Handsome Heroes & Vile Villains: Men in Disney's Feature Animation

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On Wooden Boys and Assistant Pig Keepers

In 2011, a huge controversy (in some people’s minds, anyway), arose in the United States. A e-mail-formatted mailer, sent out on 5 April of that year, featured a photograph of a mother (J. Crew president and creative director Jenna Lyons) painting – with bright pink nail polish, no less – the toe nails of her cherubic, tousled-haired son, Beckett. Both are laughing and smiling, clearing enjoying both each other’s company and the pedicure. On the mailer, there are two small blurbs of text. To the left of the photo, it says, Saturday With Jenna – See how she and son Beckett go off duty in style. Below the photo (and to the right of a second photo, this time featuring young Beckett in a medium close up wearing what appears to be eyeglasses, with chunky, black plastic frames, which presumably belong to one of his parents), is the second caption: quality time – ‘Lucky for me, I ended up with a boy whose favorite color is pink. Toenail painting is way more fun in neon.’³⁸ Judging from the way some pundits responded to this, you might be forgiven for thinking she was doing something that would permanently harm her son. According to those who found the mailer shocking, that is exactly what she was doing. Some commentators even saw the mailer as blatant propaganda celebrating transgendered children, going on to claim that Propaganda pushing the celebration of gender-confused boys wanting to dress and act like girls is a growing trend, seeping into mainstream culture.³⁹ Others, however, saw this reaction as springing from a very blatant double standard. In an article on these angst-ridden reactions, Dr. Peggy Drexler, the author of Raising Boys Without Men (2005) and Our Fathers, Ourselves: Daughters, Fathers, and the Changing American Family (2011) – and someone who also happens to know Jenna Lyons and her son – raised a very interesting set of questions in regards to the worries over the harm this pink nail polish was going to do to young Beckett:

Just for the sake of discussion, let’s restage the photo shoot. Suppose instead of a mother, it was a father. And instead of a son, it was a daughter. And instead of toenail polish, the father was applying eye-black to reduce glare on the cheek bones of a little girl, with a backwards baseball cap, who was getting ready for a game.

Would the world be having this conversation?⁴⁰

It is, indeed, a good question. Though feminism, unfortunately, is a very long way from being declared post- (to paraphrase Winston Churchill’s comment on the D-Day invasion of Normandy, the feminist movement has, perhaps, reached the end of the beginning), nonetheless the idea of a girl dressing boyishly or engaging in play activities which, traditionally, have been associated with boys (competitive sports, for example) has become normalised in many western countries, even though some sports continue to have specific gender associations in various countries. Generally, though, thanks in large part to second-wave feminism, girls – without challenging perceptions of appropriate or normal behaviour – can enjoy being more active and rough-and-tumble than was once the case. But the reverse is not true for boys, at least not to the same extent. In his 1997 best-selling book Raising Boys, Steve Biddulph sought to allay fears in this regard:

Under six years of age, gender isn’t a big deal, and it shouldn’t be made so. Mothers are usually the primary parent, but a father can take this place. What matters is that one or two key people love this child and make him central for these few years. That way, he develops inner security for life, and his brain acquires the skills of intimate communication and a love of learning and interaction.

These years are soon over. Enjoy your little boy while you can!⁴¹

Yet fourteen years later, the idea that boys might be harmed by engaging in – and engaging with – feminine activities like painting their toe nails was still a cause for concern to some. But not to all: the response to the pink toe nails controversy to be found online was, by and large, that those who were worried about it were, frankly, a little silly. Most of the comments to these articles pointed out that, sometimes, boys like to do things like have their nails painted (after all, it feels pleasurable!), and it has no impact on them whatsoever; it’s not even some kind of early indication that they are homosexual, let alone that they are transgender. Typically, it just means that they like having their nails painted, and probably also that they enjoy the attention that comes with having their nails painted, as well as enjoying the way it looks and/or feels. To paraphrase Freud, sometimes nail polish is just nail polish. Most of the reactions made by the general public can be summed up by a comment posted on 13 April 2011, to an article about the furore, which was published on Yahoo! News.com: Isn’t criticizing happy little kids . . . simply for being uninhibited . . . exactly how you create bitter, angry and repressed adults who take out their internal fears and frustrations by making nasty comments about happy, uninhibited, little kids . . . ?⁴² Even an article on the very conservative foxnews.com, which highlighted two articles criticising – in fairly emotional language and with obvious homophobic agendas – the idea of painting a boy’s toenails (the same article mentioned only briefly just one commentator who saw it as a non-issue), admitted that the majority of responses it had to a twitter poll it conducted agreed that the whole episode was no big deal.⁴³

