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Nephrotic Syndrome, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
Nephrotic Syndrome, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
Nephrotic Syndrome, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
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Nephrotic Syndrome, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions

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Nephrotic Syndrome is a rare medical disorder characterized by the edema (accumulation of fluid in the body, hypoalbumemia (low protein) and proteinuria (protein loss through the kidneys).

What is the cause of Nephrotic Syndrome?

The cause is the higher capillary permeability of the glomeruli to plasma protein due to the inflammation that permits the retention of salt, water and nitrogen and loss of blood and protein in urine.

Loss of negative charges on the filtering membrane permits negatively charged molecules including albumin to enter the urinary tract.

Reduced protein in the blood leads to edema.

Nephrotic syndrome is caused by different disorders that damage the kidneys.

This damage results in the escape of too much protein in the urine.

The most frequent cause in children is minimal change disease.

Membranous glomerulonephritis is the most frequent cause in adults.

This condition can also occur from:

1. Diseases such as diabetes, multiple myeloma, amyloidosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus,
2. Genetic disorders
3. Immune disorders
4. Infections (such as strep throat, hepatitis, or mononucleosis)
5. Use of certain drugs
6. Cancer

It can occur with kidney disorders such as:
1. Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis
2. Glomerulonephritis
3. Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis
4. Nephrotic syndrome can involve all age groups.

In children, it is most frequent between ages 2 and 6.

This disorder occurs slightly more often in males than females.

What are the types of Nephrotic Syndrome?

There are 3 types of Nephrotic Syndrome:

1. Minimal Change Nephropathy (MCN) happens in children with very little microscopic changes in the glomerular tissues of the kidney.

2. Focal glomerulonephritis appears similar to MCN above but develop sclerosis of the glomeruli eventually.

3. Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis and membranous nephropathy are more frequent in adults and be secondary to other diseases such as:
a. Diabetes
b. SLE and other connective tissues
c. Allergies to drugs such as penicillamine, probenecid, tolbutamide
d. Particular infections
e. Cancer (carcinomas and lymphomas)

Symptoms:

1. Urine may show the loss of protein at least 3.0g/day

2. Low protein in blood causes reduced plasma mass pressure leading to retention of water and salts

3. Swelling of the face and ankle occurs as a result

4. Edema occurs from puffiness of eyes, ascites (water in abdominal cavity), pleural effusions (water in the lungs) to generalized edema

5. With rising edema and nitrogen retention, headaches, nausea and vomiting may occur.

6. High blood pressure may occur in one third of patients

7. The blood in nephrotic syndrome tends to clot easily and the patient may develop blood clots in his leg veins.

8. Lipids may be raised in the blood especially triglycerides and cholesterol

9. Symptoms and signs of underlying diseases such as diabetes, SLE etc may be present

Swelling (edema) is the most common symptom.

TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction

Chapter 1 Nephrotic Syndrome

Chapter 2 Causes

Chapter 3 Symptoms

Chapter 4 Diagnosis

Chapter 5 Treatment

Chapter 6 Prognosis

Chapter 7 Glomerulonephritis

Chapter 8 Polycystic Kidneys

Epilogue

LanguageEnglish
PublisherKenneth Kee
Release dateFeb 21, 2016
ISBN9781311434760
Nephrotic Syndrome, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
Author

