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2012 13

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1 :

2 :

3:

4:

5: 1 1

6: x0 (: 0/0)

7: x0 (/0, 0)

8: x

9:

- : - 1

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1
- 1.2
1
1
) . f : A R ;
) x, y, f, A f(A);
) x1, x2 . x1 = x2 f(x1), f(x2) f
i. ;
ii. ;
1
; ;
.
2
, y x :
i. y = (1 x )

ii. y = (1 x )

x
x>2
x 1 x > 1

v. y =

iii. y =

vi. y 2 = x 2 + 1

x2 + 1

vii. y = x

x + 3 x < 1
x 2 x 1

iv. y =

viii. y = x

1
2
=x , x0
x

f : 2 f ( x ) 3f
:
) f (1) =;

) f ( 2 ) =;

1
f =;
2

4
f(x) .
) f ( x 1) = x 2 3x + 2, x R
) f ( 2x 3) =

x2 ,

xR

x
= ( 3x ) , x R
2

) f

) f ( 3x ) =

x 1
, x R
2x 2 + 1

- : - 1

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2
. ; ;
. ;
.
. ;
. f ;
1
: f ( x ) =

x2 1
1
g ( x ) = 1
2
x
x + x

) f
) g
) ;
2
: f ( x ) =

x 1
x 1
g ( x ) =
x2
x2

) f
) g
) ;
3
:

a. h(x) =

x 4 + 12
x 2 5x + 6

c. g(x) = ln(e

2x

b. h(x) = 3 x 2 5x + 6
,x < 0
x 3

d. f ( x ) = x
,0 x < 3
2x
,x 3

3e )
x

4
: f ( x ) =

( x 1)( x 2 )

g ( x ) =

x 1 x 2

) f
) g
) ;

3x + 1

, x k2 k + 3
2
x + 1 , x 2k k + 2

f ( x ) =

- : - 1

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2
1
) f;
) (, , , ,
, , .)
) ;
.
1
f f ( x ) =

x 2 + 5x + 6
x+2

.
.
. f
2

2x 2 ,

. f ( x ) = 2
,
x

x 1

. f ( x ) = 2x + x 1

x >1

x
. f ( x ) = e ,

) g ( x ) = e e x

2
) ; .
) f, ) f, ) f ;
) .
1
) :

f ( x ) = x 2 , f1 ( x ) = ( x 1) , f 2 ( x ) = ( x + 2 ) , f 3 ( x ) = x 2 + 3
2

3
) : ) f ( x ) = x

3
) g ( x ) = x 1

3
) h ( x ) = x + 1

) r ( x ) = x 3 1

2
f : x, y : f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) .
: ) f,
) f

- : - 1

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3
)
.
)
; .

Cf
xx

Cf
yy

Cf Cg
x0 (
. )

Cf
Cg

Cf
xx

Cf
xx

Cf 1 2
3 4

Cf
(, )

1
. x R f x x , :
i) f (x) = x 2 4x + 3 ,

ii) f (x) =

1+ x
,
1 x

iii) f (x) = e x 1

iv) f ( x ) = ln ( 2x ) 3ln 2

. x R f
g, :

- : - 1

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i) f (x) = x 3 + 2x + 1


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g(x) = x + 1

ii) f (x) = x 3 + x 2

g(x) = x 2 + x 2

2
) :
i) f (x) =

|x|
+ 1,
x

ii) f (x) = x | x | ,

x + 3 , x < 1
x +1 , x 1

iii) f (x) =

iv) f (x) = | ln x | .

) f .


f :

i)

ii)

iii)

x
O

- : - 1

x
O

4 x

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3
1
) f g ; ;
;
) ( )
, ; ;
1
R ( )
.
. f ( x ) = x 2 ,

g (x) = x

. f ( x ) = x , g ( x ) = x
2

) f ( x ) =

x2 1
1
g ( x ) = 1
x
x2 + x

2
) , ;
)

f
f g;
g

) ;
2
: f ( x ) = x 1, g ( x ) = 4 x
.
. , / ;
. : f + g, f g, f g
.

f
g

3
. g, f .
g f; ; .
. f g; ; .

