INTRODUCTION TO

OPERATING SYSTEM

Harihar Kalia

INTRODUCTION

DEFINITION
AN OPERATING SYSTEM IS AN INTEGRATED SET OF PROGRAM THAT IS USED TO MANAGE THE VARIOUS RESOURCES AND OVERALL OPERATION OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM. A COMPUTER SYSTEM CAN BE DIVIDED ROUGHLY INTO FOUR COMPONENTS: THE HARDWARE, THE OPERATING SYSTEM, THE APPLICATION PROGRAMS AND THE USERS. HARDWARE: PROVIDES THE BASIC COMPUTING RESOURCES. APPLICATION PROGRAM: DEFINE THE WAY IN WHICH THESE RESOURCES ARE USED TO SOLVE THE COMPUTING PROBLEMS OF THE USERS. OPERATING SYSTEM: IT CONTROLS AND CO-ORDINATES THE USE OF THE HARDWARE AMONG THE VARIOUS APPLICATION PROGRAMS FOR THE VARIOUS USERS.

USER 1

USER 2

USER 3

USER N

COMPILER

ASSEMBLER

TEXT EDITOR

DATABASE SYSTEM

SYSTEM AND APPLICATION PROGRAM OPERATING SYSTEM

COMPUTER

HARDWARE

Abstract view of the components of a computer system.

OPERATING SYSTEM

TYPES OF

BATCH SYSTEMS MULTIPROGRAMMING SYSTEMS MULTIPROCESSING SYSTEMS TIME SHARING SYSTEMS DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS REAL TIME SYSTEMS

BATCH SYSTEMS
BATCH PROCESSING IS ALSO KNOWN AS A SERIAL, SEQUENCIAL, OFF LINE OR STACKED JOB PROCESSING. USER PREPARES HIS PROGRAM AND LEAVE THEIR PROGRAMS WITH THE OPERATOR. THE OPERATOR WOULD SORT PROGRAMS INTO BATCHES WITH SIMILAR REQUIREMENTS AND RUN EACH BATCH.THE OUTPUT FROM EACH JOB IS SEND BACK TO THE PROGRAMMER.

MEMORY LAYOUT FOR A SIMPLE BATCH SYSTEM

ADVANTAGES:
IT IS MOST APPROPRIATE METHOD OF PROCESSING FOR MANY TYPES OF APPLICATION WHERE IT IS NOT NECESSARY TO UPDATE INFORMATION ON DAILY BASIS. BATCH PROCESSING REDUCES THE IDLE TIME OF CPU.

DISADVANTAGES:
BATCH PROCESSING MAKES EACH JOB WAIT IN LINE AT EACH STEP AND OFTEN INCREASES ITS TURNAROUND TIME. IN BATCH PROCESSING, IT IS DIFFICULT TO PROVIDE THE

DESIRED PRIORITY SCHEDULING.

MULTIPROGRAMMING SYSTEM
MULTIPROGRAMMING SYSTEMS KEEP SEVERAL JOBS IN MEMORY SIMULTANEOUSLY. THE OPERATING SYSTEM PICKS AND BEGINS TO EXECUTE ONE OF THE JOBS IN MEMORY. WHEN THAT JOB NEEDS TO WAIT, THE CPU IS SWITCHED TO ANOTHER JOB. EVENTUALLY, THE FIRST JOB FINISHES WAITING AND GETS THE CPU BACK.

MEMORY LAYOUT FOR A MULTIPROGRAMMING SYSTEM.

ADVANTAGE AND LIMITATIONS OF MULTIPROGRAMMINGSYSTEM:

MULTIPROGRAMMING INCREASES CPU UTILIZATION BY ORGANISING JOBS SO THAT THE CPU ALWAYS HAS ONE TO EXECUTE. THIS SYSTEM REQUIRES LARGE MEMORY TO WORK SATISFACTORILY, TOGETHER WITH FAST SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES LIKE DISK AND FAST CPU. IT REQUIRES PROGRAM STATUS PRESERVATION.

MULTIPROCESSING SYSTEM
MULTIPROCESSING SYSTEMS HAVE MORE THAN ONE PROCESSOR IN CLOSE COMMUNICATION, SHARING THE COMPUTER BUS, THE CLOCK AND SOMETIMES MEMORY AND PERIPHERAL DEVICES. THE MOST COMMON MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEM NOW USE: SYMMETRIC MULTIPROCESSING: IN WHICH EACH PROCESSOR RUNS AN IDENTICAL COPY OF THE OPERATING SYSTEM, AND THESE COPIES COMMUNICATE WITH ONE ANOTHER AS NEEDED.

ASYMMETRIC MULTIPROCESSING: IN WHICH EACH PROCESSOR IS ASSIGNED A SPECIFIC TASK. A MASTER PROCESSOR CONTROLS THE SYSTEM. THIS SCHEME DEFINES A MASTER SLAVE RELATIONSHIP.

ADVANTAGES:
INCREASED THROUGHPUT. ECONOMY OF SCALE. INCREASED RELIABILITY.

