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TABLE OF CONTENT
I. II. 1. Repetition: .................................................................................................................. 1 What is repetition? ..................................................................................................... 1 How to avoid it? ......................................................................................................... 1 Using auxiliaries to avoid repetition: ......................................................................... 1 What does auxiliary mean? ..................................................................................... 1 What is the usage of auxiliary verbs? ........................................................................ 1 List of Auxiliaries: ..................................................................................................... 1 How to use an auxiliary to avoid repetition? .............................................................. 2 In short answer: .......................................................................................................... 2 Commenting on given information: ........................................................................... 2 Responding with a different auxiliary: ....................................................................... 3 Using more than one auxiliary: .................................................................................. 3 No auxiliary: ............................................................................................................... 3 III. IV. V. Reduced Infinitive: ..................................................................................................... 3 What is Infinitive? ...................................................................................................... 3 How to avoid it? ......................................................................................................... 4 Exercise ...................................................................................................................... 5 Answer Sheet: ............................................................................................................ 8
References ........................................................................................................................... 10
Group 1
Avoid Repetition
AVOIDING REPETITION
I. Repetition:
What is repetition?
Repetition means a thing, word, action, etc, that is repeated. It means that everything is again and again. Ex: I want to go to school, and she want to go to school, too. (want to go to school is repeat again and again, so it is repetition)
How to avoid it? It can be avoided by using: auxiliaries or reduced infinitives. Ex: I want to go to school and she does, too. (want to go to school is reduced by using an auxiliary verbdoesin another clause)
Group 1
Avoid Repetition
1. How to use an auxiliary to avoid repetition? In short answer: Avoiding repetition in short answer is not really a big problem. It can be avoided easily by using its own auxiliary verb. Ex: A: Will you go to your hometown this Pchum Ben? B: Yes, I think I will (go to my hometown). (go to my hometown is deleted in order to avoid repetition, or we can say that the speaker doesnt want to repeat the whole verb again) A: Can you do me a favor? B: No, I cant (do you a favor). (do me a favor isnt used again in sentence B because the speaker doesnt want to repeat the whole verb again, or the whole verb is understood) * It is very easy to avoiding repetition in the short answers. If we use can/cant in the question (sentence A), so we use can/cant again in the answer (sentence B) and delete the whole verb that is the same in both sentences A and B. Ex: A: Can I ask you a question? B: Yes, you can/should/must/will ask me a question. (should/must/will cant be used in sentence A because can is used in sentence A, so can is the right answer) (ask me a question is the same in sentence A and B, so no need to use it again in sentence Bit is understood.) Commenting on given information: Sometime we make a comment in a conversation, so we usually avoid repetition when we want to reply to the comment. Ex: A: He can drive a car. B: He can (drive a car), cant he (drive a car)? (drive a car is the same in sentence A and B, so it is not necessary to use it again in replying to a comment)
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Avoid Repetition
Responding with a different auxiliary: Sometime when we reply to a comment or answer a question, we are
necessary to use a different auxiliary from the comment or question. In this kind of avoiding repetition, the auxiliary verb should be used and considered carefully about the grammar before using it. Ex: A: I wont go to my hometown in the next holiday. B: You should (go to your hometown). (should is used rather than will/wont because in sentence B, the speaker want to give advice so that why the speaker use should not will/wont) Using more than one auxiliary: In one sentence, sometime there are more than one auxiliary, so to avoid repetition, we can use either one or two auxiliary or both of the verbs when we want to reply. Ex: A: Do I need to have a license in order to run this program? B: Yes, you need to (have a license). Yes, you do need to (have a license). Yes, you do (have a license). (in this example you can use a lot of way of using auxiliary verb to respond) No auxiliary: When there is no auxiliary verb in a sentence, we need to use do/does/did in order to avoid repetition. Ex: A: I like to play football. B: I do, too. (in this example there is no auxiliary verb, so when we want to reply to the answer or comment, we need to use do/did/does )
What is Infinitive? Infinitive is the basic form of a verb that usually follows by to in the sentences. Ex: I want to know what this word means. (to know is an infinitive)
Group 1
Avoid Repetition
To avoid repetition in infinitive, we need to delete the whole words after to when we reply to the answer, question, etc. Ex: A: I do not mean to read this sentence out loud. B: I think you do mean to (read this sentence out loud). (To avoid repetition, we just need to delete all the words after to, so we delete read this sentence out loud.)
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Avoid Repetition
Part 2: Answer the question using auxiliaries. Dont forget avoid repetition: Note: Answer can be more than one.
a. Do you know this girl? Yes, I do. b. Has he gone home? ______________________________________________ c. Will she come to our party? ______________________________________________ d. Did they travel by train? ______________________________________________ e. Have they bought the present? ______________________________________________ f. Are you sleeping? ______________________________________________ g. Are you from Canada? ______________________________________________ h. Is he a doctor? ______________________________________________ i. Is this free? ______________________________________________
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Avoid Repetition
______________________________________________ k. Does she live in New Orleans? ______________________________________________ l. Is she going to the dance? ______________________________________________ m. Are they flying home? ______________________________________________ n. Are you coming to the party? ______________________________________________ o. Can you do me a favor? ________________________________________________ p. Have you been to Singapore lately? _______________________________________________
2. Reduced Infinitive:
Part 1: Fill in the gaps by using the word in the blanket:
a. I hold a party last Sunday; I invited Jane to come, but she refused to (refuse). b. She asked me to go shopping with her, but I_______________ _____________didnt want to (not want). c. I promised to marry her, but I never____________________________ (intend to).
Part 2: Write the responses, using the verb in blankets and a reduced infinitives:
a. Why did you do to me? I didnt mean to. (not mean) b. Do you want to go for a walk with me? I_____________________________________________(not want). c. Did you forget to send me your e-mail? Sorry, I_______________________________________(forget). d. Did you agree with her about the new project? I_____________________________________________(agree). e. Are you going to your hometown this weekend? I_____________________________________________(go).
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Avoid Repetition
You__________________________________________(try).
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Avoid Repetition
V. Answer Sheet:
1. Yes/No Question: Part 1: Fill in the gaps with an auxiliary verbs:
b. Yes, I do. c. Yes, I do/can. d. Yes, you can. e. No, I am not.
Part 2: Answer the question using auxiliaries. Dont forget avoid repetition:
b. Yes, he has. c. Yes, she will. d. No, they didnt. e. Yes, they have. f. No, I am not. g. Yes, I am. h. No, he isn't. i. Yes, it is. j. Yes, I do. k. No, she doesn't l. Yes, she is. m. No, they are not. n. No, I am not. o. Yes, I can. p. No, I havent.
2. Reduced Infinitive: Part 1: Fill in the gaps by using the word in the blanket:
b. didnt want to c. intended to
Part 2: Write the responses, using the verb in blankets and a reduced infinitives:
b. didnt want to c. did forget to d. did agree to
e. am not going to
Group 1
Avoid Repetition
Group 1
Avoid Repetition
REFERENCES
1. Broukal, M. (2002). TOEFL Grammar Flash. Peterson's. 2. Burgess, S., & Acklam, R. Gold First Certificate Exam Maximiser. Longman. 3. Hewings, M. Advanced Grammar in Use. 4. Lim, P. L., Kurtin, M., & Wellman, L. (2004). Arco Grammar Workbook for TOEFL Exam. Peterson's. 5. WREN, P., & MARTIN, H. (1980). High School English Grammar and Composition. New Delhi: S. Chand & Company LTD.
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