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    A Clash of Cultures: Fort Bowie and the Chiricahua Apaches
    A Clash of Cultures: Fort Bowie and the Chiricahua Apaches
    A Clash of Cultures: Fort Bowie and the Chiricahua Apaches
    Ebook122 pages1 hour

    A Clash of Cultures: Fort Bowie and the Chiricahua Apaches

    By Robert M. Utley

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    About this ebook

    Relates the history of the Apache Indians and of the Apache Wars of the 1800's. The Apache Wars ended with the surrender of their leader Geronimo. The parts played by Apaches Geronimo and Cochise, United States Army officers, Oliver Otis Howard, George Crook, and Nelson A. Miles, and many others are given in the narrative. Today the ruins of Fort Bowie, Arizona, stand as a monument commemorating the struggle of the Indians to maintain their way of life in the face of the white man's determination to conquer the wilderness.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherBarakaldo Books
    Release dateOct 9, 2020
    ISBN9781839746321
    A Clash of Cultures: Fort Bowie and the Chiricahua Apaches

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      Book preview

      A Clash of Cultures - Robert M. Utley

      © Barakaldo Books 2020, all rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any means, electrical, mechanical or otherwise without the written permission of the copyright holder.

      Publisher’s Note

      Although in most cases we have retained the Author’s original spelling and grammar to authentically reproduce the work of the Author and the original intent of such material, some additional notes and clarifications have been added for the modern reader’s benefit.

      We have also made every effort to include all maps and illustrations of the original edition the limitations of formatting do not allow of including larger maps, we will upload as many of these maps as possible.

      A CLASH OF CULTURES

      FORT BOWIE AND THE CHIRICAHUA APACHES

      BY

      ROBERT M. UTLEY

      TABLE OF CONTENTS

      Contents

      TABLE OF CONTENTS 4

      About the Author 5

      MAP 6

      Preface 7

      The Land and the People 9

      The Geographic Setting 12

      The Butterfield Overland Mail 14

      Alien Intruders 17

      Some Apache Lore 19

      The Bascom Affair 21

      One Man’s View of the Apaches 24

      The Cochise Wars 25

      Oliver Otis Howard 34

      Peace With Cochise and the Chiricahuas 38

      Howard Meets Cochise 39

      Cochise on Peace 40

      President Grant’s Peace Policy 43

      Geronimo and Crook 46

      The Apache Scouts 59

      Geronimo’s Case 66

      Ben Wittick 69

      Miles in Command 71

      Recriminations 82

      Last Years of Fort Bowie 83

      Conversion Tables 85

      Suggested Readings 86

      Department of the Interior 87

      REQUEST FROM THE PUBLISHER 88

      About the Author

      ROBERT M. UTLEY is currently deputy executive director of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. He is a specialist in western American history and was one of the founders of the Western History Association. He has written many articles and several books on Indians and the Army. He also serves on the board of advisers of the National Historical Society and the Center for American Indian History at the Newberry Library in Chicago.

      MAP

      Preface

      On September 8, 1886, soldiers and Indians gathered on the parade ground of a frontier post nestled amid cactus-studded hills. A cordon of blueclad troopers formed around a train of open wagons loaded with Indian families. As a military band drawn up at the base of the flagstaff played Auld Lang Syne, the procession moved out of the fort and headed north.

      The post was Fort Bowie, Arizona, for a quarter of a century a lonely bastion in Apache Pass, the heart of Apacheria. The Indians were Geronimo and his band of Chiricahua Apaches, for more than a decade scourges of the southwestern frontier. Now the warfare had ended, and with a touch of musical irony the victors bade farewell as the vanquished were escorted to the railroad cars that would bear them eastward to an uncertain future.

      Today the gaunt ruins of Fort Bowie, set in an environment otherwise uncluttered by man’s works, recall a dramatic and significant phase of the American past—the struggle of a dynamic and aggressive people to conquer the wilderness, and the struggle of a proud and independent people to retain the wilderness and the way of life they had known.

      The Land and the People

      The Apaches originally lived in the Great Plains, but in the 16th century they began to drift westward. Two hundred years later they had spread into the desert-and-mountain country we know as the American Southwest and had claimed Apache Pass as their own—a long time before white men gave it the name it bears today. The dry, sun-baked tangle of rocky slopes and gullies supporting a profusion of vegetation equipped with thorns and other armaments called for a sturdy people, and that the Apaches were; the people and the land complemented each other.

      The Apaches’ move westward coincided with the northward thrust of Spanish conquistadors from Mexico. By the 1700s, when the Apaches finally reached the limits of their migration, Spain had held the Rio Grande Valley for 100 years.

      Like the rivers and mountains of their new homeland, the various Apache groups came to be known by names the Spaniards gave them. The Indians of Apache Pass were Chiricahuas. One of three Chiricahua groups, they roamed over much of what is now southeastern Arizona. Another band, usually called Warm Springs or Mimbres, lived to the east, among forested mountains near the Rio Grande. A third group, the Nednhis, emerged in the 1800s after some Chiricahuas took refuge in the towering wilderness of Mexico’s Sierra Madre, to the south. Altogether, the Eastern, Central, and Southern Chiricahua probably numbered 1,000 to 2,000 people.

      The total Apache population in the middle 1500s stood at about 8,000. On the west and northwest of the Chiricahuas were Pinals and Aravaipas. To the

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