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Reviews for Molten Salts Handbook
36 ratings2 reviews
- Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Sometime around 1951, for some unknown reason, the history of the world split off into multiple timelines. Now one of those realities, a world in which the Cold War has not gone at all well for America, has discovered the secret to accessing those other worlds, and a deeply amoral politician is hatching an appalling plan to exploit their existence.Despite a few plot improbabilities, this isn't a bad story. Kube-McDowell has clearly put some good thought into developing the little details of the different timelines, giving them very plausible similarities and differences. And he's done a couple of fairly unusual and rather nice things with the old multiple-timelines premise. I'm particularly pleased by the fact that he has everyone conceived before the split existing in multiple realities, but no one conceived afterward; that's a concession to logic and probability that few science fiction writers have made. And despite the fact that this was written in 1988 and is very much a Cold War novel, it's less dated then you might expect. One or two plot elements might actually seem even more relevant now than they did then.All that having been said, though, I have to say that it just never really gripped me. The imminent global danger faced by the protagonists' "home alternity" felt entirely abstract to me, and never generated any real sense of suspense. And none of the characters are interesting, mostly coming across as stock types rather than real people: the warmongering president, the senator who is so powerful he can literally get away with murder (as well as even worse things I really would have been just as happy not reading about), the working schlub whose wife just doesn't understand him, the love interest whose only function is to be the love interest... By the end, I have to admit I was getting a little tired of it all. But then, it's really a political thriller at heart, and I've never been a particularly big fan of political thrillers. I suspect those who are are likely to enjoy it a lot more than I did.
- Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5This fine novel of alternate history has not received the attention that it deserves. It is set in an alterrnative universe where Sen. Robert Taft was elected president in 1952, rather than Dwight Eishenhower. The result is an inward-looking, isolationist America, impoverished by government control of information. Overseas, a more moderate-than-historical version of Soviet Communism has triumphed, with mild Communist regimes in most western European countries. (Although I enjoy this novel I am forced to admit that the allohistorical premise - that the election of Sen. Taft would have created such a world is ludicrous and almost slanderous of him.) The one advantage that this America has is that it has discovered how to travel to parallel universes. Four parallel Americas have been distovered, each presented with very interesting allohistorical content, including an America suffering from biological terrorism. The Taft-timeline America is exploring these other America's for ideas that can be imported to jumpstart the economy. At the end of the novel a fifth alternate America is discovered and will be a surprise to readers.Complicating this world is a new ambitious president who will attempt an extraordinarily dangerous initiative to reverse the geopolitical situation of the U.S. versus the USSR.I highly recommend this book.
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Molten Salts Handbook - George J. Janz
MOLTEN SALTS HANDBOOK
George J. Janz
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
I.A: ATOMIC AND IONIC RADII, MELTING POINTS, AND BOILING POINTS OF SINGLE SALTS AND EUTECTICS
I.B: DENSITY
I.C: VISCOSITY
I.D: VAPOR PRESSURE
I.E: SURFACE TENSION
I.F: REFRACTIVE INDEX
I.G: CRITICAL DATA
II: THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
II.A: LIQUID-LIQUID IMMISCIBILITY
II.B: METAL-MOLTEN SALT SYSTEMS
II.C: METAL OXIDE-MOLTEN SALT SYSTEMS
II.D: SILVER SALTS-MOLTEN SALT SYSTEMS
II.E: PHASE-RULE STUDIES
II.F: SOLUBILITY
II.G: THERMAL DATA
II.H: CRYOSCOPY AND RELATED THERMODYNAMIC STUDIES
II.I: EXPANSIVITY, COMPRESSIBILITY, ULTRASONIC, AND HIGH PRESSURE STUDIES
III: ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
III.A: REFERENCE ELECTRODES AND EMF SERIES
III.B: ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE
III.C: POLAROGRAPHY, CHRONOPOTENTIOMETRY, AND DOUBLE LAYER CAPACITY STUDIES
III.D: ELECTROMIGRATION: TRANSPORT NUMBERS AND DIFFUSION
III.E: DIELECTRIC AND THERMOELECTRIC PROPERTIES
IV: SPECTROSCOPY AND STRUCTURE
IV.A: VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY
IV.B: VISIBLE AND U. V. SPECTROSCOPY
IV.C: NUCLEAR MAGNETIC AND ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY
IV.D: X-RAY AND NEUTRON DIFFRACTION
IV.E: FUSED SALT ELECTROLYTES
V: PRACTICAL FEATURES
V.A: MELT PREPARATION AND PURIFICATION
Principles of Electrolyte Purificationa, b
V.B: CONTAINMENT AND CORROSION
V.C: CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
V.D: ELECTROLYSIS
V.E: CHEMICAL PROCESSES
V.F: FUEL CELLS, BATTERIES, NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY
VI: EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
VI.A: ILLUSTRATIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL ASSEMBLIES
VI.B.1: Additional References and Data Sources
CHEMICAL FORMULA INDEX
Copyright
COPYRIGHT © 1967, BY ACADEMIC PRESS INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM, BY PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM, OR ANY OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHERS.
