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On the Road Again: Montana's Changing Landscape
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Commencer à lire- Éditeur:
- University of Washington Press
- Sortie:
- Oct 17, 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780295802329
- Format:
- Livre
Description
In On the Road Again, William Wyckoff explores Montana s changing physical and cultural landscape by pairing photographs taken by state highway engineers in the 1920s and 1930s with photographs taken at the same sites today. The older photographs, preserved in the archives of the Montana Historical Society, were intended to document the expenditure of federal highway funds. Because it is nearly impossible to photograph a road without also photographing the landscape through which that road passes, these images contain a wealth of information about the state s environment during the early decades of the twentieth century. To highlight landscape changes -- and continuities -- over more than eighty years, Wyckoff chose fifty-eight documented locations and traveled to each to photograph the exact same view. The pairs of old and new photos and accompanying interpretive essays presented here tell a vivid story of physical, cultural, and economic change.
Wyckoff has grouped his selections to cover a fairly even mix of views from the eastern and western parts of the state, including a wide assortment of land use settings and rural and urban landscapes. The photo pairs are organized in thirteen visual themes, such as forested areas, open spaces, and sacred spaces, which parallel landscape change across the entire American West.
A close, thoughtful look at these photographs reveals how crops, fences, trees, and houses shape the everyday landscape, both in the first quarter of the twentieth century and in the present. The photographs offer an intimate view into Montana, into how Montana has changed in the past eighty years and how it may continue to change in the twenty-first century.
This is a book that will captivate readers who have, or hope to have, a tie to the Montana countryside, whether as resident or visitor. Regional and agricultural historians, geographers and geologists, and rural and urban planners will all find it fascinating.
Informations sur le livre
On the Road Again: Montana's Changing Landscape
Description
In On the Road Again, William Wyckoff explores Montana s changing physical and cultural landscape by pairing photographs taken by state highway engineers in the 1920s and 1930s with photographs taken at the same sites today. The older photographs, preserved in the archives of the Montana Historical Society, were intended to document the expenditure of federal highway funds. Because it is nearly impossible to photograph a road without also photographing the landscape through which that road passes, these images contain a wealth of information about the state s environment during the early decades of the twentieth century. To highlight landscape changes -- and continuities -- over more than eighty years, Wyckoff chose fifty-eight documented locations and traveled to each to photograph the exact same view. The pairs of old and new photos and accompanying interpretive essays presented here tell a vivid story of physical, cultural, and economic change.
Wyckoff has grouped his selections to cover a fairly even mix of views from the eastern and western parts of the state, including a wide assortment of land use settings and rural and urban landscapes. The photo pairs are organized in thirteen visual themes, such as forested areas, open spaces, and sacred spaces, which parallel landscape change across the entire American West.
A close, thoughtful look at these photographs reveals how crops, fences, trees, and houses shape the everyday landscape, both in the first quarter of the twentieth century and in the present. The photographs offer an intimate view into Montana, into how Montana has changed in the past eighty years and how it may continue to change in the twenty-first century.
This is a book that will captivate readers who have, or hope to have, a tie to the Montana countryside, whether as resident or visitor. Regional and agricultural historians, geographers and geologists, and rural and urban planners will all find it fascinating.
- Éditeur:
- University of Washington Press
- Sortie:
- Oct 17, 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780295802329
- Format:
- Livre
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On the Road Again - William Wyckoff
WEYERHAEUSER ENVIRONMENTAL BOOKS
William Cronon, Editor
Weyerhaeuser Environmental Books explore human relationships with natural environments in all their variety and complexity. They seek to cast new light on the ways that natural systems affect human communities, the ways that people affect the environments of which they are a part, and the ways that different cultural conceptions of nature profoundly shape our sense of the world around us. A complete listing of the books in the series appears at the end of the book.
ON THE ROAD AGAIN
Montana's Changing Landscape
WILLIAM WYCKOFF
Foreword by William Cronon
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON PRESS
Seattle and London
On the Road Again: Montana's Changing Landscape has been published with the assistance of a grant from the Weyerhaeuser Environmental Books Endowment, established by the Weyerhaeuser Company Foundation, members of the Weyerhaeuser family, and Janet and Jack Creighton.
