Arakanpost July August 2012

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jr&mZmvif;u ajymonf/
]]uRefrwdkU arsmfvifhwmu rpwm
uifwm;em;om &cdkifjynftwGif;rSm 'D
avmuf vlOD;a&rsm;jym;vmwm bm
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ay:vmwm bmaMumifhvJqdkwJh tjzpf
rSefawGudk odoGm;vdkU&Sd&if oluwqifh
urmhEdkifiHtoD;oD;uvnf; aoao
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ta&; txl;udk,fpm;vS,f rpwm
uifwm;em;onf Zlvdkifv 30 &ufaeU
rS Mo*wfpfv 4 &ufaeUtxd vnf
ywf&ef jrefrmEdkifiHodkU a&muf&Sd aejyD;
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Jh l OD;at;omatmifu ajym-um;
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f Ja&;rSL; Adv
k frLS ;-uD; atmif-uD; axmif tESpf 40 cscH&
4-8-2012
armifawmjrdKUwGif ZGefv 8 &ufaeUu
jzpfyGm;cJhaom rGwfqvifrsm;\ tMurf;
ufwdkufcdkufrI tay: vufydkufMunfh
aecJhaom e,fpyfa'o vl0ifrlppfaq;
uGyfuJa&; XmecsKyf uGyfuJa&;rSL;
AdkvfrSL;MuD;atmifMuD;udk axmiftESpf
40 csrSwfvdkufaMumif; cdkifvHkaom
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,cktcg AdkvfrSL;MuD; atmifMuD;udk
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odef;u AdkvfrSL;MuD;atmifMuD;udk axmif
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csum ppfawGodkUac:,loGm;jyD;? ppfawGrS
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olUudk p&z tzGJUuawmfawmf jyif;jyif;

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ajymygw,f}}[k olu qdkonf/
a':vwfvwfodef; tajymt& AdkvfrSL;
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ajymqdkonf[k qdkonf/
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,ljyD; ypfrdefUray;wm r[kwfbl;vdkU
a':vwfvwfodef;u ajymygw,f}}[k
qufajymonf/
armifawmjrdKUwGif ZGefv 8 &ufaeUu
jzpfyGm;cJhaom qlyltMurf;zufrIwGif
AdkvfrSL;MuD; atmifMuD;on fvm'faiG
tajrmuftrsm;,ljyD; tvdkwltvdkyg yl;
aygif;MuHpnfcJhol tjzpftrsm; jynf
olrsm;u pGyfpGJxm;Muonf/
qlyltMurf;zufol rGwfqvifvltkyf
onf &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm; aexdkifaom
tdrfrsm;udk pwifwdkufcdkufpOf AdkvfrSLMuD;
atmifMuD;rSm tjcHt&Hrsm;jzifh a&muf&Sd
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zufolrsm;onf &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm; ydkif
qdkifaomtdrfrsm;? aps;qdkifrsm;udk
armif&rm
3-8-2012
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rSm oHk;oyfvdkuf&if &cdkifjynfe,frSm
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aw;em;vmwJh c&D;pOftay:rSm bMuD;
wdkUuawmh xl;xl;jcm;jcm; &cdkifjynf
e,feJU &cdkifjynfolawGudk tusdK;jyK
vdrfhr,fvdkU rxifbl;}}[k ukvor*
ukd,fpm;vS,f uifaw;em;eJU awGUqHkcGifh
&cJhol &cdkif'Drdkua&pD tzGJUcsKyf OuX
OD;at;omatmifu ajymonf/
OD;at;omatmifESifh uifaw;em;wdkU
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awGUqHkjyD;cJhonf/ olUESifh awGUqHkcJhjyD;
aemuf aqG;aEG;cJhwJh taMumif;t&m

