TRAINING REPORT

OF

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
AT

STANDARD COMBINES PVT. LTD (TRACTOR DIVISION) Barnala

Submitted to:
Sh. Sachin Garg Mechanical Department B.G.I.E.T., Sangrur

Submitted by:
Maninderjeet Singh B. Tech (4th Sem) Mechanical Engg) Roll No. 100111195628

CONTENTS
S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. Particular Acknowledgement Company Profile Location Technical Specifications f Tractors Quality Policy Name of Different Departments Research and Development mechanism Personnel Department Material Handling Mechanism Account Department Purchase Department Maintenance Department Store Machine Shop Engine Assembly Engine Testing Tractor Assembly Engg. Department Single Cylinder Engine Page No.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I would like to convey thanks to Dr. S.K. Sharma (Principal R.B.I.E.B.T. Mohali) and Prof. U.S. Koonar Training Incharge of Mech. Engg. Department in our college. I am highly thankful to Mr. Nachhatar ingh (Managing Director), Mr. Nirmal Singh (GM HR&A) and Mr. B.K. Sharma (HR&A Manager) for permitting me to join the industry & to get useful in information about the plant. For full completion of my Industrial Training, Training Report and the help during the Training Period, I Express my sincere thanks to Mr. Balkaran Sinqh (Engg. Deptt.) It is also my pleasure to express my gratitude towards the staff of parts inspection Department for their full Co-operation and giving me the knowledge of instrument and project to their best. To sum up a heavy thanks to all those who through formal and informal way guided me throughout my project work, I will cherish their support for the years to come. Finally I would like to convey thanks to all the workers.

Ravinder Singh

COMPANY PROFILE

STANDARAD is a well known name in the field of automobile industries. It was established in year 1973 by S. Nachhatar Singh.

His hard working efforts and continues improvement in the company has now made it the number one manufacturer in the field of combine manufacture. In 1999, S. Nachhatar Singh started anew project named by manufacturing of tractor. Now this company has five improved models of tractor.

1. SE-335 (35HP ENGINE POWER) 2. SE-345 (45HP ENGINE POWER) 3. SE-450 (SOHP ENGINE POWER) 4. SE-460 (60HP ENGINE POWER) 5. 5E-475 (75HP ENGINE POWER) 6. 5E-124 (24HP ENGINE POWER)

STANDARAD is the first Indian company, which has designed 75HP engine. Company's growth is 150% as compare to the last year. The Daily production is 15 tractors now days. The demand of this tractor is in Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, Haryana, Karnataka, and Tamilnadu etc. from the New Year production of the two new models of tractors is starting. Models are of 30HP and 24 HP

Turnover of the company during the last year was of Rs. 400 crore. Market image of this company is increasing day by day. Recently Standard Tractors has got the second position in All India Tractor Competition held at GB Agriculture University Pant Nagar organized by All India Tractors Association. Standard has joined hands with a tractor-manufacturing unit of Italy for the manufacture of tractor by compromise between the two.

LOCATION

The factory is located at Barnala a district of Punjab.

STANDARAD TRACTORS is situated on Sangrur Bathinda Road about 3 KM from Barnala city at Handiaya Chowk hardly fifteen minutes drive from the main Bus stand of Barnala. Standard Combine is a private concern of India Particularly in state of Punjab. This factory was among first to be set up in this industrial town.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATOINS OF STANDARD TRACTOR

ENGINE POWER / CYLINDER BORE/STROKE MODEL/MAKE ENGINE (RPM) CAPACITY 335 35 H.P. /3 95/110 SE/STANDARD 2100(RATED) 2340 CC 345 45 H.P. /3 102/110 SE/STANDARD 2200(RATED) 2696 CC

TRANSMISSION CLUCH BRAKES STEERING LIFT SYSTEM LIFT CAPACITY DRY SINGLE CLUCH DRY DUAL CLUCH DRY DISC MECH WORM & SCREW HYDRAULIC 1200 Kgs DRY DISC MECH WORM & SCREW HYDRAULIC 1200 Kgs

POWER TAKE OFF SPLINES SPEED PTO, ENGINE 6 540, 1764 6 540, 1764

TYRE SIZE FRONT REAR WEIGHT 6/8 PLY 12 PLY 2096 Kgs 6/8 PLY 12 PLY 2120 Kgs

DIMENSIONS (MM) LENGTH WIDTH GROUND CLEARANCE 3450 1675 400 3500 1760 435

CAPACITY DIESEL TANK ENGINE COOLING SYSTEM TRANSMISSION 68 Ltrs 8 Ltrs 8.5 Ltrs 47 Ltrs 68 Ltrs 8 Ltrs 8.5 Ltrs 47 Ltrs