TIME SHARING SYSTEMS

TIME SHARING IS LOGICAL EXTENSION OF MULTIPROGRAMMING.THE CPU EXECUTES MULTIPLE JOBS BY SWITCHING AMONG THEM. THE USER CAN INTERACT WITH EACH PROGRAM WHILE IT IS RUNNING. THIS SYSTEM ALLOWS MANY USER TO SHARE THE COMPUTER SIMULTANEOUSLY, ONLY A LITTLE CPU TIME IS NEEDED FOR EACH USER.

ADVANTAGES: IT REDUCES CPU IDLE TIME. OFFERS COMPUTING FACILITY TO SMALL USERS. PROVIDE ADVANTAGE OF QUICK RESPONSE. AVOID DUPLICATION OF SOFTWARE.

DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS
DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS DEPENDS ON NETWORKING FOR THEIR FUNCTIONALITY. DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS ARE ABLE TO SHARE COMPUTATIONAL TASKS, AND PROVIDE A RICH SET OF FEATURES TO USERS. EACH PROCESSOR HAS ITS OWN LOCAL MEMORY, PROCESSOR COMMUNICATE WITH ONE ANOTHER THROUGH VARIOUS COMMUNICATION LINES SUCH AS HIGH SPEED BUSES OR TELEPHONE LINES.

NETWORKS ARE TYPECAST BASED ON THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THEIR NODES. LAN: EXISTS WITHIN ROOM OR A BUILDING.

WAN: EXISTS BETWEEN BUILDINGS, CITIES OR COUNTRIES.

MAN: IT COULD LINK BUILDINGS WITHIN A CITY.

ADVANTAGES:
RESOURCE SHARING. COMPUTATIONAL SPEED UPLOAD SHARING. RELIABILITY. COMMUNICATIONS.

REAL TIME SYSTEMS

A SYSTEM IN WHICH A TRANSACTION ACCESSES AND UPDATES A FILE QUIKLY ENOUGH TO AFFECT THE ORIGINAL DECISION MAKING IS CALLED REAL TIME SYSTEM. A REAL TIME SYSTEM HAS WELL-DEFINED, FIXED TIME CONSTRAINTS, OR THE SYSTEM WILL FAIL. REAL TIME SYSTEMS COME IN TWO FLAVORS: HARD AND SOFT.

HARD REAL TIME SYSTEM: IT GUARANTEES THAT CRITICAL TASK BE COMPLETED ON TIME.
SOFT REAL TIME SYSTEM: A LESS RESTRICTIVE TYPE OF REAL TIME SYSTEM, WHERE A CRITICAL REAL-TIME GETS PRIORITY OVER OTHER TASK AND RETAINS THAT PRIORITY UNTIL IT COMPLETES. REAL TIME SYSTEMS ARE USEFUL IN SEVERAL AREAS, INCLUDING MULTIMEDIA, VIRTUAL REALITY AND ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC PROJECTS SUCH AS UNDERSEA EXPLORATION AND PLANETARY ROVERS.

OPERATING SYSTEM

ROLES OF

PROCESS MANAGEMENT MAIN MEMORY MANAGEMENT FILE MANAGEMENT INPUT/OUTPUT MANAGEMENT SECONDARY STORAGE MANAGEMENT PROTECTION SYSTEM

PROCESS MANAGEMENT
A PROCESS CAN BE THOUGHT OF AS A PROGRAM IN EXECUTION. A PROCESS NEEDS CERTAIN RESOURCES- INCLUDING CPU TIME, MEMORY, FILES AND I/O DEVICES TO ACCOMPLISH ITS TASK. THESE RESOURCES ARE EITHER GIVEN TO THE PROCESS WHEN IT IS CREATED, OR ALLOCATED TO IT WHILE IT IS RUNNING. THE EXECUTION OF A PROCESS MUST BE SEQUENTIAL. THE CPU EXECUTES ONE INSTRUCTION OF THE PROCESS AFTER ANOTHER, UNTIL THE PROCESS COMPLETES.

ROLE OF OPERATING SYSTEM IN PROCESS MANAGEMENT

CREATING AND DELETING BOTH USER AND SYSTEM PROCESSES. SUSPENDING AND RESUMING PROCESSES. PROVIDING MECHANISM FOR PROCESS SYNCHRONIZATION. PROVIDING MECHANISM FOR PROCESS COMMUNICATION. PROVIDING MECHANISM FOR DEADLOCK HANDLING.

MAIN MEMORY MANAGEMENT

MAIN MEMORY IS A LARGE ARRAY OF WORDS OR BYTES. EACH WORD HAS ITS OWN ADDRESS. THE CENTRAL PROCESSOR READS INSTRUCTION FROM MAIN MEMORY DURING THE INSTRUCTION-FETCH CYCLE, AND IT BOTH READS AND WRITES DATA FROM MAIN MEMORY DURING THE DATA FETCH CYCLE. THE SELECTION OF A MEMORY MANAGEMENT SCHEME FOR A SPECIFIC SYSTEM DEPENDS ON HARDWARE DESIGN OF THE SYSTEM. EACH ALGORITHM REQUIRES ITS OWN HARDWARE SUPPORT.

