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2012 13
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1 :
2 :
3:
4:
5: 1 1
6: x0 (: 0/0)
7: x0 (/0, 0)
8: x
9:
- : - 1
:
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1
- 1.2
1
1
) . f : A R ;
) x, y, f, A f(A);
) x1, x2 . x1 = x2 f(x1), f(x2) f
i. ;
ii. ;
1
; ;
.
2
, y x :
i. y = (1 x )
ii. y = (1 x )
x
x>2
x 1 x > 1
v. y =
iii. y =
vi. y 2 = x 2 + 1
x2 + 1
vii. y = x
x + 3 x < 1
x 2 x 1
iv. y =
viii. y = x
1
2
=x , x0
x
f : 2 f ( x ) 3f
:
) f (1) =;
) f ( 2 ) =;
1
f =;
2
4
f(x) .
) f ( x 1) = x 2 3x + 2, x R
) f ( 2x 3) =
x2 ,
xR
x
= ( 3x ) , x R
2
) f
) f ( 3x ) =
x 1
, x R
2x 2 + 1
- : - 1
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2
. ; ;
. ;
.
. ;
. f ;
1
: f ( x ) =
x2 1
1
g ( x ) = 1
2
x
x + x
) f
) g
) ;
2
: f ( x ) =
x 1
x 1
g ( x ) =
x2
x2
) f
) g
) ;
3
:
a. h(x) =
x 4 + 12
x 2 5x + 6
c. g(x) = ln(e
2x
b. h(x) = 3 x 2 5x + 6
,x < 0
x 3
d. f ( x ) = x
,0 x < 3
2x
,x 3
3e )
x
4
: f ( x ) =
( x 1)( x 2 )
g ( x ) =
x 1 x 2
) f
) g
) ;
3x + 1
, x k2 k + 3
2
x + 1 , x 2k k + 2
f ( x ) =
- : - 1
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2
1
) f;
) (, , , ,
, , .)
) ;
.
1
f f ( x ) =
x 2 + 5x + 6
x+2
.
.
. f
2
2x 2 ,
. f ( x ) = 2
,
x
x 1
. f ( x ) = 2x + x 1
x >1
x
. f ( x ) = e ,
) g ( x ) = e e x
2
) ; .
) f, ) f, ) f ;
) .
1
) :
f ( x ) = x 2 , f1 ( x ) = ( x 1) , f 2 ( x ) = ( x + 2 ) , f 3 ( x ) = x 2 + 3
2
3
) : ) f ( x ) = x
3
) g ( x ) = x 1
3
) h ( x ) = x + 1
) r ( x ) = x 3 1
2
f : x, y : f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) .
: ) f,
) f
- : - 1
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3
)
.
)
; .
Cf
xx
Cf
yy
Cf Cg
x0 (
. )
Cf
Cg
Cf
xx
Cf
xx
Cf 1 2
3 4
Cf
(, )
1
. x R f x x , :
i) f (x) = x 2 4x + 3 ,
ii) f (x) =
1+ x
,
1 x
iii) f (x) = e x 1
iv) f ( x ) = ln ( 2x ) 3ln 2
. x R f
g, :
- : - 1
:
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i) f (x) = x 3 + 2x + 1
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g(x) = x + 1
ii) f (x) = x 3 + x 2
g(x) = x 2 + x 2
2
) :
i) f (x) =
|x|
+ 1,
x
ii) f (x) = x | x | ,
x + 3 , x < 1
x +1 , x 1
iii) f (x) =
iv) f (x) = | ln x | .
) f .
f :
i)
ii)
iii)
x
O
- : - 1
x
O
4 x
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3
1
) f g ; ;
;
) ( )
, ; ;
1
R ( )
.
. f ( x ) = x 2 ,
g (x) = x
. f ( x ) = x , g ( x ) = x
2
) f ( x ) =
x2 1
1
g ( x ) = 1
x
x2 + x
2
) , ;
)
f
f g;
g
) ;
2
: f ( x ) = x 1, g ( x ) = 4 x
.
