America he sought the friendship and association with German Jews. Through this connection he developed a deep friendship with Dr. Dagobert D. Runes, the founder of Philosophical Library, who had written his doctoral dissertation on Spinoza. Many of Einstein’s essays were subsequently published by Philosophical Library, which is now reissuing this volume.
Neil Berger
Associate Professor Emeritus of Mathematics
University of Illinois at Chicago
August 2010
Preface to Abridged Edition
The World as I See It in its original form includes essays by Einstein on Judaism, Germany, Politics and Pacifism and sundry other topics. These have been omitted in the present abridged edition. The object of this reprint is simply to give the general reader an opportunity to examine some of the distinguished scholar’s papers dealing with science.
Publisher’s Note
to the original edition, entitled The World as I See It
ALBERT EINSTEIN IS ONE of the most modest people in the world. In the letters and papers in this book he constantly refers to his accidental
fame and his unearned popularity.
So deep-rooted is this feeling that he has merely tilled his own row, howbeit that row was an inconceivably fertile one, that for many years his friends and intimates were unable to prevail upon him to publish his letters, papers and speeches, although opportunities and requests were showered on him. Even his scientific articles he would release to none save academic journals that do not reach the general public. The imagination of the world is stirred by the name of Albert Einstein, and yet hitherto it has had only the scantiest material to feed upon. Occasional, all-too-brief interviews; a few instances where Einstein suppressed his modesty for the sake of some great humanitarian cause; and the famous four-page pamphlet on the special theory of relativity.
The publishers do not know what good fortune at last prompted Albert Einstein to relax his attitude a little. Perhaps he felt that in times like these each man must sacrifice himself if he can help but a little to alleviate the horrible conditions which have fallen upon the world. If anything could break Einstein’s silence, it was the threat of war in Europe. Perhaps, too, it was the persecution of his people, the Jews. Perhaps it was, in some small degree, a further extension of his modesty in a desire to show how much his scientific work has been prepared for, supported, and amplified by less