Copyright © 2006 by University of Washington Press Printed in the United States of America Designed by Pamela Canell 1009080706 54321
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
University of Washington Press
P.O. Box 50096, Seattle, WA 98145, U.S.A. www.washington.edu/uwpress
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wyckoff, William.
On the road again : Montana's changing landscape/
William Wyckoff; foreword by William Cronon.
p. cm. — (Weyerhaeuser environmental books)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-295-98612-3 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Montana—Geography. 2. Montana—Geography— Pictorial works. 3. Landscape—Montana—Pictorial works. 4. Natural history—Montana—Pictorial works.
I. Title. II. Weyerhaeuser environmental book. f731.8.w93 2006 917.86—dc22 2005034674
ISBN 978-0-295-80232-9 (electronic)
FOR LINDA, THOMAS, AND KATHLEEN
CONTENTS
Foreword: Revisited Roads to the Past, by William Cronon
Preface and Acknowledgments
JOURNEY INTO MONTANA
On the Road Again
Montana Settlement
Regional Landscape Elements
Four Stories on the Landscape
ALONG MONTANA HIGHWAYS
BOUNDARIES
1. Forty-ninth Parallel
2. Into the Mountains
3. Continental Divide
4. Leaving Red Lodge
RIVERS
5. Missouri River
6. Marias River Crossing
7. The Sound of Mountain Water
8. Stevensville Bridge
RAILROADS
9. Depot
10. Pacific Junction
11. T-Town
12. Landscape in Motion
PASSAGEWAYS
13. Approaching the Hellgate
14. Yankee Jim Canyon
15. Names on the Land
16. U.S. Highway
17. Billboard
FORESTED LANDS
18. Pinus ponderosa
19. Tree Invasion
20. Islands of Moisture
21. Quartz Ranger Station
OPEN SPACES
22. Road to Ekalaka
23. The Jesse Place
24. Along the Yellowstone
25. Hilltop View
SACRED PLACES
26. Descent to Mission Valley
27. This House of Sky
28. A Prairie House
29. Deerfield Colony
30. Blue House at Trestle Ranch
LANDMARKS
31. Krug Mansion
32. Graves Hotel
33. Pompeys Pillar
34. Water Tower
RURAL LEGACY
35. Settlement at Sun River
36. Rural School
37. West of Dixon
38. Farmstead South of Choteau
MAIN STREETS
39. Main Street in Roundup
40. Life on Merrill Avenue
41. Small-Town Landscape
42. Bypassed Town
43. Wibaux Flood
44. Coal Town
URBAN LIFE
45. Butte
46. Landscapes of Labor
47. Zone in Transition
48. Polytechnic Drive
SUBURBS
49. Judith Place Addition
50. Suburban Manhattan
51. Gallatin Valley
52. South of Missoula
OLD WEST, NEW WEST
53. Sun Ranch
54. New Deal Bridge
55. Flathead Reservation
56. Polson Bridge
57. Bitterroot Valley
58. Road to Paradise
DESTINATIONS
Landscape in Place
Landscape in Time
Montana Journey
On the Road Again
Bibliographic Essay
Illustration Credits
Index
FOREWORD
REVISITED ROADS TO THE PAST
WILLIAM CRONON
Among the simplest but most profound pleasures of exploring past landscapes is the discovery of places which, however familiar they may seem in the present, become quite strange and unexpected when viewed through the lens of a former time. Although many documents and artifacts offer opportunities for this kind of time travel, photographs have always been especially magical in their power to make the past live again before our eyes. Ever since Louis Daguerre announced his creation of the first stable photographic image on an iodized silver plate in 1839, people have been pointing cameras at the world around them to record what their own eyes see. And because the camera captures whatever is placed before it, whether intended by the photographer or not, its visual documents offer countless backward journeys to times and places we might otherwise have lost forever.
In recent decades, this time-traveling power of photographs has been compellingly enhanced by a technique called rephotography.
