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    Sensing and Monitoring Technologies for Mines and Hazardous Areas: Monitoring and Prediction Technologies
    Sensing and Monitoring Technologies for Mines and Hazardous Areas: Monitoring and Prediction Technologies
    Sensing and Monitoring Technologies for Mines and Hazardous Areas: Monitoring and Prediction Technologies
    Ebook750 pages6 hours

    Sensing and Monitoring Technologies for Mines and Hazardous Areas: Monitoring and Prediction Technologies

    By Swadesh Chaulya and G. M. Prasad

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    About this ebook

    Sensing and Monitoring Technologies for Mines and Hazardous Areas: Monitoring and Prediction Technologies presents the fundamentals of mining related geotechnical risk and how the latest advances in sensing and data communication can be used both to prevent accidents and provide early warnings.

    Opencast mining operations involve huge quantities of overburden removal, dumping, and backfilling in excavated areas. Substantial increases in the rate of accumulation of waste dumps in recent years has resulted in greater height of dumps and also has given rise to the danger of dump failures as steeper open pit slopes are prone to failure. These failures lead to loss of valuable human lives and damage to mining machinery.

    This book presents the most recent advances in gas sensors, methane detectors, and power cut-off systems. It also introduces monitoring of the gas strata and environment, and an overview of the use of Internet of Things and cloud computing for mining sensing and surveillance purposes. Targeted at geotechnical and mining engineers, this volume covers the latest findings and technology to prevent mining accidents and mitigate the inherent risk of the activity.

    • Presents complete details of a real-time slope stability monitoring system using wireless sensor networking and prediction technique based on multivariate statistical analysis of various parameters and analytical hierarchy process methods
    • Discusses innovative ideas and new concepts of sensing technologies, mine transport surveillance, digital mining, and cloud computing to improve safety and productivity in mining industry
    • Includes slope stability prediction software, downloadable through a companion website, which can be used for monitoring, analyzing, and storing different sensors and providing audio-visual, SMS, and email alerts
    • Covers the latest findings and technology to prevent mining accidents and mitigate the inherent risk
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherElsevier Science
    Release dateJun 10, 2016
    ISBN9780128031957
    Sensing and Monitoring Technologies for Mines and Hazardous Areas: Monitoring and Prediction Technologies
    Author

    Swadesh Chaulya

    Swadesh Chaulya is a scientist at CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (CSIR-CIMFR), Dhanbad, India. His fields of research include design and development of monitoring, control and automation systems for mines and hazardous areas; geotechnical and environmental studies; and application of wireless communication technologies in underground mines. He completed his Ph.D. degree in the year 1997 and has worked on various projects sponsored by different ministries of India and the World Bank, including the development of wireless communication system for underground mines, tracking and monitoring system using RFID tags for disaster management, slope failure monitoring technique using wireless sensor networking, feasibility assessment model for underground coal gasification, and tracking system for controlling illegal mining and coal transportation. Presently he is working in various wireless sensor networking, environmental monitoring and surveillance projects sponsored by MCIT, Government of India.

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      Book preview

      Sensing and Monitoring Technologies for Mines and Hazardous Areas - Swadesh Chaulya

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      Chapter 1

      Slope Failure Mechanism and Monitoring Techniques

      Abstract

      Opencast mining operations involve huge quantities of overburden removal, dumping and backfilling in excavated areas. A substantial increase in the rate of accumulation of waste dumps in recent years has resulted in greater height of the dump for minimum ground cover area and also given rise to danger of dump failures. Further, steeper open-pit slopes are prone to failure. These failures lead to loss of valuable human life and damage to mining machinery. There is a need for continuous monitoring of dump and pit slopes, as well as for providing early warning before the occurrence of slope failure. Different technologies have been developed for slope monitoring. After studying the features and limitations of existing slope monitoring systems, it determined that there is a need to provide a reliable slope stability monitoring and prediction system by using a solar power-based long-range wireless sensor network for continuous monitoring of different prevailing parameters of slope stability. An accurate prediction of slope failure using a multiparameters-based prediction model is required for giving warning per the danger levels of impending slope stability. Considering the requirement, a slope failure monitoring and prediction system has been developed by the authors, using a wireless sensor network for the continuous monitoring of slope failure and to provide early warnings. The chapter describes details of slope stability mechanism, parameters affecting slope failure and triggering aspects, monitoring systems, prediction software, and laboratory experiments for calibrating geosensors and field installation of the developed system.

