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    Black Soldier Fly Products: Generic Description and Analysis of the Production Process for Chitosan, Proteins and Lipid from Black Soldier Fly Larvae.
    Black Soldier Fly Products: Generic Description and Analysis of the Production Process for Chitosan, Proteins and Lipid from Black Soldier Fly Larvae.
    Black Soldier Fly Products: Generic Description and Analysis of the Production Process for Chitosan, Proteins and Lipid from Black Soldier Fly Larvae.
    Ebook40 pages59 minutes

    Black Soldier Fly Products: Generic Description and Analysis of the Production Process for Chitosan, Proteins and Lipid from Black Soldier Fly Larvae.

    By Vincent Gray

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    About this ebook

    Chitosan is a high valued commodity which can be manufactured from the chitin in exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherVincent Gray
    Release dateNov 5, 2019
    ISBN9780463053911
    Black Soldier Fly Products: Generic Description and Analysis of the Production Process for Chitosan, Proteins and Lipid from Black Soldier Fly Larvae.
    Author

    Vincent Gray

    As a son of a miner, I was born in Johannesburg, South Africa. I grew up in the East Rand mining town of Boksburg. I matriculated from Boksburg High School. After high school, I was conscripted into the South African Defence Force for compulsory national military service when I was 17 years old. After my military service, I went to the University of the Witwatersrand. After graduating with a BSc honours degree I worked for a short period for the Department of Agriculture in Potchefstroom as an agronomist. As an obligatory member of the South African Citizen Miltary Force, I was called up to do 3-month camps on the 'Border' which was the theatre of the so-called counter-insurgency 'Bush War'. In between postgraduate university studies I also worked as a wage clerk on the South African Railways and as a travelling chemical sales rep. In my career as an academic, I was a molecular biologist at the University of the Witwatersrand, where I lectured courses in microbiology, molecular biology, biotechnology and evolutionary biology. On the research side, I was involved in genomics, and plant and microbial biotechnology. I also conducted research into the genomics of strange and weird animals known as entomopathogenic nematodes. I retired in 2019, however, I am currently an honorary professor at the University of the Witwaterand and I also work as a research writing consultant for the University of Johannesburg.

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      Black Soldier Fly Products - Vincent Gray

      Introduction

      Chitosan is a high valued commodity which can be manufactured from the chitin in the exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects. Commercially available chitosan products have diverse applications including pharmaceutical ones. Deacetylation of chitin is the reaction which produces chitosan. Chitosan is polymer with molecular weights (MW) ranging from 3 800 to 20 000 Daltons with deacetylation values ranging from 66 to 95% (Bansal et al., 2011). The solubility of chitosan depends on the degree of deacetylation. With regard to other specifications commercially available chitosan has the following properties: colour – yellow or white; particle size – less than 30 μm; viscosity – less than 5 cps; density – between 1.43 to 1.40 g/cm3; molecular weight – 50 000 to 2 000 000 Daltons; pH – 6.5 to 7.5; moisture content – more than 10%; ash value – more than 2%; degree of acetylation - 66 to 99.8%; protein content – less than 0.3% (Bansal et al., 2011).

      1. Process design, development, testing and verification

      It should be noted that high temperatures and prolonged extraction times may lead to the degradation of the chitin polysaccharides and also to a decrease in pharmacological activity (Jia et al., 2013). High temperatures and prolonged process times will also drive up production costs. Other considerations include weighing up alternative processing options for chitosan production (Leke-Aladekoba, 2018). The process of chitosan production involves chemical modification of substrates such as chitin and also co-product separation and co-product purification. Separation of co-productions such as proteins and lipids involves the physical fractionation or isolation of these components from either immiscible heterogeneous or miscible homogeneous mixtures. An example of a homogenous mixture would be a mixture of oils and proteins where the two solutes are no longer in immiscible phases. This happens when lipids or oils are reduced as a consequence of vigorous mixing into microscopic sized particles within an aqueous solvent. Mechanical mixing of BSF larval homogenates during processing can transform a previously heterogeneous immiscible mixture of lipid and proteins into a homogenous mixture which in turn can make the separation of proteins and lipids, which have become ‘solubilized’ within the solvent phase, a technically difficult exercise. As the size of the lipid droplets become reduced to levels where the droplets suspended in the solvent have microscopic diameters the previous heterogeneous mixture of protein and lipids becomes transformed into what is called a homogeneous mixture. Stirring, agitation and turbulent mixing transforms a lipid-protein heterogeneous mixture into a homogenous lipid-protein mixture. Integrating the isolation and recovery in pure form of all by-products or co-products from the solvent phase during the production of BSF chitosan involves the application of different separation processes for each product stream.

      Historically chitosan production has been based on the conventional chemical extraction (CE) process. The following process options which have recently been researched include microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE). Chitosan extraction procedures have been

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