On its face, the basic idea could hardly be simpler. Take an old photograph, go back to where its creator originally stood, point your own camera in precisely the same direction, and click the shutter to record what has changed in the intervening years. This is, of course, more easily said than done. Often it is nearly impossible even to find the original location of an old photograph, so sparse are the things that have survived from when it was taken. Not just ephemeral details, but trees, buildings, roads, whole landscapes may be so utterly transformed that one is at a complete loss to know where a modern camera should point to record the place of the original scene.
Even if one can find the site of the earlier image, different rephotographers bring different degrees of care to the practice of their craft. Some are content simply to approximate the original view, assuming that those who study the resulting pair of images will get the gist of how the two differ. Others seek to hold many more variables constant, recording their own image with the same kind of camera, with a lens of the same focal length, at the same hour of the day, at the same time of year, with the same visual frame, as the image they hope to parallel.
Moreover, rephotographers bring very different agendas to their choice of the subjects that deserve this painstaking and time-consuming image-making process. Some focus mainly on human cultural landscapes, so that shifts in buildings and street scenes draw most of their attention. Others are more interested in changing aspects of the natural world, so that vegetation and geological features dominate their paired views. As with all photographs, the intelligence that selects the focus of our attention has the ability to shape quite drastically what we are and are not permitted to see. The selective power of the photographic frame becomes especially complicated with rephotographs because the resulting pairs of images inevitably reflect the intersection of two quite different intellectual perspectives. All these complexities add to the challenge of interpreting the pairs, but also enhance their inherent power to fascinate.
The rich possibilities of rephotographic time travel have rarely been more successfully realized than in William Wyckoff's On the Road Again: Montana's Changing Landscape. The book will intrigue anyone interested not just in Montana, but in the changing landscapes of the American West and of the United States more generally. Wyckoff is one of the nation's leading historical geographers, combining in equal measure a historian's knowledge of the human past with a geographer's skill in interpreting the spatial processes that shape cultural landscapes and natural environments alike. As such, he is the ideal companion for a ramble across eight decades to discover how much our world has been transformed in the intervening years.
It is our good fortune that Wyckoff discovered in the photo archives of the Montana Historical Society a collection of images produced by an institution that might initially seem quite unlikely—even unpromising—as a source of rephotographic insight: the Montana Highway Department. Starting in the early twentieth century, just as the state was enhancing its network of roads to accommodate a growing number of automobiles, Montana's highway engineers began systematically to record the fruits of their labors. Although one might think that a large collection of pictures whose primary subjects are pavements and bridges and abutments would have little intrinsic interest for anyone but an engineer, this turns out to be very far from the case. Because it is nearly impossible to photograph a road without also photographing the landscape through which that road passes, these images contain a wealth of information about the state's changing environment during the early decades of the twentieth century. And because roads link together so many different parts of the landscape— connecting city with countryside, mountains with plains, mines with ranches, rivers with railroads, nature with culture—the highway engineers managed almost in spite of themselves to produce a record not just of their own achievements but of the western American landscape at a key transformative moment.
Wyckoff quickly recognized the possibilities for historical time travel inherent in the engineers' photographs, and began to identify images that to his well-trained eye offered especially striking contrasts with Montana as we know it today. Then he started criss-crossing the state with his own camera and automobile, embarking on the laborious process of relocating the sites of earlier images to find out how the places they documented had changed in the intervening years. What he gives us in this book are the very best of the resulting rephotographic pairs.
But that is not all. Having realized the wide-ranging nature of the highway department's visual record, Wyckoff has organized his images into thematic chapters, each of which documents a different set of historical geographical processes and transformations. Then, for each pair of photographs, he has written a brief essay helping the viewer understand how these photographs can be interpreted to yield striking insights about the changing nature of the American landscape from the early decades of the twentieth century to the dawn of the twenty-first. Because Wyckoff is both a skilled reader of landscapes and a gracefully companionable writer, the resulting volume amounts to a veritable field guide to the historical geography of the American West.