Standard 335DI

Standard 345DI

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATOINS OF STANDARD TRACTOR

ENGINE POWER / CYLINDER BORE/STROKE MODEL/MAKE ENGINE (RPM) CAPACITY

450 50 H.P. /4 95/110 SE/STANDARD 2200(RATED) 3120 CC

460 60 H.P. /4 100/110 SE/STANDARD 2250(RA'I ED) 3454 CC

TRANSMISSION CLUCH BRAKES STEERING LIFT SYSTEM LIFT CAPACITY DRY DUAL CLUCH DRY DISC MECH WORM & SCREW HYDRAULIC 1200 Kgs DRY DUAL CLUCH DRY DISC MECH WORM & SCREW HYDRAULIC 1200 Kgs

POWER TAKE OFF SPLINES SPEED PTO, ENGINE 6 540, 1764 6 540, 1764

TYRE SIZE FRONT REAR 6/8 PLY 12 PLY 6/8 PLY 12 PLY

WEIGHT DIMENSIONS (MM) LENGTH WIDTH GROUND CLEARANCE

2158 Kgs

2325 Kgs

3640 1760 435

3640 1930 490

CAPACITY DIESEL TANK ENGINE COOLING SYSTEM TRANSMISSION 68 Ltrs 12.5 Ltrs 10 Ltrs 47 Ltrs 68 Ltrs 12.5 Ltrs 12Ltrs 47 Ltrs

Standard 450 DI

Standard 460DI

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATOINS OF STANDARD TRACTOR

ENGINE POWER / CYLINDER BORE/STROKE MODEL/MAKE ENGINE (RPM) CAPACITY 475 70 H.P. /4 105/120 SE/STANDARD 2200(RATED) 4156 CC

TRANSMISSION CLLJCH BRAKES STEERING LIFT SYSTEM LIFT CAPACITY DRY DUAL CLUCH DRY DISC MECH WORM & SCREW HYDRAULIC 1500 Kgs

POWER TAKE OFF SPLINES SPEED PTO, ENGINE TYRE SIZE FRONT REAR WEIGHT 6/8 PLY 12 PLY 2450 Kgs 6 540, 1764

DIMENSIONS (MM) LENGTH WIDTH GROUND CLEARANCE 3640 1930 475

CAPACITY DIESEL TANK ENGINE COOLING SYSTEM TRANSMISSION 68 Ltrs 11.5 Ltrs 12.5 Ltrs 47 Ltrs

Standard 475DI

QUALITY POLICY
We at Standard Tractors Ltd. are committed to the total customer delight by: 1. Providing consistent quality of tractors of combines through the best utilization of the people and technology. 2. Involving all employees in an environment of learning and continuous improvement. 3. Maintaining a safe and satisfying work culture. 4. Developing committed suppliers. 5. Adhering to Quality management systems based on ISO 9001: 2001 QMS.

DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Research and Development Department Personel Department Tool Room Accounts Department Purchase Department Maintenance Department Store Machine Shop Engine Testing

10. Tractor Assembly Shop 11. Marketing Department 12. Servicing Department 13. Engineering Department

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT

Research and Development is an integral and sustaining department of any organization which want to sustain its place in the ever- developing industrial environment. The emphasis on research and development in the Standard Group proved by a long list of new products that have been introduced and established in the years ever since the establishment of the Standard Group. Research work is carried out in this unit and design work is accomplished presently, the research and development is going on with various new products.

The organization of standard tractor division operates functionally, through a series of shops and departments. Standard Tractor Division (STD) is undergoing expansion on large scale. STANDARAD establishes well advanced testing shop for testing of engines produced in order to maintain strict control. A full fledge administrative block is produced for effective management and improved work place. The production of engine is being planned to raise engine per day.

PERSONAL DEPARTMENT
Any industry depends upon human being it has acquired workers and creates an acceptable environment and rule of practice to encourage the greatest degree of participation from its employee The Depot. Concerned with this called personnel Dept. a small concern the owner it self carries on the personnel function where as in large organization, it is given a maximum individual development; desirable

working conditions and desirable working relationship between employees and effective molding of human resources for the purpose of contributing organization goals. to the

AIM OBJECTIVE AND FUNCTION

1. Procurement and maintenance of adequate workforce as regards to both number and quality of personnel. 2. Education and training of present employees. 3. Maintaining satisfactory personnel contacts &employees relationships. 4. Maintaining satisfactory group relationships by contacting employer's groups. 5. Maintaining employees health. 6. Maintaining employees safety. 7. Maintaining employees service activities and employees welfare.

