Chargement
Trouvez votre prochain book favori
Devenez membre aujourd'hui et lisez gratuitement pendant 30 joursCommencez vos 30 jours gratuitsInformations sur le livre
Fatigue and Tribological Properties of Plastics and Elastomers
Actions du livre
Commencer à lireNotes:
Évaluation : 3 sur 5 étoiles3/5 (1 évaluation)
Longueur: 525 pages3 heures
- Éditeur:
- Elsevier Science
- Sortie:
- Nov 17, 2009
- ISBN:
- 9781437778359
- Format:
- Livre
Description
Part of a series of core databooks within the William Andrew Plastics Design Library, Fatigue and Tribological Properties of Plastics and Elastomers provides a comprehensive collection of graphical multipoint data and tabular data covering fatigue and tribology.
The concept of fatigue is very straightforward: if an object is subjected to a stress or deformation, and it is repeated, the object becomes weaker. This weakening of plastic material is called fatigue. Tribology is the science and technology of surfaces in contact with each other and therefore covers friction, lubrication and wear. The reduction of wear and fatigue and the improvement of lubrication are key bottom-line issues for engineers and scientists involved in the plastics industry and product design with plastics.
Fatigue and Tribological Properties of Plastics and Elastomers, 2e, is an update of all that has changed in the world of plastics since the 1st edition appeared nearly 15 years ago, and has been reorganized from a polymer chemistry point of view.
A hard-working reference tool: part of the daily workflow of engineers and scientists involved in the plastics industry and product design with plastics The reduction of wear and fatigue and the improvement of lubrication are key bottom-line issues The data in this book provide engineers with the tools they need to design for low failure ratesInformations sur le livre
Fatigue and Tribological Properties of Plastics and Elastomers
Notes:
Évaluation : 3 sur 5 étoiles3/5 (1 évaluation)
Longueur: 525 pages3 heures
Description
Part of a series of core databooks within the William Andrew Plastics Design Library, Fatigue and Tribological Properties of Plastics and Elastomers provides a comprehensive collection of graphical multipoint data and tabular data covering fatigue and tribology.
The concept of fatigue is very straightforward: if an object is subjected to a stress or deformation, and it is repeated, the object becomes weaker. This weakening of plastic material is called fatigue. Tribology is the science and technology of surfaces in contact with each other and therefore covers friction, lubrication and wear. The reduction of wear and fatigue and the improvement of lubrication are key bottom-line issues for engineers and scientists involved in the plastics industry and product design with plastics.
Fatigue and Tribological Properties of Plastics and Elastomers, 2e, is an update of all that has changed in the world of plastics since the 1st edition appeared nearly 15 years ago, and has been reorganized from a polymer chemistry point of view.
A hard-working reference tool: part of the daily workflow of engineers and scientists involved in the plastics industry and product design with plastics The reduction of wear and fatigue and the improvement of lubrication are key bottom-line issues The data in this book provide engineers with the tools they need to design for low failure rates- Éditeur:
- Elsevier Science
- Sortie:
- Nov 17, 2009
- ISBN:
- 9781437778359
- Format:
- Livre
À propos de l'auteur
Larry McKeen has a Ph.D. in Chemistry from the University of Wisconsin and worked for DuPont Fluoroproducts from 1978–2014. As a Senior Research Associate Chemist, he was responsible for new product development including application technology and product optimization for particular end-uses, and product testing. He retired from DuPont at the end of 2014 and is currently a consultant.
