Alessandro Gomez 05-Turbulent Sprays

YALE CENTER FOR COMBUSTION STUDIES
Part V
TURBULENT NON-PREMIXED SPRAY FLAMES: SELF-SIMILARITY MOMENTUM SCALING AND REYNOLDS STRESS
ALESSANDRO GOMEZ
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING YALE CENTER FOR COMBUSTION STUDIES YALE UNIVERSITY
First Brazilian School of Combustion, Florianopolis, Brazil, June 2007
Motivation Burner design Phenomenology Chemiluminescence Raman Phase Doppler Anemometry Experimental results Raman Boundary layer formulation Closure Self-similarity Modeling
Experimental techniques
Conclusions First Brazilian School of Combustion, Florianopolis, Brazil, June 2007

OBJECTIVES
Design a canonical turbulent non-premixed spray flame
Obtain a database of gas and droplet velocities, gas temperature and scalar (up to second order)
Analyze the data, guided by group combustion and boundary layer theories
YALE CENTER FOR COMBUSTION STUDIES z
Burner design criteria:
Maximize turbulent fluctuations

(perforated plate - contoured passage)
Minimize droplet initial conditions

(gentle atomization)
Non-premixed flame
(flame holding - inert inward diffusion )
Fixed liquid flow-rate Varying gas flow-rate
Fixed gas flow-rate Varying liquid flow-rate
Length depends on Re. Counter-intuitive (viz--viz gaseous flames)
Natural chemiluminescence from flames Long exposure time - non intensified images First Brazilian School of Combustion, Florianopolis, Brazil, June 2007
YALE CENTER FOR COMBUSTION STUDIES x = z +2

z
15
10
Lf / D
Fixed Qg , varying ml Fixed ml , varying Qg 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
. .
. .
Natural chemiluminescence from flames Long exposure time - non intensified images First Brazilian School of Combustion, Florianopolis, Brazil, June 2007
CH* chemiluminescence from flames Short exposure time - intensified images
z = 0.5 D
z = 0.1 D
200 100 0
-0.2
r/D
0.2
-0.2
r/D
0.2
-0.2
r/D
0.2
-0.2
r/D
0.2
-0.2
r/D
0.2
CH* chemiluminescence from flames Short exposure time - intensified images
470 nm lters (3) Trigger to BOXCAR Photodiode 2x Nd:YAG 50 cm plano-convex A/D converter Slit 630 nm lters (2) + OG 550 glass (2) BOXCAR PM tube f1.8 f1.8 Slit A/D converter Photodiode f1.2 Slit Bellows
BOXCAR
A/D converter
A/D converter
610 nm lters (2) + OG 550 glass (2) PM tube
BOXCAR

CALIBRATION AGAINST THERMOCOUPLE
1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 400 600 800 1000 Thermocouple T [K] 1200 1400
Stokes signal [V] Anti-Stokes signal [V]
Raman T [K]
VS VAS = exp(hc / kT) = a exp(3369.9/ T) . Rotational corrections to vibrational spectra First Brazilian School of Combustion, Florianopolis, Brazil, June 2007

105 104
n [1/cc]
10
5
104 103 z/D 102 101 100
n [1/cc]
103 z/D 102 101 100 -1

40 35 30 z/D
-0.5
0 r/D
0.5
1
40 35 30
-1
-0.5
0 r/D
0.5
d 10 [m]
20 15 10 5 0 -1 -0.5 0 r/D 0.5
d 10 [m]
25
25 20 15 10
z/D
z / D = 0.1 z / D = 6.5
1
5 0 -1 -0.5 0 r/D 0.5
z / D = 0.1 z / D = 6.5 1