MAINTAINING HANDLING MECHANISM

Material handling involves the movement of material manually or mechanically in batches or one item with in plant. The movement may be horizontal, vertical or the combination of both.

The various material handling equipments used in the machine shop of STD; 1. Roller Conveyer 2. Wheel conveyer

3. Screw conveyer 4. Haulage Conveyor 5. Power hoists 6. Trolleys 7. Block and Tackle type hoist

TOOL ROOM
Tool room is essential part of any industry. Tool room takes care of jigs and fixture makes new ones reshape tool etc. The various function of tool room is

MAKING AND REPAIR OFTOOLING

Tool room makes different tool as per the design given by IE dept. the different tool include insert setting fixture tendons bushes & many more items Repair of worn out tool is also done.

ACCOUNTS DEPARTMENT
The main objective if account dept. is to determine, classify and analyze the cost and income of business enterprise. The account dept has following dept. has following functions: 1. Sales Accounting 2. Purchase Accounting 3. Labors Accounting 4. Financial Accounting

PURCHASE DEPARTMENT
The department is responsible for purchasing all type material in correct qualities and at the most economical prices the purchase department occupies a vital and unique sit-in-a concern because purchasing is one the main nation in the success of a modern manufacturing concern the purchase function liaison agency which operates between the factory out side vendors on all matters of procurement the various objective and function of purchase department are;

1. To procure right material 2. To procure material in right quantity and quality. 3. To procure material economically. 4. Maintain records of reliable sources of supply. 5. Making controls with right sources of supply 6. Revives material specification with an idea of simplifying and standardizing. 7. procure and analyzer quotations. 8. Place and follow up purpose orders. 9. Maintains records of all purchases 10.To prepare purchasing budget. 11.To keep an uninteresting supply of materials 12.To endure that prompt payments are made to the vendors in the interests of good public relations. 13.To sell material and scrap.

MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT
In the modern industry, Equipment and machinery are very important part of the total productive effort. Lot of capital is invested in the plant equipment and machinery. These are deteriorated by their exposure to environment and working condition. lf their damage is not checked at proper time, these make the equipment non-usable. Thus it is very important to maintain, repair and recondition these to increase their life and make them available for maximum number of operation hours.

The various objective of maintenance department are: 1. To achieve minimum breakdown. 2. To keep the plant in good working condition at the lowest possible cost. 3. To prevent loss in production services. 4. To maintain the various plant services. 5. To provide plant protection including fire protection. 6. To establish and maintain a suitable state of maintenance of material. Insurance administration. 7. Overhauling of plant equipment and, machinery. 8. Generation and distribution of power and other facilities. 9. To carry out corrective repairs to alleviate unsatisfactory conditions found during preventive maintenance inspection.

SOTRE
1. Material and supplies constitutes the most important assets in the majority of business enterprises The success of the business beside other factor depends to a large extent on the efficient storage and material control. 2. Material pilferage, deterioration of material and careless handling of stores leads to produce losses.

STORE MANAGEMENT TAKES CARE

1. That material is never out of stock. 2. That no material is available in much excess than required. 3. There is adequate procedure of receipts and issue of material 4. That there us proper method of keeping store records. 5. Proper storing of materials done.

VARIOUS FUNCTIONS
1. To receive material, goods and equipment's and to check them for identification. 2. To receive pats and components which have been processed in the factory? 3. To record the receipts of goods. 4. To correct positioning of all materials and supplies in the stores. 5. To maintain stock safety in good condition by taking all precautions to ensure that they dont suffer from damage, pilfering deterioration. 6. To initiate purchasing cycle at the appropriate time.

INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE SHOP

The machine shop is major part of any factory all the machining operations which are to be done on any component is performed in machine shop.

There are two types of machine shops depending on the work to be performed. As: 1. Light Machine Shop 2. Heavy Machine Shop

LIGHT MACHINE SHOP Introduction L.M.S. is shop for manufacturing small components of the tractor in Standard Tractor division this is small shop where light operations on components are performed on different components for production work.

Main operation performed in L.M.S. is as follows: 1. Drilling 2. Tapping 3. Reaming 4. Milling 5. Facing 6. Turning 7. Boring 8. Grinding

Major machines used in light machine shop are as follows:

LATHE
Lathe is the mother of entire machines & probably the oldest machine tool finds its great application at STANDARD TRACTORS.

