Human Brainstem: Cytoarchitecture, Chemoarchitecture, Myeloarchitecture
By George Paxinos, Teri Furlong and Charles Watson
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About this ebook
Human Brainstem: Cytoarchitecture, Chemoarchitecture, Myeloarchitecture explores how the human brainstem has been impeded by the unavailability of an up-to-date, comprehensive, diagrammatic and photographic atlas. Now, with the first detailed atlas on the human brainstem in more than twenty years, this book presents an accurate, comprehensive and convenient reference for students, researchers and pathologists.
- Presents the first detailed atlas on the human brainstem in more than twenty years
- Represents all areas of the medulla, pons and midbrain in the plane transverse to the longitudinal axis of the brainstem
- Consists of 63 plates and 63 accompanying diagrams with an interplate distance of one millimeter
- Includes photographs of Nissl and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) stained sections at alternate levels
- Provides an accurate and convenient guide for students, researchers and pathologists
George Paxinos
Professor Paxinos is the author of almost 50 books on the structure of the brain of humans and experimental animals, including The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, now in its 7th Edition, which is ranked by Thomson ISI as one of the 50 most cited items in the Web of Science. Dr. Paxinos paved the way for future neuroscience research by being the first to produce a three-dimensional (stereotaxic) framework for placement of electrodes and injections in the brain of experimental animals, which is now used as an international standard. He was a member of the first International Consortium for Brain Mapping, a UCLA based consortium that received the top ranking and was funded by the NIMH led Human Brain Project. Dr. Paxinos has been honored with more than nine distinguished awards throughout his years of research, including: The Warner Brown Memorial Prize (University of California at Berkeley, 1968), The Walter Burfitt Prize (1992), The Award for Excellence in Publishing in Medical Science (Assoc Amer Publishers, 1999), The Ramaciotti Medal for Excellence in Biomedical Research (2001), The Alexander von Humbolt Foundation Prize (Germany 2004), and more
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Human Brainstem - George Paxinos
Human Brainstem
Cytoarchitecture, Chemoarchitecture, Myeloarchitecture
Revised Edition
George Paxinos¹
Teri M. Furlong¹
Charles Watson¹,²
¹Neuroscience Research Australia and The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2031
²University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009
Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
The Memorandum
Preface
Source of Tissue
Histology
Photography/Imaging
Diagrams and Labeled Photographs
In Vivo MRI
Stereotaxic Grid
Nomenclature and abbreviations
Caudal hindbrain
The basis of delineation of structures
Efferent and afferent nuclei of the cranial nerves
List of structures
Index of abbreviations
The Figures Title page
Figures
Figures
Copyright
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© 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
First edition: 2019
Revised edition: 2020
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Notices
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ISBN 978-0-12-821607-1
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The Memorandum
Preface
Olszewski and Baxter (1954) constructed the first comprehensive study of the cell groups in the human brainstem. Using Nissl and myelin stains, they produced a high-quality atlas which formed a starting point for the work of Paxinos and Huang (1995) who employed, in addition, histochemical staining (acetylcholinesterase, AChE). In turn the work of Paxinos and Huang formed the basis of the present atlas. It was known from our early work in mapping the rat brain (Paxinos and Watson, 1982) that acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining reveals features not visible in Nissl-stained sections. Beyond this, because nuclei tend to have similar AChE staining across mammals, AChE reveals homologous structures.
The Paxinos and Huang (1995) atlas of the human brainstem consisted of 64 photographic plates and 64 accompanying schematic diagrams. However, in that atlas only a fraction of the sections available from that brain were presented; we have taken advantage of the additional (unused) sections in the construction of the present atlas.
We thoroughly updated the original 64 diagrams of Paxinos and Huang and added another 128 labelled plates. Further, we added a myeloarchitectonic atlas of 31 labelled plates.
Our aim was to construct an atlas of sufficient accuracy, comprehensiveness, and convenience for students, researchers, and pathologists.
The key features of the present atlas are:
•The atlas is based on a single brain obtained from a 59-year old Caucasian male with no medical history of neurologic or psychiatric illness.
•Thorough updating of the 64 original diagrams first published 24 years ago by Paxinos and Huang, juxtaposed with their Nissl and AChE plates in color.
•128 additional Nissl and AChE color plates fully labelled
•The sections presented are at 0.5-mm intervals in a plane transverse to the longitudinal axis of the brainstem.