What does all of this have to do with human boys in Disney’s animated films? The short answer is, quite a lot, actually. As was discussed in the introductory chapter to this book, the perceptions about the real boys who may (or may not) go to Disney films have come to shape, at a very minimum, the titles of some films; how the films depict male and (especially) female characters has been an issue for even longer. Putting likeable, positive boy characters on screen means that the films are more likely to attract boys to the film; making sure that the boys on screen are relatable to the boys in the audience ensures the film’s success. Furthermore, putting boys on screen who conform to cultural ideas and expectations about what is suitable as a construction of appropriate boyhood means that the films are deemed by parents, child advocacy groups, educators, and society at large to be safe and family-friendly entertainment which is suitable for a general audience: filmmakers who have catered to these groups, both during and after the Hays Code era, would be foolish to court too much controversy in their characters and their narratives. This chapter, in looking at how boys are depicted within Disney’s animated features, considers the various depictions of boys and boyhood, and seeks to link these depictions with ideas about boyhood and childhood that were contemporary to each of the films. The films included in this discussion are Pinocchio (1940), Make Mine Music (1946: the Peter and the Wolf segment), Peter Pan (1953), The Sword in the Stone (1963), The Jungle Book (1967), The Black Cauldron (1985), The Rescuers Down Under (1990), and Treasure Planet (2002). Following the sections looking at different types of boy characters is a section looking at what these characters have in common across their depictions. In particular, there is analysis of how the depiction of attraction to a member of the opposite sex (both when the boy experiences it and when the boy is an object of it) can serve as a sign of the character being ready to grow up, as Wendy Darling describes it in Peter Pan. This linking of romance and boyhood is an important and complicated one, and so is worth exploring as a section in its own right.

Not all of the boys in this chapter experience it, however; some are too young, and some are too busy. Our first character under the microscope is one of the busy ones: he’s too busy trying to become a real boy to worry about love. Towards the end of the chapter, there is a specific examination of those characters who begin the films as boys, but whom we get to see grow to manhood over the course of the narrative. This theme, until very recently, was unique to the male characters: five characters in four films spend a substantial chunk of their narratives at more than one age; in three of those films, an important thematic concern is an examination of what kind of man a character grows to be, and what forces shape each of them as they grow. Only three female characters are shown as both women and girls in their films: two of the characters are in the same film (Tiana and Charlotte in The Princess and the Frog, 2009), and for neither them nor for Rapunzel (Tangled, 2010) does their narrative examine too deeply how their childhoods affected their adulthoods; yes, childhood is shown to shape them, but it is more of a narrative device to explain their adult selves and lives than it is an examination of growing up and what makes a woman a woman. What makes a man a man, however, is very much at the hearts of three of the four films where boys become men. The films which will be discussed in this section are Melody Time (1948: the Pecos Bill segment), Hercules (1997), Tarzan (1999), and Meet the Robinsons (2007).