28 24 20 13 11
32 28 24
13 11 9 z/D 7
u [m/s]
u [m/s]
16 12 8 4 0 -1
10
9 7 z/D
20 16 12
u' [m/s]
u' [m/s]
55 z/D z/D
-0.5 0 r/D 0.5 1
8 4 0 -1
55 33 z/D
-0.5 0 r/D z/D 0.5 1
u [m/s]
u [m/s]
33 11
11
3 3 2 2
10
3 2
5 z/D
1 1
z/D 0 0 -1
5 z/D 1 z/D 0 -1 -5 1
!'[m/s] [m/s]
!' [m/s]
z/D
! [m/s]
! [m/s]
-5 -1 -0.5 0 r/D First 0.5 1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 Brazilian School of Combustion, Florianopolis, Brazil, June 2007 r/D
u [m s ]
2 2
-4
z/D = 0.1 z/D = 1
-8
-1
-0.5
0 r/D
0.5
u [m s ]
0 -4 -8 -1 -0.5 0 r/D 0.5 1
2 2

1800 1500 1200 2500 2250 2000 1750
1800 1500 1200
2500 2250 2000 1750 z/D 1500 1250

T ' [K]
T [K] T [K]
T [K] T [K]
z/D 900 600 300 0 -1 -0.5 0 r/D 0.5 1 z/D z/D
1500 1250 1000 750 500 250 0
' T T [K] [K]
T [K]
900 600 300 0 -1 -0.5 0 r/D 0.5 1 z/D
1000 750 500 250 0
0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 z/D
0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 z/D

XN2 XN 2
0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5

X'
X'
XN2 XN
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -1 -0.5 0 0.5
z/D
0.4
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -1 -0.5 0
z/D
0.4
N2
N2
0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0

1
0.3 0.3
z/D
0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0 0
First Brazilian School of Combustion, Florianopolis, Brazil, June 2007 r/D r/D
X N 2 N2
X X N 2 N2
0.5
YALE CENTER FOR COMBUSTION STUDIES BOUNDARY LAYER FORMULATION Quasi-steady 2-D equations Gas mass conservation
Liquid mass conservation
Gas momentum conservation
Scalar conservation
BOUNDARY LAYER FORMULATION Reynolds-averaged 2-D equations (implicit Favre averaging)
Gas mass conservation
Scalar conservation
YALE CENTER FOR COMBUSTION STUDIES BOUNDARY LAYER FORMULATION
Howarth transform
Conserves mass between compressible (
) and compressed (
) systems
Mager transform
Conserves turbulent fluxes between the two systems Turbulent fluxes an intrinsic quantity of the BL
YALE CENTER FOR COMBUSTION STUDIES BOUNDARY LAYER FORMULATION Conservation laws under constant density Gas mass conservation
Scalar conservation
YALE CENTER FOR COMBUSTION STUDIES BOUNDARY LAYER FORMULATION Constitutive laws from group combustion theory
Single drop vaporization rate: Collective vaporization rate: Single drop inter-phase drag: Collective inter-phase drag:
All terms can be calculated from experimental data
BOUNDARY LAYER FORMULATION Integral form of conservation laws
Gas mass conservation
lim (
Changes in gas flow-rate due to fuel vapor addition and ambient entrainment

Changes in liquid flow-rate due to fuel vapor subtraction

Changes in gas momentum flow-rate due to momentum loss to the drops and addition of fuel vapor
Scalar conservation
Changes in scalar-defect flow-rate due to fuel vapor addition
SELF-SIMILARITY
The existence of integral constraints implies the possibility of self-similarity
Assume power-law centerline behavior of dependent quantities from experiment. Sufficient not necessary Vapor source Axial gas velocity
Scalar defect flux
Find exponents , , from experiment
Define independent similarity variables
Define dependent similarity variables
Substitute in integral conservation laws and verify self-similarity: 6 exponents 3 equations , , , ,
liquid mass, gas momentum, scalar defect =2 = =2 1
Boundary layer as point source of vaporization, momentum and scalar flux First Brazilian School of Combustion, Florianopolis, Brazil, June 2007

VAPOR SOURCE ALONG THE CENTERLINE
101
100
s+(0)
.
10-1 s dot I s dot II .
10-2
10-3 1
s +(0) = 73 x+-2.99 R= 0.99 . s +(0) = 16 x+-3.50 R= 0.98 x+ 10