. ; gof = fog

2
: f ( x ) = x 2 + 1, g ( x ) = x 2

- : - 1

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.
. gof
. fog

x2 , x 1
: f(x) =2x -1 =(- , 4 ] g(x)=
.
3x + 1 , x < 1

N fog.

x + 2 , x 1
g(x)= x , fog
f(x)= 2
x + 1 , x > 1
5
: f(x)=

ex 1
1+ x
g(x)=ln
. gof
x
e +1
1 x

R .[ : (gof)(x)=x ]

6
: f(x)=

kx 1
. k R fof :
x

(fof)(x) = x

7
: g(x) = f (f (f(x))) , f ( x ) =

1
;
1 x

8
: g ( x 2 + 1) = x 2 1, x ( , 1] [1, + ) f

x 2 = x 1,

x [ 2, + )

) f
) g
) fog, gof.

- : - 1

10

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4
1 -
) f : A R . f
;
;
;
) .
1 -
. f () : f ( ) = f ( ) =
. f :
. f :

< f ( ) < f ( )
< f ( ) > f ( )

. f: g: R , (, ):
2
iv) ( fog )( x 1) < ( fog )( 0 )
i)f ( x 2 x ) = f ( x )
ii) f ( x 2 x ) > f ( x )
iii) g 2
< g (1)
x +1
2 -
) f , f (x) = 0
.
) f , C f xx

3 -
f , f ;
4 -
f =[- , ], f
.
5 -
f, g R , :
. f + g R
. f g R , f, g R
. fog R
. gf R
. f R
5 -
. f R . :
f(3), f(-3), f(0), f(), f(e)
. f R . .
6 ( )
. .
. f ( x ) = x 3 + 2x 3

. f ( x ) = 2 1 x

- : - 1

. f ( x ) = 1 + x e x

. f ( x ) = x + 1 + ln x

11

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. , :
. x 3 + 2x 3 = 0

. 2 1 x = 0

. 1 + x e x = 0

. x + 1 + ln x = 2

. , :
. x 3 + 2x 3 > 0

. 2 1 x < 0

. e x 1 + x

x+

1
ln x > x + ln x
2

7 -
f , g : R ( 0, + ) , :

h ( x ) = ln ( f ( x ) + g ( x ) ) R . h;
2 -
) f : A R . f :
() () x0;
x0;
;
) .
1 -
. ;
. f = (, ), ;
. f = [, ], ;
2 -
;

3 -
f : R R f ( x ) = x 2 + 2x + 2
. f ( 1)
. : f ( x ) 1 x
.
4 -
f ( x ) = e x + e x
. : f ( 0 ) = 2 f ( x ) 2 x
.
1 -
(. 136 139)
:

- : - 1

12

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, ,
,
.

- : - 1

13

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5
1 1 -1
) f : A R . f (1 1) ;
.
) 1 1 f : A R , : f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) x1 = x 2

(). ; .
) f 1 1 ; , (
. 155 156)
2 1 -1
:
. 1 1 ;
. f [-, ], 1 1;
. f xx 2 1 1 ;
. f (x) =0 2 , 1 1;
1 1 1
. f () , f 1 1
. () ; ( . 156)
. ;
2 1 1
f g 1 1 1 1 :
. fog
.gof
. fof
. gog
. f
3 1 1
f , g : R R fog 1 1. g 1 1
4 1 1 ()
f : R R , x R : ( fof )( x ) = 4x + 3
. f 1 1
. : f(2x) = f (x+1)
5 1 1
1 1 f , g : R R :
8f ( x 2 ) f 2 ( x ) 16,

g 2 ( x ) g ( x ) g (1 x )

x R

3
) ; , .
) ;
)
f ( ).

- : - 1

14

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4
. f, ;
.