awGay:rSm b,fvdk jrifygovJvdkU
ed&O&mrS ar;jref;&mrSm OD;at;om
atmifu txufygtwdkif; ajymMum;
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pm;vS,f rpwmuifaw;em;onf OD;
at;omatmif ,ck jzpfaeaom &cdkif
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&Sif;oifhaMumif; ajzMum;vdkufonf[k
qdkonf/
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roGm;cifu awGUwmjzpfygw,f/ bMuD;
u taumif;qHk; ajz&Sif;enf; uawmh
orw OD;odef;pdefajymxm;wJhtwdkif;
wzuf EdkifiHucdk;0ifvmwJh olawGudk
ppfaq; ta&;,l&r,f/ pcef;wckrSm
xdef;odrf;xm;&r,fvdkU ajzMum;vdkufyg
w,f}}[k qdkonf/
OD;at;omatmifrS rpwm uifaw;em;
tm; &cdkifjynfe,f\ aemufcHordkif;ESifh
vuf&Sd tajctaersm;udk tao;pdwf
avhvm&efvdkjyD; tajctaerSefudk
vGwfajrmufvmonfh Edik fiaH &; tusOf;om; 23 OD;xJwGif &cdkifrS 2 OD; yg0if
armif&rm
4-7-2012
,ck vGwfjidrf;csrf;omcGifhjzifh ,refaeUu vGwfajrmufvmol
EdkifiHa&;orm; 23OD;xJwGif &ckdifEdkifiHa&;orm; tusOf;om;
2 OD; yg0ifonf/
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xm;&ol rdk;oD; (ac:) atmifrdk;aZmfESifh atmifEdkifwdkU jzpf
Muonf/ ukdrdk;oD; (ac:) ukdatmifrdk;aZmfrSm tif;pddefaxmifrS
vTwfvmjyD; ukdatmifEdkifrSm bm;tHaxmifrS vTwfajrmuf
vmjcif; jzpfonf/
olwdkUESpfOD; vGwfajrmufvmjcif;rSm rSefuefaMumif; &ckdifwkdif;
&if;om;rsm;wdk;wufa&;ygwD&Hk; (&efukef) &Hk;wm0ef&SdolwOD;u
ed&O&modkU twnfjyK ajymMum;onf/
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atmifEdkifeJU atmifrdk;aZmfwdkU jzpfygw,f}}[k ajymonf/
tusOf;axmifxJwGif aemufxuf &cdkifEdkifiHa&;orm; 2 OD;
usef&Sdaeao;jyD; if;wdkUrSm tif;pdef A[dktusOf;axmifwGif
tusOf;uscHae&aom &Jxufpdk;ESifh yckuL tusOf;axmifwGif