SELF-SIMILARITY OF VAPOR SOURCE
102 (a) 10
1
102 (b) 10
1
100 10-1 10-2 10-3 -0.06
. .
f 1 = + +++ + + s 1 1 x
fs 5 x f = = s3x.3.5 3.5
f = s 3 s 3.0 f 1 = x+ x+ + 1 +
100
10-1 10-2 10-3 -0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0 0.02 1.5 ! = r+/ x+ 1.5
0.04
0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
+ +
0.02
1.75
0.04
0.06
=r/x
+ +
! = r=/ r + x1.75 + x/
for vaporization to decrease with for liquid flow-rate to be finite at

AXIAL VELOCITY ALONG THE CENTERLINE
(a) 2
(b) 2
u+(0) , us(0)
u+(0) , us(0)
u+(0) (gas) us (0) (drops) 1 2 3 4 x+ 5 6 7 8 9 10 u+(0) = 4.7 x+-0.50 R=0.99
u (0) (gas)
+ s
u (0) (drops) u (0) = 7.4 x

-0.83
1 2 3 4
R=0.99
5
+
9 10

MOMENTUM SOURCES ALONG THE CENTERLINE
10-2
(a)
Sources of momentum eq.
10-2
(b)
Sources of momentum eq.
10-3
10
-3
10-4
10-4
10-5 . 10-6 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10-5 . 10-6 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
x+
<
Any self-similarity of gas velocity implies zero inter-phase slip. R.H.S. must be zero for similarity to hold

SELF-SIMILARITY OF AXIAL VELOCITY
f = u x 0.5
= r / x 0.5
+ +
f = u x 0.83
= r / x 0.83
+ +

SCALAR DEFECT FLUX ALONG THE CENTERLINE
!+u+ = 14 x+-1.5 0.1 2 !+u+ = 11 x+-1.75 3 4 x

+
R= 0.99 R= 0.99 5 6 7 8 9 10

SELF-SIMILARITY OF SCALAR DEFECT
= r / x 1.25
+ +
f = u x1.75
f = u x1.5
= r / x 1.375
+ +

1.2
u =3.2 x
-0.26
1.5
+ + +
u =4.7 x
+ +
-0.50
1 0.8
+
+ +
u =51.7/(x +19.5)
+
C 1 A
+
u =27.7/(x +7.5) u =9.9/(x -3.4)

+ +
u =5.3/(x -2.4)
+ +
1/u
1/u
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -20

1.5
u =6.7 x
+ + -0.71 + +
B 0.5 A
0 -15 -10 -5 0 x+ 5 10 15 20 2.5

C
u =7.3 x
+ -0.83 + +
-10
-5
5 x+
10
15
20
u =16.9/(x +2.9)
2 1.5 1
u =12.1/(x +1.2)
+
1
+
u =10.4/(x -1.5)
+ +
u =7.9/(x -1.7)
+ +
1/u
0.5
1/u
A 0.5 B
0 -5 0 5 x+ 10 15 20
0 0 5
+ First Brazilian School of Combustion, Florianopolis, Brazil, June 2007
10
15
20
z/D = 3
z/D = 3.5
z/D = 4
z/D = 4.5
z/D = 5
z/D = 5.5
z/D = 6
z/D = 6.5
From the differential form of conservation laws

RELAMINARIZATION TENDENCY OF VAPORIZATION
Turbulent transport
Vaporization

MODELING OF TURBULENT TRANSPORT Turbulent part of Reynolds stress Self-similarity using local variables and (centerline velocity and growth-rate of BL):
0.08 0.06 0.04 z = 0.1 D
()
cannot be constant in the spray flame
0.02
-0.004
z = 0.5 D
-0.02 z>3D -0.04 -0.2 -0.1 0 ! 0.1 0.2

CLOSURE OF FIRST ORDER MOMENTUM EQUATION
1 z/D =5, flame I 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -2 -1 0 / (8/1/21/2 )

