Long-Houses and Dragon-Boats
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Long-Houses and Dragon-Boats - Carl Whiting Bishop
STUDENTS no longer seriously regard the Chinese civilization as unitary in origin—as derived, in other words, from any single source. It appears rather to have developed out of the interaction, over a long period, of several antecedent cultures. Certain of its elements, past or present, are northern, even circumpolar, in distribution.¹ Others appeared first in the distant West, and only reached China (overland, not by sea) considerably later.² Others still originated in southeastern Asia itself. Among traits of the last-named class are the two forming the subject of the present paper.
Observers long ago pointed out the existence in southeastern Asia and parts of the East Indian archipelago of an integrated group of phenomena forming together what is known as a culture-complex.³ Among features characterizing this are the following. A dog-progenitor myth is very widespread. Goddesses⁴ and ‘priestesses’ (the latter often nothing more than female shamans or exorcists) play a conspicuous role in religious belief and observance. There are traces of a former matriarchate with female rulers, and of a custom of brother-and-sister marriage, at least among ruling families.⁵ Re-interring or ‘second burial’ of the bones of the dead, often in jars, is widely practised. Respect is shown to superiors by squatting, not by bowing or prostration, as in the West and among the Chinese culture-group proper. Articles of dress are, among the men the perineal bandage or ‘loincloth’, among the women a kilt or sarong. Other traits of this complex are head-hunting, betel-chewing, tattooing, blackening of the teeth, the manufacture of bark-cloth, and the use of dugout canoes and pile-built granaries. In war and the chase the spear takes precedence over the bow and arrow, often to the practical exclusion of the latter. Also belonging to the above culture-group is that form of dwelling—in origin a communal village perhaps with matriarchal institutions⁶—usually known as a