1. f ( x ) = 3 1 x

2. g ( x ) = ln ( e x 1)

3. h ( x ) = 2 4 x

5
. , f;
. f , f 1 ; ;
4 ( f f 1 )
. f : A R , f 1 ( x ) = f ( x )

. f : A R ;
. f : R R : f ( x ) = x 3 + 3x 3
. f
. f f 1
5
f : R R
. 1 1 1 1
. R R
. R R
6
f ( x ) = 2x 3 + 3x 6
. f
. : 1. f ( x ) = 11 2. f 1 ( x ) = 2
. : 1. f ( x ) > 1 2. f 1 ( x ) < 2

7
f ( x ) = 2x + x 8, x R
. f
. f ( x ) = x
. f , f 1

- : - 1

15

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8
f ( x ) = x 3 + x 1, x R
. f R
. f f 1 ( 1)
. : f ( x ) = f 1 ( x )
. : ( fof )( x ) < 1

9
f : R R , x R f ( f ( x ) 1) = x
:
. f 1 1
. f R
. f 1 ( x ) = f ( x 1) x R

10
f ( x ) = x 4, g ( x ) = 1 + x
. f, g
. : 1. g 1 2. fog 1 3.

f
g

1 1
f ( x ) =

x
1+ x

. f
. f 1 1
. f
. : fofo...of



2012

- : - 1

16

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6 x0 (: 0/0)
1
) f(x) 0; , .
) f 0; , .
) f(x) 0 ;
.
2
.
1
() (). ,
.
. lim f ( x ) , lim g ( x ) lim ( f ( x ) g ( x ) )
x xo

x xo

x xo

.
. lim ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) lim f ( x ) , lim g ( x )
x xo

x xo

x xo


. lim f ( x ) lim g ( x ) ,
x xo

xxo

lim ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) .
x xo

. lim f ( x ) , lim g ( x ) , lim ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) .


x xo

x xo

x xo

. f,g :R R : lim ( f ( x ) + g ( x ) ) = 0
x

lim ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) = 0 : lim f ( x ) = lim g ( x ) = 0


x

3
. ;
4
. : lim x = x 0
x xo

. 3
. : x x , x
5
) ; ,
.

- : - 1

17

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) , , :
1) lim ( x 1)
x 1

2) lim e3 x
x 3

f (x)
f ( x 1)
f ( 2x )
3) lim
= 2 : ) lim
) lim
x 0 x
x 1 x 1
x 0 x

1
) ;
) , :
1) lim f ( x ) , lim f ( x ) , lim f ( x ) ,
x 0
x 2
x 1

x2 1
, x <1

f ( x ) = x 1
ln x , x 1

x 4 16
,x < 2

x3 8
2) lim f ( x ) , f ( x ) =
x 2
x + 7 3 ,x > 2
x 2

3) lim f ( x ) ,
x 1

x3 + x 2
,x 1

f ( x ) = x 1

4
, x =1

2 0/0

) 0/0;
) , : 1) lim
x 1

x 3 5x 2 + 3x + 1
x2 + x 2

2) lim
x 1

x+32
x 1

3
) ;
) :
x 2 + 3 x2 3

1) lim

x 1
2x 3 1

x 1
3) lim
x 1 x 1

x
2) lim
x 0 x
x + 1 x2 1 3 x + x + 4
4) lim
x 1
x+52

4
) ;
) :

- : - 1

18

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1) lim
x 0


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x x x
x

2) lim
x 0

4) ( ) lim
x 0

x 1
x

( x )
x

3) lim
x 0

2011 x
x

, 0

( x )
5) lim
x 1 x 1

f ( x ) x
f (x)
6) ( ) lim
, lim
=0

x x0 g ( x )
x x 0 g ( x )

1
7) lim x v , v N*
x 0
x

5
) ;

f (x) + x
) f : R R lim
= 2 :
x 1 x 1
) lim f ( x )
x 1

f (x) + x

) lim
x 1 f ( x ) + 1

f (x) f (x) 2
) lim

x 1 2

f (x) + 3 2x

6
) ;

ax + 3 , x 1
) 1) f : R R f ( x ) =
lim f ( x )
x 1
2ax 3 x < 1
) a ) lim f ( x )
x 1

, x 1
ax + b
2) f : R R f ( x ) =
lim f ( x ) = 4
x 1
2ax 3b + 1 x < 1
a, b.

