By: Nur Fadhilah Binti Mohd Shaher Nur Nezanna Binti Mohamed Siti Munirah Binti Salehuddin

Definition of Morphology

Definition of Morpheme
Types of Morphemes;
Bound & Free Derivational & Inflection

Exercises

 Morphology is the identification, analysis and

description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation/stress, or implied context (words in a lexicon are the subject matter of lexicology)

(Source: Wikipedia)

 a study and description of word formation (as

inflection, derivation, and compounding) in language the system of word-forming elements and processes in a language a study of structure or form
(Source: http://www.merriam-webster.com)

Morpheme (mr'fm') n. A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as -ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts.

(Source: http://www.answers.com/topic/morpheme)

o Bound morphemes (affixes) must be

attached to the word. o They are prefixes, infixes, suffixes and circumfixes (enlighten, embolden). o Such as {clude} as in include, exclude, preclude) or they may be grammatical (such as {PLU} = plural as in boys, girls, and cats).

 Free morphemes are those that can stand alone as

words. Example: girl, system, desire, hope, act, phone, happy

 A root is a morphemes that cannot be analyzed

into smaller parts. Example: cran (as in cranberry), act, beauty, system, etc..
Free Root Morpheme: run, bottle, phone, etc.

Bound Root Morpheme: receive, remit, uncount,

uncouth, nonchalant, etc.

 A stem is formed when a root

morphemes is combined with an affix. Other affixes can be added to a stem to form a more complex stem.

 Root

Stem
Word

believe (verb) believe + able (verb + suffix) un + believe + able (prefix +verb + suffix)

Root
Stem Stem

Stem

Word

system system + atic un + system + atic un + system + atic + al un + system + atic + al + ly

 Derivational morphology changes the meaning of

words by applying derivations.

Derivation is the combination of a word stem with a

morpheme, which forms a new word, which is often of a different class.

It has clear semantic content.

 Derivational morphemes include:

- suffixes (e.g., 'ish,' 'ous,' 'er,' 'y,' 'ate,' and 'able') - prefixes (e.g., 'un,' 'im,' 're,' and 'ex'). (Donald G. Ellis, From Language to Communication. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1999) When they are added to a base, a new word with a new meaning is derived. The derived word may also be of different grammatical class than the original word.

Noun to Verb to Noun Adjective Boy + -ish Clear + -ance Virtu + -ous Sing + -er Picture + -sque Predict + -ion Alcohol + -lic Noun to Verb Moral + -ise Hast + -en Adjective to Noun Free + -dom Feudal +-ism

Adjective to Adverb exact + -ly

Verb to Adjective Creat + -ive Read + -able

Divide to two classes:

(a) triggers subtle changes in pronunciation e.g: specific to specificity (b) tacked onto a base word without affecting the pronunciation e.g: baker, boyish, fullness

 Inflectional morphemes modify a verb's tense or a

noun's number without affecting the word's meaning or class. Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are adding -s to the root dog to form dogs and adding -ed to wait to form waited.

Source: (wikipedia)

 Morphemes Bound

Free

Affix
Derivational Prefix Pre-

Inflectional Suffix -ing -er -s -s -est s -en -ed

Un Con-

Suffix -ly -ist -ment

 Change the form of a word but not its lexical category

or its central meaning.

E.g: cats, collected, sleeps and louder

Inflectional examples in : number, gender, case, tense, aspect, mood, agreement.

 For example in English, a morpheme inflect into four

forms:
PRESENT ( -s ) PAST (-ed ) PROGRESSIVE ( -ing ) PAST PARTICIPLE ( -en )

Waits

waited

waiting

Had waited

Possessive ( -s )

Disas hair is short

Comparative ( -er )

Disa has short-er hair than Karin

Superlative (-est)

Disa has the short-est hair

Divide the following words into their morphemes. Indicate which morphemes are inflectional and which are derivational Eg: mistreatment = treat (root) + mis(derivational) + -ment (derivational) Airsickness Psychology Waiting Cars

 Airsickness = sick (root) + air (derivational) + -

ness (derivational) Psychology = psych- or psyche (root) + o + logy (derivational) Waiting = wait ( root ) + - ing (inflectional) Cars = car ( root )+ -s ( inflectional )

WELL DONE

Analyze each of the items below morphologically. Determine

a. how many morphemes each item contains (1 or more

than 1); b. which are free and which bound; c. which one is the root; and what are the remaining morphemes: prefixes or suffixes; d. which are derivational and which inflectional

Eg: A. sleep: 1 morpheme free root: sleep Suffix: none Derivational : none Inflectional : none

B. dehumidifiers

C. re-established
D. security blanket E.

apologise

dehumidifiers 5 morphemes free: humid bound: de- (prefix), -ify, -er, -s (suffixes) root: humid derivational: de-, -ify, -er inflectional suffix -s

re-established morphemes: 3 free: establish bound: re-, -ed root: establish derivational: re inflectional: -ed

security blanket morphemes: 3 free: secure, blanket bound: -ity roots: secure, blanket derivational: -ity inflectional: none

apologise morphemes: 2 free: bound: apology-, -ise root: apology derivational: -ise inflectional: none

GOOD JOB

THANK YOU