. , / ;
. : f + g, f g, f g
.
f
g
3
. g, f .
g f; ; .
. f g; ; .
. ; gof = fog
2
: f ( x ) = x 2 + 1, g ( x ) = x 2
- : - 1
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.
. gof
. fog
x2 , x 1
: f(x) =2x -1 =(- , 4 ] g(x)=
.
3x + 1 , x < 1
N fog.
x + 2 , x 1
g(x)= x , fog
f(x)= 2
x + 1 , x > 1
5
: f(x)=
ex 1
1+ x
g(x)=ln
. gof
x
e +1
1 x
R .[ : (gof)(x)=x ]
6
: f(x)=
kx 1
. k R fof :
x
(fof)(x) = x
7
: g(x) = f (f (f(x))) , f ( x ) =
1
;
1 x
8
: g ( x 2 + 1) = x 2 1, x ( , 1] [1, + ) f
x 2 = x 1,
x [ 2, + )
) f
) g
) fog, gof.
- : - 1
10
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4
1 -
) f : A R . f
;
;
;
) .
1 -
. f () : f ( ) = f ( ) =
. f :
. f :
< f ( ) < f ( )
< f ( ) > f ( )
. f: g: R , (, ):
2
iv) ( fog )( x 1) < ( fog )( 0 )
i)f ( x 2 x ) = f ( x )
ii) f ( x 2 x ) > f ( x )
iii) g 2
< g (1)
x +1
2 -
) f , f (x) = 0
.
) f , C f xx
3 -
f , f ;
4 -
f =[- , ], f
.
5 -
f, g R , :
. f + g R
. f g R , f, g R
. fog R
. gf R
. f R
5 -
. f R . :
f(3), f(-3), f(0), f(), f(e)
. f R . .
6 ( )
. .
. f ( x ) = x 3 + 2x 3
. f ( x ) = 2 1 x
- : - 1
. f ( x ) = 1 + x e x
. f ( x ) = x + 1 + ln x
11
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. , :
. x 3 + 2x 3 = 0
. 2 1 x = 0
. 1 + x e x = 0
. x + 1 + ln x = 2
. , :
. x 3 + 2x 3 > 0
. 2 1 x < 0
. e x 1 + x
x+
1
ln x > x + ln x
2
7 -
f , g : R ( 0, + ) , :
h ( x ) = ln ( f ( x ) + g ( x ) ) R . h;
2 -
) f : A R . f :
() () x0;
x0;
;
) .
1 -
. ;
. f = (, ), ;
. f = [, ], ;
2 -
;
3 -
f : R R f ( x ) = x 2 + 2x + 2
. f ( 1)
. : f ( x ) 1 x
.
4 -
f ( x ) = e x + e x
. : f ( 0 ) = 2 f ( x ) 2 x
.
1 -
(. 136 139)
:
- : - 1
12
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, ,
,
.
- : - 1
13
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5
1 1 -1
) f : A R . f (1 1) ;
.
) 1 1 f : A R , : f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) x1 = x 2
(). ; .
) f 1 1 ; , (
. 155 156)
2 1 -1
:
. 1 1 ;
. f [-, ], 1 1;
. f xx 2 1 1 ;
. f (x) =0 2 , 1 1;
1 1 1
. f () , f 1 1
. () ; ( . 156)
. ;
2 1 1
f g 1 1 1 1 :
. fog
.gof
. fof
. gog
. f
3 1 1
f , g : R R fog 1 1. g 1 1
4 1 1 ()
f : R R , x R : ( fof )( x ) = 4x + 3
. f 1 1
. : f(2x) = f (x+1)
5 1 1
1 1 f , g : R R :
8f ( x 2 ) f 2 ( x ) 16,
g 2 ( x ) g ( x ) g (1 x )
x R
3
) ; , .
) ;
)
f ( ).
- : - 1
14
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4
. f, ;
.
