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    Analysis for Time-to-Event Data under Censoring and Truncation
    Analysis for Time-to-Event Data under Censoring and Truncation
    Analysis for Time-to-Event Data under Censoring and Truncation
    Ebook233 pages2 hours

    Analysis for Time-to-Event Data under Censoring and Truncation

    By Hongsheng Dai and Huan Wang

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    About this ebook

    Survival Analysis for Bivariate Truncated Data provides readers with a comprehensive review on the existing works on survival analysis for truncated data, mainly focusing on the estimation of univariate and bivariate survival function. The most distinguishing feature of survival data is known as censoring, which occurs when the survival time can only be exactly observed within certain time intervals. A second feature is truncation, which is often deliberate and usually due to selection bias in the study design.

    Truncation presents itself in different ways. For example, left truncation, which is often due to a so-called late entry bias, occurs when individuals enter a study at a certain age and are followed from this delayed entry time. Right truncation arises when only individuals who experienced the event of interest before a certain time point can be observed. Analyzing truncated survival data without considering the potential selection bias may lead to seriously biased estimates of the time to event of interest and the impact of risk factors.

    • Assists statisticians, epidemiologists, medical researchers, and actuaries who need to understand the mechanism of selection bias
    • Reviews existing works on survival analysis for truncated data, mainly focusing on the estimation of univariate and bivariate survival function
    • Offers a guideline for analyzing truncated survival data
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherAcademic Press
    Release dateOct 6, 2016
    ISBN9780081010082
    Analysis for Time-to-Event Data under Censoring and Truncation
    Author

    Hongsheng Dai

    Hongsheng Dai is a Lecturer in Statistics at the University of Essex, UK

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      Book preview

      Analysis for Time-to-Event Data under Censoring and Truncation - Hongsheng Dai

      Analysis for Time-to-Event Data under Censoring and Truncation

      Hongsheng Dai

      Huan Wang

      Table of Contents

      Cover image

      Title page

      Copyright

      Chapter 1: Introduction

      1.1 Introduction to the book

      1.2 Examples

      1.3 Brief review of survival analysis under truncation

      1.4 Preliminaries

      Chapter 2: Survival analysis for univariate truncated data

      2.1 Introduction

      2.2 Nonparametric estimation

      2.3 Linear Rank Statistics for umbrella alternative hypothesis

      2.4 Regression analysis for truncated and censored data

      Chapter 3: Bivariate estimation with truncated survival data

      3.1 Introduction

      3.2 Bivariate distributions

      3.3 Types of bivariate truncated survival data

      3.4 The inverse probability weighted estimator with only one censoring variable

      3.5 The transformation estimator

      3.6 Example

      3.7 Discussion

      Chapter 4: Accelerated failure time model for truncated and censored survival data

      4.1 Introduction

      4.2 WLS estimator for univariate LTRC data under AFT model

      4.3 AFT model for bivariate survival data under truncation and censoring

      Chapter 5: Recent advances for truncated survival data

      5.1 Linear transformation models

      5.2 Joint modelling of survival events and longitudinal data under random truncation

      Bibliography

      Index

      Copyright

      Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier

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      Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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      This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

      Notices

      Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

      Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

      To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

      British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

      A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

      ISBN: 978-0-12-805480-2

      For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/

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      Chapter 1

      Introduction

      1.1 Introduction to the book

      1.1.1 Censoring and truncation

      In statistics, survival analysis is to deal with the analysis for one or more nonnegative event times. Observations of nonnegative event times are usually involved in many different research areas and therefore the topic survival analysis has many different names, for example reliability theory, duration modelling or event history analysis. The data collected in such studies are called survival data, where observations mean the time to the event of interest, for example, in medical research the time from a patient’s infection of a particular disease to death or in engineering, the lifetime of a particular item. In summary, time to a particular event is of main interest. In particular, the research interest includes the study of the probability distributions of the event time, how the rate of event occurrence depends on certain risk factors and so on.

      In practice, when measuring time to events, we usually have a starting calendar time point and an ending calendar point. The time difference of the two calendar time points is the time to event. The starting calendar time point is usually treated as time 0 for all subjects, although they may actually have different starting calendar time point. In some studies, it has a natural time 0. For example, in drug experiment studies time 0 is just the start of the experiments and usually all subjects start at the same time. In epidemiology studies, time 0 could be the subject infection time of an infectious disease. Due to the long period of survival data collection, biased data or data with missing information are usually observed. For example, event times could be right censored when the study may be stopped before the event actually occurs for a subject. Then we only know that the subject will experience the event after the stopping time (the censoring time), i.e. the actual event time value should be greater than the censoring value. Some studies may involve left censoring, for example an measurement of a subject (say the tumor size of a patient) cannot be recorded if it is smaller than a certain threshold. Under left censoring, we only know that the actual observation value should be less than the censoring value. If left censoring and right censoring can occur simultaneously, we will have interval censoring or middle censoring. Various types of censoring have been well studied in the last several decades. Apart from censoring, another important type of missing data in survival analysis is called truncation. The main different between truncation and censoring is that truncated data have the selection bias in the sample, but censored data do not have. For censored sample, the observations are randomly selected without any selection bias, but there could be missing information for the observed values. On the other hand, the observations in a truncated data set are selected with certain bias and it is problematic if you use the biased sample to represent the whole population.

      The most commonly occurred truncation is left-truncation, which usually involve an entry time point in the study. For example, the time point 0 could be the calendar time that a patient catching a particular disease and research interest is in the time event time T, when the patient is cured. Patients, however, may enter the study (then being recorded) after a while, say time L. This could be because the patient is cured (without any treatment or with some self-treatment), before the date that they planned to go to hospital. In other words, a patient may only go to see a doctor if his/her symptoms last for say L days. Then the patient’s information will be recorded if T ≥ L (the patient goes to see a doctor). Therefore, the observed event time is randomly larger than the event times in the whole population. The observed data is selected with bias. In summary, left truncation is usually caused by an entry time which makes smaller event times unlikely to be selected.

      Right-truncation may occur very often if the study has an end of recruitment time. For example in epidemiology studies, the research interest is the event time T from infection to the development of a particular disease. If there is an end of recruitment calendar time, then a subject will be recorded if it develops the disease by the end of recruitment time. Suppose two subjects infected at the same time, only the one which developed the disease before the end of recruitment time can be recorded. The subject with a longer disease event time cannot be recorded. Therefore the observed data could be biased, i.e. subjects with smaller disease times are more likely to be observed. In fact, such a bias could be very serious in the epidemiology study, since more subjects could be infected towards the end of the study, but among those only the ones with shorter disease time (developing disease before the end of recruitment) are more likely to be recorded; the other ones with longer disease times are less likely to be recruited.

      If left-truncation and right-truncation occur simultaneously, we will have interval truncated data. A more complicated scenario is that both censoring and truncation occur. This is because the censoring variable and truncation variables are usually correlated, which makes the analysis difficult. For example the end of recruitment could cause a potential right-truncation and also cause a potential right-censoring, or the censoring time (could be the last follow-up time) may be a certain period of time after the truncation time (the end of recruitment). Another type of biased data is called length-biased data, which actually can be viewed as a special case of truncated data. Some discussions about this are provided in later chapters.

      1.1.2 Aim of the book

      Research studies in survival analysis under truncation have been very active in the last decade, since in long term survival analysis most data sets

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