tusOf;usaeaom Edkifpdk;(ac:) rJvHk;wdkUjzpfonf/
,ck vGwfajrmufvmaom EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om; 23 OD;rSm
atmufydkif;twdkif; jzpfonf/
1/ ukdat;atmif ( uav; tusOf;axmif)
2/ ukdatmifatmifOD; ( uom tusOf;axmif)
3/ a':vSvS0if;(c)a':0if; (aumhaomif; tusOf;axmif)
4/ ukdjynfhjzdK;armif (jynftusOf;axmif)
5/ ukdatmifEdkif (zm;tH tusOf;axmif)
6/ OD;0D&d, (c)cifarmif0if; (rEav; tusOf;axmif)
7/ a'gufwmausmfausmf (jrif;jcH tusOf;axmif)
8/ cGefaum&D,kd(c)rm&D,kd (jrif;jcH tusOf;axmif)
9/ ukdoefUaZmf(c)oef;aZmf (o&uf tusOf;axmif)
10/ ukdtefaxmeD(c)xGef;jr (tif;pdef tusOf;axmif)
11/ ukdatmifrkd;aZmf(c)rkd;oD; (tif;pdef tusOf;axmif)
12/ rat;at;EG,f (tif;pdef tusOf;axmif)
13/ ukdat;odef;(c)&efEkdif (tif;pdef tusOf;axmif)
14/ ukdjrifhMudKif (tif;pdeftusOf;axmif)
15/ apmz&efppf (c)ausmfausmf (tif;pdeftusOf;axmif)
16/ apmEkdif0if;(c) tvufZEm; (tif;pdeftusOf;axmif)
17/ rZmenfOD;(c)ZmZm (tif;pdef tusOf;axmif)
18/ apm0DvD,rf (tif;pdeftusOf;axmif)
19/ ukdaZmfrif;atmif (tif;pdeftusOf;axmif)
20/ ukdxGef;jrwfol (tif;pdeftusOf;axmif)
21/ rOD; (xm;0,ftusOf;axmif)
22/ r0g (xm;0,ftusOf;axmif)
23/ udk0if;vGif (xm;0,ftusOf;axmif)
July- August 2012
pmrsufESm 4
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uifaw;em;c&D;pOf &cdkif twGuf tusdK; r&SdEdkif
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olwdkUu b*FvDawGudkbJ cefUw,f/ 'ghjyif &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;awGudk pm;p&mr&Sd
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twlaeayr,fh &cdkfifom;awGudk raxmufyHhbl;/ olwdkUu 'Dvdk cGJjcm; qufqHrlawG
'Dvdkvkyfxm;wmjzpfw,f}}[k wjcm;a'ocHwpfOD;uvnf; zHk;rSwqifh ed&O&modkU
ajymonf/
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a'otwGif;u t&m&Sd trsm;pkonf tqdkyg EdkifiHjcm;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ taqmif
ta,mifrsm;udk toHk;jyKjyD; a'ocHwdkif;&if;om;rsm;tay: apmfum;jcif;? armuf
armufpGm qufqHjcif;? rxDrJhjriffjyKjcif;? tzufrwefovdk qufqHjcif;rsm;udk
tpOftjrJ jyKvkyfcJhonf[k a'ocHrsm;u ajymonf/
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wGif; vlrsdK;a&;y#dyuudk ydkrdkjzpfaponf[k vlrIa&;vkkyfief;aqmif &Gufaeolwpf
OD;u ajymonf/
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awm a'otwGif;rSmaewJh b*FvDawGqDudk a&mufoGm;w,f/ zdESdyfcH ae&csif;t
wlwl 'Dvdk EdkifiHjcm;tef*sDtkdawGuyg cGJjcm;qufqHrludk cH&wm[m olwdkUaMumifh
qdkjyD; rsufrkef;usdK;jyD; &efjidK;awG xm;vmw,f/ 'Dvdk tef*sDtkdawG&JU a'otwGif;
jzpfay:aewJh jyemtay:rSm aocsmravhvmbJ wzufapmif;eif;vkyfwJh twGuf
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oHk;oyfrdygw,f}}[k ajymonf/
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udk txl;OD;pm;ay;qufqHjyD; wjcm;wbufudk rsufuG,fjyKxm;ojzifh vlrsdK;ESpf
rsdK;tMum;wGif o[ZmwrjzpfbJ wpfbufESifhwbuftMum;wGif ydkjyD;tjrif
apmif;vmum y#dyuudk ydkrdkMuD;xGm;vmaponf[k oluqufajymonf/
if;jyif EdkifiHjcm;rS vma&mufvkyfudkifaeaom aq;bufqdkif&m tef*sDtdk trsm;pk
onfvnf; a'ocHwdkif;&if;om;rsm;xuf b*FvDvlrsdK;rsm;tm; ydkrdk usef;rma&;
apmifha&Smufay;jyD; cGJjcm;qufqHrlrsm;udk tMuD;tus,f jyKvkyfaeonf[k a'ocH
rsm;u pGyfpGJ ajymqdkonf/
,ckuJhodkU ,lteftzGJUtpnf;rsm;tygt0if EdkifiHjcm; tef*sDtdkrsm;taejzifh a'ocH
wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;qufqHrlrsm; jyKvkyfxm;ojzifh ,ckqlyltMurf; zufrI
jzpfyGm;pOf olwdkU\vHkjcHKa&;udk pdwfrcspdk;&drf&mrS olwdkU\0efxrf;rsm;udk tjrefqHk; &
cdkifjynfe,fxJrS&kwfodrf;um &efukefodkU a&TUajymif;oGm;Mujcif;jzpfonf[k qdkonf/
,cktcg ,ltef vufatmufcH tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh EdkfifiHjcm;tef*sDtdkrsm; vuf&Sd
qlyl tMurf;zufrIaMumifh xGufajy;cJhMu&aom 'kuonfrsm;ta&;udk taMumif;
jyum &cdkifjynfe,fodkU jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmaomfvnf; olwdkU\ tultnD
tay: a'ocH wdkif;&if;om;rsm;u txl;arQmfvifhcsuf rxm;aMumif; od&onf/
armifawmjrdKU tvdkawmfjynfhausmif;xdkifq&mawmfrS olUausmif;&Sd 'kuonfrsm;
twGuf EdkifiHjcm;tef*sDtdkrsm;rS vSL'gef;aom tultnDrsm;udk vufrcHaMumif;ukd
jrefrmtpdk;& t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh EdkifiHjcm; tef*sDtdkwcsdKU vma&muf tultnDrsm;
vSL'gef;pOf w&m;0if xkwfaz:ajymMum;onf[k od&onf/ onfudk Munfhjcif;
tm;jzifh EdkifiHjcm;tef*sDtdkrsm;tay: a'ocHwdkif;&if;om;rsm;u rnfrQemusnf;
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,ck wpfMudrfwGifvnf; ,lteftygt0if EdkifiHjcm;tef*sDtdkrsm;onf olwdkU ay:v
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wdwdususodrS jyemudk ajz&Sif;

