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    Pre-Calculus Essentials
    Pre-Calculus Essentials
    Pre-Calculus Essentials
    Ebook192 pages1 hour

    Pre-Calculus Essentials

    By Ernest Woodward

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    About this ebook

    REA’s Essentials provide quick and easy access to critical information in a variety of different fields, ranging from the most basic to the most advanced. As its name implies, these concise, comprehensive study guides summarize the essentials of the field covered. Essentials are helpful when preparing for exams, doing homework and will remain a lasting reference source for students, teachers, and professionals. Pre-Calculus reviews sets, numbers, operations and properties, coordinate geometry, fundamental algebraic topics, solving equations and inequalities, functions, trigonometry, exponents and logarithms, conic sections, matrices and determinants.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherResearch & Education Association
    Release dateJan 1, 2013
    ISBN9780738670546
    Pre-Calculus Essentials

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      Book preview

      Pre-Calculus Essentials - Ernest Woodward

      Preparation

      CHAPTER 1

      Sets, Numbers, Operations, and Properties

      1.1 Sets

      A collection of objects categorized together is called a set. There are two standard ways to represent sets—the roster method and the set-builder method. For example,

      {2, 3, 4}

      is in roster form and

      {x | x is a counting number between 1 and 5}

      is in set-builder form, although both describe the same set.

      The symbol ∈ is used to represent is an element of and the symbol ⊆ is used to represent is a subset of. Here are two important definitions concerning sets.

      A ⊆ B if and only if every element of A is an element of B.

      A = B if and only if A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A.

      Two important set operations are union, denoted by ∪, and intersection, denoted by ∩, defined below.

      A ∪ B = { x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B }

      A ∩ B = { x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B }

      1.2 Real Numbers and Their Components

      Real numbers provide the basis for most pre-calculus mathematics topics. The set of all real numbers has various components. These components are the set of all natural numbers, N, the set of all whole numbers, W, the set of all integers, I, the set of all rational numbers, Q, and the set of all irrational numbers, S. Then,

      and S = { x | x has a decimal name which is nonterminating and does not have a repeating block}.

      It is obvious that N ⊆ W, W ⊆ I, and I ⊆ Q, but a similar relationship does not hold between Q and S. More specifically, the decimal names for elements of Q are

      terminating or

      nonterminating with a repeating block.

      This means that Q and S have no common elements. Examples of irrational numbers include .101001000..., π, and √2.

      All real numbers are normally represented by R, and R = Q ∪ S. This means that every real number is either rational or irrational. A nice way to visualize real numbers geometrically is to see that they can be put in a one-to-one correspondence with the set of all points on a line.

      1.3 Real Number Properties of Equality

      The standard properties of equality involving real numbers are:

      Reflexive Property of Equality

      For each real number a,

      a = a.

      Symmetric Property of Equality

      For each real number a, for each real number b,

      if a = b, then b = a.

      Transitive Property of Equality

      For each real number a, for each real number b, for each real number c,

      if a = b and b = c, then a = c.

      Other properties of equality are listed in Chapter 4.

      1.4 Real Number Operations and Their Properties

      The operations of addition and multiplication are of particular importance. As a result, many properties concerning those operations have been determined and named. Here is a list of the most important of these properties.

      Closure Property of Addition

      For every real number a, for every real number b,

      a + b

      is a real number.

      Closure Property of Multiplication

      For every real number a, for every real number b,

      ab

      is a real number.

      Commutative Property of Addition

      For every real number a, for every real number b,

      a + b = b + a.

      Commutative Property of Multiplication

      For every real number a, for every real number b,

      ab = ba.

      Associative Property of Addition

      For every real number a, for every real number b, for every real number c,

      (a + b) + c = a + (b + c).

      Associative Property of Multiplication

      For every real number a, for every real number b, for every real number c,

      (ab)c = a(bc).

      Identity Property of Addition

      For every real number a,

      a + 0 = 0 + a = a.

      Identity Property of Multiplication

      For every real number a,

      a × 1 = 1 × a = a.

      Inverse Property of Addition

      For every real number a, there is a real number − a such that

      a + − a = − a + a = 0.

      Inverse Property of Multiplication

      For every real number a, a ≠ 0, there is a real number a−1 such that

      a × a−1 = a−1 × a = 1.

      Distributive Property

      For every real number a, for every real number b, for every real number c,

      a(b + c) = ab + ac.

      The operations of subtraction and division are also important, but less important than addition and multiplication. Here are the definitions for these operations.

      For every real number a, for every real number b, for every real number c,

      a − b = c if and only if b + c = a.

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