Here in this industry lathes of sizes 6 feet & 8 feet are installed owing to there use. Lathe removes the undesirable material from the rotating work piece held between two lathes centers of tail & head stock. The lathes are installed here are centre lathes.

Major performed on lathes are: 1. Turning 2. Facing 3. Grooving 4. Drilling 5. Boring 6. Reaming 7. Knurling 8. Cutting

Milling Machine:
Milling is the process of removing metal by feeding the work past a rotating multi point cutter. In milling operation the metal removing rate is high because cutter rotates at high speed and has many cutting edges. The surface finish is also better due to multi cutting edges column & knee types milling machine has been installed in machine shop. In this type of machines three types of motion are possible.

1. Vertical (Up & Down) movement 2. Transverse (In & Out) movement of saddle 3. Longitudinal (Back & Front) movement of table

Shapers
The shapers makes use of the single point tool that transverse the work and feeds over at the end of each stroke. In body agro industries vertical shapes has been installed owing to the reason that is used in the formation of the key ways in round pulleys.

Vertical shaper is proffered over the horizontal type because the thrust acts directly on table bed, so there is no possibility of deflection of table. Only simple fixtures needed.

POWER HACKSAW
For cutting of the large sized job reciprocally power hacksaw has been kept in machine shop Although it is a slow and expensive method of cutting but owing to its advantage, it is widely suitable. Several bars may be cut at same time and continuous attention is not needed, since the saw stops automatically when cut is finished. A lubricant is often used for easier cutting action and longer life of blade. A crank mechanism is provided to raise the blade on each return stroke, to protect the teeth of blade while it dragged backward. Average cut is of 3 mm.

GRINDER
It is one of the simple and useful machine required in the industry Grinding is a process of removing metal by rotating abrasive wheel. Abrasive particles acts as cutting tool tips.

GRINDER IS USED FOR

1. To remove a very small amount of metal from work space and to achieve small tolerances. 2. To obtain better surface finish. 3. To sharpen the cutting tools 4. To cut hardened steel. 5. To machine tough surfaces, which are not easy to machine by H.S.S tool or carbide tool.

HEAVY MACHINE SHOP

Introduction
The heavy machine shop (HMS) is one of the most important shops in the industry It plays a very important role in the production of the tractor As the name suggests all the heavy components namely the differential housing, the gearbox housing, the cage and trumpet are machined here. The shop is called the backbone of the industry. The Heavuy machine shop is divided into five sections.

1. Differential housing line 2. Trumpet Line 3. Rear Cover Line 4. Crankcase Housing Line 5. Tool Room

All the sections are highly equipped with modern machinery and equipment Each section has a layout i.e. tile raw material is received at one ends and the finished component is dispatched from the other. The material received is in form of casting The machining process is carried out under strict quality norms. There is in the process inspection at each workstation. The component is made to go through final inspection before it dispatched for assembly.

The material handling system in the H.M.S shop consists of hydraulic life trucks, power hoists; roller conveyors, overhead crane, and fork lift trucks. Bins etc. The shop has well designed network of roller conveyers.

ENGINE ASSEMBLY
DETAILS OF ENGINE ASSEMBLY
STAGE l: Three lines are present at STANDARD a) A Grade tolerance +12 micron. b) B Grade tolerance +24 micron. c) C Grade tolerance +36 micron.

The cylinder has two seats: 1. For water. 2. For oil.

The Grade sign of the liner should be kept toward the camshaft.

Crankshaft Fitting:
First of all bush type liners are inserted into the bearing holes. The liner is provided with recess to store a minimum amount of oil, which wets as the crankshaft during storing engine. The bearing cup is opened and crankshaft assembly placed into it. The bearing cup is tightened again with 10-12 Kg-m torque rod and crankshaft is checked that it is revolving easily or not

Stage 2:

Timing Gear Fitting: The idle shaft is pushed into the crankcase and roller type bearing with lock is inserted into the shaft. The idle timing gear is then pressed into the bearing. The timing gear is punched at two places and punched sign has to be matched with punched mark of [on] crankshaft.

Timing Gear Fitting

Piston Assembly Fitting: The piston assembly is filled into the liner and big end is tightened to crankshaft Line is filled with A grade piston assembly. The grade mark should towards camshaft. The piston ring cuts should be so adjusted that there should not be in same line

Piston

Stage 3:

Lubrication Oil Pump Mounting: The lubrication oil pumps connected to crankshaft gear by an idle gear of 2-3 degree. The crankshaft and pump gear has 22 teeth each. The pump is provided with relief valve [through], which opens at kgf.