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trsdK;orD;rsm; tpnf;t&Hk; RWUu
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pmrsufESm 11
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(23? 3? 2012)
July- August 2012
pmrsufESm 12
jrefrmEdkifiH taemufbuf e,fpyf jcHpnf;&dk;cwf&kHeJ rvHjk cHKEdkif

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3-8-2012
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epfemaeolrsm;
July- August 2012
pmrsufESm 13
ynma&; ESihf
qif;&JEGr;f yg;rSK av#mhcsa&;
ed'gef;
(1999) ckESpfrSm ,lauEdkifiH EdkifiHwum zGHUjzdK;wdk;
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vlom;wa,muf &Sifoef&yf wnfrItwGuf
Human Capital, Social Capital, Natural Capital,
Physical Capital eJU Financial Capital pjyD;

t&if;tESD; (5)rsdK; vdktyfaMumif; a&;om;azmfjy
xm;ygw,f/'Dt&if;tESD;awG wdk;yGm;vmzdkUtwGuf
ynma&;[m y"meusygw,f/ ynma&;aMumifh
pGrf;&nf? A[kokweJU tvkyftudkiftcGifhtvrf;
awGwdk;yGm;vmjyD; Human Capital udk wdk;wuf
apygw,f/ Human Capital wdk;wufvmjcif;jzifh
vlUb0 &Sifoef&yfwnfa&;twGuf tjcm;t&if;
tESD;rsm;udkyg taumif;qHk; toHk;jyKEdkifpGrf; wdk;jrifh
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oufjyD;awmh ynm&SifawGu aqG;aEG;jiif;ckefae
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olrsm;uawmh ynma&;[m xkwfvkyfrI jrifhrm;
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'Correspondence Theorists' (Bowles, Gintis
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opfawG xyfrHwnfaqmuf vdkufwmjzpfw,fvdkU
olwdkUu,lqygw,f/ 'screening' theorists jzpfwJh
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wcktjzpf owfrSwfxm;wJh Human Capital
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rsm;rSm xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;ygw,f/ zGHUjzdK;qJEdkifiH
rsm;&JU ynma&;zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf aiGaMu;
eJUtjcm; t&if;tjrpfrsm;pGmudk urmhbPfu
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avQmhcsa&;udk OD;wnfwJh ynma&;qdkif&m rl0g'
rsm;eJU framework rsm;udkvJ azmfxkwfcJhMuygw,f/
Education decentralization
qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavQmhcsa&;udk OD;wnfwJh ynma&;

qdkif&m framework rsm;pGmteuf Education
decentralization udk EdkifiHawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm
toHk;jyKvmMuygw,f/ Rondinelli (1981) qdkol
u decentralization qdkwm pDrHudef;rsm;a&;qGJjcif;?