3) lim
x 1

x 4 + ax 3 2b
= 1 a, b R
x2 1

( 1)x 2 + x 2
x 2 + 2x +
g(x)
=

. , R
x
x2 1
R lim f (x) lim g(x) .
4) f (x) =

x 1

- : - 1

x 0

19

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1
- 1.6
7 x0 (/0, 0)
1
) f x0 + -;
) lim f ( x ) = + - x0 ;
x xo

2

.
3
. ();
. ;
.
4 -
lim f ( x ) , lim g ( x )
x xo

: ) lim ( f ( x ) + g ( x ) )
x xo

x xo

) lim ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) ;
x xo

.
x0 R
f :

g :

f + g :
f g :

5
lim f ( x ) , lim g ( x )
x xo

x xo

f (x)
) lim

x x
x x g x
( )
.

: ) lim ( f ( x ) g ( x ) )
o

) lim f ( x )
x xo

);

x0 R,
f :
g :

>0

<0

>0

<0

fg :
f / g :
f n, nN*

- : - 1

20

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1 /0
( ) lim+ f ( x ) , lim- f ( x ) ,
x xo

x xo

. x0 = 0

x
x

> 0

. x0 = 0

< 0

) x0

y
x x0 x

O
f (x)

1
y= 2
x
x

2 /0 x0
x 2 5x + 6
3x 2
: . lim
. lim
x 1
x 3 (x 3) 2
x +1
. lim
x 0

e x + 5x
x 4 + 2011x 2

. lim
x 0

( 2x ) 3

4 (x 1) x

. lim
x 0

x 1
x

3 /0 x0
: . lim
x 1

x2 x + 2
x 1

4
3
. lim
+ 2

x 1
1

x
x
1


1
. lim x 2 2 + 3
x 0
x

4 /0
x +1
x2
x 1
x +1
: . lim
. lim
. lim
. lim x . lim x . lim
3 x + 1

x 0
x 0 x 1
x 0 x

x
x
x
x
2

5 /0
:
. lim
x 1

( x 1)

. lim
x 1

x 2 1
x 1

. lim

- : - 1

x 1

x
x 1

. lim
x 1

x +

( x 1)

21

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2
( 1)x 2 + x 2
x 2 + 2x +

g(x)
=
x
x2 1
. , lim f (x)
f (x) =

x 1

. , lim g(x)
x 0

6 /0
lim f (x) , :
x 1

x 2
= +
f (x)
3

. lim
x 1

f (x) + 3
. lim
=
x 1
x +1

- : - 1

. lim[f (x)(3x 3 5)] = +


x 1

22

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1
- 1.7
8
1
) f, ( , + ) . f :
1. R 2. + 3. + ;
)

2

.

1 ()
( ) lim f ( x ) , lim f ( x ) ,
x +

y
y

x
x

y = f (x)

> 0

< 0

y=f (x)
Cf

Cf
f (x)

x
x

(a)

- : - 1

f (x)

O
()

23

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2 ( )
. ; .
. : . lim ( x 2 5x + 3)

. lim (1 + x x 4 )

x +

. lim ( x 3 + 5x 2 6x + 2011 ) , , , R
x

. lim ( x 2 + x 1) , R
x

3 ( )
. ; .
. :
x2 x + 2
x +
x 1

3x 5 x + 2
x 1 + x 3 + x 5

4x + 3
. lim 2

x
x + x 1

. lim

. lim

. : P(x), Q(x) , ,
:
0

1. lim
= *
x Q x
( )

P(x)

,<
, =
, >

2. lim
x

P (x)

,
=
Q ( x ) , >

4 ( )

. ;
. :
. lim ( x 1 + 2 x + 3 7 )

. lim x
x

. lim ( x 1 + 2 x + 3 7 )

x +

| x 2 5x | + x
x x 2 + x + 2

| x 2 x | 3
x + x + 2011

lim

. lim

5 ( )