1. f ( x ) = 3 1 x
2. g ( x ) = ln ( e x 1)
3. h ( x ) = 2 4 x
5
. , f;
. f , f 1 ; ;
4 ( f f 1 )
. f : A R , f 1 ( x ) = f ( x )
. f : A R ;
. f : R R : f ( x ) = x 3 + 3x 3
. f
. f f 1
5
f : R R
. 1 1 1 1
. R R
. R R
6
f ( x ) = 2x 3 + 3x 6
. f
. : 1. f ( x ) = 11 2. f 1 ( x ) = 2
. : 1. f ( x ) > 1 2. f 1 ( x ) < 2
7
f ( x ) = 2x + x 8, x R
. f
. f ( x ) = x
. f , f 1
- : - 1
15
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8
f ( x ) = x 3 + x 1, x R
. f R
. f f 1 ( 1)
. : f ( x ) = f 1 ( x )
. : ( fof )( x ) < 1
9
f : R R , x R f ( f ( x ) 1) = x
:
. f 1 1
. f R
. f 1 ( x ) = f ( x 1) x R
10
f ( x ) = x 4, g ( x ) = 1 + x
. f, g
. : 1. g 1 2. fog 1 3.
f
g
1 1
f ( x ) =
x
1+ x
. f
. f 1 1
. f
. : fofo...of
2012
- : - 1
16
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6 x0 (: 0/0)
1
) f(x) 0; , .
) f 0; , .
) f(x) 0 ;
.
2
.
1
() (). ,
.
. lim f ( x ) , lim g ( x ) lim ( f ( x ) g ( x ) )
x xo
x xo
x xo
.
. lim ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) lim f ( x ) , lim g ( x )
x xo
x xo
x xo
. lim f ( x ) lim g ( x ) ,
x xo
xxo
lim ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) .
x xo
x xo
x xo
. f,g :R R : lim ( f ( x ) + g ( x ) ) = 0
x
3
. ;
4
. : lim x = x 0
x xo
. 3
. : x x , x
5
) ; ,
.
- : - 1
17
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) , , :
1) lim ( x 1)
x 1
2) lim e3 x
x 3
f (x)
f ( x 1)
f ( 2x )
3) lim
= 2 : ) lim
) lim
x 0 x
x 1 x 1
x 0 x
1
) ;
) , :
1) lim f ( x ) , lim f ( x ) , lim f ( x ) ,
x 0
x 2
x 1
x2 1
, x <1
f ( x ) = x 1
ln x , x 1
x 4 16
,x < 2
x3 8
2) lim f ( x ) , f ( x ) =
x 2
x + 7 3 ,x > 2
x 2
3) lim f ( x ) ,
x 1
x3 + x 2
,x 1
f ( x ) = x 1
4
, x =1
2 0/0
) 0/0;
) , : 1) lim
x 1
x 3 5x 2 + 3x + 1
x2 + x 2
2) lim
x 1
x+32
x 1
3
) ;
) :
x 2 + 3 x2 3
1) lim
x 1
2x 3 1
x 1
3) lim
x 1 x 1
x
2) lim
x 0 x
x + 1 x2 1 3 x + x + 4
4) lim
x 1
x+52
4
) ;
) :
- : - 1
18
:
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1) lim
x 0
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x x x
x
2) lim
x 0
4) ( ) lim
x 0
x 1
x
( x )
x
3) lim
x 0
2011 x
x
, 0
( x )
5) lim
x 1 x 1
f ( x ) x
f (x)
6) ( ) lim
, lim
=0
x x0 g ( x )
x x 0 g ( x )
1
7) lim x v , v N*
x 0
x
5
) ;
f (x) + x
) f : R R lim
= 2 :
x 1 x 1
) lim f ( x )
x 1
f (x) + x
) lim
x 1 f ( x ) + 1
f (x) f (x) 2
) lim
x 1 2
f (x) + 3 2x
6
) ;
ax + 3 , x 1
) 1) f : R R f ( x ) =
lim f ( x )
x 1
2ax 3 x < 1
) a ) lim f ( x )
x 1
, x 1
ax + b
2) f : R R f ( x ) =
lim f ( x ) = 4
x 1
2ax 3b + 1 x < 1
a, b.
