AC and DC

Battery or Cell Direct Current (5V, 12V) Power Plug in Home Alternating Current (115V, 230V) Electric bulb , Toasters 230V Television, Radio DC voltage So AC to DC conversion is needed

AC to DC
Transformer Reduces the voltage to 12V AC Rectifier Combines +ve and ve cycles Capacitor Acts as a Voltage resorvior Regulator- Cancles the ripple and produce regulated DC

AC TO DC

RESISTOR
Used to reduce the voltage across the terminals of the circuit Reduced voltage will cause lower current to flow BBROYGBVGW 1st band = Red 2nd band = Red 3rd band = yellow 4th band = Gold R value == 220Kohms

 Resistor in series = Voltage is divided between two V= IR ohms Law I = V/R and R = V/I Resistor drops voltage by dropping excess power into heat P = V*I P = sqr(V)/R P = sqr(I)/R

DIODE
Allows current to flow in only one direction Cathode and Anode Cathode End with the stripe Forward voltage drop When current is flowing voltage at the anode is always higher than the voltage at the cathode Current increases Voltage drop increases LED is also a diode Forward voltage drop Silicon 0.6 to 0.7 V Schottky 0.3 V Germanium 0.2 V

Zener Diode
Zener Voltage Does not allow the current to flow until the zener voltage Supply voltage increase and voltage across zener remain constant Application: Used as a clamp Provide a fixed reference voltage so used in regulated power supply

Transistor

Cont
Three openings Base collector and Emitter Act as a Switch Act as a Amplifier B Provide current(voltage pressure) to make current flow from C to E Voltage pressure between B and E = 0.6V Tiny amount of current in B allows large amount of current to flow from C to E Amplification effect

Cont..
Current flow in B is limited transistor will be OFF Two types PNP and NPN NPN Electrons as carriers PNP Holes as carriers More electrons put into B will allow more current to flow from C to E Gain = No.of electrons put into B