Little Boys

Generally speaking this group of characters (who are grouped together for discussion because they all are boys throughout their narratives) have certain basic traits in common that can be thought about and borne in mind when reading each character’s individual analysis. Generally speaking, the boys in Disney’s feature films – or the boys who fulfil major or main roles within their films, anyway – tend to be fairly selfish or self-centred, though not in a mean way. They don’t act selfishly because they are bad, but instead because they have never had to think about others, even in those cases (such as in Peter Pan) when they have others around them from their own peer group with whom they must interact. They are typically very curious about the world around them, and it is this curiosity, coupled with their disregard for considering how others might be affected by their attempts to satisfy their curiosity through undertaking some sort of adventure or quest, which is usually what leads them into trouble (though, of course, without the trouble they get into, we don’t get a story). All of the boys in these films are intelligent. Even Pinocchio, despite his ignorance about fairly basic things, is intelligent; it’s simply that, in his case, he is only hours/days old, and so has yet to learn and experience a great many things that a real boy of roughly his physical stage would have experienced. Given how new to the world he is, he does very well (though, thankfully, even though he doesn’t always listen, he does have Jiminy Cricket to help him when he doesn’t understand what is happening). Pinocchio is also naïve, unsurprisingly, but so too are most of the boys in these films. They are just boys, so this is not terribly unexpected, but we do see a few boys (such as Lampwick in Pinocchio, as well as Peter Pan, by and large) who are a little more worldly than most other boys. All of the boys, however, tend to be a bit headstrong but, naturally, some are more obstinate than others. Overall, though, they are basically good kids, and are trying to do the right thing. Sometimes they don’t know what the right thing is, but that is excused by their youth; when they know what is right and what is wrong, they do the right thing. Again, Pinocchio is the slowest to do this (he may have Jiminy Cricket assigned to him to be his conscience, but – and this is part of how he learns the moral lesson of his narrative – he doesn’t always listen at first). But even when the boys in Disney’s animated features make mistakes, they always try hard to make up for those mistakes, and always do their best to set things right.

Pinocchio certainly tries hard, even if it takes him a long time to do the right thing and redress the harm he has done through his selfishness and gullibility earlier in the film. Pinocchio, overall, is a good boy, but – of course – he’s not real. Brought to life by the Blue Fairy in answer to Geppetto’s wish and given a friendly, intelligent, practical cricket – named Jiminy Cricket by the Disney adaptation – to serve as his conscience (presumably until he can gain one of his own), Pinocchio is presented from the beginning of his life as a happy, cheerful, innocent child. But early on in the story, his innocence and naivety are presented as the reasons why he gets into trouble; in that sense, he must overcome these qualities – despite their traditional association with childhood – in order to become a real boy, rather than remaining a wooden puppet.

It has been claimed that Walt Disney cast child actor Dickie Jones to be Pinocchio’s voice because the boy had a typical nice boy’s voice.⁴⁴ This is important to bear in mind when understanding how Pinocchio is depicted in the film: he gets into a lot of trouble, he often ignores his conscience, he is led away from the right path very often, and (initially, at least) is very self-centred, but he is never mean or bad, something which that nice boy’s voice helps us remember, especially when, the very first morning of his life, he gets into trouble. He starts the morning eager to be good, excited about going to school. He is on his way to school when he is spied by Honest John and Gideon. Ignoring Jiminy Cricket’s warning that Honest John offers nothing but temptation, and should therefore be resisted, Pinocchio is swayed by Honest John’s stories of the easy road to success – the theatre! despite the fact that Pinocchio has never heard of the theatre and doesn’t know what it is. Unbeknownst to Pinocchio until much later, Honest John then sells Pinocchio to Stromboli, who puts Pinocchio on stage with a collection of marionettes and has him to sing the song I Got No Strings to the audience, who love the performance. But, of course, Stromboli isn’t the honest man Pinocchio believes him to be (being only a few hours old at this stage, Pinocchio has yet to comprehend dishonesty), and so Pinocchio is shocked when he is imprisoned by Stromboli. Originally, it had been Pinocchio’s plan to go home to Geppetto and give him the money he had earned from his performance. Instead, he finds himself being held prisoner and carried off into the unknown.