3) lim
x 1
x 4 + ax 3 2b
= 1 a, b R
x2 1
( 1)x 2 + x 2
x 2 + 2x +
g(x)
=
. , R
x
x2 1
R lim f (x) lim g(x) .
4) f (x) =
x 1
- : - 1
x 0
19
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1
- 1.6
7 x0 (/0, 0)
1
) f x0 + -;
) lim f ( x ) = + - x0 ;
x xo
2
.
3
. ();
. ;
.
4 -
lim f ( x ) , lim g ( x )
x xo
: ) lim ( f ( x ) + g ( x ) )
x xo
x xo
) lim ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) ;
x xo
.
x0 R
f :
g :
f + g :
f g :
5
lim f ( x ) , lim g ( x )
x xo
x xo
f (x)
) lim
x x
x x g x
( )
.
: ) lim ( f ( x ) g ( x ) )
o
) lim f ( x )
x xo
);
x0 R,
f :
g :
>0
<0
>0
<0
fg :
f / g :
f n, nN*
- : - 1
20
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1 /0
( ) lim+ f ( x ) , lim- f ( x ) ,
x xo
x xo
. x0 = 0
x
x
> 0
. x0 = 0
< 0
) x0
y
x x0 x
O
f (x)
1
y= 2
x
x
2 /0 x0
x 2 5x + 6
3x 2
: . lim
. lim
x 1
x 3 (x 3) 2
x +1
. lim
x 0
e x + 5x
x 4 + 2011x 2
. lim
x 0
( 2x ) 3
4 (x 1) x
. lim
x 0
x 1
x
3 /0 x0
: . lim
x 1
x2 x + 2
x 1
4
3
. lim
+ 2
x 1
1
x
x
1
1
. lim x 2 2 + 3
x 0
x
4 /0
x +1
x2
x 1
x +1
: . lim
. lim
. lim
. lim x . lim x . lim
3 x + 1
x 0
x 0 x 1
x 0 x
x
x
x
x
2
5 /0
:
. lim
x 1
( x 1)
. lim
x 1
x 2 1
x 1
. lim
- : - 1
x 1
x
x 1
. lim
x 1
x +
( x 1)
21
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2
( 1)x 2 + x 2
x 2 + 2x +
g(x)
=
x
x2 1
. , lim f (x)
f (x) =
x 1
. , lim g(x)
x 0
6 /0
lim f (x) , :
x 1
x 2
= +
f (x)
3
. lim
x 1
f (x) + 3
. lim
=
x 1
x +1
- : - 1
22
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1
- 1.7
8
1
) f, ( , + ) . f :
1. R 2. + 3. + ;
)
2
.
1 ()
( ) lim f ( x ) , lim f ( x ) ,
x +
y
y
x
x
y = f (x)
> 0
< 0
y=f (x)
Cf
Cf
f (x)
x
x
(a)
- : - 1
f (x)
O
()
23
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2 ( )
. ; .
. : . lim ( x 2 5x + 3)
. lim (1 + x x 4 )
x +
. lim ( x 3 + 5x 2 6x + 2011 ) , , , R
x
. lim ( x 2 + x 1) , R
x
3 ( )
. ; .