In the case of are loading or something injected in main gallery then pressure is released from their valves.

Rear Cover & Front Cover Mounting: The rear cover and front cover are cleaned perfectly with air and filled to engine with seals in between [mounted].

Stage 4

Cam Shaft Fitting: The camshaft is inserted into the camshaft hole with bearing and bolt ends are locked by circle. The camshaft is forged from alloy steel or cast iron and is case hardened.

The one end of the camshaft is provided with gear, which is locked, gear z-50 for exact timing of the camshaft gear mark is matched with the mark on idle gear. Another gear pump is attached with idle gear, which serves the purpose of driving the fuel injection pump.

FLYWHEEL MOUNTING
The flywheel is mounted the crankshaft and bolts are tightened with 11-12 kg-m force. The F.LP is connected to F.LP gear through the F.LP drive shaft.

The F.LP. drive shaft is specifically designed to advance the time of injection. The both ends of F.1.P. drive shaft is provided with spline, one side a key is provided which is locked to timing gear and recess on their side is pushed in to F.LP. slots. The angle between the key and recess of 18', thus the fuel injection is advanced by 18 degree.

Flywheel

Stage 5:

Cylinder Head mounting:

The cylinder head assembly is placed on the piston and studs are passed through it. If the height of the piston at TDC from the surface is more then 0.1 mm than the gaskets of given thickness are used. If it is 0.1 to 0.5 mm then 1.2mm thick gasket is used. If it is 0.5 to 0.8 mm then 1.5 mm thick ,gasket is used. The cylinder nuts are tightened by 17-18 Kg-m forces.

Cylinder Head

Stage 6:

Water Body and Pulley Mounting: The water body is mounted with thermostat control valve opens at 70 C. the pulley is mounted on camshaft.

Stage .7: The assembly is removed from the trolley, is placed on the stationary frame.

Stage 8: Fuel Injection Pump Mounting and Setting of Fuel Injection Pump The gear of F.I.P. is first of all meshed with F.LP. drive shaft and is loosely tightened to set the timing of gear first of all pointer is tightened on the crankcase and flywheel us rotated which is meshed for 16 , 18 , 20, 24 angles. The pointer at set at 18 of flywheel and then the pump is rotated clockwise till one from first nozzle stop out blowing. At this position a cut mark is made on both the pump and crankcase for further setting. The pump is tightened properly and pipes are tightened over nozzle and injectors. The head of position is covered with covers and the complete engines are sending to engine testing shop. The whole of engine shop is air-cooled.

Fuel Injection Pump

ENGINE TESTING
INTRODUCTION
Engine testing is done for checking the performance of newly assembled engine to found out any assembled fault, their HP, leakage and other fault. Engine testing shop of the STD is equipped with latest digital control equipment. The engine testing is done with the help of turbine (Water) or hydro dynamometer is four in number so that engine is tested at a time. The shop is equipped with heavy-duty oil filter, which is used to clean the oil from dust or other large particle. The shop has bush pump tester is measured on the based of S.A.E ratings. The society of automobile engineer's USA has specified die method of measuring the power output of the engine for standardized purpose. The engine is run without generator.

TRACTOR TESTING
Tractor testing is done under the international organization for standardization (ISO). The first tractor with an internal combustion engine was introduced in American agriculture in the year 1889. The tractor-testing act was passed in U.S.A in 1920. In India tractor-testing station was finally establish at Budani in 1959 for tractor testing atmospheric pressure shall not be less than 96.6 Kpa.

The basic task in the design and development of engines is to reduce the cost and improve the efficiency and the power output. In the order to achieve the above task the development engineer has to compare the developed engine with the other

engines in terms of its output and efficiency. Towards the end engineer has to test the engine and mal<e measurements of relevant parameters that reflect the performance of the engine.

ENGINE TESTING AT STANDARD TRACTORS

PURPOSE OF TESTING A TRACTOR ENGINE: In general purpose of testing an I.C. engine is to determine the following: 1. To determine the rated power output with respect to the fuel combustion in Kg per Kw hr brake power output. 2. To determine the mechanical and thermal efficiencies of the engine. 3. To see the performance of the engine at different loads. 4. To determine the quantity of lubricating oil required per B.P. Kw-hr. e) To determine the quantity of cooling water required per B.P. Kw-hr. f) To determine the overload carrying capacity of the engine. 5. To prepare the heat balance sheet of the engine.

Engine Testing

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS AS ISI STANDARD TERMINOLOGY

Speed:
The speed of a engine is the mean speed of its crankshaft in RPM. Except in the case of free piston engines where the speed is the number of cycles per minute of the reciprocating components.

