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    Pharmacology Review Study Guide for Exams
    Pharmacology Review Study Guide for Exams
    Pharmacology Review Study Guide for Exams
    Ebook133 pages1 hour

    Pharmacology Review Study Guide for Exams

    By Yoo Ata

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    About this ebook

    It consists of well-constructed points extracted from different sources like textbooks, previous exams, and online. It is very useful for students to study and get specific information that is more likely to come in exams.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherYoo Ata
    Release dateOct 3, 2018
    ISBN9781370277919
    Pharmacology Review Study Guide for Exams
    Author

    Yoo Ata

    I AM A NEW WRITER.

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      Pharmacology Review Study Guide for Exams - Yoo Ata

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      1. Sulphonamides displace warfarin in plasma protein increases its blood concentration leading to an increase in INR that leads to bleeding.

      2. High Vd means low blood level of a drug and low Vd means high blood level.

      3. Clorazepate has no activity and converts to nordiazepam.

      4. P450 enzymes are present mainly in the liver, but they found in GIT, kidneys, lungs and brain; in the cell, they are present in the endoplasmic reticulum, they need NADPH to work.

      5. Cimetidine, Macrolides are P450 inhibitors.

      6. Disulfiram inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase leads to flushing (red face).

      7. Rapid acetylators need more INH, hydralazine, procainamide doses and they are less affected by these drugs to cause a lupus-like reaction.

      8. Zero-order means the rate of elimination is constant irrelevant to the concentration of drug in the blood, ethanol metabolized by the same amount irrespective to its blood level, phenytoin in low doses, toxic doses of salicylates follow zero order kinetics.

      9. First order kinetics is concentration dependent, most drugs follow 1st order kinetics.

      10. Loading dose LD = Vd Χ Css, a volume of distribution multiplied by plasma levels at steady state.

      11. Half-life t1/2= 0.7 Χ Vd / CL.

      12. Non-medical measures for hypertension; lower salt intake, eat more fresh food, fruit, vegetables, more fibre containing food, regular exercise, and quit smoking.

      13. Non-medical measures for depression; exercise regularly, get plenty of rest, healthy balanced diet, joins groups that would help you to solve your problems.

      14. Non-medical measures for insomnia; maintain sleep pattern, sleep and wake up at the same time every day, make bedroom just for sleeping, avoid napping, avoid late exercise, decrease the amount of caffeine, and avoid drinking late.

      15. Non-medical measures for a migraine; during the attack relax in a quiet, dark room, use ice packs on the head, avoid too much or too little sleep, irregular meals, keep a headache diary to avoid the triggers.

      16. Non-medical measures for urinary tract infections; drink plenty of water (up to 8 glasses/day), use cranberry juice and use a backup contraceptive method (condom).

      17. Non-medical measures for osteoarthritis; proper exercise to strengthen the muscles such as swimming, weight loss, safety measures in the house like handles to grab and non-slip rubber mats, support to the joints like splints, wearing healthy footwear.

      18. ARR = CG – EG, NNT = 1/ARR, RRR = ARR/ CG.

      19. Morphine is a basic compound and needs less acidity to be absorbed; ASA is mainly absorbed in the intestine.

      20. Type І statistical error the data shows a difference between two treatment regimens but a difference does not actually exist.

      21. Type ІІ statistical error the data shows no difference between two treatment regimens and a difference actually does exist.

      22. Lithium is an ion but can cross BBB because it has a very small molecular weight, also ethanol, lithium is toxic to the fetus.

      23. Phase І reaction like oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis, phase ІІ reaction is the conjugation reactions.

      24. Ethanol acts as CYP450 3A4 inhibitor when it is used acutely, but chronically it acts as an inducer.

      25. You cannot induce P450 2D6, but you can inhibit it.

      26. There are some people who are fast hydroxylators so they eliminate drugs faster than others do and they need higher doses example codeine.

      27. Morphine when conjugates it will form an active compound.

      28. Neonates do not have transferases enzymes that responsible on conjugation.

      29. Glutathione conjugation for metabolism of acetaminophen.

      30. Morphine and meperidine (pethidine) are full agonists; codeine is a partial agonist that may act as an antagonist in the presence of full agonist.

      31. Phenoxybenzamine forms an irreversible covalent bond with acetylcholine receptors.

      32. Adenylate cyclase forms cyclic-AMP from ATP.

      33. Atropine will prevent you from sweating then become very hot and that is called Atropine flushing.

      34. Parasympathetic receptors in; eye sphincter have M3 receptors, which cause miosis (contract), ciliary muscles M3 receptors to help with accommodation for the near vision.