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udk wm0efcGJa0ay;jcif;vdkU t"dym,fzGifhqdk xm;yg
w,f/'DvdkjyKvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh decentralised state
apparatus wck&JU vkyfydkifcGifhawG wdk;jrifhvmjyD;?
oufqdkif&ma'otvdkuf vlUtzGJUtpnf;&JU vdktyf
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EdkifiHa&;yg0g? tkyfcsKyfa&;yg0geJU b@ma&; pDrHcefU
cGJrIyg0gawG yg0ifEdkifygw,f/ Martinussen (1997)
qdkolu decentralization trsdK;tpm;av;rsdK; cGJjcm;
azmfjycJhygw,f/ yxrtrsdK;tpm;uawmh tkyfcsKyf
a&;eJU pDrHcefUcGJa&;qdkif&m vkyfief;wm0ef awGudk
0efMuD;Xmewckcsif;pDtvdkuf a'oqdkif&m ,lepf
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tpm; jzpfygw,f/ 'kwd,trsdK;tpm;uawmh
semiautonomous government agencies awGudk
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azmfaqmifrIwm0efrsm; cGJa0vTJajymif;ay;wJh Dele
gation trsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/ wwd,trsdK; t
pm;uawmh vkyfydkifcGifheJU wm0efawGudk a'oqdkif
&m tpdk;&awGudk vTJajymif;ay;xm;wJh Devolution
trsdK;tpm; jzpfygw,f/ pwkwtrsdK; tpm;u
awmh vkyfief;wm0eftcsdKUudk Privatisation
vkyfjcif;yJjzpfygw,f/
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vlUtzGJUtpnf;&JU jzpfwnfrIo@mef (structures)
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qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;tm; udk,fpm;jyKaom jzpfwnf
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vdktyfcsufudk ulnDjznfhqnf;ay;Edkifaom tzGJU
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aus;Zl;jzpfwJh aps;uGuf,SOfjydKifrSKaMumifh vkyfief;
rsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf taumiftxnf
azmfaqmifEdkifvmjcif; pwmawGeJU toGifajymif;Edkif
ygw,f/
jzpfpOfawGudkawmh qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavQmhcsa&; rl0g'
rsm;csrSwf&mrSm a'oqdkif&mowif;tcsuf tvuf
rsm; xnfhoGif;toHk;jyKEdkifjcif;? qif;&JEGrf;yg;ol
rsm;eJUrl0g'csrSwfolrsm;tMum; qufoG,frSK wdk;jrifh
vmapjcif;?rl0g'rsm; a&;qGJ&mrSm yg0ifrIjzpfpOfrsm;
(participatory processes) rsm; wdk;jrifhvmapjcif;?
wm0efcHrSK (accountability) ESifh yGifhvif;jrifomrI
(transparency) rsm; ydkrdk&Sdvmjcif; pwmawGeJU
toGifajymif;Edkifygw,f/
odkYayr,fh decentralization [m qif;&JEGrf;yg;
olrsm;bufrS csOf;uyf&yfwnfjcif; (pro-poor
approach) taeeJUawmh olUbmoltoGifajymif;
oGm;Edkifjcif;r&Sdygbl;/ 'DvdktoGifajymif;vmatmif
pepfwus pDrHcsufrsm; a&;qGJjyD;? taumiftxnf
azmf a qmif z d k U
vd k t yf y gw,f /
Education
DecentralizationeJ U
ouf q d k i f w J h pro-poor
awGudk ynm&Sifrsm;u avhvmazmf
xkwfcJhMu&rSm A[dkeJUa'oqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;
tMum;u qufqHa&;(central-local relations) eJU
local mechanisms rsm;u t"duusygw,f/
Central-local relationsqdk&mrSm A[dktpdk;&taeeJU
qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavQmhcsa&;udkpolitical commitment
wcktaeeJU owfrSwfjyD;? a'oqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;
awGeJU y&dkufAdwf tzGJUtpnf;awGudk vkyfydkifcGifheJU
wm0efawG cGJa0jyXmef;ay;zdkU vdktyfygw,f/ 'Dae
&mrSm a'oqdkif&mtzGJUtpnf;awGtaeeJU jyXmef;