ACADEMIC PRESS INC.
111 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003
United Kingdom Edition published by
ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD.
Berkeley Square House, London W.1
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 66–30087
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
PREFACE
The field of molten salts has been the subject of renewed interest over the past 25 years and has attracted the attention of scientists in research and technology from such diverse fields as: theoretical and applied electrochemistry, inorganic coordination chemistry, transition metal chemistry, preparative and process chemistry having melts as catalysts or as reaction media, nonaqueous solvents, thermochemistry, fuel cells and batteries, nuclear technology, analytical principles of chromatography and liquid-liquid solvent extraction, corrosion science, and the principles of liquid structure, theoretical chemistry, and physics.
The presentation of data for a topic as complex as the entire field of molten salts in a convenient yet concise and orderly format is difficult without some measure of compromise. The information contained in Molten Salts Handbook
has been organized into five well-defined areas: Physical Properties, Thermodynamic Properties, Electrochemical Properties, Spectroscopy and Structure, and Practical Features. A sixth section, that of Experimental Techniques, is included to illustrate design features of various experimental assemblies and to provide information on points of technique through a liberally annotated bibliography. The chemical index offers a ready guide to the status of data over the entire range of interests.
For the greatest part, the numerical values in this handbook are exactly those in the original source material. Differing values arise for derived propperties (for example, cryoscopic constants) of the same compound since the investigators’ results do not agree as to melting point temperatures, heats of fusion, and other properties. Molten Salts Handbook
will fulfill part of its purpose if it focuses attention on such problem areas. A need exists for data evaluation studies in order to recommend best values from a critical assessment of the experimental problems and the precision and accuracy of the measurements. The results of such studies in the author’s laboratory are summarized in this handbook for the properties of density, viscosity, surface tension, refractive index, and electrical conductance for various compounds as single salt melts.
Topics such as phase equilibria, molten salt electrolytes, and chemical syntheses are presented in annotated bibliographic table form. This format was also chosen to direct attention to further contributions and these are listed as tables of additional studies. While it was recognized that certain data relate quite aptly to two or more areas of classification, the detailed list of tables and the chemical index should compensate, in part, for the arbitrary classification adopted in such instances. The original references with each table will prove useful to those undertaking further studies or calculations.
The author is indebted to his research co-workers for assistance with proofreading; in particular, thanks are due to G. R. Lakshminarayanan (Bapu) for his constant attention and care in all phases of the production of Molten Salts Handbook.
July, 1967
GEORGE J. JANZ, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author is pleased to acknowledge the permission granted to reproduce, in part or in total, the tabulations of data from the various scientific research journals and books. Without this very generous gesture from authors and publishers, this volume would not have been realized.