En rapport avec Fatigue and Tribological Properties of Plastics and Elastomers
Aperçu du livre
Fatigue and Tribological Properties of Plastics and Elastomers - Laurence W. McKeen
Table of Contents
Cover image
Copyright
Preface
Chapter 1. Introduction to Fatigue and Tribology of Plastics and Elastomers
1.1. Introduction to Fatigue
1.2. Types of Stress
1.3. Fatigue Testing
1.4. Understanding Fatigue Testing Data
1.5. The Fatigue Process
1.6. Factors that Affect Fatigue Life
1.7. Design Against Fatigue
1.8. Summary
Chapter 2. Introduction to the Tribology of Plastics and Elastomers
2.1. Friction
2.2. Lubrication
2.3. Wear and Erosion
2.4. Tribology Testing
2.5. Wear-Resistant Additives
2.6. Summary
Chapter 3. Introduction to Plastics and Polymers
3.1. Polymerization
3.2. Copolymers
3.3. Linear, Branched and Cross-Linked Polymers
3.4. Molecular Weight
3.5. Thermosets versus Thermoplastics
3.6. Crystalline versus Amorphous
3.7. Blends
3.8. Elastomers
3.9. Additives
3.10. Summary
Chapter 4. Styrenic Plastics
4.1. Background
4.2. Polystyrene
4.3. Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate
4.4. Styrene Acrylonitrile
4.5. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
4.6. Styrenic Blends
Chapter 5. Polyether Plastics
5.1. Background
5.2. Acetals–POM Homopolymer
5.3. Acetals–POM-Co
5.4. Modified Polyphenylene Ether/Polyphenylene Oxide
Chapter 6. Polyesters
6.1. Background
6.2. Polycarbonate
6.3. Polybutylene Terephthalate
6.4. Polyethylene Terephthalate
6.5. Liquid Crystal Polymer
6.6. Polyphthalate Carbonate
6.7. Polycyclohexylene-Dimethylene Terephthalate
6.8. Polyester Blends and Alloys
Chapter 7. Polyimides
7.1. Background
7.2. Polyetherimides
7.3. Polyamide-Imides
7.4. Polyimides
Chapter 8. Polyamides (Nylons)
8.1. Background
8.2. Polyamide 6 (Nylon 6)
8.3. Polyamide 12 (Nylon 12)
8.4. Polyamide 66 (Nylon 66)
8.5. Polyamide 610 (Nylon 610)
8.6. Polyamide 612 (Nylon 612)
8.7. Polyamide 666 (Nylon 666)
8.8. Amorphous Polyamide
8.9. Polyamide 46 (Nylon 46)
8.10. PPA/High-Performance Polyamide
8.11. Polyarylamide
8.12. Semicrystalline Polyamide (PACM 12)
Chapter 9. Polyolefins and Acrylics
9.1. Background
9.2. Polyethylene
9.3. Polypropylene
9.4. Ultrahigh-Molecular-Weight PE
9.5. Polyvinyl Chloride
9.6. Acrylics
Chapter 10. Thermoplastic Elastomers
10.1. Background
Chapter 11. Fluoropolymers
11.1. Background
11.2. Polytetrafluoroethylene
11.3. Polyethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene
11.4. Polyethylene Tetrafluoroethylene
11.5. Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene
11.6. Perfluoro Alkoxy
11.7. Polyvinylidene Fluoride
Chapter 12. High-Temperature Polymers
12.1. Background
12.2. Polyetheretherketone
12.3. Polyethersulfone
12.4. Polyphenylene Sulfide
12.5. Polysulfone
Index
Copyright
William Andrew is an imprint of Elsevier
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK
30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA
First edition 1994
Second edition 2010
Copyright © 2010, Laurence W. McKeen. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
The right of Laurence W. McKeen to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangement with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN: 978-0-08-096450-8
For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at elsevierdirect.com
Printed and bound in United States of America
10 11 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Preface
Laurence W. McKeen
This book is an update to an authorless
work by the same title. The first edition was published in the early 1990s. A lot has changed in the field since then and a lot has not changed. There are new plastic materials. There has been a huge turnover in ownership of the plastic producing companies. There has been a lot of consolidation, which of course means discontinued products. This update is much more extensive than the usual next edition.
It has been reorganized from a polymer chemistry point of view. Plastics of similar polymer types are grouped into nine chapters. Each of these chapters includes an introduction with a brief explanation of the chemistry of the polymers used in the plastics.
An extensive introduction has been added as three chapters. The initial chapter focuses on fatigue, what it is, how it is measured, and how data is presented. The second chapter focuses on tribology properties. The field of tribology is extensive, so this chapter focuses primarily on the measures included in the data portion of this book. The third chapter covers polymer chemistry and plastics composition.
Chapter 4, Chapter 5, Chapter 6, Chapter 7, Chapter 8, Chapter 9, Chapter 10, Chapter 11 and Chapter 12 are a databank that serves as an evaluation of fatigue and tribology performance of plastics. Each of these chapters is split into two sections, one each for fatigue properties and tribology properties. Several hundred uniform graphs for more than 45 generic families of plastics are contained in these chapters.
The data in each chapter is generally organized by manufacturer and their product number. Most of the fatigue data is in graphical form. While there are a lot of graphical tribology charts, there are many more tables of tribology properties.
Some data from the first edition has been removed. Removed data includes discontinued products, product names, and manufacturers have been updated.