ROLE OF OPERATING SYSTEM IN MAIN MEMORY MANAGEMENT

KEEPING TRACK OF WHICH PARTS OF MEMORY ARE CURRENTLY BEING USED AND BY WHOM. DECIDING WHICH PROCESSES ARE TO BE LOADED INTO MEMORY WHEN MEMORY SPACE BECOMES AVAILABLE. ALLOCATION AND DEALLOCATION MEMORY SPACE AS NEEDED.

FILE MANAGEMENT
COMPUTERS CAN STORE INFORMATION ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF PHYSICAL MEDIA LIKE MAGNETIC TAPE, OPTICAL DISK. EACH MEDIUM IS CONTROLLED BY A DEVICE SUCH AS DISK DRIVE OR TAPE DRIVE. THE OPERATING SYSTEM ABSTRACTS FROM THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ITS STORAGE DEVICES TO DEFINE A LOGICAL STORAGE UNIT, THE FILE. THE OPERATING SYSTEM MAPS FILE ONTO PHYSICAL MEDIA AND ACCESSES THESE FILES VIA THE STORAGE DEVICES.

ROLE OF OPERATING SYSTEM IN FILE MANAGEMENT

CREATING AND DELETING FILES. CREATING AND DELETING DIRECTORIES. SUPPORTING PRIMITIVES FOR MANIPULATING FILES AND DIRECTORIES. MAPPING FILES ONTO SECONDARY STORAGE. BACKING UP FILES ON STABLE STORAGE MEDIA.

INPUT/OUTPUT MANAGEMENT

THE DEVICES THAT ATTACH TO A COMPUTER VARY IN MANY ASPECTS. THEY VARY GREATLY IN SPEED. BECAUSE OF ALL THIS DEVICE VARIATION, THE OPERATING SYSTEM NEEDS TO PROVIDE A WIDE RANGE OF FUNCTIONALITY TO APPLICATION, TO ALLOW THEM TO CONTROL ALL ASPECTS OF THE DEVICES. A VARIETY OF METHODS ARE NEEDED TO CONTROL I/O DEVICES. THESE METHODS FORM THE I/O SUBSYSTEM OF THE KERNEL. GOALS OF THE SUBSYSTEMS: PROVIDE THE SIMPLEST INTERFACE POSSIBLE TO THE SYSTEM. OPTIMIZE I/O FOR MAXIMUM CONCURRENCY. ROLE OF OPERATING SYSTEM IN I/O SYSTEM MANAGEMENT

MANAGE AND CONTROL I/O OPERATIONS AND I/O DEVICES.

SECONDARY STORAGE MANAGEMENT

THE MAIN PURPOSE OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM IS TO EXECUTE PROGRAMS. THESE PROGRAM, WITH THE DATA MUST BE IN MAIN MEMORY DURING EXECUTION. LIMITATIONS OF MAIN MEMORY: MAIN MEMORY IS USUALLY TOO SMALL TO STORE ALL NEEDED PROGRAMS AND DATA PERMANENTLY. MAIN MEMORY IS VOLATILE STORAGE DEVICE.

MOST COMPUTER SYSTEM USE DISKS AS THE PRINCIPAL STORAGE MEDIUM, FOR BOTH PROGRAM AND DATA. HENCE PROPER MANAMEMENT OF DISK STORAGE IS NECESSARY.

ROLE OF OPERATING SYSTEM IN PROCESS MANAGEMENT

FREE SPACE MANAGEMENT. STORAGE ALLOCATION. DISK SCHEDULING.

PROTECTION SYSTEM

PROTECTION IS ANY MECHANISM FOR CONTROLLING THE ACCESS OF PROGRAMS, PROCESSES, OR USERS TO THE RESOURCES DEFINED BY A COMPUTER SYSTEM. FOR THAT PURPOSE, MECHANISM ENSURE THAT THE FILES, MEMORY SEGMENT, CPU AND OTHER RESOURCES CAN BE OPERATED ON BY ONLY THOSE PROCESSES THAT HAVE GAINED PROPER AUTHORIZATION FROM THE OPERATING SYSTEM. PROTECTION CAN IMPROVE RELIABILITY BY DETECTING LATENT ERRORS AT THE INTERFACES BETWEEN COMPONENTS SUBSYSTEMS. A PROTECTION ORIENTED SYSTEM PROVIDES A MEANS TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN AUTHORIZED AND UNAUTHORIZED USAGE.

OPERATING SYSTEM SERVICES

OPERATING SYSTEM SERVICES:

PROGRAM EXECUTION INPUT/OUTPUT OPERATION FILE SYSTEM MANIPULATION COMMUNICATIONS ERROR DETECTION RESOURCE ALLOCATION ACCOUNTING PROTECTION

THANK YOU