Steady Load Speed Band:

It is the maximum total variation in speed expressed as a percentage of the mean speed, which may occur while there is no change in the external load conditions.

Continuous Power
The power which engine is capable of delivering continuously between the normal maintenance intervals stated by the manufacturer at the stated speed and under stated operating conditions.

Indicated Power:
It is the total power developed in the working cylinder by the gases on the combustion side of the working pistons.

Friction Power:
It is the power consumed in the frictional resistance.

Brake Power:
It is the total power consumed in frictional resistance.

Fuel Consumption:
It is the quantity of fuel consumed per unit of power per unit of time. It is generally expressed in grams of fuel consumed per B.H.P.

Mechanical Efficiency:
It may be defined as the ratio of the power obtained at the crank shaft i.e. Brake power to the Indicated power. Thus Mechanical Efficiency = Brake power (B.P.) /Indicated power (Z P.)

Thermal Efficiency: Indicated Thermal Efficiency:

It may be defined as the ratio of heat converted into indicated work to the heat energy supplied by the fuel, during a specified period of time. So, Indicated Thermal Efficiency = Heat equivalent to LP per min. / heat energy supplied by fuel per min. = LP.

* 60 / Mf *CV

Brake Thermal Efficiency:

It may be defined as the ratio of the heat equivalent to Brake power (B.P.) to the heat energy supplied by the fuel during a specific time. So, Brake Power Efficiency =Heat equivalent to B.P. per min. /Heat supplied by fuel per min. =B.P. *60/Mf*CV

Preparation for Test:

Test runs shall be made on an engine as being offered to the consumers. Before starting the engine tests, the engine shall have been thoroughly run in the fuel and lubricating oil used during the test shall be specified by the engine manufacture. In general the engine operating temperatures and the lubricating oil pressure during the test shall be maintained at the values recommended by the manufacturer. In engine testing we note down the following data: 1. Revolution per minute (R.P.M) 2. Fuel Time 3. Engine Lub. Oil pressure 4. Water outlet temp. 5. Lubricating oil temp. 6. Torque (N-M). 7. Smoke reading with the help of Bosch smoke meter. 8. In case of silencer a noise meter & U-tube manometer for measuring backpressure.

With the help of the data we calculate following parameters: 1) B.HP = R.P.M *N-Ml Dynamometer Constant Per B.KP per hour. (Which are 7023.746 for Dynamometers used at STANDARAD) 2) 3) In kilowatts = R.P.M *N-M/9549.305 Specific fuel consumption (S.F.C) =297000/B.KP*fuel time Gram per B.H.P per hour Where 297000= 0.825 * 100 *3600 4) Torque Brake up (T.B. U) = Max. Torque -Rated Torque / Rated Torque .

Dynamometer is the instrument used at STANDARD to measure the engine power and it must include at least four essential elements: 1. 2. 3. 4. A means for controlling torque. A means for measuring torque. A means for measuring speed. A means for dissipating the power.

Dynamometers are of mainly two types:

Absorption type: a) Mechanical b) Hydraulic

Now mechanical absorption type dynamometers are of further two types:

1. Prony Brake. 2. Rope Brake. 3. Band Brake.

Transmission type: a) Mechanical b) Electrical

In STANDARD TRACTORS Hydraulic type dynamometer are used for readings TRACTOR ENGINE TESTING:

TRACTOR ASSEMBLY SHOP

Type of PTO Tractor
There are three types of PTO Tractor: 1. Multi PTO Tractor 2. Ground PTO Tractor 3. Simple PTO Tractor

Multi PTO Tractor:

it can be work in gear at stop position as in at well which help in achieving the move speed as compare with other tractor. Multi PTO tractor is work at six high speed & six low speed gears.

Ground PTO Tractor:

It is work in PTO in gear is only when tractor going as thoster and reaper. It can be given only turo speed.

One directly to PTO and other throw the gear when tractor is going on. It cannot work in gear when tractor is sleep gear is put through the idle gear.

Simple PTO Tractor:

It is the PTO which can be work at 540 R.P.Iv1 in one speed when the tractor is stop and going on. Tractor is work in only one speed.