. :
x2 x + 2
x +
x 1
3x 5 x + 2
x 1 + x 3 + x 5
4x + 3
. lim 2
x
x + x 1
. lim
. lim
. : P(x), Q(x) , ,
:
0
1. lim
= *
x Q x
( )
P(x)
,<
, =
, >
2. lim
x
P (x)
,
=
Q ( x ) , >
4 ( )
. ;
. :
. lim ( x 1 + 2 x + 3 7 )
. lim x
x
. lim ( x 1 + 2 x + 3 7 )
x +
| x 2 5x | + x
x x 2 + x + 2
| x 2 x | 3
x + x + 2011
lim
. lim
5 ( )
. ;
1. lim x = +
x +
2. lim
x = +
. :
. lim
x +
4x 2 x + 1
. lim 9 10x + x 2
x
. lim ( x 2 + 5 + x) . lim
x
lim
x +
. lim ( x 2 + 1 + x 2 x )
x +
x x2 + 1
x 2 12x + 1
. lim
x +
x 3
x x2 1
. lim
. lim ( x 2 + 1 x 2 x )
x +
x x2 + 1
x x2 1
x2 + 1 + 5 x
3x + 1 + 2x 2
- : - 1
24
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6 ( )
. ;
. :
x 3
,x 2
. f ( x ) = x 2
1 , x = 2
2x, x < 1
. f (x) = 2
x + 1, x 1
x 2 , x 1
. f (x) =
5x, x > 1
7 ( )
. ;
lim x = +, lim x = 0 > 1
x +
. :
. lim 3 x
. lim 3x
x +
2
. lim
x e
. lim e x
x +
. lim e x
x +
3x + 4x
. lim x
x + 3 4 x
3x + 4x
. lim x
x 3 4 x
8 ( )
. ; :
1. lim ln x = +, lim log x = +
x +
x +
2. lim+ ( ln x ) = ,
x 0
lim ( log x ) =
x 0
; .
. :
. lim
x +
1
ln x 2
. lim
x +
1
ln x
. lim
x +
2 ln x 1
ln x + 1
9 ( ) ( 11 12)
. ;
lim x lim x .
x
. :
x
x x
. lim
x
x
x
. lim
x
x x
. lim
x
x
x
. lim
. lim
xx 1
x 2 + x
10 ( )
. ;
- : - 1
25
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+ , > 0
1. lim ( x ) = . , = 0
x +
, < 0
, > 0
2. lim ( x ) = . , = 0
x
+ , < 0
. :
. lim ( x 2 x + 3 + x)
x
( 1)x 3 + 2x 2 10x + 3 +
x +
x 2 5x + 6
. lim
. lim ( x 2 + 5x + 7 x)
x +
. f (x) =
x2 + 1
x + , R , lim f (x) = 0
x +
x +1
. R , lim ( x 2 + 5x + 10 x + 1) R .
x +
2x + , x 3
. , lim f ( x ) , lim f ( x ) f (x) =
x +
x
x + 3, x > 3
11 ( )
. ;
. :
1
. lim x
x +
x
. lim
x +
. lim ln ( x 2 x )
x +
x +1 x , x 0
x
lim ln ( x 1) + ln 2
x + 1
x +
. lim e x
. lim ln ( x ) ln ( x 2 + 1)
x +
12 ( )
. ; .
;
. f ( x ) =
. :
xx
,
x2 + 1
xR
x
x
f (x) 2
x R
x +1
x +1
2
. : lim f ( x ) lim f ( x )
x +
f (x)
. lim
x +
x
. f : R R f ( x ) =
- : - 1
x 2 + 1 x 2 x
26
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. : f ( x )
1
x +1 + x
2
. : lim f ( x )
x +
13 ( )
. ; ;
. f : R R lim f ( x ) x 2 + 1 = 1 . :
x +
. lim f ( x )
x +
. lim
x +
- : - 1
f (x)
x
. lim
x +
2f ( x ) x
f ( x ) + 3x
27
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1
- 1.8
9
1 x0
) f : A R , x 0 ;
) ;
) f : A R x 0 A ;
2
) f ;
)
3
) f (, ) ;
) f [, ];
4
) f, g x 0 f, g x 0 ;
x 0 .
) g o f x 0 ;
1
x x 1
,0 < x <1
x 1
f ( x ) =
x2 +2
x 1
x + 1
) lim f ( x )
x 1
) f (1) f x 0 = 1
) f
- : - 1
28
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- : - 1
29
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5 Bolzano
) Bolzano. .
) Bolzano ; ;
) Bolzano
) Bolzano ;
) : lzano?
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1 (, ) - [, ]
) (, )
;
. f : [ , ] R , : f ( ) f ( ) + < f ( ) + f ( ) . :
1. ( f ( ) ) ( f ( ) ) < 0
2. f ( x ) = x ( , )
) [, ]
;
. f : R R f ( x ) + f ( x ) = 1 x R .