It is a pleasure to acknowledge the financial support for basic research in molten salts in the author’s laboratory at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute for the past two decades from: National Science Foundation; Office of Naval Research, U. S. Navy; Air Force Office of Scientific Research; Office of Standard Reference Data, U. S. Bureau of Standards; and the Rensselaer Trustees Research Committee.
The source material for this handbook is a cumulative file to which the pre-doctoral and post-doctoral researchers in molten salts have contributed on a continuing basis over a number of years. The author wishes to take this opportunity to thank the following members of this team
for their very material assistance in this respect:
I. Ahmad, E. J. Andalaft, C. M. Baddiel, C. T. Brown, T. G. Coker, F. Colom, A. Conte, F. W. Dampier, Chr. G. M. Dijkhuis, L. Friedman, H. J. Gardner, J. Goodkin, B. B. Hardman, M. D. Ingram, D. W. James, F. J. Kelly, T. R. Koslowski, G. R. Lakshminarayanan (Bapu), M. R. Lorenz, P. Lorenz, G. E. Mayer, Y. Mikawa, J. D. E. McIntyre, E. Neuenschwander, J. Perano, D. J. Perettie, R. D. Reeves, F. Saegusa, H. Taniguchi, A. Timidei, R. J. Tofte, R. P. T. Tomkins, A. T. Ward, and J. Wong.
I
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
I.A
ATOMIC AND IONIC RADII, MELTING POINTS, AND BOILING POINTS OF SINGLE SALTS AND EUTECTICS
TABLE I.A. 1a
Atomic and Ionic (Crystal) Radii a
aIonic crystal radii are the Pauling values; see L. Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond.
Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, New York, 1948.
bThe number in parentheses indicates the valency of each element as the ion
TABLE I.A. 1b
Solid State Interionic Separations (Å) a,b
aAt room temperature.
bJ. Lumsden, Discussions Faraday Soc. 32, 138 (1961); from R. W. G. Wyckoff,Crystal Structures.
Wiley (Interscience), New York, 1948.
TABLE I.A. 1c
Volumes of Anions
TABLE I.A. 2a
Formula Weights, Melting Points, and Boiling Points for Some Inorganic Compounds a,b
aThroughout Table I. A. 2a, the values enclosed in parentheses represent estimates (as reported in Ref. 2).
bThe mp is taken under pressure.
¹10.1 mm 400, 1 atm 540.
²0.21 mm 500, 1 atm 900.
³1 atm 1289.
⁴0.2 mm 900,1 atm 1360.
⁵1atm 282.
¹11 mm 900.
²2mm 900.
³2mm 900.
¹1atm O2 474.
²1 atm O2 525.
³1 atm O2 533.
⁴1 atm O2 548.
⁵1 atm O2 584.
¹Explodes at 800°C.
TABLE I.A. 2b
The Effect of Pressure on Melting Points a
aJ. Lumsden, The Thermodynamics of Molten-Salt Mixtures,
p. 10. Academic Press, New York, 1966. See also, S. P. Clark, J. Chem. Phys. 31, 1526 (1959).
TABLE I.A. 3
Melting Points of Some Quaternary Ammonium Salts R4N+X−
TABLE I.A. 4
Selected Low Melting Binary Eutectics a
aW. R. Grimes and D. R. Cuneo, in Reactor Handbook
(C. R. Tipton, Jr., ed.), Vol. I., Chap. 17, 2nd ed. rev. Wiley (Interscience), New York, 1960. See also, R. A. Bailey and G. J. Janz, in The Chemistry of Non- Aqueous Solvents
(J. J. Lagowski, ed.), Vol. I, p. 291. Academic Press, New York, 1966. See also reference to P. V. Clark in Section VLB. 1, p. 514.
bH. W. Otto and R. P. Seward, J. Chem. Eng. Data 9, 507 (1964).
cW. D. Powers and G. C. Blalock, U. S. At. Energy Comm. Rept. ONRL-1653, Jan. 20 (1954).
TABLE I.A. 5
Additional Low Melting Binary Eutectic Mixtures a
aSee also reference to P. V. Clark in Section VLB. 1, p. 514.