2009
Chapter 1. Introduction to Fatigue and Tribology of Plastics and Elastomers
1.1. Introduction to Fatigue
There are two recently published books on the properties of engineering plastics in this series. The Effect of Temperature and Other Factors on Plastics¹ discusses the general mechanical properties of plastics. The mechanical properties as a function of temperature, humidity, and other factors are presented in graphs or tables. That work includes hundreds of graphs of stress versus strain, modulus versus temperature, impact strength versus temperature, etc. Time was not a factor in that book. The Effect of Creep and Other Time Related Factors on Plastics² discusses the long-term behavior of plastics when exposed to constant stresses or strains for long periods of time. This book adds another two layers of plastics performance criteria, fatigue, and tribology.
This book provides graphical multipoint data and tabular data on fatigue and tribological properties of plastics and elastomers. This first chapter deals with the types of stress and an introduction to fatigue. Tribology is discussed in Chapter 2. The chemistry of plastics follows in Chapter 3. The remaining chapters contain the data.
The idea of fatigue is very simple. If an object is subjected to a stress or deformation, and it is repeated, the object becomes weaker. This weakening of plastic material is called fatigue and occurs when the material is subject to alternating stresses over a long period of time.
1.2. Types of Stress
As noted in Section 1.1, fatigue occurs as a result of rapidly changing stress or strain. Stress and strain can be applied in a number of ways. Normal stress (σ) is the ratio of the applied force (F) over the cross-sectional area (A) as shown in Equation 1.1 and Figure 1.1.
(1.1)
1.2.1. Tensile and Compressive Stress
When the applied force is directed away from the part, as shown in Figure 1.1, it is a tensile force inducing a tensile stress. This is also called a normal stress as it is applied perpendicularly. When the force is applied toward the part, it is a compressive force inducing a compressive stress.
1.2.2. Shear Stress
A shear stress (τ) is defined as a stress which is applied parallel or tangential to a face of a material as shown in Figure 1.2. The shear force is applied parallel to the cross-sectional area A
.
Shear stress is also expressed as force per unit area as in Equation 1.2.
(1.2)
1.2.3. Torsional Stress
Torsional stress (τ) occurs when a part such as a rod for a shaft is twisted as in Figure 1.3. This is also a shear stress, but the stress is variable and depends how far the point of interest is from the center of the shaft. The equation describing torsional stress is shown in Equation 1.3.
(1.3)
In this equation, T is the torque and c is the distance from the center of the shaft or rod. K is a torsional constant that is dependent on the geometry of the shaft, rod, or beam. The torque (T) is further defined by Equation 1.4, in which θ is the angle of twist, G is the modulus of rigidity (material dependent), and L is the length.
(1.4)
The torsional constant (K) is dependent upon geometry and the formulas for several geometries are shown in Figure 1.4. Additional formulas for torsional constant are published. ³
1.2.4. Flexural or Bending Stress
Bending stress or flexural stress commonly occurs in two instances, shown in Figure 1.5. One is called a simply supported structural beam bending and the other is called cantilever bending. For the simply supported structural beam, the upper surface of the bending beam is in compression and the bottom surface is in tension. The neutral axis (NA) is a region of zero stress. The bending stress (σ) is defined by Equation 1.5. M is the bending moment, which is calculated by multiplying a force by the distance between that point of interest and the force. c is the distance from the neutral axis (N.A. in Figure 1.5) and I is the moment of inertia. The cantilevered beam configuration is also shown in Figure 1.5 and has a similar formula. The formulas for M, c, and I can be complex, depending on the exact configuration and beam shape, but many are published. ³
(1.5)
1.2.5. Hoop Stress
Hoop stress (σh) is mechanical stress defined for rotationally symmetric objects such as pipe or tubing. The real-world view of hoop stress is the tension applied to the iron bands, or hoops, of a wooden barrel. It is the result of forces acting circumferentially. Figure 1.6 shows stresses caused by pressure (P) inside a cylindrical vessel. The hoop stress is indicated in the right-hand side of Figure 1.6 that shows a segment of the pipe.
The classic equation for hoop stress created by an internal pressure on a thin wall cylindrical pressure vessel is given in Equation 1.6.
(1.6)
where P = the internal pressure, t = the wall thickness, and r = the radius of the cylinder.
The SI unit for P is the Pascal (Pa), while t and r are in meters (m).