: 1. f ( 0 ) + f (1) = 1
2. f ( x ) = x [ 0,1]
2 (, )
) (, ) ;
) : f [, ], f (x) = 0
(, ).
. f(x) = x5 +3x +1 R.
) (, ) [, ]
;
. f ( x ) = x 3 + 3x + x R : 4 .
, f ( x ) = 0 [ 1,1]
3 (, )
) (, )
;
. x + xx = x 2 ( , )
) (, ) ;
. ( x )( x ) + ( x )( x ) + ( x )( x ) = 0 , , , , ,
, .
) (, ) ;
. ( x )( x ) + ( x )( x ) + ( x )( x ) = 0
) f
;
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) f f ( x ) 0 x , f
.
) f 1 , 2 f(x) = 0,
f ( 1 , 2 ) .
. f : R R f 2 ( x ) 2f ( x ) = x 2 x R
f ( 0) = 2 .
) 1. f R
2. f
) g ( x ) = f ( x ) 1 , x R
1. g ( x ) 0 x R
2. g
3. f g.
. f : R R f ( x ) 0 x R f ( ) + f ( ) + f ( ) = 0
, , . f R
) f(x) = 0 ;
. f ( x ) = 2x 2x, x 0,
2
1) f ( x ) = 0
2) f
z = + i , R f ( x ) = z xi , x R
(1, 2).
. 1 z 3 . z ;
. : f ( x ) = 2 z x , (-1, 1) .
10
x 2 2x 1 , 1 x 1
f ( x ) = 2
3x 6x + 1 ,1 < x 2
. f [-1, 2]
. f(x) = 0 (-1, 2)
11
f: [ , ] z = + i, z1 = +if(), z2 = +if().
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32
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3 ( z 2 z 2 ) 4izz = 4i Re ( z1 z2 ) , Cf
xx.
12
) .
)
) Bolzano;
) .. f [, ]
;
) .. f ( ) , f ( ) x0 f(x0) = , [, ];
) ..; ,
) ;
) 1 1 ;
. f [, ] f () =0 f () =1. :
1) f ( ) < ln 2 < f ( )
2) x 0 ( , ) f ( x 0 ) = ln 2
. f : R Q f (1) = 1 f ( 2 ) = 2 . :
1) f (1) < 2 < f ( 2 )
2) f
) .
)
) ;
) f [, ], ;
.
: f : [ , ] R 0 < < . m
f, :
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1) m
f ( ) + f ( )
+
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2) [ , ] : f ( ) =
f ( ) + f ( )
+
8 ( )
) f [, ] ;
) f [, ] ;
) f (, ) ;
) f (, ) ;
) ;
. :
1) f ( x ) = x 2 + x 1 0,
2
2) f ( x ) = ex x 0,
2
3) f ( x ) = x + x ln 2 x + 1 (1, + )
4) f ( x ) = ln (1 ln x )
13
2 ( x ) + 2 ( 5x )
,x 0
R +
f ( x ) =
x2
2 + 25
,x = 0
. lim f ( x ) lim f ( x )
x +
. R.
. x R f(x) 10 , :
i. = 5 .
ii. f x x yy ( ).
iii. f
iv. f(x) = 49 0,
2
14
f : :
f (x) = f (3 x), x lim f (x) = ,
x
. x 0 ( 0,3) : f (x 0 ) = 0
. < 0
. f
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15
, f (x) = ln ( x 2 + x + 1) ln ( (1 + )x + ) x > 0 0
. , lim f (x)
x +
. = 0
. f
. f
.
16
f (x) 2
=0
x 0
x
f : , lim
. . f(0) .
x 2 + f (x)
x 0
2 x
. : lim
. f f 2 (x) e x f (x) = e 2x + 1, x
. : f (x) = e x + e x , x
. lim f (x), lim f ( x )
x +
( , 0]
[ 0, + ) f(x) = k k k > 2 .
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