est jo! adi: Sul) Gable gage 29S rotal Lasdie Bla) aking ad nA ¢ poy tee Be ASI ie pai, eM acl Bar Ctley OLS lal OUT G Lol, GU anal ae lay Hiss ( LIS! Cyne RUG G Via BAU yf Ring ay be ly Ming oy ASTI Ut Sad) MoLd ~ key “ply be Ha eas ot SE deal et Byer bed th Lbs yo a! pall oo gel Gd 08% Leebo Leal) 525 clin ULL ode sand clad le ae byt 2 ydaally EAE Orbea) AIL Slgenslly QSL! ell pygite Ca Oe de Bude ie Le BLO p poy G tL! Lad eet iy Sebo SI soe Salt obs Blot Ob. otal Gall Je oe Slynll clad (Set) RP SAG clad) ment oF LE A oll LLG olla pla ols on lyre ra hela BADR ih at oa SSH BY ot bse Be 3 oy 3st 2 oe vl ze 3 leap Ol All Shely aL DH e = Gabel alll sy La, deol ab GUS jyli SI the aania’! cov! Jab fh 1D) a Spell b olgee (1.2) S a (15) + tl SA LO) ptt SiN, at! (SRY (1.7) an Zyall lela sell (1.8) so Aelyil peidy Cagle (1.9) cevkbabl yg (21)syinaly 451 (2.2) Spbasl dpe (2.3) sega! Japs Bpinaae (2.4) Sie Gally Achy) paid (2.5) EU all Aged) CYolal! dala! iad! ww Urinal tall (3.1) Seibel Sad) Natal Aalst (3.2) Heidel pi ia! Natal ial (3.3) yl Seal AP Ciigeelly Az al Hjgall alally ASL lpr) GAD pil (4.1) Iyad Miginat ae yk LaF Eby SUI eLeail (4.2) pLtcll Cliyinall (4.3) helinlaly Opiate — fF tena (4.4) =\-re mht fel Ya Olsadt ob lela (5.1) RAL leLaadl J Sybyly Sylall (5.2) AS tine — ate sitet selyall (5.3) Iy2yasl least (5.4) Iyageall kyon (5.5) abe! Javad Tay dally Slat AJL dual ds YE Jal 6.1) Ral deal Lal gl 6.2) IygdSINN TAU, yaa! dypll IDL soll -y-Ji) eval Vector Spaces lgmll oisluad Auedde (1.0) Lady ebjcill Belay Gell E olgrdll Ue Clb!) Gy ald SE AN LM tt blend! Ob ple Ue afl api) Gabo Le ee Heney (bere ga) Get Slee go Clerelll ale Laila Bae pe ty pre ed Creme Om lee CT A, ses Gate Bade atlas Old Obed Obl ae at GAM gt ee ob deelisl) 45 dat pe ale Gell G andl Gyyai 15! cS Males AN Hah, — OSS spell LUG depee Ol gw Lis ( UM aaht Rea aa oe aaresmaee Sly Qadl plac Fl ile! GE BS Slept Slab Cron 3 tag Ela! bis i lata eo Spt Olea ty lipides be spt Oley ef USS ESS pl bball 485 yee Obes U gil Slept AUF eter hi wee gee eLaah peel iMag « Pilly geal Je arly 5 Gay pa TL ob Geet Lele Gb Jal 2a! Ble ge pill Sit! ye tonal ode MI aa S dy Lele daly Jatt Seu Gael Eee Dea AST Sper ays IL SI oe eet bey Gla Sel G Olga e.g lal Stine La WIS. JM Gal 4BWI ag) Go ateel Lin voluel eoy Yar GAG Gallet op 4 Baar Je cptesas ple Jey lpr clad pgs IU tlt G ping «Eb ally Spell pata Ia clad op Faghl Clepdl GU Le Genet i ult tel ot Bayh LL Fl Sly clad Ib ae na ely Stel Hiyge lela tal Sle yeah ale pee All slaadll Upablas ty ohladl pr el Gaer 3 a lary Lastly Ady Gb Ueb ala a¥ wt Se ppete pol tb Syl ol grll liad Ge thai ely Jr By tat! lead et! BN ob) DY wt She wt all Gg OM pA be Se Ce Claes clad bles dept +E gegll dela plas) slab om mee & yh Labo SI sah Slgreall clad B46 pygie ol AT ae Galil Ld Goa tad gpl Lia) ya Sly ay SUSIE el Genet sb fad Me Go = Aelyall Groups and Fields Jyi+\ yp (1.1) Ndy esl S05 Ul ae ably jl cya de Jl Ne Cot ep Guay Lae a Lf Spit Gates fl tele oS LY AE jay SSeed OB cide Bae BU dle « YG) UL pe pe S SI . PAI yt) og 13) Leddy 131 3,5 Gee (Sy) GlII Tipper) Zot 1 abceS & ax(b«c) Saab) xc Pale pall yng — 2 ee S par iny . Va eS, ea=ae=a 1 polst plat ayy — 3 CADE sry AES IS) asb=bea=e .(b=a! OS aU od, ) 2) See OSS 55 OSG (Z, +) ob prea ale dept ZO 13 FOEZ painll pli ayry pote) 3 ij and (7 | 22) Je 28) OS CR yt) Ob Gadd) ole! dee R CIT 1 :@) Jee op BW pola, 22 teyall 1b Dlbginall depeS CIE I! -byiall ae the CF 545 OSG S Ob erred! ae dept dys 1 O® 131 dads 131 Sols Ub, Sled 5,45 (Gy) Catt 1H - aa = bea OS a,bES |SA) Se dats Ly SS oe! 8), 2), () EAN BBall jh am 1S) Slee Sd5UU poll tbe 3X3 dell ONS dal lial dees o) ab 565 OSG fine SLD hen © 248 Ss gly LEAL) sae dept oo Wade Bok oe S SUE vo wpe SOS byl) pg It dade WI a (Sy) Gul ob 6S Ue Bas Asli 35 (S, #) () Stl LAL pawl op OES 2 citaly a) (S-foh F ) (2) + iL Va,b,c,€S, a # (b«C)= (a # b)#a # © G) es dele Qe Shel bly) 1) Ske Aa ALI oe! foe vy (i> ye (R,+,.) Gul 1 See Hedin!) ae Lis cay fim gt (C, +, .) Gd O peg GNI Adal ded wtb nasal Lots pod GyeLe sh B tby TD pet BE Se La El WE) peal os ey (Fy *, A) Bt Vectors in Plane and — £1pilly cdl J lgrall (1-2) Space BOE eeely Helly SUM BIT Ales toy eu pdll F PP Spb) O13 gel del poll Wl ae Ad ley aS J YD jan peel hy LSU Dia oe Si gg le oes) ey SS tly Gel 3 BE obs BQ HNL fer Q EP cr oe bs Ling (P,Q) BAS os Q y RIL abs Soa) Gb YLS 1! Ole nem ob Je Ge (2-1) JSS ai y olZ1 iT Q Ss “an ° P R(b) (2-1) Usca > => Oty SlyLice RS 5 PQ Olgrall core! JSet by OT ancl! Lal 9! get! GO EU des Le OI Ke cplicd) pga! og SOB eel pa! OI USE Ligy Clg ISI aly tla Lapzay ae > 10 JeVh tats Badly T dat) aco once cans T Sade 88 cal Yam Se obyaill S Gell LF ol Slentlt of SYS dy spill det . 23 = (2-2) JS2d) J cae F eget 06 Q, P oly wd oF J22) Ja 7330,P,Q Le) Lud! -» esl LAM ile LS LI GI TN BIS cla oo Goal! SP + THR wat ER wpb edi AW abl 1 DYE sty eee pd ys ISAY WIS Masia Maas a ol ye Pot oad > 2 P igh gggley ab SIP sll ane ail Je aB excl Gas a po Of Is! (23 JS Bh) ag cypee SIP ald Sw ance al Je a wll Gad a Ialdel x,y,2 Ce» P(KY,2) JSS de SS ON (24) JRA GE ead coped G nce gel ge A ol pel 5 Waddsly OWI V pled LAV dad te aly det OSG Ce aay WA dee pK gl) A=(@b) 1G due cake Maw OS A(a,b) AA dakt aayltWai se Lyle Udi a Le BA OyLce Olpmte andy 5 ptt Lah caged BY ) Vidas Ob A Legale 2b Ob eld oy aid Jesh Oh adi ply pends PLE capmcal OS Lily . aE pl sedi MEY ands al OS U1 OE tends OLY Ub all olga Caps Ol yp LUIS jatalay tylace OSS # ory 2 > B=(b,,b,), A= (aa) 1 O8 131 ady 131 Cygne OLS a= b,a,=b, Dy skael Gb pally Olga gar OlLE ela! Iya oS B= (,,b),A=(@, 2) 9515): pF aly ON A+B= (a, +b,,a,+b,) sob 20} OU IAL ails (gem ote git 4s A=(a,a,) Of Ialy rA=(ra,, ra,) ob B=(3, 0), A=(1,2) 38 51580 A+B= (1,2) + (3,0) = (1-3,2 +0) =(-2,2) 5K=5(1,2)=(5.1, 5.2) =(5,10) eld J eral Je tell Lal Ue el kay ob B=@,-1,3), A=(,1,2) of 131 (129K B= (1/2) 0,1,2) + (1) Q,-1,3) =(0,1/2,1) + (2,1,-3) =(-2,3/2,-2) ofA a ae cad pal Ma lyme OLA gan ah Usb PL Ot rY_) sale: Uadty Py(K,,y,) pe scab dad A ome LSet ole e= OQ 25) JS fel Mads see gh ta Uhr Ugo aS Qala (@,b) CASON a A= PP, Se Oly mall Lin ga MAP(%,Y,) Py) 2H) JSo SLM Uf OQ4OP,-08, 2.5) JS y (a,b) + (%,¥) = (2) (atx, b+y)=(py,) ace OA OF le feat ab SI al ply ablall OLS sl iff gs A=P iB, a=(x,x,), b=(y,-y,)) = ANG lara SI el Gand dial2) Jt wy ay A PACS.T) wae ay PLGA) aly Aa gil al A=P,P, =(-5-3,7-4) =(-8,3) Cth Ol Sak nee OSE Hil spiel pale OF pais LU gees Bs oval ging CA Gee alck bane 9X B)s 2s CD culyall Git - el (8) (7), ©), (5) R Spd 3g all land Gallabl U HS Glepae Lhe cys claiab ul ode! oglyall Gif de yet IO fo lle Gyny RP EL dll dy fam gh Je Clgersll liad eygie Gl Spe plall Gypall aa Sy pad sot Sb (1.2) gylé .€=0,3),B=(1,9,2=(,2) 06 5 1 .2K~ (8B + (1/3)E ell ae (1) Caak tod abd gif ab Add slacl ae () IK BE enti oe (¢) Layddle LeN, -3B, 2B cagmell gn) ¢ B andl gy! (3) Bandt Wala 534 J XY RAIL! sue ie (4) xKryt= (0,0) o! de> «ob af (2) Lily (1) Ualall 524 x,y,z Gade slsel oe (4) > 2 ao xA+yB+20=6.......(1) XYZ 0.00...(2) F= (2,3) ant AA, Sy PUD) aly sr ne 2 + QEAO,2) jen: Maly P25) asl Zl Se gente de 3 meP=(0,11) tase RB, PQ cng Ertan $= (2,2,2), R=(1,0,-1), Q=(1,0,0) S=(1,-1), R=(-2,3), Q=(2,3), P=(1,1) YS — 5 -POFRS, PO-RS 2 Spl Silene cal elas P(2,7,1) ancl 51) _ 6 Za Sle AV oy -Vector Space — olgrdl slab (1-3) IR? oe Se gat lee ya ISI tl all G Led iyini> olacl, R24 R? oye FG lyr Go Guat GIGI LIS (R? CR Aa aL sel fim SI pas pole ) = SAN AML Be Loy 2) OLA del olaall ot Ol Bygpalle Gad F fie Ge lyri clad Gare all a Gg ARAL ME fir OS ty ce lapels Vo iepe tat F jill le olgne clei JS cs gly Olena am the ye UM abel cable dar ola SV GAB ary ee VBA Sled O35 Vif A trate JS) cat aly golell all Slee ga Hit AL! Rata gelell pall gear XA Jl) jay one Fab) Gx sue JS) PAY by tl ola Oo! Ce del OL A andl +C QIN Optal ) BA Slyall oy) JU ATB=B+A _ 1 ABC clntl yp SX JS (A+B) +C=A+(B+C)_2 “Cel Opa! y yyA JS A+O=A Sit Spinall andl py O Any ane dry — 3 VG LA+(A)=0 Git VG -A ane dey VG A ane JS 4 BX one IS BA lpn 3 & 9) JS x(A+B)=xA+xB _ 5 5 BEY poll oe 745 IS A ane JS (K+ YJA=xA+YA _ 6 of LF GY petal 4 7c 4) JSy A tne JS) (xy) =X(YA) 7 LV GAs JSLA=A_8 viel Vole! aad F att pote ot OSs Shed de (HAN spell R?Y RP op SS" ot Lae aid cad ST lela Whe oI Re dLI ole fir de les clad leladlS dtl atladly toby! dell i Sy dete dee IS .RPyR alate Babel Wyle OS SI came Jim os! fe lyre clad ine al) BEAL sae fie Lt Lat clin fo Leltel 3 95 Gye LS) ley See Howat sae fim J) Gyles PLU ae gC itil! alse any R ged clad fo deyce Ut sAgigi> alse! lapels 2X2 ligivall epee V YS 1 1 O8 13) ay an by by. | A= B= ay an ba be | vr1G Gp etl ob a+b, ay,tdi. A+B= ay, + bay a, tb, Xa,, xa, LSE lal Gall Ele Gris xA= : HK He> ose 1S) Xa, XA) NS GE Sty Mel crslanls Had R YI Je Glyn elad Vo} dye Wal oS Ga abs LAE Qa SV aly ole ayy bday (2) «(1) ob til Lneedy ast (3) baw Hy 9 o O= - ° GE Se Way A+0=A Aev ss vra, a, aes nt 2 ey $5) bel Ret A= aa ay “ JW-A Gw Ay | A+(-A)=O TE YS SU, Hts UAE SEPM ey th BEI de MXN Slipinall dept Of ir F OW UN Ue Hyper — 2 F jadi fe Slgrce clad O55 Man(F) Jb pe cally F saldel, obgirall pd bleey lipball am Had Ladb IV Gps FP tO Load ae m 084 Sue F of 3 Fh afr, Xd % EF 3 ot Bp abl ila) Gel F YN fo olgnee elead 0,5 Ose DEO DF KAY eX, Fy) a Byall soldll pall ileey TK yee yXQ) = (Kye g EX) 1 Wliethe FER bated RP y R? oSlaedl) pant yp el Sell GF” clad Ri glaadll Jo aad n=3 yF=R batiey R?sLaill fo Jad n=2 , yedept Gai F i> Gyn gob ose pV 4 PF)={a,+ax+....+4,x":a, €F} Rey 13 XK ogth Glade dept PL(F) ol cst clad OSG PF) F Jab gd pele bby n Gas a ipl tl dled Gal F Ya Je Olas (a, FAX eee FAX YT (DL +O K +. EBX DE (a,+b,)+(a,+b)xt.... +(a,+b,)x" ~ Myall s-Lill wali tees T@, +x +... +a,x")=(ra,) + (ra)x+...+(ra,)x" Ayyirall ath! oes O} SI La pt 0=0+0x+....+0x" ASA taXt en +a.X" arse ooh hai Oy Gpivall ancl OSG -A=(-a,) + Cat... + aa" aS eSlgrdl Sleliad o4nt we Ju Je pol RRL SE eee de SF olly Zepall api (a,b) SI — § acx cd git (a,b) =ff:f:(a,b) — Rian of 3 ee Baill fo Maly gparobly Gadd! Syl depee Jef C(a,b) ol yl +b) dyill eh RBA eI Jie oe lg clad 3,55 C(a,b) TBE ort gall Sy ally endl lead £8 € C(a,b), (F + 8)(x) = f(x) + a(x) r eR, f € C(a,b), (r(x) =rf(x)Byers Wo OST Tf Oly Barner Wl OSG FE o! Le y gins (2) (1) LT gdm sue 5p £8 €C(a,b) Ox{a,b) = Ro VU GS Clad) 3 ginal! ectt ot doy 2 ON Ra aEN alae gar Maly Bae ole! Sill aa Ob Le x €(a,b) JS O(x) =O ool bo Gay fy faba (A) = £00 (0+ fx) =O) + FO) Oke =O+f(%) =f(x) O+f=f 1983 2 (4) Ll Gelrecly gies (3) Ltt ot lef € Cla,b) JSS (£+ CAO) = FO) + DO) = f(x) - f(%) =0 pnt (5) bail Ged f €C(a,b) JS f+(-N=O0 103) (rf +8) &%) = r(f+ 200 = 1(f(x) + g(x) =rf(x) + rex) = (r(x) + (F8)@) = (rf + rg) Lao r(f+g)=rf+rg(8), (7), (6) by JE Se fBEC (@,b) IX, TER JS wey IY ditty Spel clad ely J ae ge baal gy ol mols cates MI jl. syell bus dept R* SI _ 6 (19) + Ou.) = 04, + Xp, +92) TOY) = (Tx,y) pet ae GY Nlby el cedenl Gly lyase clad GY R? ot o8 A=(1,D, 1)=-2, 121 (1, +1) A=(-2) A=C1) (LD =61,)) 1A=(1,1), ,A=(2,1) nAtnA=(1,1+(-2,1I)=¢1,2)=C-L) AtDAA(T, +1A oI sl Fylim acer or 9) R batt Je M,,(R) ela § 1 Yo 9 1) 7 fp a A= | B= 1 3 5 2 7 172 2A+ 5B, 3B, 2A toy 6 > OF ay (2) Slee tarle se yy—s——— ” a‘ lp te 3 k s a a oy x 6? a ° ar) 2 + + i a — Tor Sg - ” a Mn a saad + a ° ” ° © ” 3 leewOF NS chad) We fim C fib de C elaill G—2 A=(i,1+i,5), B=(2+i, 1+ 3i,-i) iA-2+ 3B, (140B, 2A: 4 IS ob 20) eee (3) See deel 2A =2(4,1 + 1,5) = (21,2 + 21,10) (1+H)B =(1 +i) (2 +i, 1 +3i,-i) =((1+i) 2+i), 0+) +3), (M+) CD) = (143i, -2+4i, 1-i) iA-(2 + 3i)B=(1,-1 +i,5i)-(1 + 8i,-7 + 91,3-2i) =(-2-8i, 6-81, -3 +71) O8 13) ¢R Jatt Jo PA(R) sLadt § — 3 A=2+3x-x7,B=5,C= Vix A+BH3C, (1/2)A to IS nol Ol qeay (4) Slt daar HH (1/2) = (1/2)(2 + 3x-x2) = 1+ (3/2)x-(1/2)x A+B+3C=(2+3x-x7)+ (5) + 3( ¥2x) =743(1+ f2)x-x? OF V3) R Jabt fo CC1,3) ad G — 4 £:(-1,3) PR, f(%) = 5x-2 8: (-1,3) OR, 8X)= Sin Tk 2f-4g, (1/3)Bs fs gy HS aml ya1) qenaty (5) JUN dele 2 Ht -£:61,3) PR, (-£) () =-%) (AQ) = -(5x-2) ral gs! =-5x+2 (1/3), 8:6-1,3)—9 R, ((1/3)8)00) = 1/3)2(%) ((1/3)g) (x) = (1/3)Sin % x (2f-4g) (x) = 2f(x)-4a() =2(5x-2)-4Sin 72x = 10x-4-4Sin X x dp) fy Cll clad pygio le degee Ulta! lace! te ASSN dell STi Gi cluadll pygaia 2(1.3.1) daaye 3s ys ACV OS F Jit) de ole clad VS 100 Luts {auex e F oA=O0_ 1 (I)A=-A_2 x.0=0 —_3 Ola thet) OS lpr eliad patter ys — 1 oA=(0+0)A =0A+0A, oA=0A +0. oA+O=0A+0A 103}Ub fad lel dati Lb SI-(0A) BLL -(0A) + (0A + O}= -(0A) + (0A + 0A) ((0A) + 0A) + O= (-(0A) + 0A) + 0A 0+0=O0+ 0A O=0A (+CD)ASIAFCDA ~2 OA=A+CDA O=A+CDA GDA=-A WAS OS aabey x(0+0) = x0+xO —3 xO = xO0+xO O + xO = x0+x0 baba oll UU LE iglas ebaly oe! dolall Gb SI (xO) Lot tygllal wsdl de at (1) lay Ce aes) (1.3) gaylt os de egy WISI Colgmel o a gate gl ela OSI 1 OSL Ol St fae (1,2,-1), (2,2 +1,5), (1-1, -6, 4+ 2i eS Vy i+ 2x(1+ix? 4/ ryf @=e, : £ :)3R rp eS git te eG JBI fe My(C) cLadll Ge) 2 G23 tbe 2 [ivi -5 yal ? Oo 1 =u tpl qiiue ©R Jit! Je PR) clad SG (H) V3(2 + x-x2)-4x3 + (2-7x + 4°) Halll iE gilayb pi ax (7) 2 4 “l 2 5 a 5 3 oft} 12 0 11/2 0 Vigidt SNe Jim Je M,(R) cLiaill § Udy S op Syl S dept V Sd UL pb iene S Ye FSI 3 Gall f+ EV Da al de £LEEV oll sl ae Ga FS! oS nde pe role Gay (f+ 2) =F) + 2) 2 bE TBE Ball rf Wai at fe FEV dl reF (rf) (x) = rf) OMEN lea GIL Why F Jad de lpn clad OSG Vol ot yypay Gat! as bens Aaah! sus) dept V=R™ a 4 SER LB oe ld sels AT dole te UW KYEV GY Ady wohl gel! Lally Ola elas V Ol Shika! CNolaLI pls Syl Hepat Oot — 5 Ay Xy + yXy to FAX, =O 2ai%y + Bagh toot Bahn =O ag Xy + AgaXz tes + AgnXn =O ig) JS a @F ob Lue F gab fo Styne clad os BYE gp aay em alee 8 .V=R? SS 6 (X,Y) + Kpy)= BN + 3Yq9°Xy-X) r(x,y) = Gry, -7X) LOR abl Je lyre ela V Ol Se Hl R be Slane clad OV Ol be cay VER? SIT IU gota Spall att galer oo I SI @ &p¥) + OY) =O% +X, + YQ) 0 (KY) = (x,2ry) i) KY) + &,Y,) = (), ye rO.y) = (rx,ry) Gi) (KY) + Xp¥Q) = K+ Xp, +8 F OGY) = (Px,Py) REGEN fir fo Sls clad CO) be way — 8 omg lbs Lal ral of oto x(1 +i,1-i) + y(2,5 +21) =(7 +i,21 +91) rr2 land d fol abe se Si atl be C? clad § fal LE oR jadi Subspaces 45,41 lsladl (1.4) BSA) Oley Yaw OU F Jatt de lg clad V ol 131 Clyne ga glee SI Ll lyre Olelad Lypl OSS V cial ode fee AN Wie By Bp eV Ne onda Qld oltel G pally = hnaill 455) Slept! iy (leak ceed FL Jo V lpn clad 4 M ite dept gl erilly ett alee SI Lady olen clad M GI IV ow Ue LV de cabal Gy ats 1 ble Lip! lye! clad Gua SI lary J QF tee Gar ol Ce F LL) fe lpn clad V depetl OS Ct Sole OS Ole VG ALB poll THY sl sleV de SYS gel Ge tee Gai ol ce ib LUIS V Gg ipae A+B oll pal N pole YS oboe F tl Gx sue SY VGA poe Gal b Bail Stel by tl SV BLAVL VG ee A JY Se V lyme clad ot M tay dep U cabel J GHB ON ide Cond V ye Up Meld M i Ua Ls gid Ot Le Clby F tpl Glas A+BOS ol CAM GA, Bally cys (1) oC gobl ieee of tile M ob Jy te) M rtXA OS OE F GX geld te GYM GA pee BY) wpa Ane od ila M ol yi tae» MG pee’ “(gel clad Caaat BBall (8) MN (I) op by sl 5a A) LAL, Lie peel Vi pS Be yet oye Rage Neyet M CIT 13 AUS oe pbs Ue clad ga SI COA by) jae OB Colgres clad bal OS pil A+B= Be Aol gp Ud it ang’ Sea Ve os YYM et boy Vid Herel gat Ging YY M clad (() bail) Mg lett ©) (5) 62) eM SV ce Syl byl ae OSS Nig ©) CT) cae op Lege lee (Sad (4) ¢B) ole LN (8) «(D) TY laagll Olay Lgreay 2 (1-4-1) dang JN eV olga clad oo LE gb Ue epee M OIE I) PASS doy td) CakA 13) Lady 131 Slgonce ola OSG M Ob F Mg La! AFB O% MG cngne ALB of 131. (1) 5 Laat KA Of Mg ance sh A O85 gold ote sl x OIF 131 (O) .M 1 Lay! cabptll gary Gin byt ae Ob Uj falas M ofr 13) lel) ech M OSs go tel (Ly cabsll Gi Lai SySaw cht het nay 6 by tll da Git Ol J) ba clt Ue feb MSV oy dy by tl dy BY (4) 6 8) eb G4 SYM XA 8% hel (Sy bel ye MG exe gl A peel X=] poy (M J apey OA=O Ol Qty X=0 Bay .X gokd ote M Gapy CIA =- AD ay Cte aoa) V OK . oly delai GV Je tap V oleae clad JS Up Nelead OSs epicall ancl oy Leib BSLMGOiC pasty Upe Uelead eats BA Slelaadl VE gis GAN UN pial Gt! clay Qn «hel ont AN vlad pt Wipe Hebd oS M=f(xuy): y= 2%} sage O1 Je ory AR Jai de R? alge class ste gg ke MG cree gt B= (xy ¥) 9 A = (Ky, be Ht A+ BH (Xj + X39, FY)KA= (Kx KY.) OSS «(dem 246 kK) gl Y, FY, = 2x, + 2x, 7 =2(x, +x) ky= k 2x,) =2(kx,) .A+BEM,kKAEM 20% Lwa DIS gol pally eal ale CA alin teget M OI fe bay al OR? oe pe lela M 8% nm1 Q) Skee Heyl ol Je oan oO uf sie inal b ° elisd Ro Jab) Je M,(R) olgnall clad op Ute blak oS + (Aeigi> ole! lapolie ll 2% 2 Cliginall ° a ° a, A+B= ; ' = b, ° b, ° 2 ata, b, +b, ° ° a Oo | xa xA=X = 5, ° xb, oo «Lipp Bland Mo alld, xAEM y A+B EM aS aley ry1G) Je egal OF Se cay M= {Ox XXX ):%, $3X,=0 9 =H} AR Jatt de RY lpn clad op Ue Huai JG B=(b,,b,,b,,b,) «A= (A, ay,a5,2,) Ls: JH odi> ote gL gM Gb ner a, +3a,=0, a, =a, PON LYS op tte b, +3b,=0, b,=b, A+B=(a, + b,,a, + b,,a, + b,a,+b,) av (a, +b,) + 3(a, + b,) = (a, + 3a,) + (b, + 3b,) =0+90 =6 a,tb, =a,+b, A+B EM OS aeley kA= (ka,, ka,, ka,,ka,) ka, + 3ka,=k(a, +3a,)=k.o= 0 ka, = ka, KA €M oS ales R Jad fe RY glad oe Wye (olan MOS He 2) Je Soe Mefa+ beter: a+ 2b-c= 1} AR abl de PR) claaill ow Ue inlaid oo YAA=aytb,x+e,x7 Let J: el MG cape gl Boa, +b,x+¢,x" a, +2b,-c,=1, a, +2b,-c,=1 Ob bey A+B=(a,+a,) + (0, +b,)x + (C, +0)” oS (a, +a,) + 2(b, +b,)-(c, +¢,) = oO) bow (a, +2b,-c,) + (a, + 2b,-c,) =l+l=2 #1 A+B ¢ M OF fe gated Wa oy OM S SV tly aad dbase CF tiles Con depet M Ol og ole Iplaad OS 1) Ste 3) SE erly ) CUS) Syl clad oe Ue legate bed Lie Blea Gayl Lam oy dept JF pt .( (1.3) ll M,={6:3F@) = FQ) 5 M={f: (1,5) si) 3x iat FO) > OF M, =f: (1,5) 528) JX 65 ant £0) & 0 F M, = {f: (1,5) a8 3x 5 geo £0) = £6-x) J My ols]: JH 1 gle> ote ost k dty My 3 caer gl 8 cf 39(4) = (2) 384) = £2) : Une oS 3(F + 2)(4) = 30604) + 84) 23h =31(4)+3 (4) =f) + 8Q) = (f+8)Q) r4f+ 8 EM, 20% wy 3(kA)(4) = 3 (kf) =k(3f(4)) =k(F(2) = (kf) (2) KEEM |: 3,5 Ua -C(L,5) op Ge clad My Of ahey ede ol pe My Sb gad pl Sigal Ue g peal Lett ot OF cedlgh oh ast (1,5) Sle ot dye OSS Syl My OSG May dye Dl YS eerye osllo sh ae frol> fOM, GY 4 WL Lie hue k os Je gL Gall rhe OS (kf) ®) = Kf) < 0, x € (1,5) oY (Kk0 HN) eld oy Lie bled My ole ee R Jatt fe C(1,5) Si pall idler CA tale ge UY Wildy Ute Lela O'My 2, 2M, Ue SI Bu mneglly gbal eke oe 6h K Jey My Gove gg Pde oy g(x) = g(6-x) , f (x) = f(6-x) bie OS (£+8) (%) = £0) + a(x) = f(6-x) +g (6-x) = (f+) (6-x). My sts M, st} i, htf+ 2 EM, oS sha, (kf) (X) = kf 09 = kf 6») = (kf) (6-x) KE EM, oS ste R JL Jo CUS) shad op Lipa bad 3,5 My ot Je lia ow ees (1.4) gylé 173, RY os Lie lela YS be glo 1 2X0 Se AH (KM) lpr! at ( iy LX) ESKER, See AHO s--05XM) Slr! ae (OY X20 ee (ARC y-3X) Shera! Oe (¢) 1X2 2K) Se A=(%).oxn) Ord! ae (2) eMyy(R) oy Lie lelaad OS be gl ote 2 fe (: :) Sbyiall we (1) c d a b aap ole! a,b, c,d ee As jal et (W) c d 6 -a-b+2c=O0 LATHA OS 224 2x2 tywll SISA Sliiall oa (7) det(A) = 0 Sy 226 2x2 dey OB A Cliyiall ee (3) CAN Se OF os Up Lela QS ple gs ou 3 By Ey PDH 0 Se AS (Zyslity) Olersl ee (1) 255 Le (A= (Z,,2,,2;) Hyon! et (Y) isyak ee (A= (2,223) lent we (2) Waa 4 Se A= @ 292) old ge (3) PAR) op UeLad 4S LU gl our 4 RRO Le ca taxtax tax? sid cls er (Ty Se ca taxtattaxe stl ols oF (~) +4,-a, +a, =O ca taxtar tax? "Atl Olas oe (e) A taalowe BA Je Bal! CLO.) Shah clad oy bie (eb PU glows 10.1] aatakt f(I)= 0 giz Ful ae (1) +X 10,1] JS) f(x) Bo. giz Nf Spal GF £0172) = (00) + £B/4))/2. gad NT Sl em (e) ; . Fld SIyill gee (3) laltel ab Com fx) sat bx labs Se ATE Syl eee (a) Algebra of Subspaces 4541 oielaill yr (1-5) eV cle clad oe Lie bead My y My oe 8° OF 13! Sep AN Ss IEA oi F fat M,UM,={A€ V:A€ M, JA EM} M,N M,={AE V: AEM, ,AEM} ot bape Cela Lats oY M, UM at NI ot auc ie ogee Be Hea) glass # Up Teta Lists oS MA My gblish ot cae JV RaAI Obeliadll em SI WS Ghee cnte ueltad bl Le Ri wwatlaaty ty21.5.1) daye GeV lg ld ye Up felead My 9 My gy fh O13! Ob F jai : Kaa a8 M, AM, (ty SIE 151 Lady 131 Uo Mela OS MU MZ .M,©M, j}M,CM, (Ly soba OF bgt one gl k dey MVM, cpm gl AB ie kA © M,A My y A+B € M,O My ot de tal C4 -BEM, ,A€ M, yBEM, 5A EMO fe qn yi de Jeans Uj ielad My My oy f° ol A+BEM,,A+BEM, kA EM, »kA EM, 5 A+BE M,OM, Lead OS wi, kA € M,N M, Vp yx elaad M,UM, of 23) >) pail td M, EM, y M, EM, of A&M, , AEM, sey BEM, ;BEM, sry Wy ayy Se gst de BEM,VM,,A € MUM, mi ee Ge ela M, UM, ol A+B=C €M,UM, YA=C-B...(1) OM B= C-A.... (2) M, O55) A EM, SY sy) BE M, das (2). 