If the pipe is closed on the ends, any force applied to them by internal pressure will induce an axial or longitudinal stress (σl) on the same pipe wall. The longitudinal stress under the same conditions of Figure 1.6 is given in Equation 1.7.
(1.7)
There could also be a radial stress especially when the pipe walls are thick, but thin walled sections often have negligibly small radial stress (σr). The stress in radial direction at a point in the tube or cylinder wall is shown in Equation 1.8.
(1.8)
where P = internal pressure in the tube or cylinder, a = internal radius of tube or cylinder, b = external radius of tube or cylinder, r = radius to point in tube where radial stress is calculated.
Often the stresses in the pipe are combined into a measure called equivalent stress. This is determined using the Von Mises equivalent stress formula which is shown in Equation 1.9.
(1.9)
where σl = longitudinal stress, σh = hoop stress, and τc = tangential shear stress (from material flowing through the pipe).
Failure by fracture in cylindrical vessels is dominated by the hoop stress in the absence of other external loads as it is the largest principal stress. Failure by yielding is affected by an equivalent stress that includes hoop stress and longitudinal stress. The equivalent stress can also include tangential shear stress and radial stress when present.
1.3. Fatigue Testing
There are many machines that have been designed to put a periodic stress or strain on a test coupon or specimen. While the details of these machines vary, they really fall into similar designs. This section will first present several basic fatigue test machine designs. Machines can be designed to put a cycling stress or a strain on the test coupon. The strain is a fixed displacement (% or mm/mm) and the stress is a pressure (MPa).
1.3.1. Tensile Eccentric Fatigue Machine
Many of the machines apply the stress or strain based on a circular drive mechanism and so they are called eccentric machines. One such machine for tensile and compressive testing is shown in Figure 1.7. This machine may compress and extend a test specimen repeatedly (Figure 1.8).
The stress and strain in eccentric machines vary in a sinusoidal manner as depicted in Figure 1.9. This shows the change in stress or strain versus time. There are several descriptive parameters noted on this figure that are useful in specifying or describing the test conditions.
The terms and symbols are:
L = Cycle, one full oscillation of the loading (stress or strain), almost always assumed to be constant
f = Cycle frequency; number of cycles per unit time in Hz (1/s)
N = Number of cycles
σo = maximum stress, highest absolute stress value
σu = minimum stress, lowest absolute stress value
σm = mean stress = 0.5 (σo + σu)
σa = stress amplitude = ±0.5 (σo − σu)
εo = maximum strain (displacement), highest absolute strain value
εu = minimum strain (displacement), lowest absolute strain value
εm = mean strain (displacement) = 0.5 (εo + εu)
εa = strain (displacement) amplitude = ±0.5 (εo − εu)
The mean stress, σm, or the mean strain, εm, is not always zero. A range of values is possible as shown in Figure 1.10. Curves A, D, and F are most common testing conditions. The simplest is the reversed stress cycle, Curve D. This is a sine wave where the maximum stress and minimum stress magnitudes are equal except that they differ by a negative sign. A real-world example of this type of stress cycle would be in an axle, in which every half turn the stress on a point would be reversed. The most common types of cycle found in engineering applications are the other curves where the maximum and minimum stresses are asymmetric, not equal and opposite. This type of stress cycle is called repeated stress cycle.
The stroke set on the rotating wheel on the eccentric unit controls the strain/stress amplitude for the oscillation test. The mean stress is set using the hand spindle shown in Figure 1.7 and Figure 1.8. The cycle frequency is controlled by the rotational speed of the wheel. The frequency is often kept relatively low to minimize sample heating during the test. The mean and minimum stress can be set by adjusting the fixed clamping device. The stress amplitude may decrease during the test, which is caused by relaxation and heating. Correcting stress amplitude for this decrease required increasing the eccentric stroke when the machine is turned off. To avoid any interruption to the test, an elastic intermediate component is incorporated in the test setup as shown in the figure, which considerably reduces the stress reduction, since its spring travel is greater than that of the plastic. This allows the machine to operate with quasiconstant stress values.
1.3.1.1. Fatigue Coupons
The test specimens are usually molded bars or rods that are further machined to
Vous avez atteint la fin de cet aperçu. Inscrivez-vous pour en lire plus !
Page 1 sur 1
Avis
Avis
Ce que les gens pensent de Fatigue and Tribological Properties of Plastics and Elastomers
3.0Évaluation : 3 sur 5 étoiles
1 évaluations / 0 avis
Qu’en avez-vous pensé ?
Évaluation : sur 5 étoiles