Like any good field guide, this book can be used profitably in many different ways. Some will wander its pages mainly in the comfort of their own homes. Others may wish to bring along a copy while traveling these roads themselves, the better to compare the pairs of images with what they see along the way. (To facilitate doing this, Wyckoff has included a large map of the state of Montana identifying all the locations he discusses, as well as individual locator maps for each pair of images.) And whether or not one is lucky enough to wander the back roads of Montana with this book as a companion, Wyckoff's essays describe thematic processes that have analogues in places far beyond the horizons of the Big Sky state. Learn to view the American landscape through his eyes, and you may soon start to see, even in the most familiar places, things that you never noticed before. Who knows? You may even be tempted to follow his example by seeking out old photographs to embark on time traveling adventures of your own.
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
My own journey into Montana began more than thirty years ago. My first Montana night was a stone's throw from the Continental Divide, camped high in the Rockies along the quiet cold waters of May Creek near the Idaho line. It was a frosty, starlit summer evening, silent, empty, utterly inviting, filled with the joy of finding that one's home can be a long way from home. A dozen years later, I returned to the state to live and teach and to bear witness to an American West that seems to change almost daily.
In more than twenty-five years of doing historical geography, I have had many opportunities to explore the past and ponder its connections with the present. I have spent months in archives, peered at miles of microfilm, and interviewed dozens of informants.
But this odyssey into Montana, to revisit its roadside landscapes, was different. Not only did it take me into the country to explore ordinary, everyday places, but it also brought me face-to-face with the past in a very concrete way that I had never experienced before. There is nothing quite like looking through a camera lens and seeing exactly how a cultural landscape has changed over the past sixty to eighty years. The details were always surprising, both in what had disappeared or been added and in what had remained stubbornly the same.
As I walked along Montana roads, searching for precise spots to rephotograph, I often found myself thinking about those cameramen who took the pictures in the first place. I could feel their presence alongside me as I slowly fixed their vantage points, lining up fences, ridges, barn shingles, curbs, rocks, or chimneys, inserting angles and space through my viewfinder, maneuvering, triangulating objects this way and that, waiting for the proper mix of sun and shadow, and finally capturing an image that bound me, if only for a moment, to a past I could never really know. For an instant, though, when the two views matched, I stood where they stood and could tangibly see how time had passed in a place.
Those two images, the one I held in my hand and the other I saw in the lens, often sent chills down my back. Sometimes they were so different, I needed to blink twice and reassure myself that I was in the right spot. And other times there were so many similarities in the two views that they reminded me how quickly, softly, effortlessly decades can slip by.
The photos also reminded me how difficult it is to make sense of the landscapes around us. They suggested the unpredictable, serendipitous nature of how things really work in the world. The features that survive on the scene today are sometimes bare, always selective fragments of what happened in a place. Some features persevere; many do not. Reading the past in a landscape is like listening to a story being told in the next room. You catch a phrase here and there, you listen to the rising and falling inflections in a voice, but at best you pick up snippets of detail, the bare outlines of a narrative. Those paired images always asked more questions than they answered. And they always reminded me how many different forces and individuals shaped every ordinary scene I found.
But I also came to appreciate the power of the landscapes I encountered. The changes I saw were indeed place-specific signatures of larger technological, cultural, economic, and political transformations. They revealed a cumulative, material record of how a locality evolved.
This notion of landscape as a window into the past also resonated with ordinary people. Montanans along the roadside had no problem understanding what I was doing and were generally quite curious about how things had changed or stayed the same. They instinctively understood the viability of comparing one landscape with another over time and pondering what that all meant. Those connections became even stronger if they had lived within a particular landscape over a long period of time. And the way they remembered the past was woven into the geography of the place: the stories they told about their lives inevitably had human and topographic roots in that particular locality.
The Montana landscapes I encountered also parallel a larger western American experience. The changes evident in the photos reminded me that the most formative and dramatic era of absolute landscape change in much of the West dates from 1960. In fact, we are still living in the midst of the biggest, most important historical era of landscape transformation the West has ever known. But the photos suggest it is also a very uneven process geographically. There are great variations from place to place. Some landscapes in the fast-changing New West of western Montana are being reworked almost overnight, including my
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