08 C EM, of bole (B=C-A = C+CA)E M, OS tli - A EM, ot ae Ue bola + SE pb Ning AE My dans (1) of C € My 6 Ih Ula Se pb bing C EM, CEM, :o31 CE MUM, : a1 gl ails Nay M, CM, 3M, CM, 33 of ez al y Sall Je M, CM, s|M,CM, M,UM,=M, ji M,UM,=M, 08 «ay Telcad M, UM, o,% Ue gly Cees) | apa Ue GLa SN M,UM, ot coy Vee saw pled . vis 2) Je or § oR Jol de R? cla J M, ={(x,y):x + 2y=0} M, ={(@%y): 5x+y=0} Li ; WR? oy oie lead OS B=(-1,5)€M, »A=(2,1)EM, o} LY BE M,UM, ,A& M,UM, : 3! A+B= (1,4) A+BQM, ) A+BEM, o! Loot A+B ¢ M, UM, oS wi ttWa pegedl tle oF Wile iene se A=0+0X+0X°=0 yp Lid toly anes Jo opt ablisl BGO gobi sy Sih aaall pt Bouse op! MAN -Lo § . Apel clelaadll aa UE fe V lpn clad oe Up Lelaad Ny M oy f° Of II TAB dyed OS OF UY aid F M+N={A+B: A €M, BE N} CF Leb Leb Se AV olga ae Ue ose M+N al gl UaAl dep! Ot ing obish Gall NG AS MG Wael Lage NM § de set lie beled SG MIN, ray21.5.2) deage iplaad «N OM op § OG F fie de Slyense shad V OFF N31 ON yp Mop Fe goss V op pr lad 0S; MN 0 V gp Ube Ola KOPF yMHN g coon gl Ag ©M4N 5 A, © M+N Je 1 Gt OH «geld out ysl vA, +A,EM+N (iy xA,EM+N (~) CEN BEM ary ii! A,JEM+N , A,EM+N Ol A, =B, + C,.c% A, =B,+C, 24 C, EN 5B, EM sry WIS A,+A,=(B,+C,)+(B,+C,) =(B, +B,)+ (C,+C,) clas Ny M oo OS SY Jy C+ C,€ Ny B,+BlEM ot Low oe A, +A, EM+N ol ee M+N Gui xA, =x(B, +C,) =xB, +xC, LV op hx class N 9M 5 SS SY Ady xC,E Ny xB, EM xA, € M+N :13} 1 JRA Je A abs OSA wis A EM of Ia! YI A=A+0 O EN Ay AEM Wt cnpne a Jota eb Se A Ol gs!Ue OLS (Ss BEN axe 5 Of diz! nt MEMHN 35 LU, 2 JS B=0+B BEM+N = BEN og NOMEN 3S shi, aM SF de Set Vow Ge clad MEN ol is sy .N Cou SNM gysladll ¢ yet pel MHN Jbl cleadll Jo las oN yM cyelaadll ae A Ob Lad! am 355 may JI EN aw gles oI 24) Ske OF NR Jatt fo R? plaall G M={(x,0):x € R} N= {(o,y):y € R} M+N: ob M § B=(X,0) ane dey ¢ ual yeMtN Ge A SS tt thet N GC=,y) 21 ony A=B+C A=(x,y) o ss M+N={(x,y): xy € R} ist M+N=R? ol gl 2 GYS Lee JU enoy Ke RP egal Gt aye iM Gohl sla thRP syed G SlaLa!) 2 te N St cLeaall M4N Jil sland gIN pM ae ote alist (5.1) (Sai ait RB? spd ly 6.1 JXs £6) Je POH NR Jabh Je RY Lad § M={.y,2,0): y.z € R} N= {x,0,z,w): x,z,wER 3M+N 6 exe (5| B=(X,,0,2,,W,) Jey MG ane os! A=(0,9,,2,,0) Le : Jot NG A+B= (X,Y;,2, + Z»W2) M+N={(x,y,2,w): x,y,wER} 3 A=(%Y,Z,WE RE Gane Gl NY ald 2 SYN SMM Gel gree am Lola abs” 3S A=(0,Y,2/2,0) + (X,0,2/2,W) abe Gh 2S Ol ySe RYE Sled of gs Ol le og 25GB NG Slee M bole am Lo” (1,2,3,10) = (0,2,3,0) + (1,0,0,10) = (0,3/2,0)+ (1,0,3/2,10) 0) + (1,0,1,10) BAM SN gn ae LOS (1,2,3,10) andl LS 5 hike Sa SN 2 BM) Gap ayy) pel oly td ee ES OLY Lae Gb ays Ny M cafphl asad tle ga al V Clpell clad oe Sys rd aay V=M@N pel fe LB Baty Bel, ye SK Ol Se AEV ee OF 151 OW of GIy aL GEN J Us J.C EN, BEM ee A=BHC R'=MON an (4)ON yd (5) JM LI R' AMON .SI R¢=M+N Sle gable late bd hl We apy by per Sal Je Gis a alld bg abo! dal (ote be 21.5.3) hago ilad (ol. be V clad oS V3) lady 131. Ny M cy of V=M+4N (1) MAN =4o }(—) lag ON SIN y M cot ela (le ba aS Vol pt V=M@N ppl fe i aely Bly Age, SO! SEV GA ome it CEN ,BEM2> A=B+C V=M+EN Ot gu bie A#O;AEMMNN ox 2 MANFO DE JN A#O,AEN , AEM gh Seed bly dik oy gS A ELS Se ue (OEN ;AEMN) A=A+O0 (O€M ,AENN) A=O+A ciple lea V OS Lally ay OS Soll JeMIAN =f0}, V=M+N is) MAN={O}) V=M+N cede cya Jay anh IEE ail 2 5ly A EV cree st de 2)A=B,+C, 3A=B,+C, C,,C,EN 5 B,.B,EM B+C,=B, +, B,-B,= G.-C, 1 OSS See clad M yN oy ole C,-C,EN 4 B,-B,EM B,-B,=C,-C, : Halabi the SY Cy CEM IN JI pct C,-Cy syle oY BY-BYEN as Ol he oe eM J) all B)-B, C,-C,E MON, B,-B, EMNN MAN -={o} s C-C,=0,B,-B,=0 YES aby CC, »B\=B, a8 Ladd Bagg 6 Es SAS mew Aa Be lyy Bel yk, OS 8A OI ey Lia (5) gut cslai M=f(x,,y,2):x=03 » N=f(xy,2):y+z=0 foe 1311 -M+N, MON oS h1 ogladl & OR? oe ote M={(x,y,2,w):x + 2z-w= 0} of 32 N={(x,y,z,w): x+y +2+Ww=0} »M+N, MAN on5h) ofladll we RY op one tla’ ovnie tas fn: xe 8} N=f{(y):y ER JOS 5) — =M ON Ol de pad Ry M={(2,,2y2)): 2,=2, aj O63} N={@,,2,,2,): 2z,-z,=0} we § MAN wd C ott eC? stall ate sla’ wt Gb oe os C? 4 gee st C= =M4Not fe Ng ah M 3 me em Jee wef ope eb} os ih “{(: ‘} a= 3c 3 -M+N y MON a3 MAR) oo ce eatlad die Ge mx te pial oo OS lpr clad VSI — 1 oSdy eaads ne M={Aev: AT=A} N={A €V: AT=-A} ieLiab 2S. N 9M oe SS I Je ay A dipkcall Byte Jo ATO) C > -V=MONGSV wpe F aL) fe V olga clad 4 ite ObLad MIN,L of 31 — OF de cant (MAN) + (MAL)CMO(N+L) IgLALN oobe Ugle! oye cebaasY RP oye Bye lead teER? op Us 541 SlLadl M,N,L SS _ 8 Ne=f{ay2)) x=z} 5 L=f(o,0,2):z€RJ the ety -M=f(x,y,2x+y+2=0} Ct OS uRI=N+L (ii),R?=M+L (ii), R7=M+N (i) eke F GLI Je V lps cla + tye Sled MINN’ C6 13 9 .NEN’, MAN=MON’,M+N=M+4N7:31 G4 - .N=NOl ay Linear Combination .b3\ —.S,! (1.6) 2a JL aa de G See Spt Slee s=fa, os AS pw ie dept eal CIS al iS depth be set Gir clad try Jed F fie Ue V Slee clad Shepdl de spF SAA bled UG pel ply Ue epee Le sat Se lab aol Gy ol lan pel! ol al Beye 6h Le sys Latley Voie Ue leled pow an V cladll SY dle «laws Se AEA Shela oka fee old Lt! I GY) Geel pas By vo By Spell op dae Se A eel ee A=XBite. +x,B, Hypa ce poral Sal 131 otheld Halted xy 2) Je Ol ons RPS cee B=Q2,0-1) -A=(5,0) 96 13! (Sp OSV D = ¢-2,20,7) oy AWB oy Lhe U7 3% C=B,-5,-2) By Ac lee Ky Lely sel eg 1 EB A yy Ue LS C Ss SH Oh gt C=X,AFX BOS LH Xp -By-5y-2) =X, (15,0) + ,(2,0,-1) A (3,-5,-2) = (K, + 2X,, 5X) Ue feat blab oS! slic x, + 2x, Xy= 2 y y= = aw pled Lia fe C=-AF 2B SI sh XyX, Gold sldel arg ol Ce Lae LG SY ID Sidhe te Wad «D=x,A+X,B basy glo (D=x,A+x,B ite (-2,20,7) = x, (1,5,0) + x,(2,0,-1) (-2,20,7) = (x, + 2xy5%,,-x,) gf 201 gland Bbtall OLS sila 4 Obes Selly Qabdl OLSotall Ae BY 5) « Gilpe pe De! Ua! Ot st I Mold GHEY pill ode SI By A op Las Sp IDF yy ell sla alls Jee 2 (2) Jie gb cle (C=2-x4x) (BHX3 (AS14K 08 OS Da 1x tx? Gell ol Ned R GLAL! oe Lie fe P,(R) cLeaall CBA cp Uke LG Ay told sluel dng ole CyB Ay Lee LS DOS Ss St ay ay D=a,A+a,B+a,C 1x +x? =a,(1+x)+a,(x-3) +a,(2-x+x°) 3 1-x+x?=(a,-3a, + 2a,) + (a,-a)x tax’ +a,x3 tbe feat (k =0,1,2,3) cd ba USB XK OdtLe ali a,-3a,+2a,=1 (1) n+ 28, ay-a,= -1.....(2) a, = 1.....3) ao (4)as (4), 3), 2) Nout ot ely Glee ne ole! past OI si (1) Dob BEY il! ols 3S BE a, a, a, RlS alse! D= aAtaB+a,C pe teget SOLON pyide CBA op Lhe 155 KY D Ol a Lia Sey F Jit eV Ope clad op le ae 18] = fx,A, +... +X,A,:% €F, AGS, ne NF sApgdall 146) dept = NG Yer S OSG VG clprall depee LF de! [S] ep tl OF Re pek pm] Bei pe Step op Sytem dept pols) Lhe LS; aed fe ek A Rall. [S] dept Ue S old Ld LS sail a tenis Galen ll 11.6.1) deaga or Ne pb Ue lege Sy FUR fe len cla VOSS eet OSs IS] pth b py gly S pol Ghd! OLS! ewe OV Soe set ge slat ols api by Lape Lead 9,5 (S] dept oF de WY ae slat B=y,B, +....+Y,,By» A= XA; to FXA, A, ce [S] 3 car os! F 3 olga ys sVghpseoXy 9 SG A+B=x,A,+....+X,A, +9 B, +... +Y_B,, AS] GB ipae OS Sly S pole oo at oad phe OS (asl Ning wfeobl blac OF idles [S] oI sl ovdea dhy old ote GI KEP ict Ny KA=kK(x,A, +... +x,A,) = (Kx)A, +e + (Kx JA, hee 5 lly Sop pled Lae 157 2,5) KA ol Un gp gues eli IS) SSF ley selill Gall dead Gall tabae [S] ot 5! IS] hb OSES Se gyi IS] OF Ue cari SS scIs] A=LA: 0) booty AES bt AEIS] Jilly So pol the LS oS A 05.1 EF 8 ON gh S Se syst Le inland Mo J scM [S] CM 3% ol Cas B= x,B,+....+X,B, Giel gb x,€F sBES o> «(S] Gia I= Tyson JS: bl ey xB\EM x, €F ,B€M GCM) J ) BEM as BES Lal BaxBy+....4%,B, srell Ot en Mi «(ie (eld M dV) S ASAI dept de set ge clad Aol [S] OS el .M SI pe Ct Ao9) AJ ge Ue lepe Sy F be Ue oles clisd V of 15) SAAN ReyeBl JS op yl Spb clad) caoy [8] Gl cla! Of V op AS] ptt clea) bly depee Ub S tepetl oe Sly oA1) Ste UR? La als S={(,0), RASA! pat! OI ow SER? GAH=(GY) ome JF Ol IS] = RPO! fe od Ol es LS 13 aclae De Se Wing SG Olen de OSS SK OI A=(xy)=x(1,0) + ¥ (0,1) 14) Ske Hib dep! be get Ge clad pol ple S={(.y,2: xy +2=0} oR? clad RE oe Ue Lele Gb ae OS kel S aL! ep! ol Lew - Br SS de gst Ge clad aot ot gi [S] = S oS Sully 26) Ske s=fa Bye is B=(1,2,0) GA clad Wy Step si ol tt M={o.y.2):2xy+2=0} [S] = M ot be ots} Oya sot . SEM oi si BEM , AEM ot Wi bose ISTOM ot pened S Ue set Spr shah aol 2 [S] Olly Pe ASS CULE Ly C=(X,y,2)EM LL J sel og S get C=(,y,2) =a(0,2,2) + b(1,2,0) o4PWS Sud b=x...(1) 2a+2b=y....(2) 2a (x y,2)€ Mok 2x-y+z=0 v3 y=2x+Z 1 SY LU5y (2) Halal gif oil olny a=2/2, D=x dow (3), (1) Nola 2at+2b=z+2x=y 1 ISA Je aol 3S M 3 C=(XY,2) ome gt OI fe Min oe gee wl SoM bam § Ol gl C= (x,y,z) 02/H0,2,2) + x(1,2,0) SGolnd ee 5S MCS} : el OS tig M=[S] ol gi & 1 ie ple Je jas Allin Gate ol ohana pall dept Sob Ee ats) Ce M Gl Lal bp S dep OS Ge IS]OM 38 S fe spt Gm clad acl ys [S] ol ly M oy Ue Bye epee Se depet Oh oe Ot Le lly Late ail gl i rrD—r——C—C—C—C——LLCUC’"'"='['f'm'_m[=s=s_sFf# vega B IE Clyne oe hat OSS sel 6) Slee By S={A,. AA poo hE Le fe V olen clad Gnb Sg T=[A,A,A,,B} ep o) ae fd BE [S] Ge VG me SHIT] ol Je cap Gel Slew AS] Gt cleat AGS] d+: Ht LF Xp Xyyky Gold ole} deg 05) A=X,A,+X)A,+%)Ay daeall ol SGA A=X,A, +A, +x,A, +0.B lee oe et SS OS AN AE [T] ob oe Beall oly AT dept {S]} CIT) 03) AG {(T] Maes LAV yeVar Var Vg Keel sltet Jorg 03} A=y,Ay + YA, + YsAy t+ 9B.) Sa yy Xyiky Loe Eels ole! tog wl gl BE [S} 2 ab oS gee Del (1) BB oe Saupe ie eBeiXyAy + %AQ + XA A=Y,Ay t+ ¥yAy + YyAq + VGA, + AQ + XjA5) = FYK) Ay + Fy + YX) Ay + (V3 FYADAG Way SG Slash che GS eel” ySe A Ob es bay AEs] [T] CIS} o's! S} = (Teo SS Nan thee tea SUBSE ot aya ge te Bahl dept ob ddl Beptl Slane Ge et SS Sel eis” YWOSE ne el PIS ae Gl clad) iy ered US LEI» ZU) vam Ble dal ctl ole ol 6) gy A= (2,35) cage ot Uae LS GS UW Slgrall y» gi — 1 LEAL olacVs Le le RP clad G lly de COI) Syl cles G ts, A=Cos?x, B=Sin’x REL slac) “Sinx (gy ()—Cos2x(1) coe fa oy alll GA clad! ue 8 A=(2,1,-5), B= (4,3,7) eR? claadll G ells, slaadll G WS, A=(2,0,-3) cre Jo oy ull pital Wale de 9 ' R lg BH A,BC OSoy CF Jat) le Olen cla V YS — 10 op Kw l¥ oitel a,b,c ) ac#O yaA+bB+cC=O C4 VG clad ols {4,0} {A,B} caesth oO! Ue ay (F Jab! LV op ni Bb JA=G1.0 , B=@0,D$ rola! Gene of 1clad yo ant Gil clad ony {C= (11,0, D=O1-1,0 F R? LP aL le F clad le Spine pb ame gh ol cdl — 12 SHO HR iat fe RP clea G 13 T={00,3,-3)% S=41,0,0), 0,2,0)5 «Sle be TS 15 oo seat cate! otal {T], [S] 4 (1) AST Si cote (5,-3,0) arett ot be (Sy TIS] Sb go B,251) ara! o te (x) SUT) 3) oe QLD) etl ol be (3) ISIAIT S) ged est oC) FAI fe V clgrell cli oe Cutie cect MJN oO 15) 14 (C5) 2 el) ) ME N=IMUN] 20 Oe oa F Ma be V tg! cla oe tie opepet ST Oi 15) — 15 tad LASICIT] 08 SCT of 131 (1) ASAT] CIS}O IT] (>) -{SUT] = [S] + TM] (z) CxS paty Olen clad te Yen ae’ _ 16 Mel (Sy 3S ee TS yF Jit be les ola V ASSET of 1s (SICIT] 2 F Le ge V lene old GAB yao oe cee SY 18 LTE F daa! B=rA 13) aii, (3) [A] = [B] 2 ge caeRd BIg y hd) Ja (1.7) Linear Independan ce and Linear Dependance Lape all ott Liv, JY! thee aa be ao Be pola Ob lad telp Leb Yaa Se ous Reyee FUL fe V olga clad SUL dept ob eed Xipeesy AeelB cle! Suey Ul dediy 13) Laat Olea A, ULE Olen Shey WIS dal yl Gee XA, +X,A)+....+x,A, =O Ce SGA... 2) Je S=f(1,2), 2,5), O1) fst 2 OY Way R? sland G olga oy Lat dhady dept OS 2(1,2)+ 0)0,1) + -D2,5)= (0,0) 2Q) Jie BeyeAl ON Je yay CR JI le P,(R) clad G s be +X,X3,1 tax} Uae deg suet ole) C4 Lhe ies Rept Mel dept! Ol Ge asd SI: ot By jal tye Que .! a),8),45,8, £89) + a2 +X) Fay (xyy a (1 + 4x-x2) =Oce fed tle! Dole NI bil bi ay (Sa, +2a, +a,) + (a, +4a,) x + (a,-a,) =O Fl Raphael opt Goch gle NM Gybll § agtdl sree OS Sy Mala Ue hat bing pie syled VoL! Qe Oo! (1) (2) . @ Sa, +2a, +a, a, + 4a, aay 2 OgR Noll ode Je Ay, a, =-4a,, a, =(//5)a, Le Spek yaly Spl be aya! edhe! Mob plas OF cay Lay Fe feat Mig ay = TSU ome Je acai she ab > a,=7/5,a,=-4,a,=1,a,=1 2 Ol aw Way (7/5) (5) + 4)(2+x) + (1) O°) +(1) (1+4x-x*)=0 was daip S depsl Ol cs! aay ab beget SA Lady 13) Lae di S 5d) dept ob Je Las dass 1 ple BS ode! Ga asl 3 pal Wyler S Gold dat 5} sl OF 13! SS rrT————CS_ Walaa! dah JH OT 131 Lax tlie oS S KA, t...+X,A, =O K=O Sl Srdnal) JEN yw ww1B) Ste» EIA dept Ol de vy S={0,1,1, 0,10,0, 0,03 La i deat Si RP clad + sleet aagl LL! fe cap ol JH x,(1,1,1) +x,,1,1) + x,(0,0,1)= (0,0,0) OO She Spdnall [LI ys dal dy se! Dalal! nat x (XX, +X, X, +X, +X) = (0,0,0) tbe fad Hi X, =O, X, +X, = 0, X, +X, +X, =O day LEI Ol gy Me X,=0,X,=0,X,;=0 24) Jee C aE eC? clad oo Ue iene S=L(1Li, GD} LS Las dagy pl Llae Ui Sot be. Woledl! OF 13) Lad oaF OC odhel SIR Ue UL oa) : Ht 2,(,i) + 2, @-1) = (0,0) abl 6 GG odlel Dalal) . Shake lous Z,,Z Ole ogde we (2, + iz, iz,-z,) = (0,0)SW 1452) caper c 2, +12, =0....(1) iz,-z, Walall fe tad i gaia oul § (I) Wall Lo 4! ol koe 1h aly Wales Ae bigey Syd cad (2) Total! ot st. (2) = AZ, oS Mel Uolall [> Z,= -i le Jed 2, =1 ik tap tee S deytl Ol fe es Me ay She nb Jo any gl 15) Je cladll yo Saf +x, bx, 23x FasL! dept ob Se gay Sins depet OSG P,(R) 2 Woldl Lasye : Jot a(1 +x) + b(1-x) + e(x) + dGx’) =O OF Lem cgpinall JET yw deg JAI Ot Je gant ot Ssléy _igigi> (slacl a,b,c,d alall «BUG dle! Voll! (a+b) + (a-b) (x) + c(x) + 3d(x’) =O at+b=o 1h Se eae Le lly a-b=o c=0 3d=o0a=0,b =0,0=0,d = 0 oI Je aes Nola Le plas) hin ee) VUdae Mie pt S edt ol ge Ling 2) See dept E=fAyB, Cis R JB Jo Slane clad V of 15) Beye dl Ol fe ad VG Olen + Lhe di S={A+B,B+C,A+C} VG Clg oe Une die dep ola deb sya x(A+ B)+x,(B+C) + x,(A+C)=O Wali La spinal I ye tog YO! fe cag ob Sil4y eu te! & (&, +x,) A+ (%, +X,) B+(x, +x,) C=O eyilly Uae in dept OSG A, B,C Olea ol rah Spall LEN ge lel dole Legh I ol CA 03! X, +X, =0, X, +X) =0,X,+X,;=0 1 qed BS) Nola ociay & Xj =0,X,=0, X)=0 lad ae J [eS Uae al gladly cilia aes SE ip a Mace gl at bite lpm op be degae CK I3! (LTD) deaya LV op toe tepat S Sty F Jab! Je Slymes clad VSS Mae dase OS eB OS dell endl le sy4 S AIAN ded) OE IH “41.0=0: 0) iE : ola x,=1,A,=0 S,n=1 seoy 151 Uae Madd depth Gaya Gags Lae 5 OS eee 21.7.2) does OM F Jam gpl Je V cg clad op Lie (elas M obs 13) wha dlaiye eyes OS M 1 olagh ) Be oe ROG lpn oo Ul LI ley Al yy SK jee 3 «dal JEM bd! buy -(1,1,0,1) , (1,2, ¥2,0) , 0,3, 72,1) (1 «-2,0,0,0) , (0,1/2,1,1) , (1,1,0,0), (0,3,1,0) () 1,2,1,0) , (4,0,1,0) , (2,1,3,0) , (0,0,1,0) (¢) -(2,-3,1,0) , (4,0,7,2) (>) Hie OSS PR) G Olea op» Ud ALI Sep dl op» gl 4 obs 1+X,X-x?,-2-427,3 (1) wW/2+ P+, x3, 14x42 (O) 2x4, Lx+x (7) <14xex?, 2x4 ¥2x?, 24 dx-+( ¥2-2)x? (2) CBN eC? Gg chem oe WW BAI Slepeall ow sl Lar thai oS - G,1-2i), (1,3), (1 +i) (1) 1 +i,0), @1-4) (S) -@,1), 61,0) (¢) = (1+i,2), (1 +i,2i) (3) OS R LI fo C2 Sly ye WU Ld! lepadl op sl — 6 ast ths 61-2), (1,-3), 1 +) (1) vrAU +i,2), 141,21) (Sy . (1,0) , (0,i) , (21,0) , (1 +i,1-i) (a) (1 +i,2-3i) , (1,0), (0,i), (21,0) , (0,7) (3) R? GS Spat dept ol de yay —7 S={(1,0,0) , (0,1,0), (0,0,1), (1,5 hg OW op BS be Lie tet ol 5! Lee ths, tee OS (1,b) 5 (1,8) Slgrall Sy a,b ndttt yriall Jo be gic Zt 8 wR? 3 Ue cli LR? GLb thsy tee Ul clea! oS Lata GS GY 9 A =@-L-D, A= Ghar), A;=Cl-La) R? op AS epetl Ol Ja — 10 s={qy): e+y= 1} ae die (lhe dag deat pall DIB byl Qe oe OSA Olgnall clad yo Viol lol — I FID ley Alo» gl ree (Fad) piel Je Bll, LL wbbe bie OS Vg oll -» Wh {3,-Sin?’x, 2Cos'x} (1) 42x, Cosx} «wy £4, Sinx, Sin2x3¢< ) -{Cos2x , Sin’x, Cos?x} ( > {+92 x7 + 2x, -23 (2) Lo,x,x2,x°} (5) PAR) AST glare SL op BS Ee dene glol ed! —12 «byes tad OS veBAAN pl ONS St oe OSU) lpr! cLad ya V ol Uo si] — 13 V Gg lp haf oe ist alist N gta Jo dally rAlanly Ball w Dl Ob cove I ALG OSG Le f(x) g(x) hy) w()= f@) a) h(x) ff — &) i) Las dines dept OS Iygf Ol OS hyg.f OLS yy pat Ot) VB Spinal amecll go AS! oS 4 VB) Lady (31 Olga! oy (UNS inal (sgl w(x) AI led Slept OF OGY (13 opty Sh pel — 14 Ax,e3 4) -{Sinx, Cosx, xSinx} (~) exe xe (¢) x23.) all dell lsladlly soli) (1.8) Bases and Finite Dimensional vector Spaces Ng lela op tbe Slept oyry (1.6) all G LY wl Se clad) Game fF ob gl cobladl Ub Ay Gell S=[(1,0) , edt Spt Sed dep Al WS Slyne oo Gl OSS vslaill WS lg R Jab! Je R? clad! + (0,1), (2,4)}RABE SOUL 1d agit lata plied Se oLedl ae Nin 3 SS lpm op tape Heyat JF op ASS SAN toys sl yy Shell op tae Megat IF op Lady Se pil SleLadll Jo bd OLS) UE spel fe 6 Bae bel Glas 2c cleLadll HS fo Lye Let lan egy TL odie psy ley 1 ips sted gee clad V ok Se JF Sah) fe lpn plas V OS Ve [S] LV op S hye Aim Hegat Cotey 13) Lady 13 AV Si bly dept OSG S ot st 2) Je RepeBl N dy cad ete elaad OS R JL Jo RP clad A, A, A, 1agdt S= {(1,0,0,.....,0) , (0,1,0)...--50), 205 (0,0,....0,)3 ER? yy yee OS on =3 Lise See S={(1,0,0), 0,1,0), (0,0,1)3 PG AGS lS Se ARG papa) om gl oy TDS S dep dl oles A=a,(1,0,0) + a,(0,1,0) + a,(0,0,1) va Tape Re Met op FS) eg sl aad) pe chal Of 134 Bey Al ead cleail yyS={(2,0,0), (0,3,0) , (0,0,-1), (4,2, RP Shay Lea) OS 22) See Goh et GUN Jab le lyr! cla Rp (R) GSI Of Lua 1b. tad ue ils | od Boo (R) Oo! xX 3 agit Clouae NY oss fe Uhad claill wy S={A,0),..-, AO} UA! eps apd! ater Bix) =xA,(x) ot Bt SES LHS SSA (DH) days OI apr Boar OG 1A (®)yo-A 8) 1 ASU Saag) SH Otel dW ye D $1.81) deaya yee Upp Reyet g ob andl yr lyme sla V OF al Uiary dye Megat LF oy ly Viol gh VIS] Ce S Ue dy ieee Re epee dey eld dell gee clad Viol & .V=[S] 44 S=fA, s Oleg Gries set day ails Qe ua dept S It Ia! soe dey (1.7.3) dal) Crd Lhe ibis iene S OK 13! LI Se bypall Cues Ol gl dalebeolpndl La Ue Le wee ALES Ayre Any Olena deb op gt SS lS Se A, ol Lez ot iin S; Ca (3le[S] = [S,] ob Mi best 5, =fAp AF oS! vwasa, gl coal Gis Ue tage Catt I LI clad ld Lae 1S\] = IS] Gi S, te pat Jo Jaty lp Li Je Le Gey as Dis OSG SES Lip dept SI pai OI SI MiSay (SJ = [S,.}=.....=18]= [S]=V Ce. Bee) tage Uae dling ye YS Gea ol ELI legal of SY Gaps pas WD cg pall debe jyb GLY cle / Laas 13) V dy 346 V olga clad 4 S asd deg ob Sle Yas diay Sys de gat S CIE Ia! Leddy sty gin Je (1.7) (1.6) patel G Be Ube Labael Lt Le Ops SheLadl aed told) gow Sh ASe LE abt Jol My clad dons i 1B) Jee S={01,0,..,0) 5 0,1,0,.-0) 5 0,0)..0,1)} Hepat cae is) wd) F idl fe FP clad ste6 OSS Olga op oy BS Honea Bell) gant Bell oko AF f& syn ab clad) ULF Buus telp sole LAL al J) Le BLE ay obsah SEM 3 cand 24) Se ‘S,={2.0, ©-D}. S,={0,4), @,3)} cL_s ya R iL de R? clad) Lake sel S peat «8, ={2,5), OD} vA28) Je» dept H{C. JG IG ll oy ~ o oJlo oJ i Os Lo 1 Farell SA Laly can CR Jit! fe M,(R) cLad! sue JS 1 Je Gg tay PF) cleaill beth OS Gx, xm ps dept! Se arly. darndall srelilly pond duelall ode F Wir VM ark sue (1.3) sad oy (4) 2) Se» GB de O? clad seb 4% S={(1,0), ODF 41 ab WygSS Why eR JEL Je C ? clad eB YS Ob alakY USC ASS ObS SEY (21,0) ntl ob Lode WS ify claadll WU By’ shel go EoLw Ualiel oy Lope (1,0), 1) coord oe she J Jee ? sail 5226 45 S={(1,0), 6,0), 0,1), Oi} tye! .R Aah olsLadl aed tela! aI RAS ond BSW UL 2) St cla op M=f(x,y,2): dx-y+2= of 3h! shad Melb te oR jadi fe RP Slat v4£6 cytell Dy See 2 Sy lps et ye dary a ges SYS M St slag oy M ={ay.2: X=XKY= y.z=y-2x} g XL deh yx At cyst DY Sipe! Qe LS Why Y=] yX=0 +l aes (1,0,-2) andl le frat Wby 2=-2 OS y=o cage de Uber AUiy 0,11) eed) Ue fad 2=1 OG 1a) GY Ub) M clvadll ptlyay Use chines Ay =(1,0,-2) (A) =(0,1,1) OISAL 6b Wy+z2=0 L4 A=(%Y,2) 7S) M Go ome gl Viel til el fe AL AL oe ght SS AUS A=xA, +yA, 1M. 3) clan ste S=JA, Ay Faepetl OS ale 29) Site 1 Bp clued sel ae M=fa+ bx +ox? +dx': at b=c-2d=0} .P,(R) sLaall M At clad Groy Se ite c= 2d y D=-a Ol ba edt : rove M={a+bx+ex?+dx':a=a, b=-a,c=2d,d} OSS ca=1, d=0 2 yl we da ysl Dy Obs Qe LS remit Je feat tlhiye=o y b= Ay=1+(-1)x+0.x7+ 0.03 =1-x Le fat Hy c=2 5 bD=0 LS OSS ca=0, d= 1 : arya cy tad! A,=0+0.X42.x7+ Lx? =2x?+x3M GS eee sh SY lay M claadll Ol yay Las Orlin Ay, Ay Spon! ASS ol YS b=-a, c=2d Gt Asatbxtoxrtt+dx? oy A A, + dA, : SU pull de A, Ay ee M 3A clail ste S={A,, A,picntl OG ale 110) Jee de C? clad» M=fOxy): y=ix’ gt! plaid se te od Ble ey R JL eC ? clad op Ue blab M scl 2 © abt Ue Hela Mog Ue ab Ox gay > ely pice ogey Ls Leno HH feb ame eo pedy X=] oe ays G. J e C.? chal op Lope leks M os UG UM heb 3S ony sill A= (i) Bay ApS (Ii) Le heady X= oe 54 opt (R JL eC? cleat of ble S=fAy A, Pept) OG elliy AL=(-1) Je bat x= i oe OBR LAI fe C7 clad os Be Gah 2 Ctl (MJ be Ce A=(KYEM Gis! 4b Las> loltel OS BB OSA) le PRLS LK UL olay y=-b+ia ob ea x= atid LS Jy y=ix A=a(1,i)+b(i,-1)=aA, + bA, ley FR Jab Je CP clenill gy M Spl cLall aly O55 S det Ol gh LM i Baelb OS Ye Lae ti de pet Ue op sale ON og cael be UM op uly ode ella! bey clad ol Ob (1.8.1) Gall G LaY Gil Ce 6 ped ie daled) abet Ce ce Sibel lglg gee Se ct BKe Sebi oar sted ie dy Ola Stny atl LL Cagle ove 3 Ole Obie ang LAS 555 ll gblell aw SS21.8.2) days V claaill oy» M Gill claail daly dept B=[A,,..,A FS Glen oo Uae din dept S={C,,..C}oSdy oF Jel de -M&n OG ire .M 1 Olay deptly CEM ot UB, =fC,, Ay, An Jeeptl Sh Be! de ts Lee C andl O53 «M clad bly teyee Bo; aay. i NI(L.7.3) deal ee Ua dass By teeth OSS tUldy B ips es x By Bb Sled tot (1.7.4) eal Gee CBygpall al OV Ay A, Olgrall 6b 5 Saleh Abd ll Olga yp wh all gral Ge SS OKA, anal ol eat ol US M 3b sad lg Hy ={C,, Ay, A,,| Je ped! Ol Lady A, GLE Lendl of bob Lew Lal ra Sle WSs iy Uae das dept OS B= {C,CyApseorAgs} clad sl) H, =fC,,C,,A,,.. Aga) tegad! de Spadty i "ea WB CA) ante Bids Cy ace fo Be I pb (LIK a. M ei gH! sail BAL H=FCy Cp epee fae bi myn cit Ais Nay Las thas By = ys rCyes a ae thy .M + Pell Mie ep AIC IC, Cyr Cip eyed DY -m€n o3| (ips Beg) (1.8.3) deage bye TE oly BET oe dad gee V olgrce clad J clgnell ye satall aii fe AYlags clad ISI Ol fe has bob call Buell Gay aty (1.8.1) dang OVO oydsl Sel tang Aad) ete Olgas G=fA,,...A,}, H=fB,,....B,} Las alts dept Gy V Sl dlp dept Halle. V Gl obuel .n£m (1.8.2) dali um bl el 06a) eee aleeen eee Hee Velie ae eG Olle eet eater tars mM=n YS Wa mon Gow OL Cite Aes) 2 SN Gaya) pai OI Lee (1.8.3) Earl! ene fe i dys Vi bie polis ote gay val gate Glee clad V OS + dim (V) jafb d jaz V tae dim (V) = dimension of V 2D) See Ob gghim ga (1) Ju GRY ayo} oY dim (R") =n 2 (12) Jl OS HW C JH eC" eladl » VOSS dimV =n Ob R Jatt de C™ clad ya V Gel 13! Ll dim V = 2n1) 3) July Ji ao 2 (13) Jt» (3) Judy Juhl ae yb . dim (M,(R)) =4 214) Slee -(6) Judy: JUL Lia 3,8 dim (P,(R))= n4+1 2 ide co Iola’ OK O! sland XY SAY (1.8.2) dead ego Je while Abi lgndll ye AY de pee de spot 15) c ted + SW SLL ang5 3, SalI ode jedas! 