Even here, Pinocchio’s basic goodness is emphasised: his plan for his earnings is not to treat himself, but to go home to his father, Geppetto, and give him his earnings. Being locked up by Stromboli is a shock, but of course it is not the full lesson Pinocchio learns from the episode. While locked into a cage in Stromboli’s wagon, Jiminy Cricket and the Blue Fairy find him and plan to rescue him. But when questioned, Pinocchio – who has now been the victim of dishonesty himself – begins one of the most iconic lie-telling sessions in the history of telling lies; each time he adds more untruths to his story, his nose grows. Admonished by the Blue Fairy that A boy who won’t be good might just as well be made of wood, he promises that he has learned his lesson, declaring I’m going to school! I’d rather be smart than be an actor! Nonetheless, she frees him, and Pinocchio and Jiminy Cricket set off toward home. Yet before the pair can make it back to Geppetto’s house, Honest John and Gideon find them again, and fool Pinocchio with a phoney medical examination in which he is diagnosed with being allergic (to what, exactly, is not specified; it is enough, as a demonstration of Pinocchio’s continuing gullibility, to show him falling for such a diagnosis) and told that There’s only one thing for it – a vacation! On Pleasure Island! Though reluctant to go with them this time, Pinocchio is nonetheless carried away by them, and this time is sold off to the coachman in a scene replete with Satanic imagery and symbolism: the coachman himself bears a resemblance to the Devil; Pinocchio is to meet the coachman in the liminal (and therefore dangerous) space and time of the crossroads at midnight; his ticket to ride the coach is an Ace of Spades from a deck of cards. Indeed, once he reaches Pleasure Island, the visual theme of a kind of Hell on Earth continues: it is dark, apart from the light of various torches, and is full of enactments of sin and vice and depravity; these images are followed not long after by the extreme punishment of transformation into a beast of burden (donkeys, or jackasses, as they are called in the film, jackass of course also being a pejorative term for someone who acts idiotically and/or badly) and a life of continuous enslavement and misery in chains. But before Pinocchio realises the penalty of entering into this world of sin, he is taken in hand by another boy, Lampwick, who is shown to be a very worldly, corrupt boy, familiar with smoking, drinking beer, and playing pool; Lampwick’s back-alley roughness is further emphasised by his lower East Side twang.

His influence on Pinocchio is strong enough that, at one stage, Pinocchio is seen engaging in wanton destruction just for the fun of it, smashing furniture with an axe and declaring to Lampwick that Being bad’s fun, ain’t it! Yet even here, Pinocchio’s innate goodness reveals itself in the fact that, for him, being bad is fun because it is a novelty. Lampwick’s reply to Pinocchio, a bored Yeah . . . uh-huh, shows that, for him, being bad isn’t fun – it’s just normal, unremarkable behaviour. Lampwick shows Pinocchio how to smoke properly, laughing when it makes Pinocchio sick (Lampwick seems to be an experienced smoker). Again, showing Pinocchio’s first proper drag on his cigar as something that makes him sick and dizzy shows that he is not naturally bad, the way Lampwick is, and that Pinocchio must learn bad behaviour, even though he cannot follow through on it fully. This is important, symbolically, this demonstration that some boys, like Lampwick, are naturally bad, but others, like Pinocchio, at best only mimic bad behaviour and do so fairly unsuccessfully. Even when, angry that Pinocchio is ignoring him, Jiminy Cricket storms away, our allegiance to and sympathy for Pinocchio is preserved very carefully. Soon after walking out of the pool room where Pinocchio and Lampwick are hanging out (loitering being another bad boy behaviour), Jiminy Cricket discovers that the boys on Pleasure Island are being turned into jackasses to be sold off to the mines. Horrified, Jiminy runs back to Pinocchio to warn him, but it is too late. Because he is the genuinely bad boy, Lampwick is the first to begin turning into a jackass, transforming before Pinocchio’s horrified eyes. As soon as Lampwick’s change is complete, Pinocchio’s begins, a pair of donkey ears suddenly shooting out of his head, then a tail thrusting itself out of his shorts. Realising the danger he is in, Pinocchio begins not only listening to, but following (literally, at this stage) Jiminy Cricket’s lead, and the two manage to escape from Pleasure Island. By listening to and following his conscience, Pinocchio’s transformation into a jackass is halted, but it is not reversed: until he is finally transformed into a real boy at the end of the film, he retains his donkey ears and tail.