cGifheJUwm0efcHrSKtMum;udk csdefcGifnSdjyD;? pDrHcsufrsm;
csrSwfvkyfaqmifEdkifwJh b@ma&;t&if;tjrpf
toHk;csEdkifcGifhyg0g &SdzdkUvdktyfygw,f/
A[dktpdk;&taeeJU tkyfcsKyfa&;,lepfrsm;tMum;
yl;aygif;nSdEdIif;aqmif&Gufjcif;? EdkifiHawmfu csrSwf
xm;aom rl0g'rsm;ESifhudkufnDjcif; pwmawGudk
apmifhMuyfMunfh&IjyD; vdktyfaom axmufyHhrIrsm;
jyKvkyfay;&rSm jzpfygw,f/ b@ma&;t&if;tjrpf
cGJa0oHk;pGJrSKqdkif&m rormrIrsm;eJU a'oqdkif&m
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk yg0g&SdwJh a&ay:qDvlwef;pm;
rsm;u pGufzuf csKyfudkifrIrsm; jzpfyGm;vmjcif;
r&SdatmifvJ A[dktpdk;&u apmifhMuyfMunfh&SK xdef;
odrf;&rSmjzpfygw,f/EdkifiHawmftaeeJUprivatization
udk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&mrSmvJ tusdK;
tjrwfudkyJMunfhwJh vkyfief;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;jcif;
r[kwfyJ pro-poor approach vkyfief;rsm;udk OD;pm;
ay;zdkU vdktyfygw,f/
Local mechanisms awGrSmawmh udk,fpm;jyK 'Drdk
ua&pD (representative democracy)eJU tjcm;
participatory democracy pepfudktaumiftxnf
azmfjyD;? rl0g'csrSwfrIrsm;eJU wm0efcHrI? yGifhvif;
jrifomrIawGudk qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;u udk,fpm;jyK
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vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrIrsm;qdkif&m owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm; yHhydk;ay;wJh Information mechanism
eJU qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;rS y&dkufAdwfeJU t&yfbuf
vlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;&JU yHhydk;ulnDrIudk ,laqmifjcif;
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vdkygw,f/
ed*Hk;
abm*aA'ynm&Sif Amartya Sen u qif;&JEGrf;
yg;rIqdkwm vlUtzGJUtpnf;wckxda&mufpGm &Sifoef
vnfywfa&;twGuf pGrf;&nf (capability) avsmh
enf;jcif;vdkU qdkcJhygw,f/ 'DvdkpGrf;&nf avsmhenf;
&jcif;rSm ynma&;u@ zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufrI aESmifhaES;
jcif;uvJ ta&;ygwJh taMumif;w&m; jzpfwm
aMumifh ynma&;u@ zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufvmatmif
0dkif;0ef;MudK;yrf;aqmif&Gufjcif;tm;jzifh vlwOD;csif;
pD&JU human capital wdk;jrifhvmjyD;? qif;&JEGrf;yg;
rSKudk avQmhcsay;EdkifygaMumif; a&;om;wifjy
tyfygw,f/
cifrrrsdK; (12? 5? 2012)
&nfnTef;udk;um;
conditions
July- August 2012
pmrsufESm 14
v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;
b,fukOd D;wnfaevJ
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rsm;jym; vm&ygw,f/ wqufxJrSmvnf; csrf;om
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av,mOfawGu xkwfvTifhwJh tyl&dSefrsm;uvnf;
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aZmfrif;
28 &uf? ZGefv? 2012 ckESpf
July- August 2012
aqmif;yg;
pmrsufESm 15
armufrmrSKuif;onhf qufqaH &;rSonf xda&mufonht

f em*wftpdk;&qDokd
by Kyaw H. Aung on Sunday, July 22,
2012 at 10:36pm
tckwavm &ufquf c&D;oGm;ae&awmh tifwm
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Arakanpost July August 2012

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Arakanpost July August 2012

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