INTRODUCTION TO ASSEMBLY SHOP

Tractor assembly shop is main shop of standard tractor division. In this shop the different machining parts, housing and other component, which are machined on the other department or purchased, from outside are assembled here. Then assembled components like differential housing, gearbox rear cover, trumpet housing and other housing are sending to in main line for tractor assembly. In main tractor assembly line tractors are said to paint shop through overhead endless chain rotating conveyor. Following are main phase of assembly. 1. Differential Housing Assembly 2. Rear Cover Assembly 3. Gear Box Assembly 4. Main line Assembly Phase 5. Paint Phase 6. Assembly of accessories and inspection

Deferential Housing Assembly Phase

It is rear part of the tractor cheesy. The main function of differential in tractor is to reduce the final and also to turn the drive round at 90 degree. The reduction of the speed is done in two staged. First stage reduction in tail pinion and crown wheel meshing and second stage reduction in bull gear meshing with left and rights BP shaft.

Assy. Of Differential It is also consisting the PTO shaft (Power take off shaft), which is used to run the thrashers, pumps and other accessory components with the help of pulley attached on it. Following are the main Parts of Differential Housing: Crown Wheel. Tail Pinion. Cage assembly with Sun & Planet gears. P.T.O Shaft. B.P. Shaft Left & right. Bull Gears. Bevel Gear. Bearings. Brakes Housing Assembly Oil Seals, Gaskets etc.

Assembly of Crown Wheel:

First of all components are washed with oil to remove the dirty particles. Cage having two holes in these holes dowels are tight fitted for accurate fitting of crown so that a11 other holes of the cage and crown are in same line. The crown wheel is pressed on case with hydraulic press and then tightened by bolts with lock washer, and then the right bevel gear is placed on their cage seat. The four plant gears are put on across with washer and then assembly is placed in the cage. Then left bevel gear is placed. Operator checks the motion of the gear by manual inspection

Tail Pinion Assembly:

In tail pinion assembly the cone for taper roller bearing is pressed with hydraulic press. The bearing is heated before the tight fit, the tail pinion is inserted inside bearing. The different size shims are also placed before tightening of rear cover of cage. Whole assembly is tightened by nuts and bolts.

Rear Axle Assembly:

In rear axle assembly bolts are tight fitted in the holes of hub. Where the rear tire is tightened with bolts to the whole assembly. Two bearing on either side of the trumpet housing are tightened at gang drill

Brake Assembly:
Standard Tractors are provided with heavy self energizing water sealed disc brakes with ventilation pipe, which gives better cooling.

The ventilated results in reduction of about 30% in pad temperature. Brake housing cover contains to disc made of asbestos base. The max temp resistance is about 300 degree C. below this is two disc plate a cast iron plate is fixed which is held by springs. Whenever brakes are applied plate tends to expand. During expanding of C.I plate the discs strongly mounted on BY left and BY right shaft stops the movement of differential.

P.T.O Shaft Assembly: Two bearings, which tight it fit on P.T.O shaft, are firstly places with help of circles then P.T.O shaft assembly is passed through rear PTO hope of differential housing. Following Three Tests are done: 1. Back Lash Testing 2. %Age of contact 3. Pattern Test

BACK LASH TESTING

This test is performed with the help of plunger dial gauge. Back lash in crown wheel is not more then 20 to 30 micron if it is deviated from this value then packing is changed on either side (left or side) of cage of bearing housing. But never change the number of shim. If Backlash is more than 30 micron then shims from right side is removed and shifted in to left side. IF it is less then 20 micron then vice versa. Also require run out for crown wheel is OS-l mm.

%AGE OF CONTACT TEST AND PATTERN TEST

Pattern test and %age contact test is done with the help of yellow paint applied on teethes of crown wheel. Then rotat8ing crown wheel with hand %age of contact and pattern of tail pinion is impressed on the teeth of wheel. The %age of contact is 60 % to 70% require. IT can be increase or decrease by using the shims by fastening it on tail pinion carrier. When increase in number of shims the pattern goes increase and vice versa.

The bull gear are tighten to trumpet housing assembly by lock nut and the whole assembly of trumpet housing is also tighten by nut and studs on outer side of differential housing then PTO shaft head cover is tightened to protect its outer teeth. The sliding gear and PTO shifter rod assembly is mounted on differential housing. Two filters are places are inside diff. housing and then whole assembly of dif Housing is sending to the main line.

REAR COVER ASEEMBLY:

Rear cover assembly is used to cover the differential housing. It contains lift control system, which is hydraulically operated. Driver seat is fitted on the upper side of rear cover. The response valve housing (R.V), control valve, ram cylinder and other component assembly fitted inner and outer side of rear covers assembly.