TABLE I.A. 6
Selected Ternary Eutectic Mixtures a
aW. R. Grimes and D. R. Cuneo, in Reactor Handbook
(C. R. Tipton, Jr., ed.), Vol. I, Chap. 17, 2nd ed. rev. Wiley (Interscience), New York, 1960. See also, R. A. Bailey and G. J. Janz, in The Chemistry of Non- Aqueous Solvents
(J. J. Lagowski, ed.), Vol. I, p. 297. Academic Press, New York, 1966. See also P. V. Clark (full reference given in Section VI.B. 1, P. 514).
TABLE I.A. 7
Melting Points and the Law of Corresponding Statesa
aH. Reiss, S. W. Mayer, and J. L. Katz, J. Chem. Phys. 35, 820 (1961).
bMelting point data from O. Kubaschewski and E. L. Evans, Metallurgical Thermochemistry,
3rd ed. rev. Pergamon, Oxford, 1958.
cSee Table I.A.1, this volume.
dτ m is the reduced variable corresponding to Tm. This is defined τ=k λ T/Z², where λ is the sum of the radii, Z is the valence of the compound, and k is the dielectric constant (k is assumed equal to unity in the above calculation).
REFERENCES
1. Janz, G.J., James, D.W. Electrochim. Acta 7. 1962; 427.
2. Zarzycki, J. Discussions Faraday. Soc. 32. 1961; 38.
REFERENCES
1. Rossini, F.D., Wagman, D.D., Evans, W.H., Levine, S., Jaffe, I. Selected values of chemical thermodynamic properties. Natl. Bur. Std. (U.S.) Circ. 1952; 500.
2. A. Glassner, The thermochemical properties of oxides, fluorides, and chlorides to 2500°K. ANL Rept. 5750(1959).
3. Janz, G.J., Ward, A.T., Reeves, R.Molten salt data: conductance, density, and viscosity. Tech. Bull. Ser. Troy, New York: Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst., 1964.
4. Schneider, S.J. Compilation of the melting points of the metal oxides. Natl. Bur. Std. (U.S.) Monograph. 1963; 68.
5. Hodgman C.D., et al, eds. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th. ed., Cleveland, Ohio: Chemical Rubber Co., 1964–65.
