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    Neoclassicism
    Neoclassicism
    Neoclassicism
    Ebook85 pages42 minutes

    Neoclassicism

    By Victoria Charles

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    About this ebook

    In the arts, Neoclassicism is a historical tradition or aesthetic attitude based on the art of Greece and Rome in antiquity. The movement started around the 18th-century, age of Enlightenment, and continued into the early 19th-century The general credo associated with the aesthetic attitude of Classicism was that art had to be rational and therefore morally better. Neoclassicists also believed that art should be cerebral, not sensual and therefore characterised by clarity of form, sober colours and shallow space. It was a reaction against both the surviving Baroque and Rococo styles, and a desire to return to the perceived ""purity"" of the arts of Rome. The important artists of the movement include the sculptors Antonio Canova,Jean-Antoine Houdon and Bertel Thorvaldsen, and the painters J.A.D. Ingres, Jacques-Louis David and Anton Raphael Mengs.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherParkstone International
    Release dateDec 9, 2019
    ISBN9781644618752
    Neoclassicism

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      Book preview

      Neoclassicism - Victoria Charles

      Layout:

      Baseline Co. Ltd,

      Vietnam

      © Parkstone Press International, New York, USA

      © Confidential Concepts, Worldwide, USA

      © Image-Bar www.image-bar.com

      All rights reserved.

      No part of this publication may be reproduced or adapted without the permission of the copyright holder, throughout the world. Unless otherwise specified, copyright on the works reproduced lies with the respective photographers. Despite intensive research, it has not always been possible to establish copyright ownership. Where this is the case, we would appreciate notification.

      ISBN: 978-1-64461-875-2

      Victoria Charles

      NEOCLASSICISM

      Contents

      INTRODUCTION

      A HISTORY OF NEOCLASSICISM

      The Precursors of Neoclassicism

      The Neoclassical Period

      Of Neoclassical Inspiration

      Neoclassicism elsewhere the world

      Sculpture

      Architecture

      The Expressive Moods of Neoclassicism

      The Decline

      THE ARTISTS

      Jacques-Louis David (1748 Paris – 1825 Brussels)

      Jean–Auguste Dominique Ingres (1780 Montauban – 1867 Paris)

      Joseph Marie Vien (1716 Montpellier – 1809 Paris)

      Anton Raphaël Mengs (1728 Aussig – 1779 Rome)

      Johann Heinrich Fuseli (Zürich 1741 – London 1825)

      Antonio Canova  (1757, Possagno – 1822, Venice)

      LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

      INTRODUCTION

      The Enlightenment marks the eighteenth century as a period heavily invested in ideas. Salon culture developed through the taste and social initiative of women during the Rococo period in the courts of France, Austria and Germany. These women were known as femmes savants, or learned women. In addition to art, the salons propagated Enlightenment ideas that rejected superstition and favored provable theories based on scientific methods. Empiricism flourished, coming out of the seventeenth century achievements in science, notably those of Britons Sir Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727) and John Locke (1632 – 1727). Their insistence on tangible data and empirical proof changed the course of ideas.

      In France, the philosophes helped to spread rational ideas based on reason into the areas of church and state. They believed that through the progress of ideas, there existed a possibility for the perfection of mankind. Gathering and ordering knowledge was part of the Enlightenment project. Accordingly, Diderot (1713 – 1784) created the first encyclopedia (thirty-five volumes 1751 – 1780) in an attempt to systematically record all existing knowledge. Diderot also became the first art critic by publishing his commentaries on the official French Salon exhibitions of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture. Voltaire (1694 – 1778) wrote against the despotic rule of kings and the hegemony of the church. Later, revolutionary thinkers would recall his seminal ideas. Natural history and zoology were catalogued by the Comte de Buffon (1707 – 1788), while in Sweden Carolus Linnaeus created a comprehensive classification of plants.

      Worldwide, the eighteenth century marks the start of the ‘modern’ period in which a self-conscious awareness of the present in relation to past begets a preoccupation with newness, or being current. Americans in the colonies were also noted for their commitment to Enlightenment ideas, most notably Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. Scientific inventions flourished as much as social inventions, and the Industrial Revolution began in England in the 1740s. It was spurred on by research into steam power, electricity, the discovery of oxygen, and mechanical advances in technology, including the first use of iron for a bridge in 1776.

      Born on the eve of the Age of Revolution, Neoclassicism reflected the intellectual, social and political changes of that period. The advent of revolutionary movements in France and America, based on classical ideals such as the democracy of ancient Athens and Rome, made Neoclassical art even more appealing. As three quarters of the French were illiterate, it created an opportunity for art to become a political tool

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