Psychology: a QuickStudy Laminated Reference Guide
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About this ebook
6 page laminated guide includes:
- Learning
- Biological basis of psychology
- Stress & health
- Sensation & perception
- Memory
- Language, thinking, intelligence & creativity
- Development
- Social psychology
- Gender & sexuality
- Motivation & emotion
- Personality
- Consciousness
- Abnormal behavior
- Treatment & therapy
- Applied psychology
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Psychology - BarCharts, Inc.
Essential principles, theories & concepts for developing a strong foundation in the study of human behavior & mental processes
INTRODUCTION
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, how they are affected by an organism’s physical and mental state and external environment, and how they can ultimately be described, understood, predicted, and controlled or modified
Psychology as a Science
Experiment: A process in which a researcher controls one or more variables to discover the effect(s) on other variables
Independent variable: Manipulated and controlled by the researcher
Dependent variable: Data; measured by the researcher
Experimental and control groups: Only the experimental group is exposed to the independent variable; otherwise, both groups are treated the same; this will show whether the change in the dependent variable is caused by the independent variable
Confounding variable: An observed effect that may be due to an intervening third variable between the dependent and independent variables; the confounding variable must be systematically controlled or, if possible, eliminated; otherwise, the obtained results are invalid
Latent variable: An unobservable variable that is inferred as the mediator between two observed events (e.g., inferring the experience of fear from certain measurable physiological anxiety responses); it is often difficult to avoid circular explanations when positing a latent variable
Subject variable: A condition that is part of the subject’s makeup and cannot be assigned randomly (e.g., sex, height, hair color); because these conditions cannot be randomized, causal conclusions cannot be derived from subject variable experiments
Nonsubject variable: A characteristic that is not part of a subject’s makeup and thus can be randomly assigned (e.g., whether the subject received a certain drug or a placebo)
Experimental error or anomaly: A vexing problem that develops when experimental results cannot be reproduced as expected; experimenters must establish whether there is an error in the experimental methodology or whether the experiment failed to control all relevant confounding variables, which would diminish the effect of the independent variable
Types of studies
Descriptive studies: Describe but do not explain behavior
Case history: A description of one individual
Observation
Naturalistic: The observation is done in the subject’s natural environment
Laboratory: The observational setting is controlled by the researcher
Surveys include questionnaires and interviews
Tests must be both reliable and valid
The reliability of a test reflects the extent to which fluctuations in results are due to fluctuations in the underlying measured entity or are a characteristic of the measuring device (the test) that should be improved
Validity refers to the extent to which a test measures what it