25) Se cokes ete lltab a) Pao (R) sal) O1 (2) Sle G Wie al dpb! Sladece . del Uae dl Jd: oye Lia 9b Aw) =x, AW=x, wy AQ EX. eLuadl SAY adel Uae dll nny Hing EY, Lae dine depres US saad get YS ob Slowed GE de U4! By (R) 11.8.4) kanya OF. V tad gall lyn clad seb B=fA,,.., ALES et SS Lab bay Bly dander Hel” Xe A EV ae cs! A=aAy+...ta,A, At:Olagt yrold Ube L552 AEV oul! ob VS) auc Bol ie Hiagall al ayy AyyeyAy +a,A, +aA, de fat WE. oui? opi OS A Ol st (@,-4) A, +... + @,-4) A, = 0 rr Lr “Ad Lert! ol A=aA,\+. =aA,t+ BB bly eb SL Ad Glay= B sla cya e ws ws Ct. -9) 11.8.5) aay Sgr Ags sig Sty Aad get Slee old VS spt IOV GB, ‘i hens dng. Vg lbs die LV Si Bae OSG GAL, Age By» BA 2 Olay! Vig GAs vee An haere Bl Ol sh CLASS coos Ag = VO 13! dre dey GP OS GE. ay at dee YY V Sh 5aeB aKa bb Ay es Ag Shen oe cet CSS OS yREV BL EV Bepet OS fy oy Any Byp dey OF Je es way CSS AS: ON alge Jo YSN Ur tg Ci Jo Lhe Di CLT A dtp) ded ol Slgrell oye gat JA, ns An beep! DY (1s k Sm) Ay OS ot SEY eal en heey 8 15) MN. aptly HLS) By OS oF yey « Lee dln toe dey GE gl JF Ole OB V I sue [AL oo Ap» By} ley Ay vey Age By Dlg op gat SS Ss OI SEY BEV MLN LD Ye Ue {Aye oo Ae By Bypiepett ob en claps Upense aed 55 daly Ola gail bile CIT 1B Say Gantt Sh hei OF AN) She ge AY Eas ode Ob Call pais clad V ol Byy vey By lpr cp apd ate GLa! te Bly depee Cope aed) 2A op ae Dds tape dept (gl ISL ah Je ad Del dem ol, eliadl WY B46 oy Beye OSS Ob cad ite Ogata plead vslvadl US 5468 Si any BSL dedi ab ob Jas SUL! 716) Jes AR? Si bet MIR? oye AIC Peepatl ay wings Se se ob C4 R? SI duel sl 03) .dim(R4)=2 o 1,2) deal op dae SS OS oI SEY 1,0) anti ob {0,2), G,5)5 aeyett RP Sh 5465 { (1,2), (LO)F depth OSs SUL, WS sf sted aS 07) Jk» lpr dept Je sgt R Jat de P, (R) claail sac oe wes tl {x+1, 2x4} = PAR) SI Bde gh DV Way Del de pereal) cng Bll C4 I ANSN kd gs Tyga d= dim(PA(R) oF ay Sly tay! Se ENA ope lel aaa WL ody. allanl Se yemel dendall srelal lyre nai: SAI dgadt XD, 287, 1,7 OS ot et SS eS Se me shes ope clas! GUE: Ale! gab! 1 hd al lg X41, Slgrdl oo deo CGS KB ol SY 1 ntl 2x7 X=1.(x+1) + 0.(2x?) + C1) sal BepeAl oda{xt, 2x7, 1, x7, WYicyemell jig x GE Ue ge be OS Whig PCR) cLaail) Sulyy Uae dln AUX 1, 2x7} dL dept! USS ll lial tll aa Ml a5 21.8.6) dong NH] fe coyh Rfpe Meyet col i dy (5d lyre clad sl G at dase OSs Shpall oy Olay Sry OS ee Lhe die EL depedl g ae Slee ate OS Hy [ple SeF Be aie (1.8.5 tay y Bb 51 Ss clad! ay ob gh cnt ke gh SI seta) + pail Nay ont Cte) ay2.8.7) dang dimM £dim VoBV Glyrdl clad + Ub lela M of 131 .M=V ob dim M= dim V of 13! ails 5 J) LAL 2 Olay BLEW oye ay SG Hay Ua alin 2,55 M J! del gl ol sae Ml yggler gh SIV St dueldl AU lyme ate OS ley oV SI dim M & dim V ot de bis gy geses M bel lyre US eby Vj) 48 255 M Jt uel os! Ob dim M=dimV of {31 .M=V Crea), 21.8.8) das 1 OW m de B Olgrce cLaad V OM 151 VS Bae OSG lpm op mo BS V op Rie dept Gl wet Uae CII IS CV Seb SF Slgredll oy ye Bye V oy Spe epee ol 2 WV ag 8 131 By B, Olgns try sili OS LVS) bull SIAL... Ay Bye Byh Hepet! ol ae «pails Ley dimV = m+ngén o% 2) 41 ode tall Cet ay ite eye S=fA,,...A,} SI 2 y bbe di Tool de TES ie iene ary (1.8.1) ANails de Jad ling dim [T] & dim [S] SI V=[S] = [T] AV Sissel S OS pus IL G ibe Soh depen! AS clad te Lie 13) GY bade oe! dncll CBE 13) Be OSG Ob cleadl ae Sh ggle Clyne ye ote Gy BSI weladl AU sup gl Lae dl. BV clgrall clad oe Lge lela Ny M oe JS Of Bat cat Ete ead (1S all el) M+N Gall cLaadll Gye ISL LMHN wy U $ (1.8.9) daaye dim(M+N) = dim (M) + dim (N)-- dim (MAN) Oleg MAN #fo}oi 23 de MAN Siac fA)... AF SS Repth Quy O! LSE eld MANEN yMONEM IK sel) M SLA, A, Boies Bop sue’ SILA. A} CYS thy (1.8.5) Spl Gee Ay N IGA AS Cyn} tal dim (MAN)=r1, dimM=r+s, dimN—r rt \ab dim (M+N) = rts+t ol de gas Ol @ tell Ce a8 Ot 4 {AL Cf penal Papel abd THSHt syle Uelgace ote Ol key M+N GA clad sre EL Ue Goby eS ey dim(M+N) = rts+t oS ASVb .M4N Gi aye dept adel dent ol YY 25, MAN=EO} ee (A=BHC tall A Sy AEMHN ane Gh inl oll M JI ie OSG fA,,.A,B,..B icp dt ol le. CEN » BEM eS BEM andi ol Ot x, Ye del 5 shhel deg abd JE Je dee SS XY; B=x,A,+...+X,A,+y,B,+....+y,B, alae tags salad N SN 56 OSG LAL, er Als Cys voy Cp depetl ol le ee SE AS CEN are O28 Zp oes Zi Wy ces Wy Ll 2 ISH de C=2,A\t...+2A,4+W,C, +... 4WC, thy OS Nye A=B+C= (x, +2)A,+...+(%,+Z)A,+y,B, +... +Y,B, + WC) +... t..t WC, Dept lpae on phe OS le VHA al gs! sled by dept Ul gar lay LAs Ass Byres By Cyn, CF Ap Ap By Boyes Cf deyedt Ob eo OM Gas .M+N Gt tS XA, tet XA + y,B+...t+yB + ZC t...4 ..42C,=0 La oe a ol be olay yl ial Yl te Ly Daal UL WY. peal glen OSG Oxy rm pVyseesVerZpseesZ) teapall: tel XA, +. FX AL + y,B, +... + y,B,= -z,C, — 2,C, of Ge SF SY ally M J oe og le lel dala Mi Gb ASE SYN GS lpr pie Gl 6 Goll spl gay M Bae OleaM oe SI OBL IT gay UN SI eae lg oe ae AGS cell op SUS Se WI oi, MON abit Si si «N Be feat Uy MON sac oly oe WAL Ho EWALD get XA, te. XA, +9,B, +o. + YB, = WA, tot WA 22, 10 B.C WA, + ot WA, ASW tapally dle! oalolall YLT OY (x,-w)A, +... + (X,-w)A, + y,Byt+ + y,Bo =O iW) A, WIA, FMP SPs w A tint WA, + 2Z,C, + ..+2,C, =O Clie Sle sept peal) cyplee ler nS OEE oe! Wall! 1 Ol glial Aylin OST COLL a Ol Ue ated Ue «bbe = Oy esey XW, =O, Yp =O, voy Y= Oy Wp = Os or WL = OF x, K, = OpessX, = 0; Yp= Oneey Y=O0s y= 0 sores Z= 0 NE Ve Bae Di fay crys Byres BuCypees Cy eyed OS eilay Jl pull Je ees Kall OUI MANE fofos de 25SS[B 5B, Piegatly M St 5425 OSS A Abaya! OF yd O55 fAyr Bigs ByroeesByb degattl OF de casi OF Uléy N Sh baels Udy M4N J) bps degae deel eptl .M+N= MON J) suc Os Je tall (MAW fof) SN! Dew We din day Dyn cuny Se Uy Lee se eb ek tie fA Bye oB,F epee + All X)Ay tet XyAg t YB) +o + Y,B, =O raapally eeSy tt XQ Ay = CYB, + + CY)B, xy 4)N 3 lene OS ood Gill 2 Gb! gly MG oe pM Gb! oS MAN abt Sgt Ny Moe SI oS BI IS eee Staly 231.2 MANO} XA, +. +x,A,, 20 Cy) B, +... Gy,)B, =O By fay Any ostedl ol & = Oyeeey Xqy = Oy Y, =O, VQ =O ON eek Me the die fAjiy AgpByrons Bop dept OSs ais oS We Gg UW inal we giz Lay dim(MON) = m+n .dim (MAN) = 0&1 si MAN=f0} ais ike oll §B,, Cte tos) 2 (18) Jee Ol cele 1) RP ye MIN ot claitl tay oe ote ote EN= (Oy, 2: 2x+ Sy=ofe M={(a,y,2):x-2y +25 0} -M+N=R? Of BaD (1.8.9) dang sedan: Jo dim (M+N) = dim M + dim N- dim (MAN) hey lL M,N, MAN SAN Olea ole! ad ob SE eu 14 Gal M,N M={o.y2:x=%, yay.2=-x +295 N=foxy.z):x % Y=(2/SHz=2} ayDoge yadl lat! IAL ails AGLI ALN G ey G C= {0 -2/5,0), 0,0,1)}. B= {(1,0,-1) , (0,1,2 Hla YS Hy I le Ny Me JI ela” dim N=2, dim M=2 teal OS WL (Gy, 2E MON ancl o es MAN Ot te Seat caayasll Ley ¥ 2/5)X 5 Z= -x+2y Z= -X+2(-2/5)x =(-9/5)x rapall, abla) Guay Se ite MON = {(x,y,2): x=x, y=C2/9x, 2=(94)x ered fe Jad x= 5 tall le ky x gay > ely pie Le OS Lip MAN (J! 568 aS oy sil (5, -2, -9) Sali 3 4,50 Dati dim (MAN) = 1 Ol ae be 1 (1.8.9) dim (M+N) = 2+2-1=3 dim (M+N) = dim (R’) of £ OySs (1.8.7) Seng ery ald R? oy om clad M4N Ol ley .M+N=R? (1.8) gulf AR? Si ae OSG UI AGLI Slept yw Gl 1 E= {(-1,2,0), (0,1,0), (2,3) F = {(1,2,0), 0,5,7), (-1,1,3)} G= {1,1,4), 02,0), (11), ©.2,5)} H =£0,5,7),C1,2,-3), 2,903 arGE! de PCR) clad sre SG ULI AA! Sept! o» gl — 2 iR E={-1, 1x, -2x°3 F=€1, (&-2), (x-2) (x+ 1} Gal tux’, 2x +3x7, 1-2x+ 425 H={1+x+x, x, x22} el PoC GbI fe M,(C), 2X2 Sligiall clad seb ar — 3 oad Bde dey R Ge aLI ole! [i> Je bLei M,(C) set ot IS Ol de ote oC GH Je C4 clad G4 M={(a,0,0,b): a,b € C } N={(c,0,d,0): dC 3 EM+HN y MON oy §° Si tet aed ated ue Le behad oS (1.8.9) sas! dale Ge AR oy UI AS lela! y+ J Jl duel ae — 5 M={(,y,2): x+y = N = {(x,y,2): 2x+y-2= oF V= {(x,y,2): x=0, y-22= oF W= {(x,y,2)! X= y-32} PAR) ce I ASAI OleLadl oo IS Ll ded ae — 6 M=fa, +a,x+a,x?+a,x?: 2a, + a,-a, =o} N= {P(x): d/dx P(x) = 0} V={P(x): P(-x)= -P(®)} W={P(x): P(o) = 0} 4gZ={P(): P(x) = a, +a,x°} +6) 65) oy GH Lad at de de 7 on Ue betas N= [00,b,0)}.M = {2.0.0} JF SU 8 .M+N J) bac wR? 6,1.) lyr dept OS a EEL ord fe bd gic# — 9 «Lae das, (1,0,8) «(1,a,0) plgndl IF oe All tt clad yo V nel — 10 A,(x) = 2, A,(x) = Sin’x, A,(x)= Cos2x AS add peel fo all GAEL! Syl clad Gp llsy LV Sli od S=fA,, A,A,Jol cat (ty VGH clad Bre ae () Aspe! — 11 LaatfB,, BBygo! de say ¢ V clad sac6 {Ay ae pS bel Ll A = (5,6) SUH ae ot en Na .X = (13/3,-2/3) 1) Sie Hedy Am 1x? are Uso! anes tr PA(R) clad 3 1S=fA,= 3,4, =-1 4x, A; =e ac re Ht A= Lx? a) + BCI +x) +e) = (3a-b) + bx + cx” pNolall fe ans 3a-b = 1,b=0,¢ =-1 a= 1/3,b =0, © =-1 gl PS sacl Hy A = 1x? endl OU anes OS tne .X =(1/3,0,-1) seed de US ems ae gh UPL ees ol Ui a daelaly ce BI Gy Bye IgE one pa cSAeLSI Spat 13 ule jp, DWI Sd LS ON copie osseld) idly ee Olio! 2 Stat SUM JE ot Lee e dye ay2G) J s* = fat AM}, R? Si seb S = fa. Ayor 51 ‘ Ol 2eé R? Si byte dae * of (31. A, = cA*, + dA*, «A, = aA*, + bA*, aad S peli Ll A © R? doll Ole! one yp X= (x, y) (S* saab! saela Gedy A oUt ance X* = OK", y*) et A=xA,+yA, = x(@A*, + bA*,) + y(CA®, + aa*,) = (xa + yo) A*, + (xb + yd) A*, Xx™ = xa + yc,y* = xb + yd: 03h rol gl X* = (x*, y*) = (xa + ye, xb + yd) =(x,y) fa b d a») Mel Bw Ob P= © a X* = XP BAL! Biel dl Ay Oe! ance ye P dial JM ull syd! tel dl Ay GUSLal nee ye SU Gualy SS Sew oe SUE Bytes deel Po Bydall Qo .S* saclai aAS*=fA* ATP VS) seb S=fA,,.0. AfEIS ISI ciate jy py ot Be ASE S be § US OIEAL lb VU) bute sels 2 SWI god ey S* Styne At ina A, = P,A*, + PLA*) +. +P, a A, = Py A*, + P,A*, +. + P,A* A, = PyA*, + PyA*, +. + PLA*, Byiall cod ae Py Pye P, In P= | Py Py. Py Pa Pras Pan S* sselal 1S suclal oy» Sls Bye sae Hedy ALES Olin! ance yp P Bye k Gull Ol Le A Byala SF IIS op UBM Bybee ob gl S* Byat! dal fe S* Olgnes BV S Oly BL 24) Se $8 ={A, = @),A, = (0,3 Faxed oy JURY Bytes te (St =fAt = (1,0), At = G,3)f seta Ss AS: JH A, = QD=pyAs* +P,2A.* A, = (0,3)= PyAy* + PrrAa* 44: re fed ati 2:1) = Py 1,0) +49 3,3) = CP, + 3P yp. 3P,.) (0,3) = Py 61,0) + Pp» (3,3) = CPx + 37,2 5 3Py2) ol sl hI Pu + 3Py2 = 2, 3D.) = “Py, + 3p, = 0, 3p, = 3 oS By Pu = “1, Pip = 1/3, Py, = 3, Py = 1 ao S* buclill JIS suclall yo JU Bier OS Itue cle 1/3 P={3 1 21.9.1) deage sacs S* 9 V antl ll lel! clad ari S C5 131 PX OF Il Pe S* SS oe Sls Byer OF Le V SI ae ane OS X* = XP Ob S sel Al AEV endl SUL! ane S* jell HL A oltuet Olagsl St = ,S={A,.., A Jol eeh nav we ob ous AEV Sst exe eo X= Oy aay X,) OL GAN, os AM Oat S Beta dullON S* SNS 2 Jus Bias 2 P = (p,) le BF + Py Ag ce at aya =X, (py AR. +... + py AT) +o. + | Py A* te + Pan *A*,) = (XPyp + XpPy Foe + APP QA Hove + (KPjq + %Pay toe + XpPand AT: S* sacli Hl A OWA ane X* = (KF, 0, XE) OT 1S AY OB fe fears X™) = XPyp + XQPay + oe + XPyy XpPyy + XpPyq + os + Ppa X,Pin + X2Pan + +++ + XpPan fapally del Noll Ub YS obyall Ge deel 6 Pur Pia + Pin # ye = i MK, XN) = (Ky Xqy ores My) : Ge ae Bg Paz + Pan X* = XP salty Cp ae”6) Jk» Badly A ered) Obl! oe ye X = (1,21) of cule 131 Ol, ole ily. A nd PCR) SIS =f1/2, -x, 2°} seta 1 1 -1 0 0 Fe | ee S Bselal MWS op Sls! Byte so »S* suetal) Gal) A Olfel ane ind S* ={A%,,A*, At} A= (D2) + Q(X) + CD Rx’ ret = 1/2-2x-2x? - 05) S* acl Ry A olel ane X* = (a*,,a*, a*) SJ X* = XP =(1, 2, -1) > = 4,2,-1) :@ Ju Be ope SWS digi Ob Cade 31 eS" = fA" A* Joselal JiR? S=[4,=@2,0,A,=(,3} 2 P= # oe -2 ob Ve Ve2S SIS* cy SUB dipter te PAX A, tod de pat Sl pines aya oa 2 A= QI = VASA* + WW SSAM, —— ceeseeetenne (a) Ay = (0,3) = -2/ JSA*, + IW VSA*, —ssseceeeee (2) de ead Aut! Wall a Yrery 2 5 LM Wala Gace (4,5) = 5/ JSA*, = V5A*, A*=( 4/ V5, 1/ Y5) 03) de fat UNI Matai 16 A*, = (2,1)- 26 A*, = (2,1)- 248 ( 445, 145) = (2,1) - (8/5 , 2/5) = (2/5 , 3/5) At, =( 25, 34): 031 Ot Lad Lyi OSGi (S suctall JI S* Sela op» SLY Byer At =a), A, + dA, AY) = GA, + dnAy C245, 345) = Gy, (2,1) + G4,(0,3) + a1 gs! ( 448, 145) = ap, (2,1) + 4,,(0,3)8 Ue had el Natal iy Q= 25 MS Q= Plo by (1.9.2) kenge St 13h St = TAty At S=fAye AGS yas PCI V clad sels S**=[A**,,..., AX F 2553 PQ ob SY SM. Sus dyin 2 Q y SYS y Jt SY S ye SUS tipi rola 6G Spay Dligdall Gates dae oye 21.9.3) dongs PT ob S* seb MS seb oy» Sls! ties P Ci 131 ©S SS* ye SY Sgiar OSG olay! Q Si 13h ayLEL Beall Yo SWS p+ JUV! Bias ol 6S MS or SUEY Byes OSG PQ Ob S SI S* c+ JY Dyin gl PQ =1-Q= PT OS tbiy 2) Ste Bac Hl oie! ace oll PR) GA ened oe X= (2,0,1) andl 2S =fa, =-1,A,=1+x,A, = 2x7} te fad SUE cee Gaal oy J A= (-2)A,+() A, + (I) Ay = (-2)(-1) + 0) (+x) + (1) 2x’) =-2+ 2x? 19.1) dang days 55 Gb Ill delay Wt lala nev , 4 - a \ 4 xpext “y SHA SA ante =X KH 8 SP A St nee i \ 1,9) owl ded Ady R? GAL Sle» 6 Olle! ae te — 6S =fA, = @-D, A, = G,oypeuetal .A = (2,1), B= (0,0), C = 0,1), D = (a,b)C Jatt fe M,(C) BW gad oy IF Obsolete — 2 vt () Jel MO 9) wf op” 0 AK 1 2 014i ie PBR asst 2-5) iy +i ad 1 2i C= bo aif P= fi ife-fsig Seth, E3y PLR) GSLs Olga oo J OU! one de 3 Baca s = fix 14,2-22$ A =V2 + x- (1/3), B= 2x + 72,C = 3 . 4 UME ee dey CL de lye clad ©? uci (ly rideli Hu A = (1,-i) -S=fA, = (1,0), A,=@,2+3i)} ABM el ane toy R J Je Styne clad CP a sel ~~ ride aJyA = (1,-i) S={A,C1,0),4,=(1+,0),A,= (0,21), Ay= (41 +i} S={A,= (1,2), A,= (2,3) Foul yp J Gere * S =fa,* = (1,0), A*)= (1,-2)5 sell SIR? aaBAC cy SLES) ayia de 6 S=TA, =2,A, = 1x+x7, Ay= 2x43} saeld S! P,(R) elvadl (S*=fA* = 14x, A*,=x2, A*,= 3 44x45 f cell BB cp pl clad pV eel —7 A,(x) = Cosx, Ay(x)= Sinx B={B,(x) = 2Sinx+Cosx, B,(x)= 3Cosxf ol ee ¢1) LV cleadll 368 OSs paeldl SA =A, A,poretil 3 Sls) yi de (OH) B=B. By 2Sin x +3COSK Gislie| ones Le (7) kaye le sel sl, B= {B,, BF w5ptle yyy drach HS Lat tlle saelal NB ={B,, Byperell 9+ SUSI dies de (>) ARTA AS GIR? QIS= JA, Aypoueldl oy JUBY! Gye ol ole BI 8 [A*, = (7,5), A*, = (2,1) foetus Jae AL C (x) oe se 2 (1.9.1) LS ite) Olas ed po LxPitelal op Sas Wayivan Ob cade b3t — 9 fat, A* psetil J PCR) clad _S* sell olen todSAcla) KS AIS! ance 6] M(R) 3 A aout a — 10 (1 1 s-{ 1 1 ZT 1 1 rf- di ry a 1 1 j 1 -l : X= (1,2,0,4) ancl ya Fed, GLH ame SNC Jat! le PC) GA eel oe 11 renela X= C1 +i9-i,3) onl » S=Gi, 14 (Lx, (1 +i}ll Saal! Linear Transformations : 44%! SYypull 1 Lads (2.0) clei & poy de bate Slik aes Cbd tl f yey Led ll Clic ode al ay elgrll olelaad Gy pally Olgnll Pa oe AN GAM) Cel pyllly Hal glally elyeill J slab oe BLE fill Uley Uke She ge BLE ty hb Coby I CSL) GM clan G Sled he 5 tis See Oye oC pL SAH) Gl clad G set Sled nti bt SI) daly R? Geel yt a ODbprll LU le Keb UL asl CR? SIR? op Dla Royle! Xe aby pdb ytd yy 10D dw esis GIA, B opal 5 QUAY sil fy _pptll tae cRgRipR? sail) J) jis AFB bil of 24 RGA) ¢Rg(B) owls 53 AT De! -RYA+B) = RYA) + RB) ot ga sl RCA) + RAB) +) 9d, JR Bat@) JS -Rg@tA) = TRA) git Ryd Ob gied> ote slr OF 151 ails AS. SE ye (21) add By cand MI cell Cy ae dye Na yo (2.2) adh We SG cea dled gaa PLLA dpa Al! yal leladl Lie, ULES Opal ater dany call yy fe Sy Apel) LLL) duped 5G Lelyo gle (2.3) sal Bote, 2541 Np Sbyall oy Go Lal Gaver aw (2.4) at Ll Sead Sligiall Jatlas tay Bae oo SE J bby Gl LU ibe Sela! paid Rela glee (2.5) ell. Sally Ebb) Crp Lact, 2A) SI J Cs ILS Jo tip sat ipl Byer Ls tinkey (Linear Transformations) 42+! yd! (2.1) Lays TV» WoSts an F aL le ohne Gli WV OSS Gad Uo(i) T(A+B) = T(A) + T(B) (ii) T@A) = rT(A) T goed WU ole HEF (gold ate sy ABEV Slee GY iy LW NV oy tee Ye 2) Se ral Gas Us T: RR? 5S W=R? V=R? SS T(x,y,2) = &+y,2) A= (ys yy a)y Sel 23 dangly CR? IR? oy Uae Syd SG T B= (b,,b,, b,) OK Nee T(A+B) = T(a, +b,, a, +b,,a,+b,) =((a, +b,) + (a, +b,), (@ + by) ) = (a, +a,,a,) + (b, +b,,b,) = T(A) + T() 14) ghi> ote ITER US T(rA) = T(ra,, ra,, ra,) = (ra, +1a,,ra,) = (ra, +a,), ra,) =r(a,+ a, a) =1T(A) Las ag Ss obey he) cab ttl gad T MAN ON Ula ye tees vy2Q) Jie dena, BAIT! P, (R) Mz (R) dit a-2b ° T(atbx+ cx’) = oO atc (1) Jie BE Geist Lhe Sut oS :@) Jie Sol Uw OB CF Lb fe Signe Glad sl Woy VO 131 clas Sut oS AEV IS TIA)= 0 Hall Ball) TV — W T of de SUN! 454(Null Transformation) i.e) dee 2 aS Le yt 14) Slee danall BA) TV Ua) of lps clad gl V Of 131 ALE etl pas «Le Syd aS AEV JS TIA)=A sou OlLY! . (Identity transformation) 15) Je tyall Ball TER? — RW oI de Gay Tey) = xy+1Obagi B= (b,,b,) W cadet cay (as yt rT S+T cgliatt Ola! bE AVS creme GIA, B bl (S+T)(A+B) = S(A+B) + T(A+B) = S(A) + S(B) + TIA) + T(B) =S(A) + T(A) + S(B) + TB) = (S+T)(A) + (S+T)(B) OK K geld ose oh (S+T) (xA) = S(xA) + T(XA) =x S(A) +x T(A) =x(S(A) + T(A)) =x((S+T) (A) oo Was Yyé SH T Wha SG Ey scpeS Spy LU olagl Ob rT Shh CGO) ya2.1.4) days tet Repat OW F JR Jo lyme cLad WAV oy JS" OIF 13 chai OSs LIVW) ph Une aly W dt V cp Ed! Crp LF Ja le olypns : Olay! ib dypall ge Gaps tEAM ab eo 2.1.3) tad! del J BSG by AU ag Got Cele! tlh Hdl Hold slack poy SLU roles Jay lpn laad Gaal Jem I (reas) 210) Jt» LY by ayo gh ope Kg apt Clots clad V OF 131 AF Jad) fe Olgrss clad OS V ol F fam sl cy tena Bas dio SIV VSS SPO) = Pls) (PO) tie ) pana Gar Ul T:Vi— Vy TP) =x PO) de é Las Sy O55 TIS op JF OI Ue cad T(x+x? - 2x5), S(2-x + x) SP) + 9@)= (P&) + a(x) 2h = PO) + d&x) = Seo +a) S(rp(s)) = (EPC) = TPES = rS(p~d) hee yy SOS ae T(P(X) + a(x) =x(P(x) + a)= xP(x) + xq(x)= T(P(x)) + T(q(x)) T(rpQd) = x(PPO)) = AXP) = rTP) Ny Lal the Yet ToS ae S2-x+x3) = (2-x+x°) =-143x? x(x + x?-2x5) = 4x3 2x8 T(x +x2-2x5) QD yf a Syd 4X AU Syl op gh — 1 .T(%,y) = (%-2y, 3y) TR? — R? (fy - TOY) = (%?, xy) «TR? — R? (OS) »T09) = (%52x,0) (T:R — R? (zy .T(a+bx) = (2a,b+1) .T:P,\(R) —~ R? (3) th MYe.@-y,024+w).T: MAR) Ra) z Ww Adee et oS AMS Sl oe I OI le yay 2 + T@,,2,) = (12), 2,-Z, iz) ) le d deal bye Las yd T: R? — R? off 13) 3 T(x,y) = (x+y, x-y, 2x) vy)Hay bw tee WSR R’ S(x,y) = (0,0,2x + 3y) pe f ad .T-S,2T +38, ¥2T + 48 BE INTEC? me RY dl fupell oe 4 T(2,0) = (1,1,1,1), TU +i,0) = (,0,1,0) T(,-2i) = (0,1,-1,0), T(0,1) = (0,0,0,0) AR fi de lyn clad ys C? ob o> Oli T,, T:R? me R? cist uke cbf ae — 5 .T,(1,-5) = T,(1,-5) = (24,0) 2 ls BRS Ri BL 6 £(1,1,0) = (2,3), £(1,0,1) = (1,2) See Syd oS of J Se Jes LD = 3) ~7 TiCPmp Chas yd te ECM fe Slyrce cb C? peel (1) 2TC1,0) = (1-1), TO,3)= 0,1 +i) sie SuypZ ee Rat le cha ls C2 reel (@) S:C mC? Lbs _ SEL0) = G1), $0,3)= 145) Bebe S(T) Saw ey ee fel ops de ory (z) “&) hye deget {AL ALF Sy Le Syd TV W OS 8 ot the Ui bye {T(A), ..., TAO IV G Lal SEAL oy Apes OI Ue oad Wed oly \yyeV clens clad be nbs nh T,, Ty Vm Roo 19 BWW Ob fe cad R Jat S:V +R} S(A) = (T(A), O, T,(A)) Ue ee tote oeey Ue ay Lae YETIR RST) KER 65 geet T(x) = tx 4 T Wb 165) = -2 es Ue Say THR R oS 13) (S) -TEV3) (Rank and Nullity) 4Aa)ly 43/1 (2.2) ays igs Se colyne Glai cy TV W oe be A be 2 YE Gas ImT pa Jt UW yayy (Image of T) Taye — 1 Im(T)={ Bew: B= T(A), AEV$ 2 SYS Gay KerT ah & joys (Kernel of T) T aly KerT = {A €V: T(A)=O 3 KerTCV , imTEW of LY vr2) Se Panay Dae Las Suet TR? REO 13 Tesyy.z)= (8 +2y,0,32) ImT , KerT a5) ted! and (eae tne a TOxy,2) = (0,0,0) dad & Syl (Ker T ote «ot ole SO x+2y=0 0=0 32=0 KerT Gis Se Wigs oNSLLI GML! SG 2=0 5 x=-2y OS tae Top ee kKerT = {(xy,2): x=-2y 5 y=y, z=0F ei Be (a,bVER? Sas! et oe Ss UB mT ) y Sl gl T,y,2) = Bs git x+2y =a o=b 3z= ¢ sg Ve laged ou bt ey We ca SI Gl Wl cb=0 ob Le Lo IS IMT ey Ss Sly ¢ Laglens oe ImT = {{a,b,c): a=a, b=0, c=c} ane SY al sl ¢T(a,0,/3) = (€,0,c) ot Le hig - T(a,0,¢/3) = (a,0,¢) 38 (a,0,¢/3) ER? 1>y (a,0,c)€ ImT (2.2.1) tanga yl OS THV e W ghar aod ood \reLV op Gym clue KerT — 1 Wop Qe clad ImT _ 2 Ola! dey Gl al as Ol Ce cde clad ye KerT of iad 1 roy KerT & cngrs AyA, deb dal 5 altel G pally pend SKS. geld ue gl TIA, + A.) = TIA) + TA) =0+0=0 wal A + BEKerT 031 TA, = rT(A,) = r.0=0 -KerT 3 rA, ol gi pp lmT ol tad gtd sue gl ty ImT 9 B,B, ds det _ 2 $B, 5 ImT 3 B,+B, ot fo Sa Ge Wy Ge ela Oldie VIC A gee ad Ol 4 Lil gol cImT .T(C)=rB, , T(A) =B, +B, OSs 4 VG AYA, lpn 4233 ImT 3 B,,B, Oo! > C= 1A, yA =A,+ A, Ses .T(A)=B,, TIA) = B, oh T(A) = T(A, +A,)= TIA) +T(A)= B, +B, Lay T(O)= THA, = rT(A)="B, TB, €ImT ot gs! ape Melaad oS IT, Ker T op JS ot gn Lin Cos 4-9)1 DY Gill pass odlel aml eye le ed dim (KerT) si KerT 32 ¢Laill ue wai (Nullity of T) T iia, edim(ImT) si cImT 34 cliad taf aii (Rank of T) T is, 2Q) Se =(8) SES Ball T cod) ysl by te pine do Ot dae (8) SUL oe : ot KerT={ (y,2): x=-2y, y=y, z=0} ImT={@,b,0): a=a, b=0, e=c Legetly KerT Qh are S= {21,0} depth oS Ltne 19S Jlely cImT J suet H=£(1,0,0) , (0,0, dim(KerT) =1, dim (ImT) =2 2=T iy LET Hiv oi! tae ety etl Al E poe 3 Leg! Sina ant ba) tung peg lg abel, cedl Jupmsll Sle (2.2.2) edge Vay =T ayo +725 of Uae Syd TV 9 Woo 31 dim V = dim(KerT) + dim(ImT) 1 Olagl! Up lelaad Ker of . dim(KerT) =k, dim V=n o\ (2a vy KerT SYA, ., APired Leb ken oS abs Vo» vropt! OS ALA, Glee tag of (1.8.5) tye Repth SI jad VS ib YS LAp oA AL oA (Wo Sten y mk BSB, = TAL, Dr oo By = TA} Gael J GY alldy ImT Qibt clued) Lh ay eget SF degedl ole Reps of Ly .T(A)=B Cue AEV anu ae) (BE ImT AUS oSe led AEV anclly Vd) BGA). ALAL, po A Vhpally gat 55 A= XA, + + HALPER AQ) tet XA, 1 OR Dae B= T(A)= x,T(A,) +..