/ (8 )
1 z/D =5, flame II 0.8
f () / f (0)
f () / f (0)
1 2
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -2 -1 0 / (8/)

1/2
/ (8 )
1/2
CONCLUSIONS Spray burner design and spray flame phenomenology Raman spectroscopy applied in spray flames Large experimental data base in turbulent non-premixed spray ames Howarth-Mager transform facilitates theoretical treatment of the problem Sprays as point sources of vaporization, momentum and scalar defect ux. Self-similarity valid in intermediate region of the spray ames. Gradient transport model of turbulent uxes

Alessandro Gomez 05-Turbulent Sprays

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YALE CENTER FOR COMBUSTION STUDIES

First Brazilian School of Combustion, Florianopolis, Brazil, June 2007

YALE CENTER FOR COMBUSTION STUDIES

Conclusions First Brazilian School of Combustion, Florianopolis, Brazil, June 2007

YALE CENTER FOR COMBUSTION STUDIES

Design a canonical turbulent non-premixed spray flame

First Brazilian School of Combustion, Florianopolis, Brazil, June 2007

YALE CENTER FOR COMBUSTION STUDIES z

Burner design criteria:

Maximize turbulent fluctuations

Minimize droplet initial conditions

First Brazilian School of Combustion, Florianopolis, Brazil, June 2007

YALE CENTER FOR COMBUSTION STUDIES

Fixed liquid flow-rate Varying gas flow-rate

Fixed gas flow-rate Varying liquid flow-rate

Length depends on Re. Counter-intuitive (viz--viz gaseous flames)

YALE CENTER FOR COMBUSTION STUDIES x = z +2

YALE CENTER FOR COMBUSTION STUDIES

CH* chemiluminescence from flames Short exposure time - intensified images

First Brazilian School of Combustion, Florianopolis, Brazil, June 2007

YALE CENTER FOR COMBUSTION STUDIES

CH* chemiluminescence from flames Short exposure time - intensified images

First Brazilian School of Combustion, Florianopolis, Brazil, June 2007

YALE CENTER FOR COMBUSTION STUDIES

610 nm lters (2) + OG 550 glass (2) PM tube

First Brazilian School of Combustion, Florianopolis, Brazil, June 2007

YALE CENTER FOR COMBUSTION STUDIES

YALE CENTER FOR COMBUSTION STUDIES

First Brazilian School of Combustion, Florianopolis, Brazil, June 2007

YALE CENTER FOR COMBUSTION STUDIES

104 103 z/D 102 101 100

103 z/D 102 101 100 -1

20 15 10 5 0 -1 -0.5 0 r/D 0.5

5 0 -1 -0.5 0 r/D 0.5

First Brazilian School of Combustion, Florianopolis, Brazil, June 2007

YALE CENTER FOR COMBUSTION STUDIES

-5 -1 -0.5 0 r/D First 0.5 1

YALE CENTER FOR COMBUSTION STUDIES

z/D = 0.1 z/D = 1

First Brazilian School of Combustion, Florianopolis, Brazil, June 2007

YALE CENTER FOR COMBUSTION STUDIES

1800 1500 1200

2500 2250 2000 1750 z/D 1500 1250

z/D 900 600 300 0 -1 -0.5 0 r/D 0.5 1 z/D z/D

1500 1250 1000 750 500 250 0

' T T [K] [K]

900 600 300 0 -1 -0.5 0 r/D 0.5 1 z/D

1000 750 500 250 0

0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 z/D

0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 z/D

0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5

0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -1 -0.5 0 0.5

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -1 -0.5 0

0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0

0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0 0

Liquid mass conservation

Gas momentum conservation

First Brazilian School of Combustion, Florianopolis, Brazil, June 2007

YALE CENTER FOR COMBUSTION STUDIES

BOUNDARY LAYER FORMULATION Reynolds-averaged 2-D equations (implicit Favre averaging)

Gas mass conservation

Liquid mass conservation