      35. The Heart has M2 receptors in SA node that decrease the heart rate (-ve inotropy), in the AV node there are M2 receptors that decrease the conduction velocity (chronotropic).

      36. Lungs have M3 receptors that cause contraction (bronchospasm), M3 receptors are found in the glands and increase the secretions.

      37. Stomach has M3 receptors when activate them cause cramps and increase motility, M1 receptors present in glands of the stomach and increase secretions of acid, M3 receptors present in GIT and increase motility causing diarrhoea.

      38. The Bladder has M3 receptors that cause contraction of the body and relaxation of the sphincter.

      39. Blood vessels have M3 receptors causing dilation by release nitric oxide, they are not innervated.

      40. Pilocarpine is cholinomimetic used in open-angle glaucoma and in xerostomia.

      41. Physostigmine is tertiary amine can cross BBB used in glaucoma and atropine toxicity.

      42. Neostigmine and pyridostigmine are used in ileus, myasthenia gravis.

      43. AChE inhibitors poisoning cause (DUMBELS) which is diarrhoea, urination, miosis, bronchoconstriction, excitation (muscle and CNS), and lacrimation, salivation and sweating.

      44. The antidote of AChE inhibitors poisoning is Atropine and Pralidoxime (2-PAM) to activate the esterase enzyme, atropine used first.

      45. Vagal stimulation slows the heart caused by a low dose of atropine.

      46. Physostigmine tertiary amine carbamate AchE inhibitor is the antidote of atropine.

      47. Benztropine is used in Parkinsonism and the treatment of dystonias.

      48. MAO-A in the liver and anywhere it metabolizes NE, 5HT, tyramine, and MAO B in the brain it metabolizes DA, Cocaine blocks the reuptake of NE.

      49. Adrenergic receptors in the eye alpha1-receptors cause contraction of radial muscles lead to mydriasis, and in arterioles of skin and viscera cause contraction lead to increase the afterload and increase PVR.

      50. Veins alpha1-receptors activation cause contraction leads to venous return and decrease the preload, in the bladder contraction of both trigone and sphincter leads to urinary retention.

      51. Alpha1-receptors in sex organs inhibit ejaculation and in liver cause glycogenolysis.

      52. Alpha2-receptors present in the pre-junctional nerve terminals decrease release and synthesis of NE, platelet aggregation and decrease insulin secretion.

      53. Beta1-receptors in the heart in SA node increase HR (+ve inotropic effect), AV node increase conduction velocity (+ve dromotropy).

      54. Beta2-receptors in the blood vessels cause vasodilation leads to decrease PVR, decrease diastolic pressure, decrease afterload, uterus relaxation, and bronchioles dilation.

      55. Beta2-receptors in skeletal muscles increase glycogenolysis leads to contractility (tremor), in liver cause glycogenolysis, in pancreas increase insulin secretion.

      56. Dopamine acts on dopamine receptors in renal vasculature causing vasodilation, increase GFR, and increase renal blood flow (RBF), and sodium excretion.

      57. Dobutamine has beta1>beta2 increases HR, used in CHF and cause tachyphylaxis.

      58. NE acts on alph1 & 2, beta 1, and no beta 2 actions, increase HR and increase PVR.

      59. EP low doses affect beta-receptors and a high dose affects alpha-receptors, it is used in anaphylaxis.

      60. Dopamine in low dose affects renal blood flow, medium increase HR.

      61. AMA is acebutolol; Metoprolol and atenolol are beta 1 selective.

      62. Pilocarpine causes miosis by contracting ciliary muscles opens the canal of schlemm leads to drainage of aqueous humour and decrease IOP.

      63. Alpha 2 agonists’ ↓ NE release ↓ aqueous humor formation ↓ IOP.

      64. Beta antagonists block the NE actions so decrease. aqueous humour formation.

      65. Medical conditions and drugs most used to treat:

      Angina - beta-blockers, CCBs.

      Diabetes and heart failure - ACEIs, ARBs, and diuretics.

      Post MI - beta-blockers.

      BPH - alpha-blockers.

      Dyslipidemia - alpha-blockers and CCBs.

      66. Azithromycin is used in pregnancy and does not inhibit P450 enzymes.

      67. Clindamycin causes pseudomembranous colitis, neomycin is used topically.

      68. Fanconi syndrome

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