+ x TAD+ 4, TAQ.) tot x,T(A,) = X,.04...+x,.0+%,,,B +... + x, Bay =X, 4 1B +--+ XBox ot de SS BE IMT mes gh US VISE 4h gw a de yat OS IB, Bead ert Ol gat gl (By o) Bhy Olgrad! 2955 1 EAB ysoony Ba Peat OB pale JI BLL mT J) iy UG lgrk pina Lyle Lae Lge det os apy Une dn ene 1 bs dept y,B, + «+ Voy Bip =O de fat aap sey Y TAL, 1) ++ +9, TIA) = 0 ol gst TA ay beet Yup A) = oS Selly WAL tet nn EKerT ancll Ol oe bay csi KerT Si Be OSS ll As vey Ay lel oo get SS Hol rol yyyWAg grt $Y ny Ag = MA, t ot PAY Banal aS SN Se Mel Dab Art et ALY Ag aL oe nan = 0 OP ley Uae ie lyre teat ial yl Lhe Lg Ling x,=0, = Oo Y= Vink =O OSS IMT J! bays bel Uy ches Le fB,,.. By Peep OS ate Ol de aed mek sgley Shela SUG Slgeall ote Ol Ley oa! suet -dim(ImT) = n-k + Slag! AS Ning 1B Je Banal) Ball TiR? = R? bt! byl dgine gt te T(X%y,2) = (2) 3) ImT = R? ob aey ale alls OS Mel pyre: Yet Se Just (2.2.2) Renpll jedan dim(KerT) = 3-dim (ImT) =3-2=1 14) Jee bales OS Ol GA TR" — RY LE uy sl ol de ae Obagi MS dyglae T 25, OSS aey ImT = R" OS. pole T ol & Ol fe ead (2.2.2) dang sedan AYAdim (KerT) = n-n= 0 108 T(A) = T(B) o6 J oS) KerT $0 Jo! iw bie T(A-B)=0 A=B Ob Jtily A-B =Ool g!.A-BEKerT oO} oy wary + othe T 03} ap Cp AN Dale ded ye ULE del JU 35S oy ee $(2.2.3) deny 100 Uae Sy TV = W os 31 Ker T=fO Hit daddy 151 ple T (1) .ImT = Wi) said, V3 be T (~~) olay! syle 5 te () 9 4) Je Bae CT) 26) St YA, =( 1,0), tegatt of Qe THR? eR? Uke Sag aly! Bue OS A, = (2,0,DF 1 BE OI Ce lll Jags Jo T(A,)= T(1,-1,0) =(0,0) T(A,) = T2,0,1)=(0,0) BAU GS elie Se aed) Laban lay yl leh US paca (2.1.2) dayll MepFl Ol daar A, = 0,01) aad cl iJAL= G10), Ay= 2.0.1), A= 0.0, Rob sie nb mes! SIT daely Ayan LR? gael aS Ss T(A,)= T(0,0,1) =(1,-1) Oy Ly KerT J) T(A.)= (0,0) wa ve oe Be AS eC lll yr OS IT eels KerT = R? os ah (x,y,z) =aA, +bA,+cA, oe Tix,y,z) =aT(A,) + BT(A,) + cT(A,) = a(0,0) + b(0,0) + ¢(1,-1) = e(1,-1) obabi coke! yllell 231 (x,y,z) =aA,+bA,+cA, Jt se8 (%,y,z)= (a+ 2b, -a, b+c) os! a+2b=x 7 “asy b+C=z SI 52% You! ode a= -y, b=(1/2) (x+y), c= 2-(1/2) (x+y) ost T(x,y,2)= c(1,-1) = (@—(1/2)x- (1/2) y, (1/2) x-+. (1/2) y-2)- Sleaall ela Ub Tats Ob pire yee Cilbl Vy 26) Ste {B,=(,1,0), sp8) oo Ge THR RY Le yt Spal 5460 OSB, = (2,1,3)} ot Garg! (2.1.2) dal ate 2st x (2.2.2) despht SUSI Lan! obs bt cael SVT Sealy bie cage JLyly R? Sh bate Glee 2S I well SB, By fe Lee tase ane SI EUW JLo By, By coal -B, = (0,0,0) si!) dst 3= (0,1,0), A,= 0,0,0$ - (geht bye T Sy R? 3! eapdall baetall T(A,) =T(,0,0) = B, = (1,1,0) s={A,= (10,0), A T(A,) = T(0,1,0 (-2,1,3) T(A,)= T(0,0,1)= (0,0,0) Oa) RP 3 ame GI A=(x,y,2) SS A= (X,y,Z) =XA, +YA,+zA, ost T(A)= xB, + yB, +zB, Ae Set arya . (2.1.2) deal ilert) T(A) = x (11,0) + y-2,1,3) + 2(0,0,0) =(x-2y, x+y, 3y) T(x,y,z) = (x-2y, x+y, 3y)(2.2) cpylé 1 yu glmT Sae8 . Ker? {aac ae 1 TR! — RB? Texy,z)= Ox y+2) (1) T:P\(C) = ©: Ta, +a,x)= 2a,-ia, (=) CC Ub ge sl P, (C), C xe!) LTR? = RP. TOY) = (8.28.3) (z) 1M (Ry = R? 1 C J = (ew, y+ 22) (2) as — Ros 313 T(x.) = OY) + SOGY,Z! PAN Spell .T,S,2T + S, T-5S he cla Vio 4 slay Mole BS ol Ce Tool fe cad Gl Lee YE (2.2.2) , (2.2.3) cpaiagll paren! pall bee Ls Sue! T:P(R) + P,(R) of 131 — 5 aad Tipts)) = Pls) 3k pA TIRE? pat) bell Gee di te 6 LT 2)= (V5, V2) THD) =(N2,03) ait ae AL EV s BEW SU, Las TV = WLS 7 OS oO! GH T(X) = B dole bb sic! fe sy . T(A,) = B /C€KerT & and X=A) $C all Vole Mie fe nen Sbyial) Lad M,(R) 2 :M,(R) M,(R) -; T:V — V Obs FAG ee el danall ae Wl T(A)= (A-A‘)/2(transpose) A Saat! yet geld AT So» whee Meet OSS T ote ea (hy sty any KetT Go (wy Banal Gaels S: M,(R) — M,(R) 28" 13) — 9 S(A)= (A+A7)/2 oN Ye ay Fes LSS ol fs cad ImS = Ker T (8) capt GBA A bel ps Te -b T: MR) —MJR)-SM= [0 9 3h — 10 dalle lane Vet Supt T(A)= AM- MA‘ (Ker T)T sip St bet ae U5 c+ als (mT) T 55 2! Se TR? Riles bye B, = (1,0,2,-3), B, = (-1,1,0,0) ngoed! joy! oO) tt TIM(R) — RP be a> 12 1 1 0 1 ly Ge OS s={A;=} 2A 5 Qo 72 3 0 (as Supt ae AR ULI te lyn had C? ee! 13 T:C? — PR) S=¥A,= GD), A,=(,-ifieg tl oF oe ot H= {B= 1+%, By 2x2} degasly aly! Bas OSS Byp2 sued Inverse transformations 8,5) odd! (2.3) Ay HEL Srp el 5 a Lis Ge ble tae Seal byl Cad AGlol atlas Bae SI Lull obs Gok \rrog Slebas at Ni sags reed SO U3 OF Ladi fo Syne clad W,V,U ot SO 131 1s Guns OIL we Les Sy TV we WSU ToS(A) = T(S(A)) [tall ToS:U SW - (Composition of 8, T) T,S clus) 55 gent Ulu oie 2) Jee ail T:R? eR SiR? — RP ella 5 ae T(x,y,2) =x-y +2, S(x,y) = (2k,y,0) daall dae RS ToS (x,y) = T(S(x,y)) =T 2x, y,0) = 2x)- (9) + (0) = 2x-y LE Sat SN tidy bier SY SOT Cicet catet Jub S dial Ne as Las ue Le! ToS: Uwola! Phy OSS. geld ote ITU GB cng GIA), A, Led ToS(A, +A,)= T(S(A, +A,)) = TIS(A,) + S(A,)) = T(S(A,)) + TS(A,)) = ToS(A,) + ToS(A,) Lyall Gy AGS ToS(rA,)= T (S(rA,)) = T (rS(A,)) = rT(S(A,)) =r ToS(A,) clas dye ToS Ul 2 Cee) clad fe yeh Ua ot (21) AL oy 4) Sle GUS aad te pep NaN AU pas ee clad AUS le Lae yt OSG Sa NG Se yl Saas Gall iV Vi keel Fe fe V Olam clad GY oe RE! bowl ae AGV Shell eat (ADS A reall . (Identity transformation on V). V. aes Sat Lee ye SW VTIV = WO Oe PSL My Nl se T 3 pel pa gee S OB SOT = 1, of tity (left inverse)iT SM ofl peb Gee S Of ToS = 1, Oo I) (right inverse) ero S O8 Is) ob WIS S I Le ipl QS Tob T Si LY ip S oF 13) LS QI gle igi OS T OWT St Lace es 22) Slee Piel Ball bd) boul TER? 1 RP of 13! T(x y) = (xx +2y, x-y) PEqally Ball SiR? R? ad! byl ol Je ca S(Y,z) = (X,y-2x+z) Aas Indes SY SIT Le fabs OS «SOT (X,y)= (Xy) 1 gl «SOT = Ty? Oh yo wbay Syllal Jo SoT (x,y)= S(T(x,y)) = S (4x +2y, X-) = (x,(x + 2y) - 2(x) + (X-y)) = (%y) sBaaall bar OS ToS: RE RM ToS(x,y,z) = T(S(x,y,z)) = T(x,y-2x +z) = (X,x + 2(y-2x +z), x-(y-2x +z)) = (x, -3x + 2y + 2z, 3x-y-z) Lllduy ToS g£ 1,3 o! os! TOS (%,Y,2) x4 (X,y,2) Ol aoe La chat ipa SIS J SYS ob ibe WE SW Vv, T:iV = Wo € Of 131 TS ply Lice fas S 206151 Jaaiy 151 (Inverse)T nts cane Lente 1S Si Fels YS T ob T i igs S 26 1 2G) Jee DRewally Boalt hilt Lyell TIM,(R)—= RY oi 131 aa o (b, a, (1/5)¢, (1/2)d) c dj ¢ Really Ball S:R4— M,(R) h2! byw ol Se oa y x S(x,y,2,W) = 5z 20 T Bigs oSSoT = 1,4 o! pas SY .SoT= Tye 23! SoT(x,y,z,w) = SITO,Y,2,9)) y x 52 aw = (--x), y,1/55z),(1/2)(2w)) = (%,Y,2,) 22.3.1) aye pyle lea T ue ot Lae yt TV = WS ola! S= So 1, = So(ToS) = (SoT)0 $= 10S= § (rar sys (non = New 6 Se TV OW kee Lear Nur ey 1 eee 2 Isomorphism) © + Singular) S=T! OS kas ToS) 1, Sols To cae SSW VY T pli deny dee Be a ee: ag clini! ob Syd WV cycled) cp THV WSs ny 13) _. (Vis isomorphic toW) . W sLadi rly V gel Steal ae Si he SLE eygde fe iltal cle! 5 AEA Bact aw ie Gy OST cL GL 1(2.3.2) daaye Ube Su T:V Ww 1S a5 TOS= 1, sSoT= ly olay! wey Siglo gold oe sl WS cee IB, B, ed S(B, + B,)= S(B,) + S(B,) S(B,) = rS@B,) ed 2.S(B)= A, S(B)= A, sae B, = 1,(B,)= ToS (B,)= T(SB,}= TIA) v aply TOS= 1, JY by .By= T(A)) Je eat ant teyally 1 ble gad SoT= 1,, B, = T(A,), B,= T(A,) : G5 S(B, + B,)= S(T(A,) + T(A,)) = S(T(A, + A,)) = SoT (A, + A,) = 1, (A, +A,)= A, +A, = SB) + SB) S(rB,) = S(rT(A,)) = S(T(A,) = SoT (rA,) = 1(rA,)=rA, =1S@,) vaLet yy S Dial OSs ei, eet) pall EY Rab fo Uatiy Kea! ULL 3 Uae ELI dap c Aad! all Ob Lad! oy abl peal Ml plally £1 $(2.3.3) deage Wy V tad! cael uel! oy Uae Syd T3V Ww ol 13) 1b Sate To 31 dadiy 13) oct gs T St dey (1) Loker T Of 15) dadiy 131 po! gai T Sey 2 Olagll Wt OS tue. T Ji oth ps SWime Vol oat (Sy dsb ol Ub Sutt Sut oS T ot Je gas ol Ge .ToS= 1, sol eo Sby A=S(B) aay oes sh Bew T(A)= T(S(B)) = ToS(B)= 1,(B)= B Suge T:V— Wool ait Kall fo SLs Sgt TOS ost LTOS= Ly gis: SW V cat dat oleh le Ce SUL 13) bs bet T ol & .dim(V)= m, dimW-=n 1 0) ged (2.2.2) deaghiacim(mT) = dim(KerT)= dim(V) - dim(imT)= m-n 1 B68 SI egy GAL, os Amn hoe KerT J) ae it ales LV LAD os Anne By oe B} J) 66 4SIC,,..., Cfo Led,C, = T(B,), 5 C= T(B,) 2 PB! pyre MI Gy (2.2.2) daghl Ob axl) yW= mT SEW Bee sh fe cd ws Foy Stell ole fo SOW limW =n Vee(2.1.2) deage S(C,)= B,,..., S(C,)= B, B=y,C,+...4 y,C, CS BEW ane Sy S(B)= y,B,+...+ y,B, Oy rrr LLL lL rly! OS WG B=y,C,+...4 y,C, ToS(B) = T(S(B)) = Tly,B, +...+ y,B,) =y,TB,) + ... +y,TB,) =y C+ ..+ y,C, =B oC) bey boS lie oT 3) pel li SSW V Ol ot) (SO) Lyles YS T ol fe Rag Ce SOT = 1, 2 OX tue 1 de fad call le S jeley T(A,)=T(A,) 3! aya S(T(A,) = SCT(A,) SoT(A,)= SoT(A,) 1(A))= 1, (A) A, =A, .dim(V)=m, dimew=n ot 2idy Late Sy T ot aM aad (2.2.2) daaphl Cf hey KerT=LOPoF Uo rat (2.2.3) apd gees ie dim(ImT) = dim(v) - dim (KerT) = m-o=m rea eV NAL A, pied Le B, = T(A,)s «+++ B= T(A,) : Gist I AY Lb, Ube dine tepee OSCLB,, ....ByJoterall epee ‘Se pat ald dal! Le the Lg Bt... +y,B, =Oy, TA) + «+ ¥,,T(A,) = O TOYA, + ++ YyAg)= O Ol ge Lay nl T YAY te tA € Ker T 3) aw a ost la U3 Ker T =f0} J Ay te + ¥ nA = O Sh 568 Ley wy Sled i» Lbs de eye FAQ APS op Use die tee fB BF OMY, =¥2= n= O31.V W SAB), e+ Bas Cys vey Com GEE SI Ges WS Olena! by Del Buel) Wobe Ue SW V bl bes! Nos S(B,)=A,,.... SB) = A, viel S(C)=0 ...,8C,,,)= O 1S BEW ame sl fe Sd daly B= X,B, +0. XB FY Cy Hoe + Vn Caem 2X (2.1.2) tame SG S(B)= x,A, +... 4 X,A,, +Y, OF + Yq O = XA St + X,A, SoTH1, Olas .T St yey fas aS S ot Je caps ON OS Gas ke VG ne gl ARTA to. tA, W re jet SoT(A)= S(T(A))= S(t, T(A,) + «++ ty T (AQ) = S(r,B,+...+1,B,) = Ayton ttgAg =A +(e) Day JS Ube Gee1(2.3.4) doug TOG tal tte cyclad oy Ube Sut TV Wo 151 3 KerT =Jop tle T ob 13) Leddy 131 (U5 y fom ne Maye OS _(ImT = W) Suu Olay! Si SW OV es byt ey ue oo a Jat T ol Lagi Tob Sldhy pv! obs S ol Je Lad UNI SWI. ToS= 1,» SoT= 1, SI fl pl SOF Jo jas GIL Boul (2.3.3) Gad! Oe LLe S Mle Ss T Ob Stsly T Ue 25 (2.3.3) dag ob SUL, Le T ot 13! Sal oe Se rrrUCi“ sehS”hmremhmrh EEE 1 ae nb My TS Staley canbe gles md PP EB LUIS Splat) Crypetll ory Har 18 (2.3.3) Eagll Blake yb al IS fe dal ate MI SG Gye asl LL! das all eke ie 24) Slee Gall T:R? — R? Pt bell cal pai ops Ue cap T(x,y,z)= (x+y, 2x-z) tially lily ke (2.3.3) Hage nm Sy oft pla dey Syed Sul To 131 AW bot T(x,y,z)= x (1,2) + y(1,0) + z,-1) Ley £1,2), (1,0), Oy-1) Fotynt degee LF oy aly ImT ot ew bay verol {0.0 O-DG Gee RL) eel or eet Reps! oe Sule eet T 2S eiey dim(ImT) = 2 (2.3.3) Sae See oF wo Sab KerT 5) iuctd ad T(x,y,2)= (X + Y,2x-2) = (0,0) xtyso 2x-7= 0 A, Uy X=X, YS-X, 2=2x 1S By RS {3.681 ols aug .KerT 5! sacl 2S gil (1,-1,2) = (11,2), By =(1,0,0), By= (0,1,0)9 dega8 Seb Be SGA C, = T(B,)= T0,1,0)= (1,2) . ree Le C,= T(B,)= T(0,1,0)= (1,0) igs oe det SS (YER? ole! (x,y) = a(1,2)+ b(1,0) = (a+b, 2a) b = x(1/2)y,a=(1/2)y Me jan 2 SNE SiR? = RP 28) peli Ga My SQY)= (1/2)y (B,) + (-(1/2)y)B, = (1/2)y (1,0,0) + (x-(1/2)y) (0,1,0) = ((1/2)y, x-(1/2)y, 0) Last Ina S OS Gedo! yet eg ll Niib Rep Al OS Ob lepty Ute B,, By Jeet 6 ottel Jill > 4 cAI ae SI sake oT lot! st ob atlis JR? J) auc fa), B, BSF : al (5) Jee FrhLrL—hLr sepa T(a+bx)= (a, -b, 2a) Maly de nS HIG Nay bole OS ot Ce T Ly Iles ey Ss J Lindy 1366 .KerT={0} Tla + bx) = (a,-b, 2a)= (0,0,0) Ker PE LOpoS wily .b=0,a=0 Je bans JES) (2.3.3) Lael Obed Sie as pal gle be eed = LA, = xpi bl busta Sy PR) J! ses B, = T(A,) = T(1)= (1,0,2) B, = T(A,) = T(x) = (0,-1,0) cp Was tia deyet 4S {B, = (1,0,2),.B, = (0,-1,0)} tepad! I LRP 3 (By, By, C,= 0,019 F 68 Si Gangs RYE olga auelal ole Je SiR? —- PAR) at! byl G05 WL S(B,)= A,= 1ct Bt SST (Oy Vor Yq) GS ESV Yoo 5) EY te bet B,, B,C, olga (ys Yoo ¥y) = a(1,0,2) + b(0,-1,0) + (0,0, 1) = (a, -b, 2a +c) Use bet ales c= y,-2y,, b= -y,,a=y, Ose bly S(,, ¥y ¥;)= aA, +bA,+C. 0 =a(l) + B(x) =y, + Cy,)x =Y,-¥2X AT Sly ps S a Gant ee essay 216) Se ate SN Aly ONS Lice R™ yg PCR) cyeliadll Oo! de cay Dank davai T: P(R)— Reet ak Lyell yas yet T (a, + aX toe + AgXD= (Ayres dy) in eh ies Sy ap iky Sas 7 T ol le cas ¢ iapall S: R"*!—» P, (R) S(B,, ...,b,, J= by + bx +... + b, .T pa SolgiS= Tot Bind yee Still Ny Ries! ge 28) 's M,(R), P,(R), Sisal Sead tapes Dien sus 3S ol Tall, lapsle O50 R* a+bx+cx?+dx'€ P,(R), (a, b, ¢, d) ER*fi bem, ® BBLS ALA op dies lanes ly a, b,c, d Aad> ole iayl oy vBlaly Rey Hats Shy 4 syley Sila ode Ge JS Je ot Lede ; «gS Lhe Late Stl st Sy si PLN oy aad dell oleLuall nes AIL! ag (2.3.5) danga ant FYE bey edd cae lyn clad, V oy Of 131 -dim V = diim Wis! aay 13 w Joly V ob :Olagll “ieuadl TV ew otts tay O31 LW Sty V ol (oad 2S! s2H 2.2.2) daglly IMT = Wy KerT ={O}: J! 53 (2.3.4) dim (V) = dim (KerT) + dim (ImT) = O+dim W)= dimw Ji sels jk n= dim (V)= dimW) ot (2,4) Sw Je oh 568 §B, BLP, VU) aeB EA, APS Woy Vy 18 TV Wi he bt ogy le as (2.1.2) dandl -W AD — Baye yl) Bt OSV GAH XA, tt XA, oe ody T(A)= x,B, + ...+ x,B, apd IEA GY ANsy WELT AS 1 OF adh Jap ba S:w— V S(B) = S(y,B, +... +y,B,)= y,A;+ + y,A, teal AT SN pt S OS Stsby CoP) vtya gill oe et Cleluadll by derl OD Se cn go ae GY sly cal Less M(R) AR” Dela (Ty SUS gph gill R pLadl fly R Jatl Je" clad () A gree 246 SY by . Poy (R) tal Jal de PC) clad! fle Jatt fe CP? sladl (@) AT garb one SY BC 2 (8) Ste BB de PSN GU Ce GI bd) bee sel » sues T,:RLR® > T, (y,2) = (x, y,2-x) TRE R® 9 T(x, y,2)= (%y,X+y) -KerT,, KerT, Gui> Je .UGM 3 (2.3.4) ins Je den sot POL gle GLUT epee SL KerT, =O} KerT, = {(x,y,2): X=0, y=0, 2=2. rol Ue Gad (2.2.2) daw ot oe G USL OSV T, ob Ke dim(ImT,)= 3 - dim KerT,= 3-0= 3 ISLES OSs adeg Melty Leber T OS Jilly NY Ady @) Se 3!) UB Eb stot ase T, pls EY = 23-1) Rage ane Ady oh aa gl Gol BpeeT, SI pal nbd og! vial et fee dus Wi deb £A, = (1.0.0), A, = 1,0), Ay= 0.0.10} ei taB,= T\(A))= T, (1,0,0)= (1,0,-1) B,= T, (A,)= T,(0,t,0)= (01,0) B, =T,(A,)= T,(0,0,1) =(0,0,1) B,, B,, By 2» dee SS (xY,2) SD (%y,z) = a(1,0,-1) + b(0,1,0) + c(0,0,1) = (a, b, c-a) a=x,b=y,c=Z+x deal SiR! — RP bd! bool Gas S(xy,z)= aA, +bA,+ cA, =xA,+ yA, + (z + x) A, =x (1,0,0) + y(0,1,0) + (2 +x) (0,0,1) = (%y,2+%) AS NSE sh Ta ys Le Ti Guy,2)= (y,2+%) (2.3.6) days Se) ob Ss TV We TU Ve 28 A(T,0T,)1= To Ty! Sts OS T,0:T UW ola rol ee SEW Vi Sy:V = U es ye . 7,08, = 1, 3S,0T,= 1, + T,0S , 2 S,0T, = Iy $=S,08,: WV we veGisy Ls SyZ S ol Le (T, 0T,) 0S = (T, 0T,) 0 (8, 0S) = T,0(T, 08,08, = T,0(1,0S,)= T,oS,= 1, S oS Mrs So(T,0T,) = Tyo fe tayll Se dle! Gund dyLlly WSUS OS T,0 T, o} au Vay T,0T, plas oT, OT, Jt pai S 5 8,=T,” yS,= Ty ot (7, 0T,)'= S$ = $,08,= T,!oTy! (2.3) yk a 2p S 3 ERM OLS ae te I : 2xf Se SiR — R? TR? — MR) (1) -S()= (2t, -t,0) .T(X,y,2) S=R? — R?.T:R? = R? (Gy .S(%y) = (0-X + 3y) TRY) = (K+, 2x-3y) S: C7 + C?.T:C? — PC) (2) (2, + 25, i2,) Te, 2,) = 22, -iz,x SiR? — R°.T:R3 = R?(3) 3x,2y) . T(X,y,2) = (0, X+y-z) aS(oney SOY) = (+ Gea Dye THM Vg tel cae Shere clad V OWT 131 2 —~ ImTop Im? , KerTE KerT? ot be a3 7? =ToT ae Une et TV SW SIU SV oe 3 Ker (ToS) = Gof! S :83 KerT ={0}. KerS:{0F Ve ok ee TT Vg olen clad Vo 1 4 reT+ T= 1 RE beh) (1) T,0T,= 0 sT,0T,= 0 (Y) T,oT, = T, +T,0T, = 7, (zy LV = In, Olin, oi be vy (Sl THO Ge Lae Suet Ts RB? = R? os 15 3 T(B) = OS RB? SIfA, BfeU oy le a3 ToT =O IF oS .T(A)=B add) abd) Sell -» US col ll ott ol cha> — 6 Dew gb bee! OS IL _T(X,Y,2) = (XY, ¥-22) oT: RP = R21 Tla + bx)= (a, by -2b, a+b). T:P\(R) — R4 (Oy *T(x,y,2) = (X+Y, 2x + 2y-3z, 152) T:R* — R* (=) glad C2 wel .T(,2.)= (iz), 22, - 2) TC? = C72) _Tex,yz) = (XY, X+2, Xt Y +22) T:R* = R* 1) T(xy,2)= Ox-ytz, x+y, 3x+y +2) T:R' = R* (>) O de ai? = ToT = O 248 Las Sue TV — Vo 8 = 0 cut bea = 1) dee 2 Sy RT SI (gba Japs ol be ae T-THI= 0 28 the ye TV — Vo 9 LAT Goly apeye TO ded .P42T + T= O So Ube ye T:V — Vo 1 10 i of sy T= T oe Ube Sy TV Vos) .V= M@N ol ge 3a N = KerT (M =ImTAGV oe O51 V= MEN Otte cad SS sale!) (A= A-T(A) + T(A) all PP! Lapel tipiae (2.4) Matrix of a Linear transformation Pray Sb yially GLA Sobel Uy BWI! al Ma ey RS atlas Ol, | ne pl esl sal F a a an 2 © OS 13 Uae Sut TV — Wo oS id dimw=n . dim V=m ot oo ww Ge US olgel aay F ULI ys Lyolie mx gies ale! IKAL ab + SEN path beg Wi Vio IS Sb alt seid fey T adh byes oB, fob V Si seb H=FA,,... Ag gol 2! WS as TA) oS itl... IS SMI ow J) jue Bol) dby By o, BL Sled oo be SS ele rhawy TA) = 4B, +... + 4),B, T(A,) = ace +... + a,,B, (2.4.1) T(A,,) = 4,,B,+ ... + a,,,B, ay, any M, = |a,, Es Tyhas Je jams 2 9mBey Sy H sel ily T abl poll Byiall ole de 1 AS dap ht 2(2.4.2) teary sacl Qu AEV SU! ane X= (Xx), 0, X,) OF 131 dedy T (A) Oo! ane Y= (y,, 0 y,) 9 H= fA, Ag ddl TV — W god! bpell dyes Ob S= {B,, ..., BJorell ro HE (2.41) G Lest) Sy H sew eae 2 Olay! H= biel Ql A biel ane X= (x), 02, X,,) OFF IS! Sy TV woolly A= XA, +... + XQ Ag O8 {Ap er And S oe 2p ON TIA) = x, TIA) + oo + XA) O55 ached Uae 2 fe fete oe (2.4.1) Caney agley Le ke 1... méT(A,) TIA)= x(S" 2 (A) ZB) Fee +x (ST 8B) = Bn Ba Xe) B, jac Hy TOA) SU Cae ee Y= pe YQ) oS /T(A)= y,B, +... + Y,B, ol gi S =€B,,..., BL an B= Bla (SP or My DB, #35) et ES LB bl sal ySoW G ome I Ot TO! Ye gee ald S Suelill Olas “ Dei % a; j=1,.0 BW fe lel tall op Lat liga Go dee(ype eer Yn) = Kye coe Xm) an Bon Y= XM, ol gu Ling Che Aes) roy gam Sligies bel de Y y X Olga! Geel odlel dal G1 Ixn ele BAS Syyes ered Cus dyer duel Ad SUEY ane of le —2 eh EN pall Byer Bar Ol mag (2.4.2) Eagll ob abst LN G may 1G US peed Bae 2) See pheall: hae Was Syyt TR? — RP SS T(x,y) = &, x+y, 2x-y) RP y RP oe SF SI anda ela Ky T Sydnee ae Ay = (1,0), A, = (1) olgeedl oe OS RPS) Sarda!) Gael oy B,= (0,1,0) , B,= (0,0,1) , Slgrakl op OSG RPS) dank relay .B, = (1,0,0) 24M) 3 Si Sibt as T Lb eel Byer Ole 2a T(A,) = T(1,0)= (1,1,2)= (1) B, + (1) B, + (2) B, T(A,)= T,1) = (0,1,-1) = (0) B, + (DB, + (-1) B, yotbE Anlall tela Ql T Spies OSG Hy 1 1 2 Me= lg ot 4 piaall: Uae Lhe Sue T: PR) = R? os 131 T(a+ bx+ cx’)= (2a, b-c) 12) Jee ela Ky T Bytes tnd -1,0), B,= (0,3)} saclilly P(R) J! H={A,=5,A,= 2x, A, /R? I S={B, a] T(A,)= T(S)= (10,0) = (-10) B, + (0) B, T(A,) = T(2x) = (0,2) = (0) B, + (2/3) B, T(A,)= T(x’)= (0,-1) = (0) B, + 1/3) B, rh del seta LL T yi OSG WE -10 0 M,=| 2/3 0 3 2@) Si Boel dl adbyivae gill THR? — M,(R) ed! poet ae B=(58) © By=(3 8) Jase H= $A, = (2,0), A,=(1, DF 11-10 Oo S=4B,= (2°) B= (93 M,= [505] ® (68) B= (63) yooSHE. Tab) abe Gyllall (2.4.2) deal oe JEN Blaby Gales YH 1S yall \idy H acta 2b (a,b) DUH ane GL YY (a,b) = x(2,0) + y(1,1) toglolll Je Jans x+y=a y=b Ly = bi x=(1/2)a-b) : OS Ning oS H daca Hdl (asd) GUsLIa! ance Of soley X=(am(a—b), b) T(a,b) Distal ance de aad My ginal! Ganesh Ibe Gaia 1b G S duel Hy Y= XM;= (1/2)(a-b),b) f1 1 -1 0] 3) 00 22 =((1/2)(a + Sb) , (1/2) (a-b), (-1/2) (a-b), 2b) 1b AG anal pe Se aes Bae J) dtl SUL ane Bat T(a,b) = (1/2)(a + 5b) B, + (1/2)(a-b) B, - (1/2)(a-b)B, + 2bB, =uAyas sof g. (1/2)(a-b) 7 Je2xe) U 0 0 0 fl oft 2b \. . at+Sb (3/2)(a-b) (1/2)(a-b) b24) St papal, Ball T: P(R) = P,(R) dat! yet Byinas te T(a+bx) = ax+bx” Apel oy GSU PR) sacl LL Ff dell seta) QL YW B = -1, B= 3x, olgrll -» BS! P,(R) dey A) =2, Ay= 1x .B,= -2x7 2 et TI) = =0+1.x + 0.x? Ta= x =040.x + 1x? 1 LE Hadad tell Gauls T Wpinas O95 LL 0 1 0 0 0 1 TRE Ruts ela Lal T gies @ ee T(A,)= TQ)= 2x =0.B, + (2/3)B, + 0.B, T(A,)= T(x) = x= 0.B, + (1/3)B,+ (1/2)B, Fb alland! sola Ly T yin OSG ei 0 2/3 0 0 1/3 172 wcndee cnlyt OS tiyinee WF Ud deal yoy:(2.4,3) dang F AaLN bey tall gee Slane clad W, V,U oe Of 131 suc H={B,,..., BY. U Si ae G=fAy, A FOIE 13 an WS IE 13) W Ji sae T= IC, Chg VS! dela) Qo T Spies Ol Ee ks ghyt S:V — Wy TU — V OSG Bae MSG Jy H seta Gl S Byte My OS HG wall bel pe ule Jy G sch il tJ SoT Sl tiie oN gM, . My M,,, = M,-Mg SoT T Olay! sla 3S ale Mg = (b,) «My = (@,) 0! aad SB)= Br 1h, CTAY= Sa, JS aby SOT(A,) GLe Lule Co, SOT AS digas Glee al wk 1,..,m SoT(A,) = S(T(A,)) = SCS", a, B) = Si. 4 SB) B'S OC) HBr (Sh ONC, Cy poll op BSA Byball ma 0) = ZEN yy By basy J SM be del cy gS Jy G seta) Ry SoT SA tiyiee oe BLE «Mop = Mrs Mg 25S aley My Mg pall Jota Slt bail Coe)215) Jue | -l 0 3 -l dbpu!l Byes Mp= ee ie 2 oe 1 0 A » TR Rt , 2 1 2 Byias My = o 2 a 4 3 0 Ry ce SS) Randal tell Ll 15S: RYE RP Ld bl SOT: R? — RP byl Byes tod RY, R? wiyhall Ge kB Le Coe, (2.4.3) ed) Coe se 1 0 4 sos} 4 3 ee lr 4 3 0 5 3) 6 2 4 5 Byer OS aleMoor = 22.4.4) dongs ee sh Ol al gee lyn clad Woy Vion Of 131 SY Hl T apie Sie 1 lay 1) NCLSS 39 TV — We A Wy ype elydll 4 & 3) Ola! (2.3.5) &aydl Ob WLI oi, HTL OS T!V — W ol oad rc GY Ry T Byes OS aay dim V= dim. W ol gs F={B,, , V Ji seb E =fA,..., Apis, Fpl byes Belgah FE teal oy) Rol T Bye Mot _atd W Sau... BY «gis S: Wome V he yf dey ale SLT ol .ToS= 1, »SoT= 1, 2 ple ey (2.4.3) deal! aE, F aeiyall oy! Ll S Gyies NSS bed EE sctyal ¢ 93! edly SOT: VV Sp pines (1) .MN F, F sell oy) Hb ToS: W — W Sl aye (OY O31 SOT = Iy oF. NM sgl SoT(A,)=A,=0A,+...40A,,+ LA, ,0A,,, +0. 