Kenneth Kee

Medical doctor since 1972.Started Kee Clinic in 1974 at 15 Holland Dr #03-102, relocated to 36 Holland Dr #01-10 in 2009.Did my M.Sc (Health Management ) in 1991 and Ph.D (Healthcare Administration) in 1993.Dr Kenneth Kee is still working as a family doctor at the age of 74However he has reduced his consultation hours to 3 hours in the morning and 2 hours inthe afternoon.He first started writing free blogs on medical disorders seen in the clinic in 2007 on http://kennethkee.blogspot.com.His purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of his patients which is also his dissertation for his Ph.D (Healthcare Administration). He then wrote an autobiography account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.comThis autobiography account “A Family Doctor’s Tale” was combined with his early “A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders” into a new Wordpress Blog “A Family Doctor’s Tale” on http://ken-med.com.From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 1000 eBooks.He apologized for typos and spelling mistakes in his earlier books.He will endeavor to improve the writing in futures.Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.The later books go into more details of medical disorders.He has published 1000 eBooks on various subjects on health, 1 autobiography of his medical journey, another on the autobiography of a Cancer survivor, 2 children stories and one how to study for his nephew and grand-daughter.The purpose of these simple guides is to educate patient on health disorders and not meant as textbooks.He does not do any night duty since 2000 ever since Dr Tan had his second stroke.His clinic is now relocated to the Buona Vista Community Centre.The 2 units of his original clinic are being demolished to make way for a new Shopping Mall.He is now doing some blogging and internet surfing (bulletin boards since the 1980's) startingwith the Apple computer and going to PC.The entire PC is upgraded by himself from XT to the present Pentium duo core.The present Intel i7 CPU is out of reach at the moment because the CPU is still expensive.He is also into DIY changing his own toilet cistern and other electric appliance.His hunger for knowledge has not abated and he is a lifelong learner.The children have all grown up and there are 2 grandchildren who are even more technically advanced than the grandfather where mobile phones are concerned.This book is taken from some of the many articles in his blog (now with 740 posts) A Family Doctor’s Tale.Dr Kee is the author of:"A Family Doctor's Tale""Life Lessons Learned From The Study And Practice Of Medicine""Case Notes From A Family Doctor"

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    Book preview

    Nephrotic Syndrome, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions - Kenneth Kee

    Nephrotic Syndrome,

    A

    Simple

    Guide

    To

    The Condition,

    Diagnosis,

    Treatment

    And

    Related Conditions

    By

    Dr Kenneth Kee

    M.B.,B.S. (Singapore)

    Ph.D (Healthcare Administration)

    Copyright Kenneth Kee 2015 Smashwords Edition

    Published by Kenneth Kee at Smashwords.com

    Dedication

    This book is dedicated

    To my wife Dorothy

    And my children

    Carolyn, Grace

    And Kelvin

    This book describes the Nephrotic Syndrome, Diagnosis, Treatment and Related Diseases which are seen in some of my patients in my Family Clinic.

    This eBook is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This eBook may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If you would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each reader.

    If you’re reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then please return to Smashwords.com and purchase your own copy.

    Thank you for respecting the hard work of this author.

    Introduction

    I have been writing medical articles for my blog http://kennethkee.blogspot.com (A Simple Guide to Medical Condition) for the benefit of my patients since 2007.

    My purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of my patients.

    Health Education was also my dissertation for my Ph.D (Healthcare Administration).

    I then wrote an autobiolographical account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.com.

    This autobiolographical account A Family Doctor’s Tale was combined with my early A Simple Guide to Medical Conditions into a new Wordpress Blog A Family Doctor’s Tale on http://ken-med.com.

    From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 590 amazon kindle books and some into Smashwords.com eBooks.

    Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.

    For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.

    The later books go into more details of medical conditions.

    The first chapter is always from my earlier blogs which unfortunately tends to have typos and spelling mistakes.

    Since 2013, I have tried to improve my spelling and writing.

    As I tried to bring you the latest information about a condition or illness by reading the latest journals both online and offline, I find that I am learning more and improving on my own medical knowledge in diagnosis and treatment for my patients.

    Just by writing all these simple guides I find that I have learned a lot from your reviews (good or bad), criticism and advice.

    I am sorry for the repetitions in these simple guides as the second chapters onwards have new information as compared to my first chapter taken from my blog.

    I also find repetition definitely help me and maybe some readers to remember the facts in the books more easily.

    I apologize if these repetitions are irritating to some readers.

    Chapter 1

    Nephrotic Syndrome

    What is Nephrotic Syndrome?

    Nephrotic Syndrome is a rare medical disorder characterized by the edema (accumulation of fluid in the body, hypoalbumemia (low protein) and proteinuria (protein loss through the kidneys).

    What is the cause of Nephrotic Syndrome?

    The cause is the higher capillary permeability of the glomeruli to plasma protein due to the inflammation that permits the retention of salt, water and nitrogen and loss of blood and protein in urine.

    Loss of negative charges on the filtering membrane permits negatively charged molecules including albumin to enter the urinary tract.

    Reduced protein in the blood leads to edema.

    Nephrotic syndrome is caused by different disorders that damage the kidneys.

    This damage results in the escape of too much protein in the urine.

    The most frequent cause in children is minimal change disease.

    Membranous glomerulonephritis is the most frequent cause in adults.

    This condition can also occur from:

    1. Diseases such as diabetes, multiple myeloma, amyloidosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus,

    2. Genetic disorders

    3. Immune

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