•The atlas systematically establishes the human homologs of nearly all nuclei previously identified in the brainstem of the rat.
•In addition to the above, we present 31 labelled plates of sections stained for myelin based on tissue from the Latham collection.
•Electronic diagrams available to purchasers of this book via a password-protected website.
Reproduction of atlas figures in other publications. As authors, we give permission for the reproduction of any figure from the atlas in other publications, provided the atlas is cited. Formal permission from the publisher should be sought directly on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions) or from Elsevier Global Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+ 44) 1865843830, fax: (+ 44) 1865 853333, email: permissions@elsevier.com.
How to cite this atlas: Paxinos G, Furlong TM and Watson C, Human Brainstem: Cytoarchitecture, Chemoarchitecture, Myeloarchitecture, Revised Edition. San Diego, Elsevier Academic Press, 2020.
Acknowledgements
We thank Xu-Feng Huang whose work on the 1995 book Atlas of the Human Brainstem gave us most of the basic material for the present atlas. We thank Mark Schira for his elegant work with MR images that indicate the location of the section and for the accurate match of the transverse MRIs to the plates. We thank Steve Kassem for brilliance and commitment in organizing the layout of the pages. We thank Gulgun Sengul for the literature review in the updating of the diagrams of the original atlas. A special thanks to Keira McLoskey, our enthusiastic lab assistant. We thank Christodoulos Skliros and Katerina Arvanitakis for technical help. Yvette Paxinos (http://www.paxifilm.com/) was responsible for the cover design and Daniel Binks for the index. We acknowledge the help of the talented staff at Academic Press Elsevier (Natalie Farra, Kathy Padilla, and Andrew Riley). This work was supported by NHMRC grants (APP1086083, APP1086643) and in part by ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function (CE140100007) to G. Paxinos who is an NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellow.
Introduction
A detailed atlas is vital to clinical and research studies on the human brain, more so in the age of MRI. The Olszewski and Baxter (1954) human brainstem atlas has been very influential, but a number of its organizational schemes have been superseded. Additionally, the Olsewski and Baxter atlas presents only 19 levels of the brainstem, an insufficient sampling frequency for present needs. That atlas was recently republished by Büttner-Enever and Horne (2014a), with virtually unchanged diagrams, but with a scholarly literature review by the contemporary editors.
Nissl substance stains have been widely accepted as the standard guide to brain organization. But while Nissl stains display each neuron and glial cell, they do not reveal other levels of organization. Chemoarchitectonic stains can give an overview of the organization of regions at a glance. We have found that AChE is the best overall chemical stain for subcortical structures because of its widespread and differential distribution. Because we are familiar with the AChE signature
of nuclei of the brainstem of the rat, mouse, rhesus monkey, and marmoset (Paxinos and Watson, 1986; Paxinos and Franklin, 2019; Paxinos et al, 2009; Paxinos et al, 2012), we were able to use AChE as a kind of Rosetta stone for interpretation of human brainstem structures.
Source of Tissue
The brainstem used was obtained from a 59-year-old Caucasian male who died suddenly from a heart attack. The individual had no medical history of neurologic or psychiatric disease.
The brainstem used for the atlas stained for myelin displays Weigert stained sections prepared by Dr Aubrey Latham in a psychiatric hospital in Sydney in 1905. This section set was donated to the School of Anatomy of The University of New South Wales by the widow of Latham’s protégé, Dr Brian Turner, in 1995. There are no available details of the age, sex, or health history of the person from whom this brain was taken. The Latham brain sections were photographed by Huang and Paxinos on 4x5-inch negatives and these negatives were scanned to produce the myeloarchitectonic atlas (Fig. 129-159).
Histology
For the primary atlas (Nissl and AChE plates and diagrams), the brain was removed from the skull 4 hours post-mortem and kept in phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4 at 4oC for another 6 hours, resulting in a 10-hour post-mortem delay before it was frozen. The unfixed brainstem was placed into an aluminium mould which was made following the construction of an endocast of a skull (see Procrustes brain mould photograph). The main purpose of placing the brain in the Procrustes mould was to avoid the distortion that would have occurred if the brain was frozen on a flat surface. An additional aim was to block the brain at diencephalic levels on a plane perpendicular to the long axis of the medulla and pons and to make a fiducial mark by inserting a needle perpendicular to that surface (right-hand probe in