Aim of the Project

To design and manufacture a working model of Scotch

yoke mechanism. To get a practical exposure of machine tools and other manufacturing equipments.

Problem Statement
To convert rotary motion into Reciprocatory motion in

a simple harmonic manner. To build a working model which can be fabricated easily using the available tools and machinery.

Scotch yoke mechanism

Introduction

The Scotch yoke is a mechanism for converting the linear motion of a slider into rotational motion or vice-versa.

Simple Harmonic Motion

MATHEMATICAL EXPLAINATION

Scotch yoke mechanism converts rotary motion into translatory motion which is simple harmonic in nature.

Suppose crankshaft is rotating at an angular velocity .

u If r is the radius of the crank then, tangential velocity, v= r . v

From the mechanism we have the following relation;

Component of tangential velocity in Y-direction is given by;

U = Reciprocating velocity of U-Slot.

If is the angle made by the tangential velocity with X-Axis at any point of time, Component of tangential velocity in Y direction is u = rsin.

U = v.sin So, velocity of U-Slot= rsin.

As a result , Velocity of U-Slot is a sine function of . Now as we know, is directly proportional to time. this implies velocity of U-Slot is a sine function of time. Hence, the motion of U-Slot is a simple harmonic motion. Advantage of SHM The sinusoidal motion, cosinusoidal velocity, and sinusoidal acceleration (assuming constant angular velocity) results in smoother operation of the mechanism.

Resources Used
Materials Mild steel plates Dimensions 1. 50 mm x 5 mm 2. 50 mm x 2.5 mm

Mild Steel Rod

Mild steel hollow pipe Mild steel square pipe

1. 20 mm 2. 25 mm
30 mm (internal) 34 mm (external) 25 mm x 25 mm (external) Thickness-2 mm

Equipment Used
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Lathe Machine Drilling machine Shaper machine Grinding machine Power tools Power Hacksaw Electric arc welding machine

Manufacturing Procedure

Crank and Handle

Lathe Machine
Obtained Cylindrical Rods Of Required Dimension Operations: Plain Turning And Parting Handle

Electric arc welding

Welded Handle And Crank With Crank-shaft

Crankshaft Crank

Crank and Handle

U-Slot
Power Hacksaw Power tools
Obtained square pipe of required length Used surface grinding machine to obtain smooth surface Used power cutter to remove one face of the square pipe

U-Slot

Yoke (Slider Block)

Lathe Machine
Obtained a cylindrical block of required length

Shaping machine
Converted the cylindrical block into a cuboid of required dimensions

Drilling machine
Hole is drilled in the middle of block to accommodate the crank

Yoke (Slider Block)

Foundation
Power hacksaw Drilling
Drilled holes to mount the crankshaft Obtained metallic Strips Of Required Lengths

Electric arc welding

Welded the metallic strips to get a rigid foundation

Foundation

Guides
Power hacksaw
Obtained metallic strips of required lengths

Power cutter

Obtained slots in the metallic strips

Guides

Piston and piston rod

Lathe machine Welding
Obtained cylindrical rods of required diameters and lengths using plain turning and parting Welded piston to piston rod Welded the above assembly to U-slot

Hollow Cylinder
Power Hacksaw
Cut the pipe of required length

Piston and piston rod

Hollow Cylinder

Step-by-step procedure

Foundation And Crank Shaft

The crank shaft is made to pass

through the holes drilled in the foundation Constrained the linear motion and rotation in two axes by above step Welded washers to constrain linear motion along the crank shaft axis Now, we can rotate the crank by rotating the handle

Guides and Foundation

Guides are welded to the

foundation Welding is done carefully so that the guides are perfectly vertical and are parallel.

Foundation and hollow cylinder

Hollow cylinder is

welded to the foundation using metallic strips Now the hollow cylinder is completely constrained

U-slot and Guides

In scotch yoke mechanism,

the linear reciprocating motion of U-slot is constrained by the guides. Bolts (with metallic washers) passing through the slot of the guide are welded to the U-slot Now the U-slot is constrained to move along the guide.

Yoke, crank and U-slot

Pin Joint between crank and

yoke:

o Crank is made to pass through

the hole drilled in the yoke o This forms a pin joint i.e.; crank can freely rotate in the hole of the yoke Slider joint between yoke and

U-slot:

o Yoke is placed inside the U-slot,

so that it can freely slides inside it, forming a slider joint.

Piston and Cylinder

The hollow cylinder is already constrained (welded)

with the foundation. Piston is made to slide inside the hollow cylinder. This completes the assembly providing each component only one degree of freedom (except foundation and guides)

Assembled Model

Final Assembly

Challenges and difficulties faced

Incorrect Selection of Crank Length
1. The length of the crank was taken too large.

2. As a result , the radius of revolution of crank was too large which eventually required a longer U-Slot to facilitate reciprocatory motion.
3. Longer guides were subjected to unbalanced dynamic forces and moments which restricted the free translatory motion..

Unbalanced moment

 Using Wood-based Foundation 1. The size of foundation required to keep the system in equilibrium had to be bigger, bulkier and complex(because of bigger crank). This problem was tackled using big logs of wood. 2. The wood blocks were cut and joined accordingly using nails . This led to formation of weaker joints. 3. While operation , the wooden guides were subjected to large vibrations which made the reciprocatory motion of U-slot unsatisfactory. 4. Relatively larger force was required to rotate the crank manually .

Rejected wooden model

Applications
This setup is most commonly used in control valve actuators in high pressure oil and gas pipelines. Shaper uses a Scotch yoke which has been adjusted to provide a slow speed forward stroke and a faster return. It has been used in various internal combustion engines, such as the Bourke engine, SyTech engine, and many hot air engines and steam engines.

Bibliography

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_yoke

http://www.tecquipment.com/Theory_of_Machines/Enginee ring-Science/RE300/M6.aspx Theory of Machines by R. S. Khurmi.