6. Russell, H., Rundle, R.E., Yost, D.M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1941; 63:2825.
7. Phipps, T.E., Sears, G.W., Seifert, R.L., Simpson, O.C. J. Chem. Phys. 1950; 18:713.
8. Kolditz, L. Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem. 1957; 289:118.
9. Cook, C.M., Dunn, W.E. J. Phys. Chem. 1961; 65:1505.
10. Germann, F.E.E., Metz, C.F. J. Phys. Chem. 1931; 35:1944.
11. Baker, E.H. J. Chem. Soc. 1962; 699.
12. Markowitz, M.M. J. Phys. Chem. 1958; 62:827.
13. Schmitz-Dumont, O., Weeg, A. Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem. 1951; 265:139.
14. Smith, W.T., Long, S.H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948; 70:354.
15. Wyllie, P.J., Tuttle, O.F. J. Petrol. 1960; 1:1.
REFERENCES
1. Wedekind, E. Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 1902; 35:766.
2. Sugden, S., Wilkins, H. J. Chem. Soc. 1929; 1291.
3. Deno, N.C., Berkheimer, H.E. J. Org. Chem. 1963; 28:2143.
4. Tucker, L.M., Kraus, C.A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1947; 69:454.
5. Walden, P., Ulich, H., Birr, E.J. Z. Physik. Chem. 1927; 130:495.
6. Vernon, A.A., Masterson, J.P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1942; 64:2822.
7. Reynolds, M.B., Kraus, C.A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1943; 70:1709.
8. Inami, Y.H., Ramsey, J.B. J. Chem. Phys. 1959; 31:1297.
9. Copenhafer, D.T., Kraus, C.A. J. Chem. Phys. 1951; 73:4557.
10. Gordon, J.E. J. Org. Chem. 1966; [in press].
11. Kenausis, L.C., Evers, E.C., Kraus, C.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 1962; 48:121.
12. Ostwald, W., Roederer, H. Kolloid Z. 1938; 82:174.
13. Walden, P., Gloy, H. Z. Physik. Chem. 1929; 144:395.
14. Lind, J.E., Jr., Abdel-Rehim, H.A.A., Rudich, S.W. J. Phys. Chem. 1966; 70:3610. [For additional data, see also:].
REFERENCES
1. Sinistri, C., Franzosini, P. Ric. Sci. Rend. Sez. 1963; A3(4):419.
2. Franzosini, P., Sinistri, C. Ric. Sci. Rend. Sez. 1963; A3(4):439.
3. Sinistri, C., Franzosini, P. Ric. Sci. Rend. Sez. 1963; A3(4):449.
4. Sinistri, C., Franzosini, P., Rolla, M. Ric. Sci. Rend. Sez. 1965; A8(4):681.
5. Franzosini, P., Riccardi, R. Ann. Chim. (Rome). 1963; 53:558.
I.B
DENSITY
TABLE I.B. 1
Melt Densities – Single Saltsa
aG. J. Janz, A. T. Ward, and R. D. Reeves, Molten salt data: conductance, density, and viscosity. Tech. Bull. Ser., Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst., Troy, New York (1964); data in Table I.B.I revised by F. Dampier and G. J. Janz, 1966.
bThe underscored references contain data which were weighted in this assessment of the densities of single salt melts.
TABLE I.B. 2
Density of Some Solid Halide Saltsa
aJ. O’M. Bockris, A. Pilla, and J. L. Barton, Rev. Chim. Acad. Rep. Populaire Roumaine 7, 59 (1962).
TABLE I.B. 3a
Percentage Volume Change on Fusion for Some Inorganic Halidesa
aJ. O’M. Bockris, A. Pilla, and J. L. Barton, Rev. Chim. Acad. Rep. Populaire Roumaine 7, 59 (1962).
bVs is the solid volume at the melting point.
TABLE I.B. 3b
Volume Change of NaCl and KCl on Melting
aVs is the solid volume at the melting point.
TABLE I.B. 3c
Volume Changes Due to Melting and Molar Volumes of Some Molten Saltsa
aM. Shimoji, Discussions Faraday Soc. 32, 128 (1961). ΔV(%) denotes the ratio of the volume change to the molar volume of the solid state; V1 is the molar volume of the liquid at melting temperature.
TABLE I.B. 4
Densities of Cryolite with Additivesa
aJ. D. Edwards, C. S. Taylor, L. A. Cosgrove, and A. S. Russell, J. Electrochem. Soc. 100, 508 (1953).
TABLE I.B. 5
Melt Densities – Binary Systems
aSee also Table II. I. 13, this volume.
TABLE I.B. 6
Melt Densities – Ternary and Quaternary Systems
aJ. Lasek, Collection Czech. Chem. Commun. 29, 1958 (1964). bG. W. MellorsandS. Senderoff, J. Electrochem. Soc. 111, 1355 (1964). cI. A. Semerikova and A. F. Alabyshev, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 37, 207 (1963). d E. F. Riebling, J. Chem. Phys. 43, 499, 1772 (1965).e E. F. Riebling, J. Chem. Phys. 41, 451 (1964).f E. F. Riebling, Can. J. Chem. 42, 2811 (1964).g P. I. Protsenkv and O. N. Shokina, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 36, 474 (1962).
TABLE I.B. 7
Literature Values for the Densities of Molten NaCl and KCl
REFERENCES
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2. Bloom, H., Knaggs, I.W., Molloy, J.J., Welch, D. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1953; 49:1458.
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17. Arndt, K., Löwenstein, W. Z. Elektrochem. 1909; 15:789.
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21. Menary, J.W., Ubbelohde, A.R., Woodward, I. Proc. Roy. Soc. (London). 1951; A203:158.
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