Nursing Anatomy & Physiology
By john thuko
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About this ebook
This eBook is written for physical therapists, nursing students and other healthcare professionals. it covers the following body systems: Cardiovascular system, digestive system, muscular system and skeletal system, endocrine system, integumentary system, nervous system, immune system, Respiratory System and a List of medical root words. This book comes with detailed diagrams and in-depth descriptions. The book also cover the diseases that affect these systems.
john thuko
I am a freelance writer and App developer with numerous ebooks in the market. I am currently working on a fictional crime thriller.
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Nursing Anatomy & Physiology - john thuko
NURSING ANATOMY
BY
JOHN THUKO
Copyright 2016. All rights reserved. No copy of this Book, except for brief review, may be transmitted, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, in any form or by any means- electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise- without the written permission of the publisher/author.
ALFAJIRI PUBLICATIONS
1510 WEST PAWNEE
WICHITA, KANSAS
Table of contents
Cardiovascular system
Digestive System
Muscular System
Skeletal System
Endocrine System
Female Reproductive system
Male reproductive System
Integumentary System
Nervous System
Immune System
Respiratory System
Medical Root words
Cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system contains the Heart, Blood vessels and
blood. There is approximately 5 liters of blood that course through
these blood vessels as it’s pumped by the Heart. The cardiovascular
system transports nutrients, oxygen, cellular waste products and
hormones to the rest of the body. The heart pumps blood througout
the body every minute.
The Heart
The heart is a fist-sized organ located in the thoracic region within the mediastinum and rests on the. It weighs less than a pound. The heart serves as a pump that sends blood (through blood vessels) throughout the body to transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, vitamins, minerals, waste products, water and other substances.
Pericardium- A double-walled sac covering the Heart.
Protects the Heart
Confines the Heart to the Mediastinum
Allows sufficient movement
The Pericardium consists of two parts:
Fibrous
Serous
Fibrous- A thin inelastic, dense and irregular connective tissue. It helps protect the Heart and anchor it to the Mediastinum.
Serous- This is thin and delicate. Divided into Perietal and Visceral
Layers of the Heart wall
Epicardium- Composed of the Mesothelium and delicate connective tissue.
Myocardium- Responsible for pumping.
Endocardium- Thin layer of endothelium.
CHAMBERS OF THE HEART
The heart consists of four Chambers:
Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle
Ventricles are thick walled while the Atria are thin walled
The left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle
Atria- they receive blood from other parts of the body:
Left Atrium- Receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs.
Right Atrium- Receives oxygen-depleted blood from the major veins
Ventricles- they are the pumping chambers:
Right Ventricle- Pumps oxygen-depleted blood via a short loop through the lungs where it is replenished with oxygen.
Left Ventricle- Pumps oxygen rich blood to the rest of the body.
The Circulatory System
The circulatory system is a closed circuit (its contents, for the most part, does not mix with outside fluids) that efficiently moves large volumes of blood throughout the body. Blood is carried to and from the heart by a vast network different sized ‘pipes’ or vessels. The circulatory system in most adults circulates about 5 liters (5,000 ml) of blood around the body every minute. In newborns only about 2 liters is circulated. In children and adolescents, it’s about 4.1 to 4.3 liters.
With each contraction of the heart, 60 to 130 ml is pumped out of an adult’s (about 40 ml in children) left chamber into the artery that leads to the rest of the body. As blood moves away from the heart, the large blood vessels (arteries) divide into smaller vessels (capillaries) enabling them to supply its contents (oxygen and nutrients) to every cell in the body. On the way back to the heart, the vessels merge together into larger veins as they pick up waste products (carbon dioxide and cellular waste) and deliver them to waste disposal organs:
Lungs- Blood drops off carbon dioxide, heat and water and picks up oxygen
Kidneys- Blood drops off waste products, salts, excess water and vitamins
Intestines- Blood picks up nutrients, water, some vitamins and minerals.
Other organs- Blood picks up hormones.
The great blood vessels (aorta, pulmonary trunk, vena cava and pulmonary veins) are connected at the top of the heart.
There are two circulatory loops, the systemic circulatory loop and the
Pulmonary circulatory loop.
The systemic loop carries oxygenated blood from the left side of the
heart to the body tissues and organs (except to the heart and lungs)
and returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart. The systemic circulatory loop also gets rid of waste from body tissues.
The pulmonary circulation loop carries deoxygenated oxygen from the
right side of the heart to the lungs where it picks up oxygen and
returns it to the left side of the heart.
Blood vessels
Blood vessels are the blood ‘highways’ of our body. The size of the
Vessel corresponds to the quantity of blood that goes through (arteries
are thick and capillaries thin). The hollow portion of the blood vessel
through which blood passes is called the lumen. Blood vessels are
lined with a thin layer of epithelium known as endothelium. the
endothelium prevents blood clots and protects blood cells.
There are three types of blood vessels: arteries, veins and capillaries.
Blood vessels are usually named according to the region they carry
blood or nearby body structures.
Arteries- They carry blood away from the heart. All arteries except the
pulmonary trunk and arteries of the pulmonary circulation loop
carry highly oxygenated blood to tall parts of the body. Due to the
pressure of blood going through arteries they are usually thick
walled, muscular and elastic.
Arterioles are small arteries that branch off from the main
Arteries and carry blood to capillaries.
Capillaries- they are the smallest, thinnest and most common vessels
in the body. Capillaries connect to arterioles on one end and to
venules on the other. Capillaries help in the exchange of gases,
Nutrients and waste products. The endothelium of the capillaries is
very thin , it acts as a filter to allow for gases, liquids and nutrients
to go through while keeping the blood cells inside the capillaries.
Veins- they carry deoxygenated blood to the heart. They usually
undergo low blood pressure and their walls are therefore thin, less
elastic and less muscular. Since veins do not rely on the heart to
pump blood back, they rely on gravity, inertia and skeletal muscle
contractions to help in blood flow. Vein contain one-way valves to
prevent the blood from flowing away from the heart.
Venules are like arterioles but connect to veins.
Coronary Circulation
The heart has blood vessels that provide the myocardium with oxygen
and nutrients. The left and right coronary arteries provide blood to the
left and right sides of the heart. The coronary sinus is a vein that
returns deoxygenated blood from the myocardium to the vena cava
Hepatic Portal Circulation
The hepatic portal vein carries blood from the stomach and small
intestines to the liver. The liver removes toxins, stores sugars and
processes the products of digestion before they reach other body
tissues. Blood from the liver then returns to the heart through the
Vena Cava.
Aorta- Large Artery that carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to other arteries leading to different regions of the body
Inferior Vena Cava- Large Vein that returns blood from the legs and trunk of the body to the heart
Left Auricle- Muscular flap on the outside of the heart’s left atrium that slightly increases the atrium’s capacity.
Pulmonary Arteries- Arteries that carry oxygen-poor blood away from the heart to the lungs.
Pulmonary Veins- Large veins that return oxygen-rich blood from the lungs back to the heart.
Right Auricles- Muscular flap on the outside of the heart’s right atrium. Slightly increases the capacity of the atrium.
Superior Vena Cava- Large vein that returns blood from the head, arms and neck to the heart.
Blood
The body carries about 5 liters of blood. Blood carries nutrients, waste
and gases throughout the body. Blood is made up of red blood cells,
white blood cells, platelets, and liquid plasma.
Red blood cells- They make up