40.4, cob Red SoT Bytes OSG ale Kr 1, oy JS Ady -MN=I 3} gi oT sylel Biel! ale E, E sia OSS ley NM= I wet TOS= 1, DWI te Lly M"=N 4 lal auG M dial!Qty TEV mW ad epee digas Ot st Sal al N ot 3,2! Ul LG M ine Spies oe 3Le E,F setall . ¢ 9) .NM= I yMN= I git Sia rj Jee N dealt yo Lt tee Ye Ss WV OS Selyal caf Reh SOT:V — V Spl Byer OS wh FE aelyal ol dys AGV cnce Gl UAH! 13) ley Fe Ayla) Gyiedl! 4ylL. EJE SoT(A) SUA! ane Ob X oll yo Esteli Lvl oie! oe 1 OS E saclal Hy X (MN) = X. I= X SY ToS (B) = Bo! de cap Gn Me LIly SOT (A) = A oI gl OS T ot gl eTOS= Ly 9 SoT= ly Ob gw Ve BB EW one SUS (ee F9) pal tle Ue Spatt (2.4.3) deapall sd Stall ope Sligtall ables Lebel 13) yby Lee belay ore Aly Sly bs $24.5) dong BEN dey MX 4, OS des Bye Ny M ow SC I! N Byiall oS jal Je 3 sl ay ie ) NM=1 ob MN I ob F (MN= To obi tet lee ae BLE OSM Bigiell ip -(NM=I lays N,M cipicall 6 8U cules Soh! T, Si FP FDS Se ELE tanh! selyall oy} thy Sil Ue Ww(1,0,-.-50), Ay = (0,1,0,-..50), « Iyn 3S ale (MN = 11 My= Nu M To’ 2S S bye oO) fe obs oI Ss WU ole (ULE! Lew! ade S(B) = O 5) gl BEKer S ot 3,2! : Jul pel O} gas de O= T(O) = T(S(B))= ToS (B) = 1(B) = Why Ker S=$0 $ n= dim F"= dim(ImS) + dim (Ker S) = dim (ImS) dey ale ISLS OSS ob ws (2.3.4) te MIMS = F* ot Gi S Scat plat Po gay Ua SOP = lyn gies PP! FP es bgt jaaghl Ce tlle P= ToS ot Cad 6S Sh ost phi T ol ky te Whee O81 (2.3.1) rl oS J Oe feast Otigiaal! ¢ pel SOT= Ip y TOS = Ly Lr sor Cie) SU WE etl ae Lute gh Lee gag ode! Slag Of E> 3x3 MLN my SUL SLLLL del dell ay Ge OS est (lay Uyb oS bee Le Jt Ls Ab Gy Ub) Ortpull Gulp eal GEE OF StL ae bee yh pilell jae ad Wy Bae dl Sb acta let be Us lakel wee TV W Bb) bell Gyiali Byer be lee i! Upde seal Ble! Of 7b Wy Vw Woy Vie 8 GB sell ps bs Dye, T atlas Sat babes pel Le AN sepa) ae SY tay Sl oh Lt tiginee fo Sparel! AEN UY OG ale Wy V lg SUEY ane le Fp Lely bt! . ote ob vwT Byes OSG Se W J! belly VU) be ole! See 1 Bane deh elya oa x yl EN tl adh oS nai eat! Lpell DUE ceiypias BY 2 oe oe Syile Vey eb Sel A LAN y M otgiee Lee! J 3 Ls Sug OME cadyieall cole ob Je ol LX dtl: ely «Sill aa!) dole EE tel MY be LLY (2.4) yt eKangdall telyall Lally Ub QL Lp ye yi te 1 . T(x,y) = (%-2y,0) «T:R? —R? (1) . T(a+bx) = (a-b, 2b-a, 3b). T:P,(R) — R? (2) F (2) sul iyiae @M= [8 * 3 wel 5 ee S= a yA, Aypascetil Lt tr: P,(R)— P,(R) A, = 3x + 3x? (A, = -1 43x +2x (A= 34 Txt 2x? dank TA) TIA) « TIA) ep Sf SUE) oe ae (Ty -S saci! ve- T(A,) «T(A,) « TIA,) a= (Sy .T(1 + x) 4 (¢) i> de V clone clad suc S= fA, Ay Ay AG cif 13) 6 Salil TV eV abt beet S J) Lb Beall ind OF ribaly .T(A)= Ay TIA) = Ay, TIA) = Ay, TAD= A, DP) dealy Gall Jad ptt D: PAR) — PAR) SE 1-7 Sendl D digican dey) (Oy (1) itt GCP de) = P* .S={A,, A, Ayforeww A\= 1LA,= x, Aj=x7 (1) A, = 2, A,= 2-3x, Ay = 2-3x + 8x7 (G) DE 6 +242) LL (Ty hl Bye patel (C) (2) etl pias pled (eyed G rll US (2) cla V Ge clad tet 2 S=ff, fh, Khe G8 eh fo Ball GAEL oil OS Sil de set GA Olea! DiV = V ath bend S SI ty Gyiall tng) att + (tists Jus ) .f,=1, f= Sinx, f,= Cosx (1) . .f,=2, =e f= () f= Of, = xe, fy= xe (7) sel T: M,(R) — M,(R) SJ, N= (; 5) aot) ce 0-3 ot! .T(A) = AN-NA : all, Gall 1 1 ; .Bble bya T ( ‘) ae ty aml Bell HDL, T pies oe (OY 1 Suelall ull T Byes de (¢) Ttesi. Pak Ja goal Jy TOl) 2 fasa 1) 24) Bete! me ae (3) LC Bl oe alll op ais (x) oA G Gyo panel Taeall Gall Lod! Lewd T: M\(R) — M,(R) St 10 T (A) = (A-A‘)/2 Swh T Spies um (transpose of A) A Sigil ypu cls AT Om oAede!l Bacall Ayolse anally Aelyill p.95(2.5) Change of Bases & Normal forms ON) a fe QL) al ae LS I Ge wb lage RLV! OSS Sele SUN ct su! (2.5.1) Sey vwBanal) pw teal ols or cr Sule! Bad EI) ol else ote! Vie Liha oS age or gga T B Jose SI Gang 2€B,,...,B,, Pee KerT I) suc Wi YS {C= TA), C= TAF olen dept MV veal aylesy lp! ally op Lhe LG LE Us ey oa Lee yC+..+ y,C,=O0 y\T(A,)+ ...+ y,T(Ar) = 0 we lee YE Toe Tiy, Ayt -. + 9,A)= 0 MA t ot yA, EKerT 2 ot fe ee ale 1 GRE Xs sees Xppy eel SME! tag al ou Na yA, + + yA,= x,B, + +X, Ba, PON gy May Xn B, oO “YA, + + Y,A,-X,B role Us de fA, A, By, Vy = Oy cee Y= O48, = Oy oy Xing = 0 BS) etl ole wee Lae UE IC, 0, Crh eps nS J be 2S HW SHC, nC, DY TIA) = C,= 1. C+ 0.C,+...+ 0.C, + oD, +...+ oD, T(Ar)= Cr=0.C, + ...+ 0.C,,+ IC, + 0.D, + ... + oD, vw[B)= 0 =0.C,+ ...+ 0.C+0.D, +... + oD, TB, CC Cer Ap rs Ay By os By FE EW 2fC es Cy Diy es D, tl T bpies OS ade saclay Vb! 1 >, nr \ 100.0 - 4 0....0 O10..0 | : na SE fe EN all CSS O! Xe Magical ouing if \ ° M,= |77 TIT TT ° 1 0 2 SEN SELL able! olan 553 aoy 2) Jie et! hepa Bybee OS SIR? J) ducts RY) sue ae Ol Lee cdslecN dal TRA RP T(Xys Xp XyoXq)= (K+ Xyy X +X) = Nyy 2XQ), ANATEs Xyy Xyp XO eeiad gall A KerT J sets otet Sy ud: yo oul de frady X,+ x, =0 Xy + X- 2x,;= 0 SS By x = 8) X=: SI go Lye ally KerT ={(x,, 35 %50X,)! X) = Xp X= Nps Xj =O, X=) f KerT fi sc8 {B, = (1, 1, 0, 0), B,= (0,0,0,1)} sep! oS Hi, YS SX A,= (1,0,0,0), A)= (0,0,1,0) eager SLI Ni US: LR 31 5ae{A,, Ay, B,, Bef acyl eM C,= T(A,)= TU, 0,0,0) = (1,1,0) C, = T(A,) = T(0,0,1,0)= (0,-1,2) . we {C,,C,, D, fiend! ze SID, = (1,0,0) an Lot SN Se Banal dle! telyall RL T pias OS MR? SI 9 M,= ooce 1 0 0 0 eo + Aglll Solse Vi taal vp olay abe cages Eset gl Uylel Le Ay, Ay capetl Ble! oI UA. Ay By Bi ene oF oe AL, AY eR ERY S)5pS sels sey ley Byiall Spas URS) be 2S Rall danall BLY T ie bet yathee Je GL all ble Sc yall So) Ue MI pAgilll Aaah $ RLY OSvy ely ll pa ' (2.5.2).danya elvad V oly (MXN dny> SI Tipiae M* yM oe IS Ol asl gp Mobigiall (bf ue on tw 1S lg clad Woy Mm be 13 Ol oe coll yy (Ug) AIL TV me Wa att ppl M* role Q 5 P Cal cobb M* = PMQ' pins Sy 13! Lady 131 tela!) (MXN Biydar Q yMXm Byias P Ol keV LV = Wo dle GP = QOS ppabl ony de :lagll cond pbb Lapel OLE M* yM caiyiall ot YI yd Lyll OSS EU teleall oy Cn Gey (Ly) Shak .T:V — W ol 8 WO) H= §B,,..., B Josey V UI G=fA, ..., A, Fone BAC LW pS HAS OM Op relat Hid 2 T Raye H* = €B,* ,..., By*F suey V i Gt=fA\*, on, Any LM* OSG acta!) hls 2b T yi Ole WS Oh Sa Q y PU cecbld Cubyiae ole! Cylbeli M* = PMQ’ BipiarQ 5G sted! JIG" Suclill (4 JY Spies PSS X Sy V Game GIA (SSH ucla! I HY suet! 4 Sle) sacl Hy A SU! ane X* y G dtelil Ly A Oli! ane P01 fe Olas (1.9.3) degelly (1.9.1) daglt SMI .G* X* =XP!Bact Ath TIA) SUslia! ance Ol le 25 (2.4.2) deagll Siglo oS Ge Ht sucti ql olel ancy (XM OS H O35) .H sietdl SIH suelall 5» Jl yeas 2 Q oll. X* M* 1 Ob de Obes (1.9.3) deelly (1.9.1) Sangh XM= X*M*Q BM de hat X* se aya, XM= X P'M*Q 1 chpbeall Sle ay eX Slat ant browse ode! BU M= P'M*Q 3 = PMQ" 2 LR ALU Le OSG ad Slit yi P,Q 1 ALG Byiar PQ oe © Ol te «M* = PMQT Si eas J Sl 3 V Sac cea TV = W bbe Saye gtd Ol Lele. lal! Mb. eV x yl QL T ee MY yy) Kel T et M ol Ce W joel gl, V A, pee8 gh YL pal GN dad Joypntd 203 TV» WOM SW SI = {B,,..., BF M OSs dhe! sell cy Lt apie Qa P cotipball pares (2.4 tl oe 3 Sle arly Saude LEIS Je Jpant) H*={B,*,...,B,*FiG*=fA,*, A, *} ASG G* ) G sactal J) G* aaelil oe JY Byte POS Le OSG HY ) H svcd SiH saclay JUV! Bye Q 4 ( G IVY (Ha, Byiall gilt gl M™ yall Ol Ge gag Ob BM Sylll) oF deh oS atlas AIT ab ppl Byer 2 pill PMQ" Co Redh T Byes ot YW 28s WHY 9 VO G* aadl elyal yy)or SM edt G blyat gl ale ObLe NOG H* .G* seta -N= PMQ? : ol gi Slag! + M* oS aley M*=N 03! api) Mt = PMQ? ot H* (G* setyill © 9) Had T abl fpyrll yin cee) 2) Slee ay bee Las yd rR? — R? ob 51 TO, y, 2) =(K-y, y +32) ibe a5 sAalall seta Al T pF tM Syiall (1) {0.1.0 (441,0 sxe Ql Tee ysl M* Bill (O) LR? 3! (0,2), 2,1} ssewy RP JK0,0,0)} .M* = PMQT ol de P,Q Oli) Sthb bynes (@) jet slg oye OS RF Kapdall areal (Ty A, = (1,0,0), A,= (0,1,0), A, = (0,0,1) lg oy OS R? Sl Saplell selally B, = (1,0), B,= (0,1) 2 daedu M Byinall le T(A,)= T(1,0,0)= (1,0)= (1) B, + (0) B, T(A,)= T(,1,0)= (-1,1)= DB, + ()B, T(A,)= T(0,0,1)= (0,3)= (0) B, + (3)B, 1b TM Byinall O55 ale vyce? (H) A,* = (11,0), A,* = (1,-1,0), A,* = (0,0,1) B,* = (1,2), B,* = (2,1) Td OS ate TA, *)= T(1,1,0)= (0,1)= (2/3) B,* + (-1/3) B,* T(A,*)= T(1,-1,0)= (2,-1)= (-4/3) B,* + (5/3) B* T(A,*)= T(,0,1)= (0,3)= (2)B,* + C1)B,* RA ALS, Ash seal x5) Gedy T tipier oS ot 2B BF 2/3 13 mee | 43 5/3 2 A cls M* = PMQT tia cyl Q ¢P cxipinall se! 2 (¢) 2 Ot de GS (2.5.2) daplt ole, STA AY, As Pausdl iaelall 54 lis Spies P + ( emaalall ELM! y dcaall dell) 3 BY, By*Piaadl tell 4» JV! tyier 4S Q = ( Aaedall Baelall y dcuall suetall wrA,* = (1,1,0)= (1) A, + (1) A, + (0) A, A,* = (1-1,0)= (1) Ay + CIA, + OA, A,* = (0,0,1)= (0) A, + (0) A, + (1) A 1 1 0 P=|1 -l 0 0 0 1 1 sactal ANU §B,*, B,*F aed! SG Q ales B,* = (1,2)= (1) B, + 2) B, ly -1/3 2/3 2/3 -1/3 -M* = PMQ?™ ol gs ae olL> Vi whale Lam oll acted) TUN sy Ul hat vto “eS BI fo ae gol Gt ue += pug! Me P'MtQ M*= PMG SD pi BAU yo JUS yi Hh Ca Ist ot Lois sis ct JUBM Bybee OSS Byleabl UE plie OU (2) pi) raed (1) 95) Be J! Q) 9, 5085 dale dyes GY clby M*,M angel Se tle Hyer SCY _ 2 oll AINE pe Slips2.5) gylé pian Ud) ELL! bpd Vo Dyer fet sels ae 1 . Role Beall .T(X,y,2)= (XK +2y, -Z+5x) cT:R? — R? (1) x+y x :R? — M,(R) on 6T: (R) (~) yo OY «Tj, 2) = (21-23, 224-22,,0) «T: C? + CP (e) . T(a+bx + cx?) = (a+b) x? . T: P,(R) — P,(R) (>) ranally Bae Uae Syé THR? — RY ot 13) 2 T(x,y)= (K+y, 2x-y, 3x+4y, 0) kneel olga Rl T be all M tigiall te (Ty T dipias OSG Lad Ludh RY Sh) tacliy R? Wi duel ae (OY) -yageall Gaal M¥ Sly -M* = PMQ™ ota CL pcb PQ cyigies te () Janay PMQT OSS 224 P,Q CL ab Sipe ae — 3 J BulBl Byala 6 3] oO oO ees aa ; melo 1-5 (>), M=]-1-38] ty 34 1 2 cane 112-3,Papal Boll gd! byl T: P,(R) — P,(R) of 131 4 .T(a + bx + cx’)= ax?+ bx? + ext sRpall dela Hy T fee gil M Byball ux (fy vials) tenally U dell T yas oy [ad delg de (Oy tanally OSS PMQT olad Lal) cxchld PLQ cpiyiar te (7) alse! yyCSU feat ded! OYolel! dil Systems of Linear Equations Aatde (3.0) Sop BSB Se Bot Gad) No Ebi ot SS hath SI BLL Qoled! aplally 24S! Laud i all, Had Voted lls UES Xe 4))X, + aX) +... + a,x, = b, y)X, + aX) +... + ),X, = b, AX) + AyX + + ,,%, = 6, sleYl beste! Cay Z bald bE x), ox, Lae LES b> sl blanc! OG 1 SN oy je Fl Ee Gem ee OF pelt ell Gill LSI dyad! Ut! ola OS Le si bloke Ay OSS Lice Ub! aL Le penn Itsel OSS Dyed, OW LUIS (a) plas Goble pas oluell yaot Sys oes Sy) Se 8 oe SLE ode! (#) pla! Gt ol rol sl clad 3 Lal aa gi alas a,,S, +... + a,,8, = b, aS, + ... + a8, = b; S++ + AggSy = Dy JEM, RM gL aoe OLE! a Cy CALI plas be She Ot Ath oy co etd apt all § aglé LS Le WS Je 2 () Se sad lll 3x, + X-Xx; X, + 3x, - 3x, = ThE oS GE Gb ste OF eva ML Lilagles oy ee Natali 33 Y X-X, +X; = 2 @ 3x, +X ;x,=1 Q X, +3x,-3x, @) ce ened Sutil dab JI LL 1G) Walall fe Jeamd SU Dalal oy JM daball a ¢ @) dota XX, +X,=2 a)4x,-4x, =-5 Q2)° @) ‘ : 2 de feat (2) Wabdll syle alt (3) Wak) Gis ook +2 2 edl& Lay ae 5/4 Al ; x, =X,-5/4 Aye hd Xp Ol Le B/E 5/4.) 2 Beall LI OSS tus (3/4,2,1) 5 (1253) SE Wyle pend (B/4-1/4,1,(8/4,0,5/4) : Sead Abo sla! Sead ball ab Ghd RY oe Co! XX 4x, =1 2x,-2x, + 2x, =5 ce pat 2g ANI Doll Go ae od sy A LG SUAS. Se pe Vay 5=2 Ol MN! sop Wry SSW Wolly MI Gb Cio yy Laskey eal! SU det plas ee all oy NN dae ble Ce =B.2) 5 Gy) cps G tepals Ling ULL ae Abad obi Abpiall daa}! (3.1) Matrix Form For Linear Equations 1A SGyell SI VAYB wyially (+) dad! pla! Cdelall yiae 5 A Spill Way Hee Cn) etl pled ALS ES Ue oulgll yee 2 Abphas Dale AK=B ess #) (4) gat alla! Bball Ball) Gw nal oie TeR"eR™ (as Sud leben ( gf ) Wall oO! GS ay’ aM pliadl Je GLB ge lye Bar hes ad! fowl wb Lebty “ty gl de at fe Hold gb dpb are XT AT= BT 2 Maal Je iat Leadlly yy Ag, ve Ay Ax Graxenenxe) = 0, B,D" ig Aan ot Amn (oe bye Byler MXM ERI SID AT Byicall eel -AgLeI daaghl fe Least daglall tel,all Gl T:R” — R™ VAY2B.) day (Dyy-45 Dy) aenakl OF 13) Lady 13h Ja Sus Sven gab! lal Bel) AT diyiall oy lll TER" R™ abl etl dye SI Lace = Dyy ones by) LT 13) Lady 131 5) dacdall aelyal Olaglt ssley ems OW RE Sh dada Saela Jlacey ot YI keose 2K JSS Ady Lge anne 2 ple fe fad (2.4.2) tangll tarde Seth wg ane Ob RG Yas Z= Opes X,) OF 131 SN yb TZ) SLE! cee OS Selby J YL oS Ni saclay SN ame SI denedall delyal Gel, T diyinvan AT ol Sis) ZAT ON ghd Lyle OS imple! Suclall HL, T(Z) T(Z)=ZAT Se oh HE Bole Se sy ena And yo () edt plladl oS day 13) JAW SUG 9% G0) plas Ol pw ba. Sally (pf JF Wola! Ob gle ZAT = (b,,...,b,) 58% RS B ZH (Ky oeeysX,) arse bey 13! TZ) =(Oys0+-5 b,,) 131 Leddy 3) LAU SUB OpS (MD plied Ob gw Le ,,...5b,,)€ mT Cea” LS GS ail E> 4b PU yy SI be gad del Leal by a sé cl IMT J! ‘ae (Dy, vey Dy) Arch! OT 13) Le ae am Jes! Sy glad alae SLY ol dat! A OL dia int! varAy = @yuedgy 9) Ay= Gin Aon 0-7 Bang) 1A Biyiall best fF ay R™ G ler oe moe Sle ode ge ek Bybee yee! AT Ol ley AT Byiall gb fe ll os! Ce Speed AU dada selyall Lol TR" = R™ TE) =A TE) =A, TE, =A, DM dada sted! ola Bi =(0,,0,..,1,0,..,0) ol Oo N ely ImT a [TE),..TE)$ Steel! iene ol bow BS {Ary peptl Ob le. Lbs ET, Ro) eb {E,,...BF Lee LS OS of Ce ImT St Lae (0,,..,b 9) a OS gay IT AyrrAy Cent oe Sf ap at a Ji ga rl i oa age as (Column s.icc¥) clad Ob mxn in2 IS Byer AR=() CIS 13! Baael JS oy ALI R™ oo Gt cliadll 45 GS A tyieal! Space) 1 Byiall AL = Gypsy) Ay = (yp, yp sAny) Ay, = @insBaq7+-9nn) VatoR 3 lp! ys ne il Pigdeall Bel BE ll lymell gale 2 CD Je 2 1 Al 1 A=1 0 1 4 0 «NEL Dyavaad Bec clucd ga Ly 2 Clgrll go Byivall ade! Jee oll olga: Ht A, = (2,-1,0,4) A,= (1,1, 1,0) eet GUIRY op Gti clea yo A tga SLM clad OF RSG She agate ALI LSI I aA, +DbA, = (2a +b,-a + b,b,4a) 2 OSS N josh p35 poll Bae clad OF ny Lay N= [ (XXX 50X42 X= (1/2)x, + XX, = (— 1/4)x, +x; 3 N= foe x 0% X):2K Xy2K, =O, 4x +x,— 4x, =0 fF Headly dle Lam pl allel yy DI Re adhe! pli oy» pele) 2 G.L1) dae Ol ealaX, +a,X)+...+a,x,=b, 1% +: X, +... + ay,X, =d, Ay Xy +A gXp t+. + Anak, = Dp, ell OS 131 lediy 15) AU SU odtel plas OS dtce OF Se B aml OF gl cA Byival) Base clad G B=(b,,..50,,) LA digiall bas Be tl olga op get OSS OS 2 Q) Ste plas OF II LS wo X, +X, +2x,-x,=1 OX) + Xp Oxy x, =-3 X, + 3x, + 2x,-3x,=2 ode 46 (1,-3,2) anecdl GES TSAI sae fe tasted) ode! elas) ALU ot : Yt : Ua tyian Bee JOE a lpm op at SS yaaoS ay A, =(1,-1,1) A, = (1,1,3), Ay = (2,-2.2), Ay= C1,-1,-3) aye Bae! claad OS Stuy AY=-A, 9 Ay=2A, ot dee O8 135 ALAS Caged 1S oy (3,2) =a (1,1) + b (11,3) atb=1 ob -atb=-3 a+3b=2 ily Way BIL GACY De! oad ovloldl Giel of Low «al Jub ae el plas O31. ob 5° Gould) ILI pygiin ose Sb LL SoU Lebo ost pl alan Mie de, chai pe Natal esl Mot! dada Yt sas «Ail! Ad) OYotall dabei! : (3.2) Systems of Homogeneous Linear Equations las gae ( Ripbeall Gell GeSQAX=B ZbLd! ONLI lai OF 13) Saddy 131 Lines yAYspSlnel (tl yn dal Mia dl + B.2.1) Lage Byinar A Ol Eee piles Lhe Noles pls AX =O Ol UJI Beyet OSG ase 0X] dey Id [alél Dyes X ymXni_,> Sd O81) R oe Bom clad oe Le pled Ub S=(S,,...8,)F it! T:R" — R™ OW AT 3555 ayaedall ely dency apincan gall gab! ugeel S=Ker T 2 lag ob AX=O phd Se X, , X, oS A(X, +X,)=AX, + AX,=0+0=0 Ob im sae sit OS I3ly A(rX,)=rAX, =1.0=0 (Ua ple Reyat OSS lay pls) He 1X, 9X +X oF YS ale ERY op Gir clash op ble O83 XTAT=O 131 Lady 13) AX=O ol ‘ey 131 Of 13) ey 3) XTAT=O pl pb % XT=(S)..8,) eb KerT Sas Gy S,Y geyll ot gle TE,..08,)=(,-.0) -( GAL) dealt Ct Aa) VANUYU ll Smell @ yi 2 3.2.2) dng Nay. pdlense plas oY Se Lists oS (0,0,..,0) cg pinall ane {Trivial Solution) itd) JLy pany Jot (Non = Trivial git pe ple ge Soetl otll op GS Ha: WLU ode etl Byey Lebel! Abd! Yo! UY Solutions) AJ Sally + G.2.3) dane tou! pled! aX, +a,X, +... +a, x = 0 inky pate Xt... a,x, = 0 aaiX, +a Xt. +a,.X, = 0 UD) JN Ls gal feat yo my Nab yom fo eyes sll OU AUB! Higa BAe clad ale = 1 CIE Ny (X-24X,) = (0,...40) igs 42 Ye Ss ly as Meal ILL ys mor le he ll See oe Sle Eee Nobu ls GY Jo gl ot Lute Sis y ait JAY Le pled) OB =m CEI «pope l ay ley ( R” 2 lag of eas BLD Heald deel «ged ltl JI Jom JM ght GBbl diprell bypeo LUE Gayl R™ sy Sym Melcab gh coall sec glad AS) ee AT OSS Kadai! eli Gudl acdgiver (sill THR" RO" Vaddim(ImT) 0! (ex: ie welled) Gyies Ns .T ae n=Taivt Tay hes tb gle rot glare nr=T iv: od ee elle pad Jp clad =KerT , dim (KerT) =T aie oS = B.2.1) daa cSgLl claad dy sylaule gy Utd pe SLI op mer Ulla OS 03! peg JA) ya Gt JI OS ay KerT =[0 fob n=r bas Ct Ad) + G24) dens wend Jel ote oy fi) Cot! ste ot og) «men OF 131 pal 4458 pe Syl ops 2 Olay OU T:R® > RT dad! byyeedl ol le r=T is, =dim (ImT)&m a Spe ayry cg ay bye Iote ner YS Stsly remen OS ale gas ae : 3.2.5) dongs IT NS) Leddy 13) Ge > gl) ead! OW cman O 5! cela LG pe diyies A cgibags KerT # {O}O6 13) Ly i3h s ge Jo AX=O plied! oS aC m=n siz T:R® — RSM 3.2.3) day) Lae why 2.3.4) del > Ady YSU T Sy Lat dadiy 131 Ker #{0} 3S ANU pb Wipes sel oe 245 SY ddl T Byes OS SG Ling tekey Am UY pb Wipes AT Ol cs} (2.4.4) incl um Sy Clad Aa ALG pe digier A OSG Cty) Had (a) lady 131 Ua ALG po OSG A tyLl Byinall Ob egg) Ss 1 JATEA ob wis JAJ=0 (m>n) JAB ote oe pS) Noll ote he OS Gl WLI oF — 2 Be War ata Lily Byte Cn) Vola! oy (Mn) ot ce ra ld oe Mo ASI de pad! EKO GY Uy Yell GL OR” G Ue dint) 6 golenall pled! Uyle de yat Garey ye BLE hel aSlall ae OF Rizal SS ayy niles pled Jy) ar calle LS US SS Sheth jadlsy (Gauss elimination) Bind aS tab ug LLY 5 GIS pad Nin SS (pn Sgt gd aly ab eB a! plas I! lad Bypns ght By Sy Lares YS HM Shea) Gael ebel ol dete GS lel tiyjLl chill pall OF Ot adh ay WIS Ls ay ye Hat Nola (te sl de ptlnss pe pl Ladle spas Jlugeel 1 Gp Males Qa Wale Gels am — 2 yaysie pb dam Hales ope — 3 po teyae fe BY Oe DE yp She OI gb ob ol 5 gee (Ua gl Uple Reyae Je BEY 2) & si er Bae ot pl! 4), +4)X +... +4),%,=b, Ag Xy + AQK, + oo + AK =D, () BX, + Agy% +--+ +4, X, =O, pred J Dold go cam ft std cape i Halal of Las yb + pllasl Cf edkel plladl AX FAX +o FAX, =, y+ 18,) X) +... +), + ta,.)%, = b, + tb; EF) AX +. +4,.%,=b,, alin Bal) ( gf) pla He OS appl Jo gt oF ely X=Gy.8,) OF Sal Je Caylee Qed Tybee GAY AyLce X Gaké . j Uaball by Weep pedaler op Daler GH ge ) pla Se 5 ete CH) pliall op Ld cabolaad 4,3, +... +85, =b; @, + ta,)S, +.....+(@,, + ta,,)S, = b; + tb, Ce ah Sule) dala qo gull Lary Ct) 2 NI Wall bys 4! od yayaS) +. +8,8, =; (+) “asl Gj WoW X=(S,,...,8,) sae Ly RE As plat Sle nic G) ¢ oll oo thee OS tay oI cae TALL Sled h lS dab ad Se SD Wald ar! jypall Gand! Oo Vou Las ale: Gat abbt LX) fe get tales ait yest + Wiel gad : ial yao! lanl! Bago OL AS ne Lt Syed! 2x, +x, +5x,= 0 “x, + 4x, +8, = 0 pp Natal) aap de HUA x, Joe gS GBI Gaul oF be Bee cde lg glee Ky dee ye OS ea Xj-2x, + 3X, =0 (1) yar2x, +x, + 5x,0 °X, $4X, +x, =O. NAAR op X) Be gay WU ht glee SMI Ly Q) Q) GY =-2(1) +3) sees A=) +(4) 2 thar Syst! dle Usbdi ob as BY=-20) +8) ob Se leh Wall yay (B) ML a Lgaey -2 FANT abel ee ay Hele eplladl fe bas 1/2 3 Xj-2x,43%, 0...) X)— (1/2), =0...--(2) Sxyx, =0....3) wa) 2x, +4X, 7 plas fe beans (4) 5 (3) ulate! oy Xy Boe M fag X-2x,+3x, =9 ... () x, /2)=o Q) B/2)x, =o ... =5(2)+() 5x, =O ++. =2(2)+(4) ag Vol) 3 Leydly x,=0 J! Obey Oe oblold! Ol am eX, =O fo Lat LN! Watall 3 ayely X= 0 de fet 2 (gAaall Ji) Gis) LI bi oikee Us 1 2) Je enh! pled Syd clad ate8 toy! -) o .