. ;
1. lim x = +
x +

2. lim

x = +

. :
. lim

x +

4x 2 x + 1

. lim 9 10x + x 2
x

. lim ( x 2 + 5 + x) . lim
x

lim

x +

. lim ( x 2 + 1 + x 2 x )
x +

x x2 + 1
x 2 12x + 1
. lim
x +
x 3
x x2 1

. lim

. lim ( x 2 + 1 x 2 x )
x +

x x2 + 1
x x2 1

x2 + 1 + 5 x
3x + 1 + 2x 2

- : - 1

24

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6 ( )

. ;
. :
x 3
,x 2

. f ( x ) = x 2
1 , x = 2

2x, x < 1
. f (x) = 2
x + 1, x 1

x 2 , x 1
. f (x) =
5x, x > 1

7 ( )

. ;
lim x = +, lim x = 0 > 1
x +

lim x = 0, lim x = + 0 < < 1


x +

. :
. lim 3 x

. lim 3x
x +

2
. lim
x e

. lim e x

x +

. lim e x

x +

3x + 4x
. lim x

x + 3 4 x

3x + 4x
. lim x

x 3 4 x

8 ( )

. ; :
1. lim ln x = +, lim log x = +
x +

x +

2. lim+ ( ln x ) = ,
x 0

lim ( log x ) =
x 0

; .

. :
. lim

x +

1
ln x 2

. lim

x +

1
ln x

. lim

x +

2 ln x 1
ln x + 1

9 ( ) ( 11 12)

. ;
lim x lim x .
x

. :

x
x x

. lim

x
x
x

. lim

x
x x

. lim

x
x
x

. lim

. lim

xx 1
x 2 + x

10 ( )

. ;

- : - 1

25

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+ , > 0

1. lim ( x ) = . , = 0
x +
, < 0

, > 0

2. lim ( x ) = . , = 0
x
+ , < 0

. :
. lim ( x 2 x + 3 + x)
x

( 1)x 3 + 2x 2 10x + 3 +
x +
x 2 5x + 6

. lim

. lim ( x 2 + 5x + 7 x)
x +

. f (x) =

x2 + 1
x + , R , lim f (x) = 0
x +
x +1

. R , lim ( x 2 + 5x + 10 x + 1) R .
x +

2x + , x 3
. , lim f ( x ) , lim f ( x ) f (x) =
x +
x
x + 3, x > 3
11 ( )

. ;
. :
1

. lim x
x +
x

. lim
x +

. lim ln ( x 2 x )

x +

x +1 x , x 0

x
lim ln ( x 1) + ln 2

x + 1

x +

. lim e x

. lim ln ( x ) ln ( x 2 + 1)
x +

12 ( )
. ; .

;
. f ( x ) =

. :

xx
,
x2 + 1

xR

x
x
f (x) 2
x R
x +1
x +1
2

. : lim f ( x ) lim f ( x )
x +

f (x)
. lim

x +
x

. f : R R f ( x ) =

- : - 1

x 2 + 1 x 2 x

26

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. : f ( x )

1
x +1 + x
2

. : lim f ( x )
x +

13 ( )

. ; ;

. f : R R lim f ( x ) x 2 + 1 = 1 . :
x +

. lim f ( x )
x +

. lim

x +

- : - 1

f (x)
x

. lim
x +

2f ( x ) x
f ( x ) + 3x

27

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1
- 1.8
9
1 x0

) f : A R , x 0 ;
) ;
) f : A R x 0 A ;
2

) f ;
)
3

) f (, ) ;
) f [, ];
4

) f, g x 0 f, g x 0 ;
x 0 .
) g o f x 0 ;

1
x x 1
,0 < x <1

x 1
f ( x ) =
x2 +2
x 1
x + 1

) lim f ( x )
x 1

) f (1) f x 0 = 1
) f

- : - 1

28

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- : - 1

29

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5 Bolzano
) Bolzano. .
) Bolzano ; ;
) Bolzano
) Bolzano ;
) : lzano?

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1 (, ) - [, ]

) (, )
;
. f : [ , ] R , : f ( ) f ( ) + < f ( ) + f ( ) . :
1. ( f ( ) ) ( f ( ) ) < 0

2. f ( x ) = x ( , )

) [, ]
;
. f : R R f ( x ) + f ( x ) = 1 x R .

