LIFE Explores History of the Rifle
()
About this ebook
Related to LIFE Explores History of the Rifle
Related ebooks
Complete Book of Rifles And Shotguns: with a Seven-Lesson Rifle Shooting Course Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Sixguns and Bullseyes and Automatic Pistol Marksmanship: A Comprehensive Manual on Target Shooting Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsGun Digest Presents Classic Sporting Rifles Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsGun Digest Book of the M1 Garand Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsMuzzleloaders for Hunters: How to Select a Muzzleloader that Fits Your Hunting Style and Pocketbook Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsAdvanced Deer Hunting Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsShotgunning: The Art and the Science Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsGuns Of The Old West Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Gun Digest Presents 10 Best Coyote Guns: Today's top guns, plus ammo, accessories, and tips to make your coyote hunt a success. Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsGuns of the New West: A Close Up Look at Modern Replica Firearms Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsMy Dream Hunt in Alaska: With God on the Adventure of a Lifetime Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsGun Digest 2024, 78th Edition Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsWinchester Shotguns Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Saga of the Colt Six-Shooter: and the Famous Men Who Used it… Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsA Southern Sportsman: The Hunting Memoirs of Henry Edwards Davis Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsKnives 2024, 44th Edition: The World's Greatest Knife Book Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsSporting Firearms of Today in Use: A Look Back at the Guns and Attitudes of the 1920s?and Why They Still Matter Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe Peacemakers: Arms and Adventure in the American West Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsShotguns - Their History and Development (Shooting Series - Guns & Gunmaking): Read Country Book Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe Little Red Book of Hunter's Wisdom Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCustomize the Ruger 10/22 Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Gun Digest's The Perfect Revolver Fit Concealed Carry eShort: Not all revolvers are alike. Make sure your pistol fits. Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsWalnut and Steel: Vintage .22 Rifles Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsDeer Rifles and Cartridges: A Complete Guide to All Hunting Situations Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Winchester's 30-30, Model 94: The Rifle America Loves Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe Happy Hunting-Grounds (Barnes & Noble Library of Essential Reading) Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Flayderman's Guide to Antique American Firearms and Their Values Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsGun Digest Shooter's Guide To Shotgun Games Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratings44 Magnum: Shooting a Classic Big Bore Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsAmerican & British 410 Shotguns Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratings
Wars & Military For You
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Resistance: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Sun Tzu's The Art of War: Bilingual Edition Complete Chinese and English Text Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Last Kingdom Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Art of War Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Masters of the Air: America's Bomber Boys Who Fought the Air War Against Nazi Germany Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Killing the SS: The Hunt for the Worst War Criminals in History Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5A Daily Creativity Journal Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Blitzed: Drugs in the Third Reich Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Wager Disaster: Mayem, Mutiny and Murder in the South Seas Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Making of the Atomic Bomb Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Unacknowledged: An Expose of the World's Greatest Secret Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Art of War & Other Classics of Eastern Philosophy Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Rise of the Fourth Reich: The Secret Societies That Threaten to Take Over America Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The God Delusion Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Only Plane in the Sky: An Oral History of 9/11 Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/577 Days of February: Living and Dying in Ukraine, Told by the Nation’s Own Journalists Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Forgotten Highlander: An Incredible WWII Story of Survival in the Pacific Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5They Thought They Were Free: The Germans, 1933–45 Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Faithful Spy: Dietrich Bonhoeffer and the Plot to Kill Hitler Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Heart of Everything That Is: The Untold Story of Red Cloud, An American Legend Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Unit 731: Testimony Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Band of Brothers: E Company, 506th Regiment, 101st Airborne from Normandy to Hitler's Eagle's Nest Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Girls of Atomic City: The Untold Story of the Women Who Helped Win World War II Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5
Reviews for LIFE Explores History of the Rifle
0 ratings0 reviews
Book preview
LIFE Explores History of the Rifle - Meredith Corporation
rifles.
1 BLACK POWDER, ALCHEMY, AND BOMBARDS
The earliest weapons were defined by human strength and ingenuity. Then came the discovery of a history-changing chemical reaction.
A painted silk banner from the 10th century shows Buddha being attacked by demons, one of whom is holding a gunpowder tube.
AN EXPLOSIVE POWER
The exact origins of gunpowder are unclear. But early Taoist texts refer to incendiary potions created by alchemist monks.