(2) X,F XX +X, 2x, + 3X,-X, y4eee > SE (3.2.4) -2(1) + (2) wed) + (2) V Woubh x, Gil 2 aut X) $X5X, +X, =O...) Xt 2xy3x,= 0...) -4x, + 12x, Xy=3x, fe best Gel aul eM! Gi iL! ae Wi Bist) 3 _cegaclls -2x, + 3X, =-23X,) + 3X, oxy + Xp 8, =3N,) + 48-8, = 5x, Se ale Ny pel DL CaS wb Slpeell eo e Baty SE ae OX, Be Spb! bed ay $= §5x,)-3K,,3K,,%,) XE RF BY fe ed xed de Sy oS clad suc OS sili X=(5,-3,3,1) paar pb ind sh Xy ye erga Le-3N + 4y-22 +w=0 y +3z-4w =0 X+2y+32=0 DO) 2x-y-5z =O x +Ty+ 147 =0 x-8y-19z = 0 3x, + 2x, $Xpx px, = 0 Xy-Tey +X, +84.3x,= 0 2x, +3N,-5x, +x, +2x,= 0 x-2y+4z+w=o 3x + 4y- x+ 8y-S2-4w=0 -2w =o -3xt+y-2w =o oe Me Shee X-2¥+Z 2xt+y-z=o -xtky-4z=0 x+y+z=0 x+y-kz=0kx-y-z=0 x-ky+z=0 ok St nib il Lay rela! Jydl clad ue — 4 2x,-3K px, +x, =0 3X, + 4x,-4X,-3X, 17x,-5x,-9x,= 0 2 SNaLaL plas Lal pie ote! ILL ye ab tly > ony Ne cay 1 X, +X, +X, 4%, ANN ABV! oe IS Jul clad te oe — 5 x+2y-z=0 cy xy=0 3x-2y + 4z=0 ~ x-2y+z+3w=o0 (2) 2x+z-w=0 3x+4z-y+w=o 2 AU ill GY oy OS Up dept oe — 6 XY+Z=0 ay xty =0 x+y+Z=0 2x + 6y-z+w=0 xy+Z-w=o -x-3y + 3z+2w=0 vay3x+y-z=0 (z) K+y+Z=0 2x-y-32=0 x-2y-z=0 Fansbedl pb Abd! oYotal! dabei! (3.3) Systems of non - homogeneous equations 1 ks cer ( pbeall deal) pS) AX=B Ghd! Noll! oli LB $0 of 151 Laiiy 13 Liles pe Ls 1 G.2.1) degge F reed any fey (3.2) sl G Uae SS Lately mg Mob! ope oy OSs lee pli Gg! Uy epee i Wing RY ys Woe lola sell Se a ode be Sl epg dee Se a> sl ae ol eagll . piled) 9b plied) GL ab Je be J pb pla Spe depee deb Jem (3.2.1) Saye atele das otis! (3.3.1) «lad 23.3.1) deaye OB AX=B willl pé pla bu Se X,=66, -AX=O pla FSI Y G2X)+Y tally 8,) OF 13) yO pt bol 2 Olaglt Yo) jl .AX,=B 03) AX=B pli Se JS X, ol 1 OS ade AY =0 03) AX=O pu [> YaaA(X,+Y)=AX,+AY=B+O=B LAX=B pla So XL +¥ aS ellie crib Ua Jo ge Gibrall ab plall Jo gm ob gay Ne + tll nb ella Make Se ga J gill! OF Je gtd ope AX=B pl eT Se oS, X, ob dM Loytd ol BV Wi AX=0 pled > ¥ Jaa) X)=X,+Y X, =X, +(X,-X,) ol Le) Y=X,-X, ae AY =A(X,-X,)=AX,-AX,=B-B=O EX;=X,+Y gity AX=O pla SY oS Wa Chay) crib pe pla BB aol > ole! Ob fe Gas ole! dal! W ee AX=O 8 eylsl pile (lial ple au slay X, oS AX=B Paypal bell pe pllasl yl Qe Gey S={X,+Y: AY=0, AX,=B} pial) plll [U1 Gay Y . (Particular Solution) Loe Ss aw X, Sse ibn pé pla! pl JI Ob ale (General Solution) t=! 2S gull ln pla ple > ar oe o> am ole 2) Jee bole ge pla pl) JL X,+X,+x,=1 X, +X; 42x, +X,= 2 XK, + 3x, =3ee op ae eel) Malai olay ciptes Cony CMa Oo Lal sb or phe 5 Bly WI opr Yo Gye x) ot sl cGy tay PRLS, by Shle IbIae ON eens Ay, ae dtl X,=3-3x, X= 2x 2xex, X, = 1x px, PIE be Be Lat X= Xs=X5= 0 poy X,=(1,2,0,3,0,0) «lanl! pla! X, +X, +X,=0 Coe ile! plaid) pd! Jb ole! Syl oY X, +X, +2X,+X,=0 Xt 3x, =o OS JH BS lpr IS iy A, =(-1,-1,1,0,0,0) -1,-2,0,-3,1,0) A,=(0,-1,0,0,0,1) lll pe pla! qlal JAI Ob ade . pile pla St! clad ducts reall Sy (Sy 52983158586) =(1,2,0,3,0,0 )+aA, +bA,+cA, Rake ob lt ade pad! Se pla Jo sl O! gi biny -8,b,¢ alae + Q) Sue ibe pe pla plall [LI ae reeXK, + 3x,-2x,-x, + 2x, 2x, + 6X4-4X5-2X, + 4x, =2 X, + 3X,-2x, +X, =-1 2x, +6x,+X,+-X, =4 BAW) Natal oy X, GSE ode! plat! Led yd diyb Gi Ht +6 GlSLI pled! fo feared deal tly ally X, + 3x, ~ 2x, —X,+2x,=1 °o =0 2x,- 2x, Sx, +x,—4x, =2 4 Bd! ASW Wold) Gel del GW! Dokl Jani dy 1 OSG AS Ne dees. UI Walall 3 x, id 1/5 X, + 3x, (3/5)x, + (2/5)x,= 9/5 Xy + (1/5)x,— (4/5)x,= 2/5 2x,-2x,= -2 0=0 hake op Ky GL TAL Total pds f 1/2 4 well Dall Gua od 1 Nola! X,+3x, —(1/5)x,=6/5 X,— 3/5)x,= 3/5 Ky Xs= 0=0 BY Xs oF ap ole Jo Je Spat! al. SM igs tay al th caps Oy At Doll Gy xy sib) Doll oy xy Je rand OS IME ZU I SL re ad. SMI aaa ye Hy lam ade My we X= —1+x,=1 de iat x,=0x, =3/5 + (3/5)x,=9/5 (6/5) — 3x, + (1/5)x, lad gold) pilell past ot Lote Se (8/5,0,9/5,1,2) oS Hay 98 Bigg aly gall x, +3x,—(1/5)x,=0 x,— 3/5)x,=0 X,—X,=0 ‘i MaKs OS cll hy X= (3/5)x, X, = — 3x, +(1/5)x, Syrall OSG thi, -3,1,0,0,0) 1/5,0,3/5,1,1) apa) SEI OS aaley nike! plat gle> clued sue (S,,8,.85,8,,8,) = (8/5,0,9/5,1,2)+aA, + bA, = (8/5 —3a+(1/5)b,a,9/5 + (3/5)b,1 +b,2+b) gh fle LS IS Ue Clee pl Gt > ob Lt dab Joly dg obs! fil GY ay 2Y al dere ow > UN! sALaall oda bgt Ligdnall taenall gh Bde Byiae oy LSA AX=B Ube bus bel J [ASB] hat Wey A Byirall ont Ue Bye ate oye Blot wll, (Augmented AX=B plat stevall tbyivall oni Bide Tyinvan fe . . Matrix) Nab Ls) bt te lly SON RL St) SLL «otBanal liyinall Jo Ell) lea! lat Gye endo Size! : (1) wl Tae pt ee lian am 22) + Gye pb oda Gee pe : (3) @) de OSS (2) Slee Bad! pla terall diyerall 23.-2-12:1 26424:2 13 :-210:-1 261-10:4 yin Je SQ) Ste G lyst A wild We Glee cha! pla sbdawall tyival! 13-2-22:1 R, 00000:0 R,2R, 0002-2: -2 R,R, 0051-4:2 R,-2R, SI val 5-2) ah Glas Sel eal gies Ry QR, Ot oe 25 fe adh Sw edi A LL JU Gall Jaen Say 1 3 2 4 2,1 R 7 0 0 4 WS 4/5: 2/5 1/5 Ry 9 9 0 2 2: 24 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 R,1 3.0 3/5 2/5: 95 R,+2R, 0 01 4/5 -4/5: 2/5 R, FLL (/2)Ry 0000 0: 9 R 7 1 3 0 0 -1/5: 6/5 | R,+B/5)R, 0 0 1 0-3/5; 3/5 | ReU/S)R, 0 ; R, 0 R, ° ° ° 4 Scoot pineal obs Jobay csc) Ja lat! of X, + 3x,-(1/5)x, = 6/5 X5-(3/5)x, = 3/5 XpXs=-l o=0 MA SS (2) Ste Bale Llu cll ani Lan lath yo Ling Be FB obedl 2S AU 2 (4) die (heal dye piu X,+2x,+x,=8 -2x,-3X5-X, =-11 x, + 4x, +4x,=21Se (bl Samal Syd: Jb Q) gS all aes tha Olle gd DM dM) all abLaly (1) b IM) Gaal) po AGU Gall aciLaly ide 12 1: 8 O41 i” / R,+2R, 023: 1B RR, Se pat etl Gall # JM! Gall ily (2) BW Gall pay 10 4; 3 R,-2R, oO 14a: 5 R, 00 1:3 J Ry2R, CN ual gam # Se Gall Sadly OD) J IU Gal Grae + de aad Sv 100 ced ol 6 R,+R, | Res Oo 1: 3y R,X)=1,x,=2,x,=53 X, + 2x,-3x, = 13 2Xx,-X, +X, =-2 K,-3x,44x,= Oy Hel! Byiall ode bbb sill pla ot pai daly fo nil pé pla OF on aay 2) Se gal lad Spl pals OSS eet plead) Brera dayival 2 Jd! 12-3313 R, 2A1:-2 R, 1-34:7 R, 1) SSN! Gaal Spe ¢ SU Gea adloly 62) GUM Gull Gna + fe feat Ce all SI ately 12-3: 13 R, 0-57: -28 R,-2R 0-57: -6 RyR, Ne all St at Gi) eal lal # G1) GG) Gall pe 2 Be feat SN! Gall acilely (-2/5) G watt SU Grell poy1 0-1/5: 9/5 | R,+2/5)R. 0 5 7: 28 -R, 0 0 0 :+ 29 RR, uM pgp Mad pte! ode bbe sil) Vota! plas OF X,— (1/5) % = 9/5 5xy-7x, = 28 Ox, =22 cere Wa. LS Ning 0=22 OF a UN Tatdl Of Le eds «fol Jo ne plied! oF BS ge Lhe chest gh BLD) tae B55 JM all g (SI Sp> eee Latnell EAB Quam. od SUG ao pl OSS Lease Bach I 13) Lady 15) La SUG OSS AX=B lel pe plas! Lew [ADB] steal! digiall Lag lee OA gall suse! clad J! ails S! Spegly tidy A tase! clad SI B elgl pue ye GS Lie pall Olagll baobab eu oJ Bee Me! (5) Uke GB ail bey Gi Slbgivall Sljsoly diy all a5 ce palin 3 Spt all b+ Clay 403 oY 3.3) gut 2AM) Rhee pe Ghd! BIW oy JSS Jud dept dey oI XY+Z=2 cd) xty =1 xty+z=32x + 6y-z+w=3 (~~) xy+z-w=2 -x-3y +3z+2W=0 3xty-z=10 (=) -x+y+z=0 2x-y-32=7 xdy-2=-2 x+y-z-w=-l () 3x + 4y-2-2w =3 x+2y+z SEL dee seg A aU Seis SLs! plat! ad ll k i aryl — 2 2 ous x+ky-z 2x+y+2z=5k+1 x-y+3z=4k +2 x-2ky +72 = 10k-1 = plladl Ol Ue can — 3 X, + 2x, + 3x,-3x, k, 2X,-5xy-2x, + 12x, =k, Tx, +x, + 8x, + 5x,=k, a Less SL) age sey) 37K, + 13K,-9K, = 0 131 daddy Wh Ja YE OS ky =7,k,=2,k, =1could! fei aU! Clpells aga ell! Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors :diedie (4.0) ches MAT Gey tall gee lyons clad Woy V oe OSI (2.5.1) doe) SU) eel $ bay aad ¢ Las yt T3V — W atsy OSG Le Wy Vie © Sl duet ste) Les oIKAL Banas gl cals all Sela) yo xy) HU) Lay T ayes Abb Byias OSG T Syne Ob dimV = dim W OS bas . dae ; Bae ole! aden Ob sy pall ow Ge ob Ve Was UL Sy Ol Ee TIV eV yn bia Sit JIG pk Vo) aly + SBN IB ey G Ebi OS sreld! LU Wy T Bie 2 Risky LT Y)= CVX) raanall ae Las Set thee ) Yale thea Lay T Spies bet ail selydll ate! Ua! yl ddylly (2.5.1) Sahl Oey Goa oll deb Lek! (WN ok. abi pO) bade | (2.5) at (I) SuKerT ={0x.3): Cy.8) = 0,0) = {0.0} ct BSS bela Bs Sy (LE) RG BS) LS A, = (1,0), A, = (0,1) B= TA) = 0,1), By= TA) = C10) iS 3 {B,, B,J asta! Banal tell 4 ode 1 ETA Ag set steed OES MY od, 1 0} 9) .B,# A,B, # A ol BAY SI sagt LN go foal Ln Gg Gets alg Ld yr ghey cab ae! gee liad Jo Ube Sys TV Vo Bhs OSG A ee) Say CEB pa VS) ba BAED 2 Syl bal ole we OS oI yal BOY tie Rel! 04: Bee Dp et Se ol by te! CU! CME ot BS Bae ay WS A, = (%,, 9), A, = OX ¥y) Raed OSG Me! ae Ay T Byes Ol Oe igi oT Se Cae of weTIA) = 4, 4,+ 0A,= 2,4, TIA.) =0.A,+ a,A,= aA, CY X)= a (X.Y) (Yqp X:) = a, (Xys YQ) wee Mel Clalell be ae z - we G fe way! ae tRapall Olena Ay Ay caged! O8 y)=0 sy SS A, = (x, 0), Ay= (X3, 0) SN UL aes Ae aye y Une! We oe pee sul all Fo lineel We Gibb Dye dee! all Se bs Ue dew MEN TL bol 5 Se WEA Gs LN. AN oa eS de Soa bb Bias TV Va Mia T(A)= AA Git A lg Slee de gb AEV Se ops Beall alae) tilly ASN lg! pe! ale Gly oRE AN Gas Gb ad GL Clea lees Li (4.3) + Oplle LS tae pt Sjoll Dolly ATU! lg, a1 ell (4.1) Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors and The Characteristic equation ple Bad F Jab fey tad ge lps clad VO 151 ays tis Yee gee (AEV) AZO Gil eo entl oS de sey 151 day 131 TEV Vd youll (Bigenvector) ri NEF T(A)= AA eed heal! Eigenvalue) 55 5 pay AEF Ctl sul PEA V GAO cme toy 15) batdy 131 TV V TIA)= AA 1 alas he Kn So) Le SUI coal OF LESG OE! cain Cae «peal tyler pb OS ob TN Lal pe oY SI gioweld ote sl AEF 5 sie ob ae AEV OS Lae TIA)= AA AD A Le T Gad Lynd Gb ane A ol Jas Ec ee bk GY AIS by Slee tel ON Syypdall ow pe! cabal JUS 2) Je pawl Gall TR? — R? el howl Te Y)= CY) OF 131 WY LUldy ast a Vy Ags lps a Geel T(x,y) = Ay) (yx) = Ay) 10% Ax=-y rs! Ay=x rogalal le ead carpal (8+ Dx= 0,0 + Dy=0 de fat ald WH1F Od! ky X= 0,y=0 TOY) = A OGY) GE OGY) Be pb lpr oyry pole gw Lin 2) Jie Goll TER? eR? abt fyeell GU Clg) pill te - TOY) = (K+ 2y, 3x + 2y) really wreV) AUF até! Le CT furl 251 lgenclly pill abet Gagal : Jet 1 gaé A Raat! T(A)= XA O% A= (%Y) OF 131. AO Ol Ca T(x,y) = A(x) (x + 2y, 3x'+ 2y) = (Ax, Ay) igi Noll pled OS s Bae le Cag i) ga Le x+2y=x f 3x+2y= Ay spall pls) BK, adel pl) alt pe SE (-A)x + 2y =o 3x+(2-A)y=0 plas pian CI 3) Lady 13) GE ge Ye tee pill pad Lay 13.265 dens) Camm by all UG ab Hayden roll a 3 malo 1 1-% 2 = (I-A)Q-¥) 6 3002 =23A+ 07-6 = N-3%-4 = (4-4) (A+) WeWabi 542 gl ell Ls TS) A pill 2,5 031 (4-4) (AFD ig! A=4, A=-1 + eh AUS day tl BSI Olgas ole! Ce SI -3x + 2y =o Stel dt Je cae = 3x-2y=0 tpiteell plat by A=4ae G 2x + 2y =0 3x + 3y =o LAs 1d 3 y=(3/2)x pale OS JN! lad! pale Sy SU platy INI plas) Gx = 2 dnly te feast Sul padi x AS 4 A al bet Lad Uyoce 2S A= (2,3) anal! Sed ali Gaal bet ots pe OS B= (1,1) ott ASA tga am Oly ody 4 oe GLE T byl 41 pall OSG Side AUN Seed Ul A= (2,3) ance! Slicer OS A= B= (1,1) snsel Sliclar ob A= WY ated Sh ae To Shing | a r—CCcSPrlLrhLcL Crt Lyall ang WY 2b) 2S Se Wat! Sa adyb hb Gall el Ul, bok Ob Gs! pod! iy! ARN gill Ghd te pe dijb Y SV) Syed! 6 BLE Ul dapl! Ye24.1.1) days dedl T tye M Oy Ube Sut TV = Vos 3 Gel bull Lub T tye M* y G= fA, ..., A,pauetil 108 Gt = fA," AL det (M— I) = det (M*— Al) BALAI Bybvall JT. A gold one os LUldy Olay Heli) Lely YSU tly ae Lynd Obigiae M* y M ol le M* = PMP" GE PY AY yee eg abd tale = (2.8.2) dergh) nm Ady ret oY) det (M* - Al) = det(PMP™- A 1) = det (PMP! - APIP") = det [P(M- ADP") = det(P). det (M- XI). det(P") = det (M- Al). det (P). det(P") = det (M-AI).1 = det (M-Al) Cee Aes) Sasb SI Rally TV OV adh Lye iyi M= (a) SF 131 wsana ay - ay, det(M- AD=| a ayo a, il ay on ay A te hast Mel oath thay det(M- AI= CL)" AN +b, AN + 4b At b, Uae M bce pas odlel st! dou ot se 25 (4.1.1) Galt Ste S! Rath SI can T od! byl Bien eo M* Bye alt SE Sel ey op ES es tt tt CV adh gall Sle liad fe Las Sut TV V ob Lal dod Ob 3 sue GV LL T tye M Cite dim V= nee AM= CH tt bw +... + byt +b, = det(M - tl) (Characteristic Polynomial) sj0h! sit! S34. pas .T hl byl Sime OF EN oe OSG gs eee Bay Malle ¢ pte EO! Soe «Vi cleat 1B) Ske be Spell atl donee ae 2 tally sal) T:R? — R? SAI TER? ere Taxy) = 2x -y, 4x) rvAe go ely lal Sed SV Call T pie Glee Syl ye Biya ON ees, (2.4) Se SE Saelell Wt Appell Gael I T Byte OS 4 (= det (M- th = det 2 1 1 0 t oY 0 1 = det 2t 4 -1 +t = 2) C)-( CD =P-2+1 22M T ad goal Bpeall aga! due OSS ale A(W=C-24+1 24) Je Sal Tr 0? = C* abl ppl peal pelt see ee = tially T(Z,, Z,) = (Z,-iZ,, (1 +i) Z, -31Z,) + (Mada UA fim oC ib! Jo Olgas eluad C7 o! La Uxel y vA1 OSS Renedall Saela) Gy Tigi st 1 Bygall opt douaee OSG ade 4 (t)= det(M - th Mt 1+i ai -3i-t = (1-t) -3i-t)- (1 +i) Gi) = + (-14+3i) t- (1+ 3i) LTV eV gad) youll Sil pall TLL SY ee (4.1.2) dango dad) te Glyn clad Je Lae Sui TV = V os Is) AFI LG OS DK OG T Lt eal! DoW A () OIG m sly otey D(A) 6h A =O Wale (rie A CuI 13! Leddy 191 T pyre 2 lags! sie at lyme dey ale oT dd US US A oI pad ” gin AEV T(A)= %.A=AI(A) apiay Heh! Gyo a dele MAI youll foc Ve V ot te O gated Lal slacl (T- ANA=O0 v4Ker (T- Al) MOFos AZO (SI AE Ker (TAD) 20) ow Lay OSD T- ATV OV hyn ob fe Gad (2.3.4) ims ob aley SE bel SY Lally To AM Sighs OI pes (2.4.4) deel SSL Selb GY Ay T dgpies bf M Ci 136 i aL pb yinan OS M- AL diginall OF cl. ductal ells ZL T- Al Gis pe? M- Al ob LOT gh pall Lgl Sy Leas ON ony Way Ua AL ad -A(A)= det (M-AD=0 SAU ALG pb OS M~ AL digi! OB A(A)=O 08 fb Sh be Ker (T-AD# {OF 2S Jidky Sous T-AL Jal ASN Gye ley ee (T-ADA=O ON git Nay T(A)- AI (A)= 0 T(A)- AA = 0 T(A) =A A oT adh dyed A513 5 OSS A ol gar gl eo oD) Brplly T add fey djeohl Vall Goud A(= O dad! = Bypek! Hotell apte eT debt byl! ANU gill O de as ode! 1) Ju Ball THR? RP ga! uel) ASL! pill ae veka Nabe er @ Jeti vy.OF} eevay (2) JM dag T(x y) = (x + 2y, 3x +2y) OSS Reng) Bela Rdly T Bye 1 3 M= 2 2 OSS T Sy djeeh! Dod it 3 A (= det(M—tl) = det =0 : 2 2+, (-H@-1)-6=0 ag P-3t-4=0 (t-O)(t+D=0 i SES AD, t= 4 Okeas oe Be T SI A oll OSG 31 1© Je all T:P(R) — PAR) ott fp asl pal oe Tla + bx)= -b + ax eal ry)OSs {1 x epee tae Lady T Rig | BH T Mi Beall Wotdl OSG ake de(M-t)=de ] i) +t | =o TiP(C) PC) ad) Lene) 2g Shady wlll te T(a + bx)= -b+ ax paapally al SSS (Us Finca Bae Sadly T pies SN hb C Qadel sae Lie ge UL ode LI ot Lee SF rr,—“—™—C—C——LC—“EECTEsssE etl bee a es (6) J Lis ce Gall ol ts LedAND of Se pte oe TU Ce Lidl pd ot pd Hale gh T (gS Meal SI Vt eee A i ald att GN tga Se! pal Gi A Spe pb BD tree dry IDS (T-ADA=0 sacl Hy A Ole! ane Ob A= a + bx andl Of Lost 10 danall Mel Voll! HLS Se ley X= (a,b) oul!» (1, xP Rk! X(M- AD=0 2 Sab Riyinall sHengdall bet Zall T digas M ol o> ata! Je bat Dai eae 1 =O Ad -ia-b= 0 ng! a-ib=vU Mota Ob Ler Utiall auc lim Ne dtoly Daler ye Ble GWlslall Obes b=-ia 1 JPN OS ade . JN! data bey pee i oe He GL aod Silly D=-i fo Lat a = | aay as xX =(1,-i) Vb aelias cst oly A = B- ix 03). AEP (CC) Ott ame be ill asl a bys GSN all oh GIS ea B= 1+ ix endl Jo bet ae tabi Laas4.) gylé SAY ALLY Styl oe JSS RII olgenlly SU oll eeyh — 1 T(x,y) = Gx+ 3y,x+59) THR? — R? hy (TY, = (KY +2, 2V+2, 29 +32) ¢ T:R? RY) .T:P,(R) = PR) (¢) Tla,+ ax +a,x)= (Sa,+ 6a, + 2a,)- (a, + 8a) x + (a, -2a,)x? _T:M,(R) — M,(R) (>) a °) 2 ate Tle gl = 4 b-2c 4 +122.) = (2,- 2,22) © T: CoC? (*) + (taal) sacl jem fe lela C? pel y al B poll ¢ pee ol fe ded) Syiall (trace) 31 3x, 2 O85 TER? eR? she fat sV gpeall alll oF ON. gat reales -tr(M)t + det (M) = 0 wbae gl Lb T Sipe Mol te Pe de GV Seal ptt Gouae G Cal LI ON Ue ay 3 SSS Beth SY all peel pias 3 syle dally 131 Sea Sug oS TV eV ad beull ol Ue cay — 4 TS) agi ab A =O GIS 13! tau T J) Gb ane A EV 5 fom ge gi TV — Vow ui 5Wwe TTS) U3 tense OS A ol de gah A RI tal AA agli Aad! = ToTo...oT= O28 tbe We T:V — Vow 6 OSS T SI sD pill gm OI Ue apd k Cap eee ou + al dale dad Wb TV V abl fl (5 Gee A EV of 1 aw te T? Ot US yee lyn 3S AO Je cad A Auld oT ganb ste oN lldy A" SLI rrr Lr WS OF I TIA)= AA Gt Yee AEV Of By Let T apt (ytd Yar 4S SCA) Ol le gad S(A)# L Awe vil aad rineally Gr Las Syd TR? — R? ob 19 Ty, Z) = (0, x,y) TET? CT oy MN Bjeakl apt Sone to we Sid ane A= (1, 2) elke TR? — R? Lbs yz 10 A= 5 aD a smn A= 1 + x she T:P,(R) — PR) (be Ye we 11 Ai gl Jib ane B= -2x? » K=2 AU LU a GI 2 h=4 ai of JS Bib ame AEV y F Jit fo clyne clad V of t31 — Sym ta tyne oS A ot le gad S, T:V = V eghpall 18, DEF cueld pore VY ei3y aS + bT Yrety diyies cae bye Lat ALN ZI! claadll (4.2) Eigen Space and Diagonalization of a_ linear transformation ype opt Si LS ee SLL Je La IE SG AS aa ti Siary 6sT:V a V (et! bell Gb Sas TV V,= [A EV: TIA) = AAR Seed Sele) SSW SGA ah Ue bet! Legs! ob os LE Wyo! SI web Aeall endl as A GU 2D Ske PE epee aa) SI Sig htaally LU alll te LTR) + Rt T(x, ¥, 2)= (X,Y, -22) dapat) Galt OSS Rak! Sel Lal T yds ob rsJueur[=9 It 0 0 0 It 0 =0 0 0 “24 AW= U-tr 62-0 = 0 “(sr us A ae a rT—r—— “ Te Lae Lod Lge spall ne A= (8 Ys 2) all QS oe ol gy Sa clued) ey Se ye 220 YS ot oe AST util Lal Oye V, V,= (xu yo:xy ERT Ae Ce A H-2 Apt Rad wu Vy SUI clad okt oa! Yo! (x, y. 2) (M + 21) = (0,0,0) rry0 o 0 oO ° wo Cae) = @ 5050) LA psbalee SI c3hp plas! Lay ee ee eee Ol ee Nhe _1={0.0,2):2eR} ee HY SS Oo! Se I ill OF oe! Sto» Love LS) iy all tas oT pd 251d SD i Lee ye TV = V O81) Wylde say Sjeall syibt dotace G(L-A) sb pl deat Gohl A GS dim Vy os) ¢ Vy Jil! clad) dey ted gtd! A AM Say TSM hye SI 2 iia SFT Sh ajeabl sgadl b2tce OB m= oot! A LSS OF 13} DR Ob LF apm Godece g(t) Ol Gee « AC) = (t A)" g(t) nell Ub ie OSV 12) Je» BIS Aad JS) gectably erbl SI er AM= (1-17 (2-0) IE Bjeall ay doce: JP YYAAS Ll 2 ggg A 1 AIM) Ce oot! BS OS Woe Lobe CE Read CYL SA) oY JT Gilad A=-2 GL Ral get! A,= (1, 0, 0), cogeell Ob dad Vy) Via casleadll on SF an me dim V, = 2 9S ellday V, J! 5428 US A,= (, 1,0) - dim V,=1 sl. dadl gale! clad yagi Vi 2a geacdl ARN NS 203! Le get A= 2 YS sgotly Sob! ph SS oy GL Jew AI) hag! $(4.2.1) amy « iy Vaal git Sls clad fo TV Vee bt OSS byw HWA A ale a pol RISE tl WS sola | YS Bae sho! ga Me K syle getitl DIAS I os Vad) Be Ags oy AL Sell EAS old ek oe OSs OS UL TIA) = AA,, (i: 1... k) VAG Ags Ag ys coer Ay Fine SASS cos Ay faepetl LS el Biel QL T Spier 3S wy (n=V oe ol Lost raeallyov} ° M= . ° » : Agar Aere2 ce Aken be Meee ve Ek ann Beall Be Se M= B c OK) Xk days Old Bytes BLK XK SUE Ball ef Tol > tayo OND Lie pias O 4 (nk) x (N-K) Spo SIS Bye C ok x(n-k) 1 OSS T Luge! Spent Boll! A(t) = det (M- U1) (a, ° fi, ° =det ; ie c “t [° tak=det (A-01,. det (C- tl) = (A-vh det (C-t1,,) aeley A (1) 3 eall & e oha ON seals ual! Lin ial nas Agee! day | aes se gat lg clade Glas Sug! TV = V Os 158 Bally T pies Sh Loe LU tly Set Gp VO) bu See ea GT OSe Ce Byer OS Re .(Diagonalizable) bent OS bye sth ce rs Lad Mie Rly Go slob sil SN Aad SU T dat! 14.2.3) Ral § pS Gtyht pag) Rea) $V danke, £(4.2.2) dade Dm Sd Uae Wy! T:V = VS AI pill wb 251d Sle Ay oo A, mn ST SI o bdas Die Ay Ay, lpr OG ae . Shel2 Olagt US Se tae Ube tes {AL o, Ap depdl ob eyil Real am Sy Ae gl lpr oo at GST Sled! to! OSE Ay onl Ol Ue Gap Ol Ke Sls Sue 3,Sall odie Goby (1.7.4) LOGE Ay ey Ay Gla tind Olpnall les OSS oS A,= XA, + XA,t+ + x AL, (D LOK dus T(AD= x,T(A,) + x, TA) + «+ XT (AL) Ob LAI SK JSS eWay Ai a aaa Was Lab Gee OS A, ote DyAL= x AA, tet XA AQ 2) tee Ay G () Wald Ge DAH AA pet Ay AB) 1 gy GB) Hata) gy (2) Dobe! ¢ jas O= AL ADAH eee OAK oer Mead Ac Cll Uae Uae Ayy ones AL) Stem oe X(AL HA = XA AD= = H(A ALO 28 Sab iH] SIME RIO Ay AiO. AA # OAL ALF O = = = Ol ade X= 0) Xj = 0, X= 0 re LAG = 00) gees (1) Moll bape Bd ame ALS ginal Lyle 2S ot SEY{An wo Ay fiend! ob asa! Ge oo pe Laila! ne eae at eye tsp (i) (4.2.3) darga V sad gel Spel Lab fp Lae Ye TV mV Ss Sibel GRE NS) LB, ) La WET 2S ae dimv =n Sy idbe be Gb eb J) ibe TS x ADH (te ANUE AY? AY 3ST SA 5 ng 1S Ae Gail! dally Uae GLa) ASLAN Sigel oy bane Silke oF st y CSE A USES ee A ASL Slag! BEB ang al ge Lie. LIU WY OSS T ot 2, {Ay Dy Bydae OS Se Sik! Ly T bytes Oo V I oN a “ % oO D=TS) bet! tet Soe OSS WL! ok, 4 (sta, - 0 (a=. =O AP) Aaa de Sb Se AL AL Cu ee wo) Gas Sl dept SSA A en See yeas Gla Ae OSS oN dim V,(te AL i#j oR ue AiPAI ICS | Heh k WS T= past ALS ee Gul a > dim\y = ms gts Wy Glas AE Ay eee AL IL! Stell oo ty key LA, pee PAL A i Ange Ang cine 8 43 here 23 (4.2.2) alt Cae tide Ga di TIA) = AA, T(A,)= AAsTAD= DA, TA, = AAs UN ees TA co VAnrver TA)= AA, Tanall T Wyinar OSS ole Aad Bytes Yel sh ie ONE) Obagll os alas 14.2.4) dongs deny 13) daly 13) BW SG OK TEV me Vad) yl TT SASS Olgas op BS V i bac’ et VY LLG de dL GS WU i pL Se i fra1(4.2.5) dons dad aay dybeney Mabe AI 5 T1V Vad furl Of 51 2 MW 6 OS T of V cLadt 1 Olagl! ee ty Yas ine I lyre (gee al A ail V claw ay cggley Ge Mack lpr ole cue ¢(4.2.2) dealt gat (4.2.4) dent Oy Vi Si Sues T Sh ast Spm OSG Shy + pha co). 1) Se» Baal pall eTiR? — RP gad fyoull O83) Lb 3 T(x, yz) = (-X, 6x-13y - 92, -12x + 30y + 20z) Ma SUG © pS Renedall sued) Lol T Bynes: Jot - 6-12 M= | 0 -13 30 o 9 2 / tryHE YS TS babi Pati A= det (M-tl)=0 lt 6-12 Oeste 50s 10, o -9 20-1 AAW pall 2S 5! C41) (2) (ES) = 0 gas Del oak) se ea © Mel byl ee OSI RT clad te ye Sill 3 Liny odes LE Ay hosing _ AW WG T oS (4.2.5) deel (28 (4.2.5) teed oI SENS ey Fy (4) Je Banal Ball THR? RY od! dyoall OL 8 TUX, ¥, 2)= (X-2z, 0, -2x + 42) _ Mae US tb © 2S Rab peel La Tybee bt 1 0 2 M= |0 0 0 2 0 4EE ST St al dtd +50=0 P(t +5)=0 DHS AHO: 2 T SW 9 NA) clued ay Sh pee pe gil oe OS be 1 OE TS! daddy 13) ABW SLE OS T ot ad Yery (4.2.3) Sad SI Lab dim V,= 1, dim V, = 2 Vu. Vy 251) Slebvadl Glam yb opal tol ae A ie v,=fezy.o:9.2€R} 1 0,1,0) 5 (2,0,1) be os cee op BS ac dV, ot .dim V, dim V,=1 38 GM Je Jb ane inp WE LS IS Oe Maw bs Tob Syl ols My 15) Je T:P(R) — PAR) gad! yr NL SieLadly ill ae ’ Phamally Gl! Tla+ bx+ cx’)= 2at (a + b + 2c)x + Cb + 4e)x? _ ABW YS To BIL 2 tee cae {hs N 5aclall Lawl T Spices : bel T()= 24x = A+ Ux) + O°) raTix) = x-x7= ofl) + 10) + CD?) T(x?) = 2x+ 4x?