: 1. f ( 0 ) + f (1) = 1

2. f ( x ) = x [ 0,1]

2 (, )

) (, ) ;
) : f [, ], f (x) = 0
(, ).
. f(x) = x5 +3x +1 R.

) (, ) [, ]
;
. f ( x ) = x 3 + 3x + x R : 4 .

, f ( x ) = 0 [ 1,1]
3 (, )

) (, )
;
. x + xx = x 2 ( , )

) (, ) ;
. ( x )( x ) + ( x )( x ) + ( x )( x ) = 0 , , , , ,

, .
) (, ) ;
. ( x )( x ) + ( x )( x ) + ( x )( x ) = 0

, , > 0 < < (, )


4

) f
;

- : - 1

31

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) f f ( x ) 0 x , f
.
) f 1 , 2 f(x) = 0,
f ( 1 , 2 ) .
. f : R R f 2 ( x ) 2f ( x ) = x 2 x R

f ( 0) = 2 .
) 1. f R

2. f

) g ( x ) = f ( x ) 1 , x R
1. g ( x ) 0 x R

2. g

3. f g.
. f : R R f ( x ) 0 x R f ( ) + f ( ) + f ( ) = 0

, , . f R

) f(x) = 0 ;

. f ( x ) = 2x 2x, x 0,
2

1) f ( x ) = 0

2) f

z = + i , R f ( x ) = z xi , x R
(1, 2).
. 1 z 3 . z ;

. : f ( x ) = 2 z x , (-1, 1) .
10
x 2 2x 1 , 1 x 1
f ( x ) = 2
3x 6x + 1 ,1 < x 2

. f [-1, 2]

. f(x) = 0 (-1, 2)
11

f: [ , ] z = + i, z1 = +if(), z2 = +if().

- : - 1

32

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3 ( z 2 z 2 ) 4izz = 4i Re ( z1 z2 ) , Cf
xx.
12

f f 2(x) + x2= 5x x = (0,5).


f:
)
)
) f , f (1 ) = - 2.
6 (..)

) .
)
) Bolzano;
) .. f [, ]
;
) .. f ( ) , f ( ) x0 f(x0) = , [, ];
) ..; ,
) ;
) 1 1 ;
. f [, ] f () =0 f () =1. :
1) f ( ) < ln 2 < f ( )

2) x 0 ( , ) f ( x 0 ) = ln 2

. f : R Q f (1) = 1 f ( 2 ) = 2 . :
1) f (1) < 2 < f ( 2 )

2) f

) .
)
) ;
) f [, ], ;
.
: f : [ , ] R 0 < < . m

f, :

- : - 1

33

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1) m

f ( ) + f ( )
+


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2) [ , ] : f ( ) =

f ( ) + f ( )
+

8 ( )

) f [, ] ;
) f [, ] ;
) f (, ) ;
) f (, ) ;
) ;

. :

1) f ( x ) = x 2 + x 1 0,
2


2) f ( x ) = ex x 0,
2

3) f ( x ) = x + x ln 2 x + 1 (1, + )

4) f ( x ) = ln (1 ln x )

13
2 ( x ) + 2 ( 5x )

,x 0
R +
f ( x ) =
x2

2 + 25
,x = 0

. lim f ( x ) lim f ( x )
x +

. R.
. x R f(x) 10 , :
i. = 5 .
ii. f x x yy ( ).
iii. f

iv. f(x) = 49 0,
2

14
f : :
f (x) = f (3 x), x lim f (x) = ,
x

. x 0 ( 0,3) : f (x 0 ) = 0
. < 0
. f

- : - 1

34

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15
, f (x) = ln ( x 2 + x + 1) ln ( (1 + )x + ) x > 0 0
. , lim f (x)
x +

. = 0
. f
. f
.

16
f (x) 2
=0
x 0
x

f : , lim

. . f(0) .
x 2 + f (x)
x 0
2 x

. : lim

. f f 2 (x) e x f (x) = e 2x + 1, x
. : f (x) = e x + e x , x
. lim f (x), lim f ( x )
x +

( , 0]

[ 0, + ) f(x) = k k k > 2 .

- : - 1

35

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