After this episode on Pleasure Island, Pinocchio and Jiminy Cricket finally make it home to Geppetto’s house, only to discover that Geppetto, Figaro the cat, and Cleo the goldfish have gone out looking for him. Jiminy and Pinocchio also learn (from a note sent to them by the Blue Fairy) that Geppetto, Figaro and Cleo have been swallowed alive by Monstro the Whale, that they are trapped within the whale’s belly, and that Monstro is on the bottom of the sea. Horrified, Pinocchio becomes determined to save Geppetto and the others, and sets off to find them; he even puts his tail to use, tying a rock to it to use as a weight so that he won’t keep floating up to the surface of the water but can instead search the ocean floor for the whale. Pinocchio manages to get to Geppetto when Monstro opens his mouth, swallowing a great deal of water and fish, with Pinocchio riding the wave into the whale’s mouth. Reunited with Geppetto, his father is aghast at Pinocchio’s donkey ears and tail, but quickly decides that Old Geppetto has his little wooden head – nothing else matters, and embraces Pinocchio affectionately so that the two touch noses. His love for Pinocchio – and his acceptance of his son, warts and all – is plain to see, and shows that being good and deserving of love does not mean having to be perfect. Pinocchio has his faults, but he is still loving and worthy of love and forgiveness. But Pinocchio is shown in this scene to be even more than simply good – he is demonstrably brave, and furthermore has learned resourcefulness during his adventures. When Geppetto suggests starting a fire to cook some of the fish he and Figaro have caught, Pinocchio is inspired: he insists that they build a huge fire that will make Monstro sneeze, and has his little family board a raft so that, when the whale sneezes, they can ride the force of the sneeze out of Monstro’s mouth and escape him. The plan works; they are propelled from Monstro’s belly, clinging to the raft for dear life. Monstro is furious, and immediately is in pursuit of them. They manage to evade him, but the raft is destroyed in the process. Geppetto exhorts Pinocchio to save himself, but Pinocchio is selfless and brave, choosing instead to save his father, Figaro, Cleo, and Jiminy and get them to safety by pulling them through a small hole in the rocks that Monstro won’t fit through. The waves carry them to shore; but when Geppetto regains consciousness, he sees Pinocchio lying face down – and totally still – in a pool of water. In the scene that follows – and its mise-en-scène is very reminiscent of Snow White’s wake in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs – Pinocchio’s body is laid out on his bed in Geppetto’s house while his family mourns him, Geppetto kneeling at Pinocchio’s bedside saying quietly, over and over, My boy. My brave little boy. We then hear the Blue Fairy, repeating what she told Pinocchio at the beginning: Prove yourself brave, truthful, and unselfish, and someday you will be a real boy. She then adds, Awake, Pinocchio. Awake, and her magic transforms the wooden puppet into a human child. He wakes up, and becomes aware that he is now flesh and blood, not wood. It takes Geppetto a little longer to grasp the truth that Pinocchio is both alive and fully human, but when it sinks in, he and Pinocchio, Jiminy Cricket, Figaro and Cleo rejoice, the scene fading out to the reprise of When You Wish Upon a Star, picking up here with the lines When your heart is in your dream/No request is too extreme.

It’s an interesting note for the film to end on; after all, the reason Pinocchio comes to life in the first place is because Geppetto wishes for it on a star, and the Blue Fairy grants Geppetto’s wish because he is such a good, kindly old man. But the Blue Fairy does not make Pinocchio a real boy right away – she instructs him that he must show himself to be brave, truthful, and unselfish in order to earn his humanity. Pinocchio, in other words, must be the one to fulfil Geppetto’s wish. The Blue Fairy does make Jiminy Cricket Pinocchio’s conscience, giving Pinocchio the best tool he will need, and she shows up to help Pinocchio learn to be truthful (allowing him to suffer the penalty for his lying to her – his nose growing – before restoring it when he has learned not only not to tell lies, but actively to be truthful). But being alive – and being basically good but untested – is demonstrated repeatedly by the film as not being enough. It is easy to be good, after all, when no one tries to tempt us into badness. That this is a key theme in the film is emphasised by the song Jiminy sings (which Pinocchio joins in with in places), Give a Little Whistle:

When you get in trouble

And you don’t know right from wrong

Give a little whistle –

Give a little whistle!

When you meet temptation

And the urge is very