= o(1) + 2(x) + (4) (°) . 2b © Aneel Sarl Hd T Byinen OS bine 2 1 0 M= 0 1 1 0 2 4 1 OSG TS) djeokl dota! AW= -(t-27 t-3)= 0 TS) 4513 BA HS A= 2555 Lie LL = gd WH3 WS 62 = At =2 YS ol aah abl last fo Lule Ce Split leLaadll ole 0 1 0 (a,b,c) | 9 FT [= ©,0,0) 0 2.2 (abl a oy A= 2 I Leal Lal thy -l..1 0 (a,b,c) | 0 -2 — -F | =(0,0,0) 0 2 1 DAS AU LW Ld Sy Caplolall SI so§ UNI plata-b+2c =o -b +2c =o bs 2 a= 0:45 WL aie Jo! shia 9S My (GU aad OMe ene Je ame Lib si y BE Raa Lad ete Sa v,=fa + bx+ cx:a=0,b= 2c} = {2cx + cx: c€R} OB dey Vy St ae OS AS 2x + x? ell Of Le W Len oy SEN ee! pled! P= dim V,= (A=2) 4) La ud! 1 SI Noll SI sop “a=0 a-2b + 2c =o -b+c=0 a=0,b=c 1 OS WI odie [ely ol gl V,={a + bx + cx:a=0,b = ch ={bx + bx’; bER} 2 VS) Be OS Ba x +x? ancl Ob Godt La oy PAB Sb AS cp peel rtd WED WG ole IW Li ae T ol1) Sue pe Jip Lies OG CR? ieee ; Hyd Bghar ae he 3 (3) JG Gal) TR? = R SYS Kagdall Sel Hdl T Spies Gil a -l 6-12 M= |0 -13. 30 Os. 9 20 J AHS DQ=2 A= GS Belly T tigdon oe Jad aR? bei (4.2.4) incall og de 2 T SASS lpn cy BKe SG Ob OS woh, 2,5 21d pill WU ZI lg abe ble Ge ale (ob lad > Ce A= -l be ro 6 “2 (yz | o -2 30 ]=@,0,0) 0 9 24 roNSUL St sah 2x - 6y-32= 0 -12x + 30y + 21z = 0 (lal 6 BS CNstall oy aad Lae 2x - 6y-3z = 0 -6y +3z=0IS eMel past > x= 3z,y = (1/2)z,z=z JAS “TABI pd AE GI ence A= (6, 1, 2) endl LH) Se Li taal Web Lats Yee B= (0, -3, 5) anal 4S Yad telly ABS ili Li GY GI oes C= (0, -1, 2) anchly A = 225141 Bacla Awl OY! ib T Byes USA, = 6 1,2), A= ©, 3,5), A,= @,-1, 25 “BS -1 0 0 D=] 0 2 0 0 0 5 ae tell OF 1S LE OSS EN Sbagll JIE oe al Llegl Lede: of OSG SA V SN ie Hla CII Ob bas bay TEV V Ube yt sgl Olga! et Lule Get yd Ub Lal) T pice BAe ah lm LaiVly seb oY dl T tie ue: yl M Bigicall WG SS de ply Tyg Ady Ladle @ det (M - tH) S28! Ls Ady A(t) djeakl atl gota Cad at crete rol ee hy AIM Updaye St ll espn V AUS 1S OLS speek Dall yin ste (1) ALI wpe role SI Beek! Woblall UF pe e GIG Lis y .V claall tySue ang) al sh LW pG e Tob Jo ue (ike pie + Ubi Thy» be V ca Spl (WIT NSS OL Seal! Dalal jyde ate QQ) ULI eye pe hele SM) Sjeakh Doll fle 5 BIG Ley VV claaall wees ie em, JAN ay Ua SU ToS ob Sul wee aS tue Bake Bylat cay ANN) Olga! : tye clad dey red LI T ALG Bar Le Gylbll vif ot (1) ct SV SU TSU gd ( getsdl SSI gly gil) GUL BSN Grd ISS HIB Lad JSS ge tsbl SS nt sh cb 1 OSLe Lat OSG Lary tly oye WSS op pel getdl LSS 51 Lg tery Hey dy LBW [6 ge T ob Spit gett MI UG TS are raty GEV clad! 2ct5 ale! lly [hid MU Tos Ie GO) Spey BD Slr I Cle Cad ELT Bye wRylall sLelall oS Sn becidy T fue SW pill ye bbe Ebi) poll 4S (¢) sBaelll 3 AL olga Oss wRegsll UN os depen Lia boy gh 1 Jee P ogi P= ToT = 1s cles ye TV Vo U3 Stasi ASW! oil go A= 1, ARTO) de pad Wl pall ge TS veeT(A) = AA 031 U at Sb ae Ay tb ES Dob ash JH zee Wall ola & A= W(A)= T(A)= TOMA)= ATIA)= XA Q- X)A =O o3t Walall ode yay 1 - R= O OS ley AFO Ob GIS ce A OI ley Bhat LW alll pe Aad, A= 1 Ol le aes 18) Jee wee AO TV = V gad! bea OL A ob pil A Oly T8= ToTo....0T pyr 4313 3 OSS QE OI de cay. SN May cree ode GY thy UL Loti I pnts OS T(A) = AA ace se CE fat ce iF T ol de dhy tel Halal Gd T del, TIA)=TITIA)) = T(AA)= A TIA) TA)= AQCAA)= VA Ue fat cayply asl aga be TP ad) age 1513 Lene OS A eee OF ay We vfgllall dead) fe had sob el an ly . 27 209) Jee Uys aay A = 1 as TiR? = R? Las Wye oe «B= (2,3) 3 eney A=0 Gl 13 K5y A= (1-1) we AIL Cl geeclly eal Bayt oe et TA) = T(L-1)= 1.0,-1)= (1, -1) T(B) = T(2,3)= 0(2;3)= (0,0)AS pall Ub. TO, y) ate! yllabt (x,y) = a (1, -1) + b (2,3) (,y)= (a + 2b, -a+ 3b) ee toplalall SI ooh Mae at+2b=x -at3b=y a= (1/5)(3x—2y), b= (1/5)(x+y) ro Ly T(x, y)= aT(, -1) + bT(2,3) 03h = (1/5)(3x—2y)(1, — 1) +C1/5)(x +-y)(0,0) =(1/5)(3x - 2y, 2y - 3x) 110) Je anally Ball on kewl T:P\(C) — POS T(a + bx)= 2a + (Sa-b)x Aba T Byes OSS Ul Hdl PC) laa! dae a denedall SacI Radly T Gpinar dy lade corny all CALE a Ht RRL N GI digit ode {1 x] T(1)= 2 + 5x T@= -x bE Rall Sela Handy T Gyan OS ale Eo reyopt File See yyllall Geld) ASL A= 2 OS AGU gil NGM Rad a 3 + SX ane Aha AFI Ogre! Gipias OSA, = 3 + 5x, A, = Nore Ludl A =-1 Gti Aa OS Ay= x, A,= 3 45x sacl Kull Ll CG 0) a iyi T Ue Xana 0 = Oo -1 -1 0 (hod BY) 0 2] Baal aki THe (4.2) ay ALE dbp op JSS ASIN lela sel gy QU pill doy! — 1 rats . TQK,y)= (y, 2x). T:R? + R? (fy .T(%,Y,2) = Bx-2,y-x +22, 42), T:R3—R? (Wy T(x, y, z, W)= (x+y, y, 2z, y+2z + 2w) .T:R* — R* (z) _ T(P(x)) = x. d/dx (P(x) TT: P,(R) — PR) (2) . T(P(x)) = d/dx (x p (X)) «T: PC) — PO) (+) CC Jab fe ielaab PCO) nse! y » UW SUG) Zl bat US OF IL Ws — 2 MEIN ALG IW kp IC HI LS 3 3 . T(x, y, 2)= (2x + y,y-z, 2y + 42) TR? — R(t) T(x, y, 2)= (K-22, 0,-2x+ 42) TR? — R? (Gy .T(%, ¥,2)= (0, % y) eT:R? — RB? (~) . T(x, y, 2)= (-%,-2, y) TR? — RP(3) -T(u, v, W) = (CU, -w, v) wes x, z ° 5 X= X% »D= ou? a $ we OSy nxn iy OX dy Byes OS WL Weighed gad SU tb) lal) abt yall Ol gt XM=DX ot de gens Geir 9K SMI XMX"=D LD ayes Syical cle 455 M 031 Ge) 2) Jt TAI Opi oye JS dele dyad Sligdves Sal Ole -1 6 -12 2-10 M=| 0-13 30 |, M-= 1 2070 0 9 2% 0 0 3 we (7 78 5), we (; . | 37 N45 28 as a 30 20 125 o9S5 My Highaal! fjebl ab (1) 2 Yt 4 6 7B 0-134 30 0-9 20-8 (t+ 1) (1-2) (1-5) = 0 Vala! es ate atl py SNS My pest SLi oll OS thy Dy=-L A= 2, A= 5 \ OSS Be AN Spee! hail yall (1, -1, 2), A,= 0, 3,5), Ay = (0, 0, 2) Nab aleg Sel Se Was War Ag agli gill Gel ay thay 1-2 P=) 0 3°55 0 2 /PM,P' = Dol 3 gira OSL os ' ots : LM, pda! Spall dalal) Mi sats — 27 At 0 =O 0 0 3+ G-)@-1P=0 roll Di=3 Aad OSM, Bye ALU pall Aaland) do ste Lobe 1 ag Aa dtl AU Olga! OLm U2 A) “1 al >| (yz | 1 -1 0 | = ,0,0) 0 0 24 ua 2 Sh coa$i osiay z= 0 X= -Y,Y=Y,Z=0 £35 bby TAM lpr ay Cl, 1, 0) be GB ame be fad Ling sey Gee ale. ade ote Se Gl, 1, 0) Ball OS GEM Or rl OGY My Byatt O15 (4.3.2) Sagll any Silly A 33 il Gall Rb Baal le 1 OSS My Bigioel) Sal! data! (3) (t+ 3)(-2P= 0 Ai= 3, A y= 202 Sts Ska My Spiel! oS ale pWaladt) Jo 2! babe «2 251) Aa dell GFW oad) Glo Waal15 10-5 (x,y,z) | 45 “30-15 = (0,0,0) -30 20 10 + Wagaty odie x + 3y-2z=0 + SI gag ebay LO el Mala fo Bae SS Nala! LE LI SYS LEN OS ale x= 2z-3y,y=y,z=2 ftbe Las cade casld cngee le Speed Se A,= (3, 1,0), A= (2, 0, 1) kedll wt JB mes Ay= 63,2, D aol) fe ber Get Ay = 3 std pleazy 13) 301 «0 2 ° P= 20 2 3 2 1 ° -3 Ol op Gin SISAL 0 PM,P!=D 2d Byes ols My ob ale LU +4 = 05 OSs My digd oad! 5pall databl (4) eg 6B REE ote Lie fo adel doll! b eV all Bal -S Volts Lie fe S13) My dapieal 2515 od Rie EL pole ON LL) Ggial Gales OS OFM, CA, =2i Le ob J deg WN Rade slael agen! bal 31 Byball OSS ales Lbs dl OLS One Lyre July A y= -2i yorM VW a EOS oe 4 Zz | zoe “oO =P Bytes kel ke Ce AN oN padeces oo Syl Si. (t-S)(U+ Do 1 OSs M Mt bye! att M 2% oS) .M Siedl Lee ot P.MP,'= D, Aes ob ae MLlly (24) (5 A= 0 22S N Sy pias Dy oi i> P,NPy'= D, a8 P, Sie hall oe IS) Gail wolall ot Leu NI SEN eM cbt GU all 1S ale wu ° SSM figi oat! 2M oS SN 205, P|MP,'= PNP,(Py'P,)M(P,'P,) = N OS ales LN jh aple M o,SG aley PMP'= N fe Las P= Py'P, ays La a Sy Py Py oe OS ole! Lele Cane P ote! be Ob 131 (1) Jest ab (4.3) sy rill Spied! Aelbe Sd OU te = 1 414 2 Dag 0 1 03 2\r 2 0 WK) ' cy Oo 3 1284 0 ASIA Sl geely SULLII gal LIL Sigal 4» SI any! 2 a [2 2 oo ee 5 “1 = B= c= . eal 3 4 2 1 3 PACPy! c+ © 2S 2 P), Pa, Py Lil Ub Oia toy! — 3 ALB, C ol Se ub ayies P/AP,! 5 P,BPy! 22 pf clay igi! fe 3,2 cSt b Sella 3 2 A=|2 4 2 »B=j]i 2 -1 1 ron11 0 C= o 1 0 oo 1 ToL DY) ligand! G21 Stgaetly oll ae 5 baal aUeVi Lin fe tilde bi Gyiee Sale Ul bea. © OF LG 6 AaaA! oe! Lie fe ttby 1-1-2 1 4] 05 4 , 2 2 ’ 3 007 el 2) 2 2 2 2 ’ 36% Byiall Ot fe ya late aus a #0 O17 vga Tgias ols AS G *) A, ol fe cad A tigiall ypu AT y das Syae A CIT 1 8B wget Spall pitt Sauce Ld AT Yer ayy) clylece Oks eS A, AT crigiaal! of Ue ay 9 « OULE OLS Ogee AL AT cubgieel! Ol ae On -25 -36 it 13h 10 ‘A= 1g 26 LAY te 2 bb OSS HAH! Git Hie ed YovTee eOkylice A,B osiyiall Ob be vay — IL 2 0 Ie -A=|-14 0} Bol 14 9 SE Nip RAL ole) Lae fe XM dere gio A CI 13! — 12 Slag CAM SI A515 OSG AK Ol Ue ag A Slag a 43 OSS P(A) I Ld co weed kK Cry meee ode | whem shart Yedlele opie doers PL P(A) St 213 TOS) ayeest agit ail ue 13 A= (; ) os NN gill Ol gle Sieg oA Byieal! ASL gill Slay Lai 0 0) Spent! As olgaadly gill ue — 14 Byial Aplte GILG 3 FC Sail steel fo Je Speed Login Souecey Ua 240 XT drys Byiee A Ci 151 — 15 JA-] = Cpr +b,,04... +b,t+ b, 555 AM dayne peal! spiht dade Ot fe cad EDO +b, / JAD +... +,,7 JADtH ED [A]]pli Oplela — LS kanye (4.4) (Cayley - Hamilton Theorem) ged hl g poy Go Ule ins Ged a We eat sOpbls — LS Baye pty Glasby! g yh tely ele J pes Uke bell Uplalae Jit daze Dyiaes 6h) Je pat tanpll ain XT deyall O13 M tat dgivaad) Spall Walall ot Uo di Peat + att t att a= 0 [M-tI]=0 datdl 3 a4 aad» EU Ole a Ope LS kaye Ot! M"+aM"™'+ ....+a,,M + a= O....00 XN &duall Byball be (x) Voted) eA Gy GO de> ( Splele — S ) 4.4.1) deage + Ball doles GF Hew Miyias Vs Oleg Bjgell Lelolesy F WL oy Lacke XN ius Uigiee M 3S! Mtat+ w.tat+ aso N= Adj (M-tl) ry Bi apely j Gall Bde oy pall atl oe ie Ny paul ol LCT 3 yas 2st Ling M = Syd all Vidays lb t bape Shou ye Ble N pole OSG Li, : dana NOS ONES te mel sansN=UUN FUN + EIN EN, GAY oe BU Lote XN ee Spies N, oy (M- tl) N = det (M-tl). 1 iad alas oy se Halal Wal OS (M =) (IN, + PN tot IN, N= (+ athe t a, t+ a,)I 20 £k En WS Why del do Gb Eth rele Blix MN, = a,I 1 Ble ee Lents Sill le My ons MMP 3 Mat obs Gee M'+aM'+....4a,.M+a,l=O DE kal iki Mogi v.whet Bae Ser Slee 1D Geet Waal SG MAI ok Ua ALG any Giypiae M ol ogi Banal M J! Sjeak! +a,=0 Meat l+ wot atta, Bey Seat! Wald) ppb Jt oS a,=0 of yb a, fo LS Woh oe Sele Spee! Mala SOM Migbawl 4513 5 OS det (M -tI)= 0 3) lal! UM OGY aches det M=0 ves del dull 3 pe Sells LS hae 5 M" + aM"™!+....+a, M+ al= 0 1=C1/a)(M" + aM"! +....4a,,M) te Lak MT 3 del all Gb Ge: M"=(1/a)(M"'+ aM"+... +a, 1 20) Jie canke WIM ae Sglele LS dane cela -l 6-12 M= 0 -13 30 Oe o 20) C-6°+ + 10=0 Shel Dob M?-6M?+ 3M + 101= 0M"=¢1/10)(M?-6M+ 31) 203) 1 24 48 M= |0 -101 210 2M 0-63 13, “1 6/5 -12/5 OS ade M'=] 0 2 3 0 9/10 -13/10 2) Sle G£n)M' BG, (k & n)M* oe peal ab fay ONS MG aye doa (kK MM oe pall Se 2 QW youth de tay m—1 dyes Ol St c Bjeall Usloles gaé M M"+aM"'+ ...4 a, M+a1=O te Juanes MI" 3 ote! Wall Gs kn ne MY + aM*4....4a, Me"! 4aMk=0 SES BI ayy opt Sodas” MEALS SISAL ail cy Le Dp Gade ab Sc ME OI MI bags ly axe ws Goby .k-l «de Jeb G wer Gnel cas de 2) See oh code 11 M71 OyS5 M. Sl Beall Matall : Jot P-t-2=0 Ae eat elle — 15° teres aan M-M-21=0 (hed MP se cayelly M?= M?4+2M oS aley M?= M + 21 93! de fend ViSey MP = 3M + 21 5) M?= (M +21) + 2M Je M’= 21M?+ 22M= 43M+ 421 = [ie 258) -129 257 M? 3 M?= M + 21 dat Gee GE GLI Eble clot ther M’= M°+ 2M° = (M5+ 2M*) + 2M°= 3M*+ 2M* = 3(M*+ 2M?)+ 2M*= 5SM*+ 6M? =5(M?+ 2M?) + 6M?= 11M? + 10M? =11(M? + 2M)+ 10M?= 21M?+ 22M =21(M + 21) + 22M= 43M + 421 Ving BS M dnyo OS We F OLde OUS dled creda OF eee ON sg SOY LN yh cay lat ote ope My var(4.4) al FS =. pe We] Ae V2 | ie Ge Qu ae Selle LS tae panel é 7 LAP= Aa! J atl! ad A= if ] ie 32 Ogle SUES tae ae Al 2A J) bjeell dbl and AS fi ee JAR ATs sOglle LS tay sli Alin 4 Wa - ee _ = | : A=10 5 4 Vig A: 0 0 7 ; 21 1 10 As A=/o 1 1 0 2 1041oll bail! Rad! Clslealt Euclidean Vector Spaces dade (5.0) Ce ks cljille LIS, Lola nly G Ob Gai ad RP sent 3 BLA cagnt (dot product) Jai! Gaal! y! (elu) Gail Bary Clee cy Uy Bae ES EAI pall UE OI LR? Gall Sy 2S es atlas N gull fe Bae OF ode! go Lall Gua ot = INAS] BH Cos@ < MAI] oo pine py dE! Gall DEB yA cgnell oy yi Shell Jb Ny REY RP a Uy! 8 Sy dye Ga xsd ced gel cpg is Geld os cp ged chad BIG Lae gal poll usell Lata Gb dye ob fell Spall wi 3 te! Lage SE J Rigi Jy tdi pny (Slab 2x2 ginal sad Seis See LY ely Bay be! 3S5 dane \ ath yeal Gas Ge ULL abe LtiLe Leal Lia J Lie 3S SIE op Stare! sled Je(Inner product) eu pall Garey (5.1) what op Meet Cb ob lg ce Labfly olga! Sib! uke (5.2) at slid sl a sass! slab gel Glew. tel te Lal Salt lead Sp Lethe Lye ale Bary AAD oI Jim fey ell gate lyence EU Spall oe Gye gale Ne Gel pull JSS kel ol GS” BAS, Olga be (5.3) 2) a pe 1B? Ebally RP sell Spall Bell pana pt aN cal clad Glgeall 3 Buber deli ole! cHpayaall tench! lela! . (Euclidean Vector Spaces) 440! mista! (5-1) ARAL) aac fie eo lpr clad VS 1 ays Mo 1a V Je (Inner product) Ne

-BEV [Sy AEV JS aay sue JS; BEV -3 +< BCD (1) = CAB +CAC> () A,B,CEV JSS Lldy ms2S AEV os 1S 4 : RXR" — R dial ol Bag Al aM Shae Gand Le Ce US Geel ply RY ee (inl OS RA aL! abu Gye ot Le OM, Gayl =(ra,)b, +... =(ra,)b, =1(a,b, +... +a,b,)=r =aj(rb,) +.... +a,(rb,) =< AstB > we CB ly ‘etd pe. (aah citi 5 (2) dye! YS Ling WS) SL ray Nee esle once ase icra .R + Warde ee! ie a ‘A 1 Hog ll Sl ew fe clay el Gall ott Spall oy n=3 ¢n=2 35 de 4 (dot product) 2) Jee O8 RPE cng B= (b,,b,), A= (a), a) OF 31 ales Fie AY) Gall OU BLA Vol! obs ob C=(C,,C,) OF 34 =S(a, +b,)e, + 2a, + b,)e, = Sac, + Sb,c, + 2a,c, + 2b,¢, = (Sa,c, + 2a,c,) + (5b,¢, + 2b,c,) = + (BCD clea WL OS (3 oy eee Dal) Oe Nay (asd bauer ot 131 A = S(ra,)b, + 2(ra,)b, =1(5a,b, + 2a,b,)=1€A,B > = Sa,(rb,) + 2a,(rb,) =< A,B > tly Aut Aout gist May = Sa?, +227, . Of N31 ay G1 SAAD =0 oy KAAS OW aol Aine del! dqeddl Ob WU A =(a,,a,)=O Ge galsel Jotul Spl oe JUNI Lie Get Gal Giles ee et ATV OS OI Se lg Laat Ob cae Ung UNI JUL GS R? cael fel cliad Je clad Je els pe op AAS OM Gaye Digna cluady .PA(R)n Gaasd gS) Repl) Cldy att! Clo tece « Uapey Maag(R) 1B) Je PAR) de Jeb oe AQ) =a, +a,Xt...+4,x" At 131 B(x) =b, +d, X+...+D,x" 7 Gyn P,(R) cliaill J agde Gores = F AD. BOxdx. ° gid Sy) Le ld OLY PAR) Je Wes fo Sw ores dud Bygone (WD dag bgp eo tS atlas<1A(x),BQ@)> = SL CA@)BOOdx . =f" A(x)B(x)dx =r ¢ A(x), BQ) = FF A@)EBE)Ex= < ACO,BG) > AGUS dyed! aE gay be = (Ac + Bon Cond s (AQ)C(X) + BX)C(X)) dx f A(X)C(x)dx + a B(x)C(x)dx < “ACs COR) + 0 SME CB 6) Gedy CF) BN Racal) BE ga ay < AG@), AG)> = 5 (A@)Pdx GAS) folidl claw yy pie gh iey We (AQ)? ddI Oley goes (Agar 20 oS .x€ [ol] 8 eeh AQ) =O 13) daddy Ia! ‘ (A@)dx=0 ol tet AG =0 ol ley syd oo 1 ASV Je ges AG) =0 td OF A(R) agssht gauece Je GA OS). ( aghbl oe Ele VL get) x € 10,1] 2 shee Syl Ye Dalae Qt ) inal apd Bates OSS teal depodl GE aes Way @ de» A(x) =2-x cil 131 B(x) =x + 3x? yy.1 OSE Barf ad = §AG)BO)dx ra = $(2-x\(x + 3x)dx = $31? + 5x2 + 2e)dx =23/12 1 de eMgg(R) Clipivall elaad Jo saleel Jol pall Ray All GIS lipivall clad ya My (R) clad! ob eye lill 5 2 Bald Ob odie B= (0,), A=(@,) C38 131. mxn a m = 2 Dab, J=1 ist Riyal ALN gle Gaieetly Ming(R) Je Gls to 05 2 O de ot 13h 10 4 025 A= B= Lo 2 3 122 vy£5) JUG Gf CALBD nd Myg(B) Gf cxipinae : el A,B =(1)(0) + (O)(2) + (-1)(5) + (OL) + (2)(2) + 3)-2) =7 elas gh fe els pe Gap tae tole Lib me pel We ad git Clyne 2) Je 1 ATR oy a gtlll Lela pal eda dadl gee oR Raat altel Jim fe Olpns clad V ol U2,id cates VON VS) be OS G=fA AZO! yaa! gg 1 GY yesVg g XpeeeeoXy 5 dhery Reel d altel dong VG BLA A=X,A,=...+X,A, B=y,A,+...+y,A, Oe =a\b,-a,b, -b,a, + 2a,b, B=(b,,b,),A = (a,,8,) cngre os'Y Lay 2 BAD Bs oy ginal A=(@,,a))=(@,-a,)(1,0) +a,(1,1) B=(b,,b,) =(b,-b,)(1,0) + b,(1,1) ryPS Gapdll GF SABD BS ley =(a,-a,)(b,-b,) + a,b, =a,b,-a,b,-a,b, + 2a,b, BY SLES oe a tll Gall lel Jel Gall ad whine Bheld Ll Olga! ised Je decay eas cet OM gong AN os GLY Ione bay! bol sie eel aw sai tat (Euclidean Vector Space) ss) olynw clad SD EP ee tat el pee GET ote! bie de V ola Vs D) whe d iy cle Gm 2 8) Je aR de gale fell Gall ww € Dy OF hI oe Fo @ JU g Gal foul a YLo>de ab eS) Laut teh oS RA, >) RS >) abate IF Le fetal opal PAY Ul dg syetal opolads” cyylne (Cauchy-Schwartz j)\+ — oer Fylet gad tage lee MS Inequality) + BeL1) deaya (Sidi clad gl G olen te si A,B ob 13) wv, . >) £ Olaglt WLI olny €B,B> =O 4 =O ob B=O of 131 ety BHO ol oil dds tylall OS rerC=BKB.B> , BY 1S ale at B>). r= €A,C> weal be pat fell Gall atlas oe 0 £4&+1C,A-rC > SMAAD - AsO - EKA,AD -2r CA,CD +P LC,C > 4A A> 2° +7 ( -? > PEKAA> fost de hat C=BAB BY r= ) =(¢A, BKKB,B>> )? = €A,B>?/ 2/€B,B> £ €B,B> ley Cte 6D) gy oR? fe galeeVi bell Gall plineel CABY Gol B=( 2,3) A= C17) ()B= (1, -3) A= 0, 2) (1) B=(14) (A= (1,4) (>) «B= (0,0) «A= (1/2, 3) (¢) = (2) See bball Get! Spal plus C) of oS —2 ARS fe cals Jobat Spall plurals ol — 4 +) Se 1 A ' 0 4 . _ dy B= i 1 3 2 4 0 2 2 1 5 A=]3 ) o) B= |3 7 ) at Vz 9 “1 . 3 2 1 1 te) Re ‘ > Az 1 2 1 r oS pe tw aie B= (ty) A= yy) SS —5 + GERAY il by 2) 3) Lbtls Gpall led SY coll YUL GR? Ue SABY EX, +7YY, dy CAB =X Hy . M,(R) sed Bill de Ol Je cad PAR) Gb ape Gos B= B(x), A=A() (SS 7 =A (0)B(o) + A(1/2)B(1/2) + A(1)B(1) LPR) de Les bs us (7) See BW! Spall pludenl CA, BD ao! — 8 B=x+4x? , A=2-x+5x? (1) B=-64+7x , A=1H1/3xK+x? ~ =P, (R) clad {A,=2,A,=24+x, A= foul qb Lay rot IS Bit — gh ble ge 9 alse Jol! Spall plume B=(0,3), A=(1,-1) (1) () Ji GW) all planet B=(2, 6), A= (1,3) (&) -R? NYA, =(1, 3), A)=CL, Shanelal Ky with gure B= (4.2), A= (Ch ) © (5) Jee beta (1) See b Ew) pall plideel KA BY QL 10 B=x+4x?, A=2-x45x7(1) B=x+x?, A=-3+2x (Ky Ba-1+3x-7x? , A=2-x+4x? (7) cdedy A,B 6 13! syle! Gin Bit ge ule Golo — 11 WSS! B= (%sYqu2), A= (X,Y) SS — 12 TABD =(%, + YM + VQ) + Yt (Y, + 2z, My, +22) LR? Ue Les bo ot vyWs olsun J Aayhdy Splat (5.2) pall palin syle ipo — pty Rhee sill le Ge pace’ aye acta glad 3) Clipivall sland fe Ab! Sleladll Q aylyy WK delad gutldl sled GA arcs oY lig ASAD EO Ol Le. Landy + lel gout fe Lally Uplall Gai ol ys ob dey A onal yb ob Laut Lad (Wc >) ob 13) 1 Maly Gay HAI HAI =A, Ay DUB yA Gy Dlaal) pj Vg AB lpn ow oy) oY lb ais 1 tlsaly, ay d (A,B) (A,B) = ||A-B]] 2) Jie OR crpre Ba (pend) ARCA e,) OF 13! OW] ( (5.1) adh J (1) Ste art ) ggalsedl Joiall opal! NWAN-A= A, A>= Yara t ota, a(A,B)=114-BiI Cee) = ' (a,-b,)? +... + (a,-b,)* abies gil ale) Dlally yal lhe dawally LA oye Ol asd 1 NS Jalil ele ya vw12) See Gill Ae ge (2) JUG Ball fetal pall dR? ot agit =Sa,b, + 2a,b, : gi -B=(b,,b,) y A=(a,,a,) Laue ely chee GL te A BLA oy SF dyb and B=(0,-1) , A= (2,3) O16 131 1 et WAI-VKAA> = ¥5(2)(2)+28)3) = 38 NBU=VXB.B>= Y5OO+2CDCD = ¥2_ d(A,B)=|[A-Bl] = (12,4) = 5(2)2)+2@4) = ¥32— pall Jo sasny Tally Spal) oo J ot Lata Sis Ol gl go 38 Gigleg A=(2,3) anal Jy OW tel (2) JU gd pure ela phen ( sabse Ml Jota Spall op e ght Soall y geabsel dy Ot ce G als BA oy dolsel BL ob wis. (2%+GR= 13 QP+(@%= 20 +B Je Ge pall Je alee ly A =( 439) tyinall Jub oe +B.) sett os (5) SUM J all My,(R) eluadll le 101 AU =V) gall 1 de jet SAB?’ S | SA.B>I SIAN TIBI + dpall Day Bly — sty tale thre pp oday edly Jplal) BALM afleadt Olglant OWL! loam (5.2.1) days J] Spl OB « pdlll lgeonce olaab (Vi< >) OFF 13) Ul a yva»A=0 15) daddy 31 JAI] =0 y All Jo, AE V JS — WAI = tl WAIL GS A EV ane Gy ft gid> sue yV 2 oT gieil oal) 4allall degdll ga Ur] ot Cae OS BA ord yo GY — 3 WA+Bil At + TIBI (Triangle inequality) 424) GUAy pend odtel dylell y + (5.2.2) daaya GE A BULL OW cpl lpr eld (V1 64>) Of 131 5 th A= B Ibl Laiiy 131d (A,B) =0 yd (A,B)>0 — ALB oly o» 245 of ¥ lhy d (A.B) = (BA) — OS Vf AWB, lyme UH — 3 d(A,B)#d(A,C) +d (C,B) (Fal thal) ag aed ote! Ayla! y athe JS Soba Je bey {oe le ole! jatlaadl olay ol belay Se we Hdl) dla) Lele A+BIP=S A+B,A+B> = + Se at Blyt — gta tae pas NA+BIRE< AAD +2141] |IBII +< BB> SHAN? +2 (111 BI + IBI? =(IAII + (BID? vAHA+BI IAI] + UBII gn geal il atl Conroe) QU eld Hat ably eager ble! yl 5 Halll pall Lys) R? ggtnll SP ad «ill Lf By +B dha) ue WABNE ale U-Bi = tA f+ BH JAS) Ke lee cla fl sb ete ole ob cea Ly Od Nhe op Hytell Les diya digm ) Ch Lal pl (yl Bah Sela SI Canes LL yall ul bal plane SCAB cleladll y1 ys OW (VIR, D) Gad clad J cwpine ne npr BA OF 131 1 Wald Ga By A oy aylp) Cos = SAB? HAT BI osee ze ree OF SE 08 ll Glyde sty Hale oye : edhe [[ SATB I] _ Hall Well HAT BIL OS Se 8 Bary yh dey al sl cya dee Tet -0 OSX , Cose=¢A,B>/iaiBil Je eat 21 ON yw liy 1 Se R? liad) J LUliy B= (0,1) 5 A=(1,0) catgredl oy Aylil ae Babee Jel pall ale Ball MBI] =1, All =1, =()0)+@()=0; yr © =97/2 65 ade «Cos © =0/1.1=0 331 2 © Je too be (3 4) crib cae Aylyl ple ar te CE Jett pall ale yall MA(R) clad J lisp B= Co 5 S.1) sed ey (5) J BS SAB2= (NCD +.OR) +20) +(-DG)=4 2 et yarHAT =. (0)? + 0? + (27+ C1? = 6 NIBH = V(-1)? + 2)? + (07+ 3)? =10 -2 Cose === v0" Vs 2 ol ays cme BA olyntl 4S (VS >) sual clad G «SABI =0 o8 tat syalere carbalae SUSY BLA cpgrasll Ob tug) Gaal cpg Cine Ld o + Aascgghed Lage: yl 13h Lady 1 1D de Sy gales OU SY BHx1/2 , A=1 cpgrell ol de yay SABY = FAQDBO)AK + oil yall gle Gall PR) chad J 1 Obapll =CAAPH 24+ =IAIP + IIBIP varSABP=0N uly (ret) Healt oda Spe goles Jolll yall a RP 4! R? jt ey + Jill JS) len dala) Guyelid Ayes x? A aaa iyhfly HLL pla alin Ob egg bil Sy sal We le Gf GED ee BT Ged Ke al Uy clued Jo Gall Joell pal) Jo WLAN ola Ob gig doncall Site ely Ugo ge ASI ale! Se" a lad (ely pill ty Lose Let Tamly gS pla! UUall gad G Cat Geet . SSay fo atl 6.2) yt ee SA BD>=Sxy,+x,y, el pall dR? YS \e Fg 4 (A,B), IIBIL, HAI] sey) A=(x,y,) B=(X,y,) igs B=(0,3), A=(2,1) (1) B=(2,2), A=(-1-1) (W) B= (4,0), A=(0,4) (¢) False! Jel) pall placed (I) yf 2 PSR) de fell opal pled) A(A,B), [BHI HAI Gane! 3 (5.1) sed + @) dle J ally Ba2+xx?, A=L-x3({) B=x-x%-x}, A=4+x2(1/2)x) () YAEEP pall pltdeely d (A,B), HIBIL HAI Cunt 4 (SL) 201 ge (5) Je f Gall Mya(R) MR) staid J B=(y, 2) -A=(3 7). dy \ 14 010 My (R) clad B= (3; 3] as(o2e] ~* ABZ oylAl op ym IF GASB cm Uylpl of oe dey! — 5S by WABIP+A+BIP=2(1A17 + HIBID? : 0} Je cay — 6 AVR) seal clad G ALB ingens GY ALB cxgrce og LUSS|IAI - IBII | STA-BIL : i Ue gay = 7 VS >) gaa slab J oY aly =1/4(A+BIP- ASBIP) : 0 Je yay — 8 VAT 1D) sail clued F ALB cages 1 Ol de gay — 9 Bol Qe HABIP=[LAI?