The main components fitted on rear cover assembly are: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) Control valve assembly RN. housing assembly Ram cylinder and piston assembly Operating sector assembly, Sensor tube assembly Gaskets, bolts, nuts Other Components

Ram Cylinder Assembly: It contains cylinder with piston inserted inside it. The relief valve assembly is mounted at top front of cylinder. The connecting rod is placed in piston rear side and one side is locked with ram arm assembly. Rock arm, spacer and seals are placed. At the end of rock arm assembly, lift arm assembly is placed & then locked with bolts on both sides.

RV. Housing Assembly: It contains one response valve, check valve and release valve. It is also connected with control valve through pipe housing. The Knob is placed at top of response, valve to close or open the response valve as per requirements.

Control Sector Assembly: It contains the draft control assembly, and position control assembly. Both these assemblies are connected to their lever. The position control assembly is connected to black mark level and draft control assembly is connected to red mark lever.

First of all rear cover is mounted on the moving trolley and tightened with bolts.

The control sector assembly is placed at there respecting place. A sensor tube is placed at rear side of rear cover. The ram cylinder assembly is placed inside rear cover R.V. housing is placed outside rear cover, which is connected to control valve through pipes.

Control valve contains three valves i.e. back measure valve and scroll valve. Oil from pump goes into R.V. housing through pipes, which is further connected, to the check valve through inner hole of R.V. housing and back presser valve of control valves. The opening pressure of check valve is 9-12 Kgs and operating pressure of back pressure is 3-6 Khs. During un-operated position the oil flow is continues through the backpressure valve of control valve.

During operation of position arm the unloading valve close the gallery of oil to backpressure valve. Thus the pressure R.V. housing builds up which open the check valve at 9-12 Kgs. At this position the oil goes in the Ram cylinder, which further operates the lift arm. For requirement of any position of lift knob of

response valve of R.V. housing is rotated which cut the supply of oil and Ram arm achieved. Sensor tube works in field during plaughing of soil with harrow. When harrow deeply dug in soil, draft it set at position through sensor tube.

The rocker arm attached sensor and harrow link, which push the sensor tube inside and automatically control value control oil supply.

ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
In Engineering Department at Standard Tractors the main works are done of making catalogue, dealing with ISO and project regarding testing of tractor from Central Farm Machinery Testing & Training Institute (CFMT&TI), Budni (M.P.) and Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI), Pune.

This department takes responsibility of implementation of system given by ISO. It also helps to perform Audits.

In this department, making of service operator of service Manual, Price list and giving part No. according to requirement of company is being done.

It also takes responsibility to update the Bill of Materials (BOM) for Analyzing the Cost.

PROJECT STUDY OF SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

Single cylinder diesel engine is that engine which only one cylinder is there. It is air cooled engine.

Specifications: Dia of Piston Dia of Liner Stroke Displacement Type H.P. R.P.M. No. of fins Weight of fly wheel Governor Type Diesel Pump Lubricating Type Angle of Fuel injection Air Cleaner : : : : : : : : : : : : : 114.88 115mm 150mm 1539cc Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Air Cooled 24 1700 rated 21 : 111Kg

Centrifugal Plunger Type Gear Pump Type 11 degrees before TDC Dry Type

The single cylinder engine which is developed by STANDARD is air cooled. In this radiator is required, only air fan is used which spread the air in the fins for cooling the crank case.

There are only two companies who made the single cylinder engine namely Mahindra and Eicher, Standard is the third company and first in Punjab.

Main advantage is that it is easy to handle. Fewer accessories are required for cooling, high efficiency.

Setting of Engine:
The setting of engine is done from the pulley. The angle is 11 degrees before TDC. It means the fuel inject in the cylinder 11 degrees before TDC (before Top Dead Centre) in power strike. It is done with help of cam gear.

Lubrication System:
For lubrication system 4 liters oil is used. The lubrication is done with the help of gear pump system, with the gear pump system the oil is put on the crank.

Air Clean System:

It has an Air Cleaner System. First of all Air is passed through the filter.

Crank Case:
Crankcase is made from cast iron. The cylinder is mounted on the crankcase. Shaft is there, connecting rod is there, cam shaft is fitted to crankcase. On the backside of crank case Lubrication gear system is fitted. The filter is fitted outside the crankcase. Crankcase, is placed on the roller bearing because the weight of crankcase is more.

Single Cylinder Diesel Engine

Inlet Valve:

Length Surface Hardness Tuff tidal depth Tensile Strength

: : : :

149 +.1 600HVM 0.01min 90-105 Kg/min

Cam Shaft

Splines Type Pressure Angle Module Material Exhaust cam dia Inlet cam dia : : : : : : Involute 20 degrees 2 Mn = 20, Cr = 5 31.5 31