The story of firearms begins with chemistry: the invention of gunpowder.
For millennia, men expressed hostility by hurling hard objects at each other and stabbing foes with sharpened sticks. Ancient armies besieged enemy castles by harnessing mechanical ingenuity. They launched waves of flaming arrows, enormous stones, rotting animal carcasses, and even stinking loads of excrement.
But the discovery, possibly in 10th-century China, that combining charcoal, potassium nitrate (or saltpeter), and sulfur could cause explosions and, if properly channeled, send matter flying with deadly effect, changed the course of conflict.
ALCHEMISTS SEARCHING FOR IMMORTALITY
The exact timeline of the development of black powder
is unclear. But Taoist texts from the 9th and 10th centuries include references to the incendiary properties of potions created by alchemist monks. Some sustained burns, and there was at least one report of a workshop going up in flames. For the monks, it was a hazard of searching for an elixir yielding immortality. For some of the holy men’s contemporaries, however, the black powder may have suggested a way of limiting mortality rather than extending it. It is believed that Chinese of the era had the idea to use black powder in rudimentary bombs, grenades, and land mines against invading Mongols. The Mongols, in turn, are thought to have carried knowledge of black powder across Asia, spreading it through the Middle East and on to Europe.
In 1241, for example, advancing Mongol forces used powder-powered weapons to help trounce defenders of the Kingdom of Hungary and lay waste to their villages during the Battle of Mohi. Ideas moved from the East to the West and soon intermingled with European innovations. The 13th-century writings of English philosopher and Franciscan monk Roger Bacon contain cryptic references to exploding powder, while medieval alchemists across the continent began to experiment with elements of black powder in their attempts to transmute
lead to gold.
Part of the fascination with these evolving weapons was their terrifying dramatics. Not only did the arms have the capacity to knock down and kill opponents at great distances, but their repeated explosions generated impressive noise, flames, and smoke. The armored knight on a grand steed suddenly had to both carefully watch his back and negotiate threatening new conditions out on the battlefield.
THE BIRTH OF THE CANNON
By the late 13th century, military inventors realized they could use black powder to fire projectiles from an iron tube closed at one end. The cannon (from the Latin canna, referring to the hollow stem of a reed) was born. The closed end of the weapon came to be known as the breech. Powder and then a projectile were loaded via the open end, or muzzle. A soldier ignited the powder with a torch or smoldering ember through a touchhole in the rear. Rapidly expanded gases from the explosion propelled the ammunition from the barrel—the same basic principle used in firearms to this day.
Illuminated manuscripts of the era show soldiers igniting vase-shaped weapons firing arrow-shaped projectiles. Other early cannon propelled carved stones and iron balls to assault castle walls. England’s King Edward III used a type of cannon called a bombard against the Scots in the 1320s, and there are reports that cannon were used in the Hundred Years’ War.
EXPLODING CANNON
Primitive artillery did not always operate effectively. The chemical instability of early gunpowder recipes led to unintended explosions. Crude metallurgy meant that cannon frequently burst apart. Even when they worked properly, early muzzle-loaded weapons weren’t terribly accurate, and increasingly sophisticated fortifications limited their impact.
The chemical instability of early gunpowder recipes led to unintended explosions. Crude metallurgy meant cannon frequently burst apart.
Yet the psychological and physical effects of detonation changed the nature of warfare, allowing armies that deployed cannon in numbers to prevail against entrenched targets. By the 15th century, French and Italian artillery makers were producing transportable wheeled cannon used by such rulers as King Louis XI of France and his successor, Charles VIII, to consolidate power.
THE MYSTERIOUS FRIAR BACON
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, certain historians identified Roger Bacon (1214–1292) as a major figure in the development of firearms. Some researchers asserted that the Franciscan friar’s writings contain a cryptogram describing the ratio of ingredients needed for gunpowder. This view of Bacon fit with a broader impression that he was an early scientist of mystical bent.
While it’s possible that Bacon saw a demonstration of Chinese firecrackers, modern historians now doubt that he understood the concept of storing and releasing explosive energy via gunpowder. The passages in question probably did not originate with Bacon, and in any event the mixture described has the wrong proportions of ingredients to power a firearm.
EARLY LOOK In his treatise on siege weapons, 14th-century English scholar Walter de Milemete included