      Keywords

      Wireless sensor network; Sensor calibration; Slope stability analysis; Slope failure prediction software

      1.1 Introduction

      The fast increase in the production of various minerals may largely be attributed to a rapid increase in opencast mining activities and intensified mechanization, which is resulting in rapid increase in depth of opencast mines day by day. As an obvious and direct consequence, production of waste materials and their dumping have also commensurately become very high, thereby the risks of highwall and failure of slope as well as dump have increased tremendously. With more and more stringent environmental damage control regimes and nonavailability of alternative lands for afforestation purposes, these risks have assumed very complex proportions. Under such situations with most production areas concentrated close to the excavation floor, there is a potential threat to cause catastrophic loss of human life and property. An analysis of the accidents in opencast mines carried out has revealed that slope as well as dump failures have started assuming an upward trend in the recent times.

      Further, large quantities of overburden material are disposed on the land surface in mining areas that causes land degradation. Disposal of overburden is an essential and important operation of surface mining (Brawner and Miligan, 1970; Bowman and Gilchrist, 1978; Roberts, 1981; Singhal and Vladut, 1987). Dump stability is gradually gaining greater importance in view of massive overburden removal and necessity of disposing larger volume in limited space. Large scale opencast mining operations have resulted in a significant increase in the number and size of mine dumps. This poses a serious problem of dump slope instability and consequent environmental hazards (Smith et al., 1978; Jhanwar and Thote, 2011). Taking cognizance of these problems, authors have developed a slope stability monitoring and prediction system to prevent loss of human lives as well as the mine's property.

      1.2 Slope Failure Modes and Mechanism

      1.2.1 Dump Slope

      Knowledge of basic modes of mine dump deformation and failure is a prerequisite for selecting an appropriate stability analysis technique, as well as designing suitable dump slope monitoring programs. A schematic diagram for dump geometry is illustrated in Fig. 1.1. Various failure modes reported in the literature (eg, Melnikov and Chesnokove, 1969; CANMET, 1972; Mularz, 1973; Huang, 1977; Miller et al., 1979; Naguyen and Welsh, 1981; Naguyen et al., 1984; Campbell, 1986; Khandelwal and Mozumdar, 1987b; Swansons et al., 1983; Upadhyay et al., 1990b; British Columbia Mine Waste Rock dump Research Committee, 1991b) have been critically reviewed.

      Fig. 1.1 Schematic diagram of a dump slope.

      Table 1.1 describes failure modes involving only the dump material. Failure modes involving at least part of the foundation or base of the dump are summarized in Table 1.2. Key factors contributing to various types of instability and recommended stability analysis techniques are also summarized for each failure mode in Tables 1.1 and 1.2.

      Table 1.1

      Mode of Mine Dump Failures

      Table 1.2

      Mode of Mine Dump Foundation Instability

      1.2.2 Open-Pit Slope

      1.2.2.1 Slope Geometry

      Slope geometry is an important factor which affects the slope stability. The basic geometrical slope design parameters are bench height, overall slope angle, and surface area (Fig. 1.2). Stability of slope decreases with the increase in its height and slope angle (Chaulya, 1993). Curvature of slope has profound effect on instability; therefore, convex section slopes should be avoided in slope design.

      Fig. 1.2 Schematic diagram of an open-pit bench slope.

      1.2.2.2 Geological Structure

      The main geological structures which affect stability of slopes in open-pit mines are amount and direction of dip, intraformational shear zones, joints, discontinuities, and faults. Instability of rock slope may occur by failure along preexisting structural discontinuity through intact material or along a surface formed partly along discontinuity (Higuchi et al., 2005; Fujisawa et al., 2006; Singh et al., 2011; Ganapathy et al., 2012). Instability may occur if strata dip into the excavation face. Localized steepening of strata is critical for stability of slopes. Stability is hampered if a clay band comes in between the two rock bands. Bedding planes and joints also provide surfaces of weakness. Slope stability is dependent on shear strength available along the surface, their orientations in relation to slope and water pressure action on the surface (Singh et al., 2008; Singh and Sharma, 2011).

      1.2.2.3 Lithology

      The rock materials forming a large pit slope determine the rock mass strength modified by discontinuities, folding, faulting, old workings, and weathering. Pit slopes having soil alluvium or weathered rocks at the surface have low shearing strength, and the strength gets further reduced if water seepage takes place through them. These types of slopes must be flatter (Fujimoto,

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