+ (1BI?-2 [All [BI Cos@ OND) Gaal elas gl J dy ALB ow Uylpl HAN =o G8 (VR D>) (saul liad beng ALB of 131 — 10 ASB Je (aye oS AFB ol Je yap’ IIBIL 2 VIS) gall clad b omine we ogres AWB SJ 11 TB fe dapat OS Col fa .CHA+tB ane ail CHS Jools) NSS teal ¢ C dye at : abby y AB OS. 5 od cp g¥ gale’ lal pall dR? oS _ 12 £8 petals A=(1,2,1-1), B=(-1,3,5) (1) A= (21,7,2), B=(1/2,-1,3) (WyBill fe Bally darelly Last Sly clad V=ClO,1) of 131 13 aS 4 Lela be oS = Sf Wg () dx : Ob « [0,1] aalt ° Voge “¥ OVala B(x) = Cos2Rx, (OX) = Sin 2Ax eqdlal ot a (1) g(x)=Cos 2xnx, f(x) =Sin2Amx owl ol Je () + § Ota SE Le ope OSS TSI) Leal oy» aye Sots toy! (7) + BOXD=EX , FKY=T ell 3 Bs QD, (1) ele Vy G21) tage GQ) 5 WD ele’! gay — 14 (5.2.2) dap JAI sesh casaleel Jotul Gall ae R? gah clad § — 15 IS gel MATA 1 5ié all A lpr gat gel! tye mal S Myo — yalYl btsled! setyi! (5.3) Orthonormal bases and Gram - Schmidt process OS a gece lyre cluad FO! UM pall G Ulin Beg 08 che pl Ply boty Bue ow ST deg TLL eb gall Mey BelG ale Lite gl Pall oka plone J. dapllall suc tat ke ya sel glee fail of YE ILI SG UY OleLadll G AS We Scat AM Je OS Sales lpr Gar 49 O55 il sAelyill ada fee ely (Se tdi VARs >) adil cliad J lgrall op tye tenes SSS aqptebelece SB cadet cngrete (61 OI 13) Lady 15) Baler dept Sol) Sly YASdae SF Spe OW 131 lady 131 Gale isles Me yet (goed Sell dept! DSN yle a 7 @ Jue GR? cluadll J snbe deyat OSs {(1.1,1), (0,0,0)} teyast N Wy eb! Ruler dope Cod GS) cyssleel Yell Gpall GLO NT 1 2) Se lp oy BSI dey A,= 01,0), A,=(1/2,0,1/2), A= (10 2,0,-1W2) Geel pall ge RP slaadl Go Habel tubes tepe JS OY Udy . golael = (63/5) + (-5)(O) + (14/5) + (0)(0) = 22/5 ) A=aA,+...+a,A, B=b,A,+...+b,A, =a,b,+...+a,b, ob =a,b,t+...+a,b, ) Galll lpr een GW Sell Vo Sh otal sles Sue VY Lath belted soba 1 © Ske Balese Be OSs S= f1/ VE OBE Yor Je ay eb! Spall ade Gall PY(R) eleadl ole! = i (G/2)x2 dx= 1 Uy Boles YY Last dine deyate Sy dim (P,(R))=2 ol PR) St Gale! dante bel S OWT csyley Yd ame IS yh ol oh Gap placed, < 20x,3 + Sx> Pell pall ole! Xe < 2-x,3+5x> = 5! (2-x)(3 + 5x)dx = 26/3 tee Al Maa (6.3.3) dagdl J ayl Gala bal J LSI vayoS bel Lady 34+ 5x, 2K op IF Olde! GS ae Ol Le Cad be doe 345x=3 V2 (1N2) +5 S303 BN DW 2x=2 V20/TD + VIN I VGN X= (3 V2,5 V3/VS), Sie HSL 3+ 5x OU ance OS od! MY = (2 93,-V2/V%), S sae Hedy 2K OLB! ane Sy SR? BYLX copreeld Gober Jelll opal KXY> =B V2 V+ VI BA) = 12-10/3=26/3 <345x,2-x) =26/3 : ol Slkbadl Go YoY sibel sey By Leal ol ay ABS) aah fag ela US ott LAS Bae Tye J! OV ans a! sbdalese B21 Liye Nal ¢ Ayal! Basle del lel 4S Lys oll (5.3.4) day wal Olga op Buber dept S={Ap oA, POS 3) H=fA Abend oF (VCD) Grid] clad G Lyall AGLI GoM lial Nyy Hale! darle dept OSS sey MAGI LAS] = (HY gl Sega 15 op as 1 Olay! ON Le ML sab tagline Holga Sigh! of aeeiglh ob ail var =(144,) HAW <4). A> 1 =——— oO WAM WAG iF] JS uty slael deg gle CAE [S] Jel) ol! ile H depth OSS 3! BE ay, Laie A=aA+...+a,A, : dara, 55 Ol Xe hel Doll A=(a HAIDA TIAN + ...+@, HAIDA, A, Ml OS Jlily H lg op she SS ST A OS sey Rade slic! sey 6b B ELH] of 13) Ut . [S]C[H] 3% 031 . AE [H] GH B,D, B=b(A//IA ID +...+b, (A,/HA,ID =(b/MA IDA, +... + 0 /A,IDA, [IS] =H] oS Jtdty [A] CIS] ot fe gene Lis py» . B EIS] 031, CC) (GP tol Cte pls dab y : (6.3.5) days barber Bae tng (VD) Galil elias oy Br cluad JS alt rag2 Olay M ob sad ete eliad Viol le Vc Som clad M ol (yi dy S=PAy Ag} Sty M Jl Be deg aley atl ge Io Lad OS SI Bate! sslee be cled dane Mieb Gai Spy . (1.8.3) Eagle NS tal, Gos tay) ode 4h) 2k S suclall pluscel, els) M oat B,=A, we B,=A,- ( /IIB,I) B, B,=A,( /1B, 12) By y---( = CApAD) -( /[[B,1) B,,B, > : = SAL BD —D_( <0 < BL. BY = CAg. eB (6 Ay, B,> BIN) < BB, > =0 2S {By By} pl Ol Je soll) LM op gees OSS yinall Mgr op Biles de yee I OE dks epee seesBy} SS lad (5.3.2 Rape) Ube dle Lyles Uae alia) lye oo ose Ue Uti BAY Gales Geb fe yar ty .(1.8.8) de Cum wy Jel ey H=fC,,..4C, pale! Siler Ste Je ad n,...,1=k, Cae 1) Jt» Bt clad Job) Boles Beli oe M={(x,y,z,w):x + y-2w =0 } alse Le lall Spall a RE sab cluadll yet we Hate Y) Sell Selah 5 MS) Suet gl ale! Wi gle CE ts YE) ay ava) M=(04752,W):X =2W-y=y=y,z=z,w=w 3} A,= (-1,1,0,0) , A, = (0,0;1,0), A; =(2,0,0,1) Syeti Shales Ste cae cud lS db Gbi SM I duel oS ee abt B, =A, =(-1,1,0,0) vayB,=A,- ( /1B,(P9B, By=Ay ( /IBI)By( /[IB IPB, =0, =-2, IIB,IP=1 B,=(2,0,0,1) (-2/2)-1,1,0,0) =(2,0,0,1) + (-1,1,0,0) =(1,1,0,1) U3, N=V2 Hell =1, 1B I= C, =B,/ IIB, =C1//3,17-Y2,0,0) C,=B,/ |[B, I =,0,1,1) C,=B,/ [1Bl] =0//3,1/ V3, 0,1/V3) yaa ov ost Ol Ue bat ail 3!ce BSo MGA claail! ob! jules Bue Je Lhe OS 2C,,C,,C, Slgralt + 8) Sb fa pill PAR) could) Leal Galas See = S'A(X)B(X)dx gel yo GSU Racal Seldl Lag: Jet deh Wy out — AS tb Gey B,=x-( /UB IB, B,= x — (2°, B,) /|IB)IP)B, — (< x7,B,) /|1B,1P)B, . 1 UB IP= = (xdx=1/2 ‘A REBY = C81) = [td 1/3 ° B=x-1/2 vagUIBygf = ) Galil clad JS 6.3) syle Babess Hepat OS ob K asl gale Jelall Gall db R? SS 1 olen (1,2),45) (610), @, 3). (1) (/ ¥2,1/ V2), (3) « (-1/93,1/ 02), 0, V3) () (-1/V2, V2) (1 V3,2/ V3), (-1/V5,2/ V3) (9) 28 yale sale dept OS Mel let! oy slbala dept OS bE gl . sole! Jel) yall dR? SJ — 2 olga os dsl! (11,0), C1,1,0), 00,1) (1) (1/V3,1/ V3,0) , (-1/72,1/ 72,0), , (0,0,1) (oy (2/3, = 2/3,1) , (2/3,1/3,- 2/3) , (1/3,2/3,2/3) (7) (1 V6,1/ 6 ,- 2/ V8) , (1//2,- 1/ 72,0) (>) 151) asl go B) Skee Gf Gell Jett Spall J PAR) SS — 3 Bolg op Bales dept OS be I 1x1 (O) © 1x1/2 (1) X,3x?-2,2x3 (3) «ORL (7) .B=(2/ (30,3/ V30) 5 A=(1/ ¥5,-1/ ¥5) oi 131 4 copaall ab R? O® 13) Halel sales FA,B} deed! oF Ue cand De G dob Ibs O55 Yy ) easy HAIP=€ A, A? + £A, AZ? +. FLA ADD? AUB cdf Ube ie Olan UA, B,C cit ts! 13 2 Eval) doce alt Ll ISL ail fe gad (V,<.>) reyA+tB+sC CBA S de hope uh He Orthogonal Compliments 42,00!) Slee! (5.4) ela BU eal! Thee JM fail op eb aah Laas M A oF fie pl ey Aad ge Colgan ebiad gh V OWT 3 EA! OL LAN fee oT Spe cluad ald) OISMy Lita wld Vo» dim clad gl Rhy HHI Acti le ay N ogey Ol. alia! (5.4.1 aye) V=M@N cp pele a CV daa Me gad Lee tibet eS ie Clea ely clad, ea Spi ol oS HAI clad gg Bald WAI Je ee all GA clue) a aad Leste May apr elaad os csogerll pall weld 1 ys Ute [olan M 6G F fam col eo lpr clad ool V ob 151 V oye Lape Ue ldad NOS 13t lady 151 Ml gaze Blasi N Ob ytd Vo .V=MON J) lize + G41) day say V dash gee Glyn lab gh oe M pe class SV a pene eld 1 lagi Foyt oe ble ole fAy Af yKty M JI bueld cl a sagt ald (1.8.5) tall Cony ade VG lyn oe bee din O55 Arg ByyyB, Heep Al Ol 228 {By B, Folger ope rerSgr dept LF oe Al Jbl clued ya Noob 11 VS sucti .V=MON ovfB,,...,B,} Ce Fed) 2) Sie SB cae oni pelash tnd MaU(x,y): x 2y 0} OF 13 LM Qt ee aS Lye B,=(1,2) 5: ao .M J! deb oS {A=Q,)}3 eps set : B,=(,1) OS {A,B,fiegetl R? S) dae O55 {A,B,} eyed Ob Lo see 2 AS Ql gad Make Slgrce hae! LiKe lb LISay Go! el LR? S) ate ga A eo ary PN, g By Glall endl 5 ye al Gt clad ye Ny OF 136 » R2=MON, ob B, Gall ali a ye al Gat clad +3 SAI dy Sbll [Sai R?=MO@N,SSM per ae py POW) dad gle pie sh On Lay aM pda! St ace behas cliadl! Ste lis! fe Larely lg SG pare clad ole! 3G oI PUBL Abs BEAT op gpl Ung clad IS sued J) Lyng GH Mewes Glee! op elt te i Ali Liab Line Ol. SSI Leal Aged) Clad! sh MEV ints (VS Y) gall clad Ue Di luleal 3S right icp tl Ga V or be cha Me ={Agv: =0,W BEM > ol Shell be set ol tt iegedl se Mot os ble edb M game SF le tape OS (5.4.2) daapa AV, SP) sad cluaall yo Lape lelead M OF 131 ot . . i Ue leas oS Md MAM*={0}_ 2 V=MQM_3 aa (My= M4 1 + Olay eA+BEM ol de gay ol Sill! A,BEM ot 2311 MS M Gane IC deb ps. = =0+0 =0Se Selly Mg ane ot de Lope AFB OS ont pdb sas git sAEMTOS J lpn BAY BeEM™ sey €IA,C >=1€A,C> =r 0=0 35 M 3 me tC Vp Uae bes oS M* Oh gay ay (AEM we Gall xy le AAEMA\M is — 2 =0 O34 A=O fe bat oll Gall atlas yy MaM' ={o} AEV os 1S) al ay Ol CE AVE Mon" oan SI 3 ob Usall hb A=B+C ol os CEM 5» BEM wy he Mab) fAyy eA} Sty M J) tole! Sasbee juli (ae B=€A,A, >A, +...+ CAA, >Ag ee Caen A-B gs .BeM ol cob! ga aI LUST ab 3S CEM* oI de ay bb A=B+C Sh eM Bue Game Be bape 3S Cot Yi kau = - = = “<5 TApC = 2.1, = 2 10- 0 .CEM "oS eM game Sone CoB a JS! =0 sinsty AEM deb «Ma Ot yin, oa LA €(M?) isl Lay 51 BEM (fy Gaps sladll O16 V oy Um lelcad My aubt feed (V, <, >) 8 131 A,+ A,+.4+ CAA) Ag(1) JR 1 @ Jt coal clad Ge A=Q10,1) andl bin ae pall go RY slaadl G tidy M=f Qy,z,w):x + 9-2 =0,2-+2w =O} rls Jalal tenall MOS: JH ryeM={(x,y,2,W):x =-y-2w,2=-2W 3 OM J ares fA, = 2,0,-2,1),A, = (-1,1,0,0)} ist UKs ade Jel sy ole bles Suet ¢ pes B, i A, B,=A,-( /IIBIP)B, = (-2,0,-2,1)-(2/2)(-1,1,0,0) =(-1,-1,-2,1) C,=B,/ IB ||=(1/ V2, 1/ ¥%, 0,0) C,=BY |[BI=(1/ V7, -1/ V7, -2/V7, V7) deine OS aley (MS) Wate! Sues 5405 (C,,C,} dept OS 51 Shyla M fe A=(2,1,0,1) antl B= ) gual claadl op Ue leluad N My SI 6 (M+N)=MAN* a ai ga (MAN) =M+N (Orthogonal trnsformations) 42,00)! Syed! : (5.5) Rel Bad Al Shall ale ys ph cay Shall Gels ae SME gat Iga okay ALA Ebel beat Sh Sil sh cat Leys cle! lls oy Syl Lets aie. (homorphisms) Celaadll . geledll Cpl Ledsty et! bit le oJ Bed) Oye! Sa BLI ole Jie fey atl yee lpr Oleh oe ULE AY ON gredall ped UD LHL pall ay GL! tne dey le Gre oS We eye SD tal yall ait I Aad dbp UF ai + Sola SUBL sgleg SUB! Ob ay Bole eal TV eV ge dae sl bb Lat feta Wigs) 06 13 OS 13} Ladéy 131 (orthogonal transformation) layer Yyt = ABEV lyn oo 95g wy 2) Je 6 Really pl (TrR? oR? dad ut ol Ue oay T(x,y) =((1/ ¥2)x-(1/ VBy, (1/ V2)x+ (17 V3) ER? Ge ole Jolall pall Gendt tly ae uy oS rygral oy oj gol deb: ot A, =(%,,y), A, = (X,Y) ph By < ALA,Y =X) +Y¥ < TA).TAD> =(Gx,-CBy,) (Ux: By.) + (1x, + 1-By,) (ax, + ay.) = 1/208 Xy-X,Vor¥, + YsVg) + /2)0G +R FYANGE MVD) = (1/2)(2x,X, + 2Y,Y,) =XX, +9, oat hope Myé T oS ib : G.5.1) dane ob Ue yg TV Vv 9 WA! felaad (Ve 59) oo 131 FIIKe OSG HLS Lal game fyi TL OS A EV JS cst gle lyn yb! Laie T 2 NIT(A)I) = HAN pall gat! TEV) sonal OS A EV ybll gale! ane JS 3 Lay! vive=: olay PU OS A VIS. sopee dey TV V ol U2 a IIT(A)IP = = =IAIP + Sell cas Mo olgret Ulyb! ae T ob ale ABEV Sled! oe 095 GY colgeedl Ub) bie T ol oad e cade — =4 qd) P Gale el Dole MI bil HT(A+ BIP-IT(A-B)IP Sgn MI Gp OS ale olga! Jib hie T 2S) A+ BUP-A-BIP 2 Ball del jaa 2LT Xe te fed (1) dott J) teh 4£T(A),T(B)) =4 ag! (1) Seal Ob fo lay BOYS Nope Lagat Say T aS elhiy (1) 5B) chal 1S B) 5 2) call BIS Sey Q) Sw 2S «ecg (fA) Tholpn cy tly it T:V > V soyaall Lyons Ot east hel dnl + G.5.2) darpe ee nt We oS Tob bape Sy T:V > V of 1) SUS ) +: lag CA ACV Ol opi capil Lb KerT=fofol de YI ya Be hat sopell free Gent Jeli pall atlas o~ . T(A)=O flab Vol b .A=0 OS si VTIV 9 Vw OS OF 1S Lull OS A EV ance WSoT(A)II= HSCT(A))IT = (ITA) = TAT Sipbl adm 131 Ladiy 131 Layne OS Jyeutl Ol Je Gar (5.5.1) dam rnSyd oS ab del cae Olga! ight late SOT of Le olyautl w bopee (tA) OSS Yolel baler Stel Ll Gopal Lyall Giese o! 2 AML Rall G pata eabye helt Gyles 1 5.4) day shaill jbl idler suet SHY Ag iA, FE \31 Tedly aby Ve Lope yt T:V > Vy (VK, >) oud! OU eM ps S suclal Nae gle iy cpl gale! 3S M Syke pp Gee fd gobs goledll Spall ie R® egret bales dept OSG M Gyine — 2 BLY Lent, Olds ode! (2),(1) cgilell OW aeley «MT=MT _ 3 .M 2 Olay! edly gad youll pian Guat ce .M= (ai) ot 2,dd te feat cde suc) T(A) =a,,A,+a,A,+....+a,A, Ge ead Wy E21... JS aay = ae SN an ain =0 3 = (2),0) gay We FI Js ly jo apedly i Gall G pall OF MMT Ole te al edt 3) iad Bi ape) a M Byiall Gi eal fell pall os HL hel Byioal) de feat ode! (2),(1) cep M Byicaal) j Gall gy gill MT Spinal! .M1=M™ oS Jtdly MMT =I ol Cure!) 2 Q) Js Hanadly Bybl (TR? — R? (soyesll pyre dyes te Tex,y) = ((1/V 2)x-C1A Dy, (1/ V3)x + (1 ¥2)y) vAoe S={A, ALJ erteM Sarball seld) Ht Way A tall gir ¢ A, =(-2/ V3, 1/ V5), A,=(1/ V5, 2/¥5) =(5.5.4) dealt § 2299 TA) =(1/ ¥10, 3/ J10)=(1/V2)A, + (1/2), 2 et T(A,)=(-3/ V10, -1/ J10)=(-1/ VBA, + (1/V2)A, hel Bae Kl T Byres OSG cade Vv v2 V2 M= -1/ J2 1/2 gine OW MIS cto Gxley ape JG Ge IF yb ol died MT=MT OS Stdly MMT=T Ob LUIS © yale M Syinall days MMT=I 131 Jadiy 131 ayer digiva SY Radl Gapeall pyr Byinae Ol le Gad (5.5.4) taal! Lal tees OS) SWI Ob Hyapee ghee OSS Malet Sales Sueld ASL tall 3 Goyer Jest SI Gas L2yeell Gydnall OI os! + 6.5.5) deans CUE lay MXN Layo GIS Ledger iyi M CI 131 4b (V, <5 >) Gad! clued Holl Bula duels S=fAp A} 1M Ggyles S srclall Kd edgier TIV 9 V gape ye ey rsa2 Obagi 1 bE Gall bowl TV VSS Ob A=X,A, +... 4+X,A, Of 131 T(A)=y,A, ++. +¥,A, OpYyos¥,) = Cras. X,)M toe ol ea YW. Lape Syd al Le cag My Lhe Su oS Tot aol HIT(ADIP = < T(A),T(A)> ay tity, te rad ade. ole! Blase bucld SY (5.3.3) dagll Que Udy UT AIP = (59g VO pVge--5¥™ = (Xj 5-065X,)MMMX).005X,)7 E Ogee Gee ex SR tx?) =HAIP Sel Ll T Span OSM ob 52 IS Lape yt TS a eagylall «S (eto rr@) Jue Bact LS aiginaw Sill oT:R? p RP cope! poe be 1 open!) Bpivall OSG ( GaleY) dusbell y arbi 2/3 2/3 1/3 M= |-2/3 1/3 2/3 1/3 —2/3 2/3 1 ySd RP Gane gir A= (x, x, x,) Sell : et A, =(1,0,0), A, = (0,1,0),A,=(0,0,1) OS). Rangdall dela pole A=X,A\+X,A)+%)Ay oe (Y,,¥ao¥3) = (Kj »XqoX3) M fc = (1/3)(2x,-2X, + X4,2K, + Xp-2X,,X, + 2X, + 2x,) oat T(A) = T(x) XpoXs) = VAL t+ Ay +9343 = (1/3)(2x,-2X, + X4,2K -X5p2K,4X, + 2X, + 2x5) 2 @) See ddl OFS SM Ligie (3 K3 dope Byer oe =(1/ ¥2, 0, 1/¥2) pla) pole ly Saalare Gl gre ye HLE Lryeall igiall Spine OI ie et Se Gaynty pla gale! OS Lape $5 catelase Vor Yy cps ole! beled ye ON Upgnes CR? Jt tate! Saale deli ole! e GG DLN ode .X, ogee fe Sat — oS dayb Shi X,X, =(142,0,1/72),A,(1,0,0),A; = (0,1,0) B= AGA X AX EX “ B,= A; —@Ay, BD/IBE)B, GA,,X> /1XI9X, de had AbLI aN BU Le lhe clot oe B, =(1,0,0)4/V2 (14/2,0,1/V2) = (1/1V2,0,-140) B, = (0,1,0) 9/9 Bal] = (1/Y2,0,-1/92) e }, = (0,1,0) 1A2 0 1AD M=vé 0. =14t et "0 1 0 eipllall Giky oper Byer OS 6.5) gyi esl Ol de ay gale Jotul Gall dR? SI 2 Rawal) Gall THR? -» R? T(x,y)=(xCos@ +ySine ,-xSine +yCose ) 2 OS ad BY Udy bragee Sat OS aye yd oS Ud) Obed op gh — 2 T(Xy.2)= (¥,2k,2) TR? 4 R(t) T(x y,2) = (%,-y,-2) oT:R? + RP Wo) (T:P,(R) PAR) (c) T(at bx +.cx?) = a+ ((b+0)/ (2)x + ((—b +.0)/'2)x”cT:PR) PR) (>) T(at bx + cx? + dx?) = —b+ax+ dx?—cx} W/W ob fe oad M topes Dyiaall G15 OF YA CIT 1313 AM Sh ass a5 Lal 5 Rape Bytes OS ibd) Sbyiall oo J Ol de yay — 4 100 10 0 12- 0-10 0 Cose -Sine ; we ° : “1 00-1 0 Sine Cose V3/2 1/20 1 -2a 2a? A=(I/1+2a’))2a 1-2a? -2a igual I fe yay — 5 a? 2a 1 sal da5 (sY Loyee Byivae OSG Sbliy inp Laie Gye BIS 131 6 oan (BT =-B) whe Byiall oy CU ALG Byer OSG I+B will ol Ue « tysyet diyinan OS A= (I-B)(I+BYt 'o a del 7 HF 09h sda te [ ) ° a ape Byer ys (5/13,12/13,0) JN) gine OS dpayae dipinvas dnyl — 8 BUN Uginey (2/3, -2/3,1) IMI Upine OK trogae Wiyinvae doy! 9 .(1/3,2/3,2/3)LE BW DW lager OS Hagel piven dngl — 10 0 —1/V2 V5 v2/3 2/ - 1/3 V2 0 v2/3 O55 AB Ol fe oad XN Hagar Byes A,B op § Ci 13) — 11 wRuayee diyivar Lx! det(A)=lAI= £1: 0) fe ad hayee yi A CIS 13 — 12rtd! fvadll lanagll feally Aya! ASL anal ‘Bilinear and Quadratic Forms * dawotie (6.0) (Vs <5 >) gail clad GB ner CA, BY fell Gall aed) eh ) byt tay! GE, p VXV—e Rls daly Ge 5 OF “(5.1 opie FG ELE OS Da LG ot fo ad SM Sl by sl Bape dy GM BD by 2 Giz i) all LUG uaa Wan G jot all oda Adak! AILS Syl) pent tale glans @ilst ball ae ol Mabe AM) Gal Head teed geval Sebo I by yooh x + Ixy + y= 3 oF Cad We JS oli OGY gull at Bre ye ole tog By 3 Ge OF «xyn 411 ayry Sc coy% ala Jee Vat Mel Waball BUS sylAI pyar DLs St Ea US AU chy Al ada (Cross product bls po dm be OS, OF dys py ddr olsice YYeCree gh (type) dae tine SS dans tine yt dL. ol . term) Wabigs cll Mila pall! glam ptrenn Car frail! Mia G Lous Ball op He SU hens Tne asl Ob fe Kiagld ix VARY pas U3 ay oobe olpiat %y as Bet GALS Shall pale SMI gute padi Wa bh aa «elles Mana) Gvally demae al Styl aly Sluly Ypratliasty Bilinear maps i.b#-1 455 J\yul (6.1) ays OV fe tbl asd Wha CF fie fe lpn clad V vir 131 Who watt f:VxV 4F dh aid Ay Styne gV wy f(A, + A,B)= f(A,,B)+ f(A,,B)— 1 Ay BEV A, clgnse oJ wy f(A, B,+ B= f(A, B,) + f(A, B,) — 2 .B,, Bev A, BG V cies is sliy f(TA, B)= rf(A,B)= f(A, B) _ 3 TEF orld sue & 2) Se Ws Gai F= R.V= RPER XR’ LR f(A, B)= a,b, + a,b, + .... +a, sinally £ WA AX yy ony Bs B= (Djs oy D) Herd cw 75 GY Wy R™ fe ggalee! Jel pal Sys YY Sab AFF tls oS dle! «(GoD 5h ey () Sie art) 2 Q) J» Spall Ta Of agal feLaad (Vy 7) O8 Ut cle dye eu » IVxXV—R oC AL aaa b fell pall aad erly ) Abd ASL te OSS 2G) J» Gaps Se ails F jadi Je nxn Byes M= (@,) OOS 131 2 GY FY fe thd 213 dls f:F"xF"— F £(X, Y)= XMY" Y= (ys oes Vy X= (yp ovey X) 1 Ea v% Y's 1 oe fuad Mel taal Glam ae £(X,Y) = 22x, ay; o pSallyy Byivas dant Had ASE Wo fF Ob AS Ady Oye rry£611) dango cr Sthy CF Jab ghey Lal pe gets saad -V SI 108 6V Saab ue S=fA,,.... Ad M(f) Wiyivae ows V de f: VXV mF ibd ab ile Oe S sacl Hl f(A, B) = X M(f) YT By A Sbsltat Olgas ep Y= (Vp voy Vydy X= Cys voy Hy) OL Sam : 2S saclil Holly LUdy ¢ Syl de tal USF Dio ws F Jedi Je nxn ins Od M tiginae J — 2 Mi) =MdeeV efi VXV SF OSS (1) ola fA, A) f(A A).. — fA,AD M()= : fA, A) fA,A) — ... f(A, A) X= Oy Key ores Hy) AVG creme GAL BSS we BVH (ys Yon vos Vy) gS Bel Heth A Site! aoe TO! gm da S sucli ll Bolte! A= ASt + XA, B= YA, t + YyAy vYAPAS ULL 54 OI Ke Hab! AIL Slyill jatlaast (larceny f(A, B)= fA, + 0.7 XAg V/A, te + YA) Hy LRA tint XAYA)+ ot YALA, te + XA, A) in! n? nA? TD xfAp A) + 4 aA AD =y, = ZS yi Ap Ad MC) gical j ryesdly i ual d paiall ga F(A, A) oS Nie XM(DYT Saylor odhel apeall Ob) 65 Spinal Ge deel ale -C) an Gypi-F Jatt fey XM days O13 M Gyives Lebel Lil 4} — 2 ALL As D> fiVxXV OF f(A, B)= XMY™ dally ode .B Wal ane yp Y, A olsliel ane ye X Ol Cee ddl Ay oltlaat OY aly M() = M bl oS ILI Ci IK G1) ©, 0, 0.2, 1, 0, --, 0) anal OS S duel Vy 0, 21-5 1,0, 45 0) OS S Bela Hay Ay OSH! ancy ob ale (ji § {Ay A)= 0,4 10,..0M) ? 1 = mi, 0 6©M diyisaall j agent! yi Gall j paiall ga my I om CO med) 1@) die Bab) ASUS WL) Ryder te f:R?xR? = R . tapally Gall £: (ys po Wy VIF 2X,Y, -3 YQ + 4x, - GY, 1S= fA,= Ge, A= Qtfisctal Lat ey el (f(A, A) f(A, A.) M@®= | ((A,A) f(A, A.) f(A, A) = f(1,-1), 0,-I)= 2+34+4-1=8 f(A, A.) = (1-1), QI) = 4-3-8 + 1 = -6 f(A, A)= £0, (UD) = 4464441215 f(A, A,)= £(@2,1), 2,1) = 8-6 + 8-1=9 TAY diydaall ga f Uigdvan OS Lib rr.8 6 MM=) 15 9 |, 1) Jie Bed AE DI tee vf: PAR) x PRK R yin oy gat gl 11 4 Maat 07 OF 1 2 4 0 .P,R) JiS= Thxxh fla) GEL Zl Ly oS Ht A= at axt ax B= b+ bx + b,x” 25p8083) DA Ashe ae OS ale PAR) expe danlg S Gell Selly Ady (Opp by by) andl ya B OUtin! anny : by de eet 6.1.1) aye f(A, B)= (@ a, 4,)M b, b, 11 2! b, a £(A, B)= (aa,,a,).| 9 ° b ices) ee a rr)= (@y+ 2a, ay Ay» - Apt a) b = (Gy + 2a,) by + (@y-a,) b+ (CAo+a,) b, = a,b, + 2a,b,+ a, b, -a,b,-a,b, + a,b, weLaLI ASL Spill iyinan le Buell par atl Mood 26.1.2) dane lpr clad Ue Sad! YE dio fi: Vx Vom F is 131 S= JA, AS Saela 4h, F Bier M(f) SS). V aad gel (BL ode S*= JAS", ANE sue yi M*(f) y Ol G8 P Lal abl XD sivas deg M*(f) = PM(f) P™ lays CIT NB LS suet JIS* sell» Sis) Bier PSI 208 P= (,) DB PyA oe den 2 Sy VG cme gh Be AS SS oS btel wl A ool ane X 2 S* je Hdl A Sigel ane X* oS bac Zod BOLe! ane ¥ AX, = rryJ S* jacli ql BOW! ane Y* (ole de feaé (1.9.1) al ow Y=Y*P ,X =X*P SUEENN digivan Ob, SO). GU LG pier OSS P Wyirally CPT gles S* MNS oy Ue pat (6.11) heaps Godan f(A, B) = XM(f) Y".....() A MMO SS sue Hy VG BA olen oo SY Uy Oo) S* sacl HL f Byinae f(A, B)= X* M*(f) ¥*7.....Q2) ee el (I) GY = Y*P, X= X*P oe ayyall te f(A, B) = (X*P)M (f) (Y*P)" = X* (PM(NP)Y*™ Ue pat 2) ge tylalt X*PM(OPTY*T = X*M*(H ¥*? de had a PRG YX GV aly M*(f)= PM()P™ Cte) ABS Sy ganele gay GLB TIS Sh cw pte Eg dee a blall Abs) rreial (Symmetric) bux 0.5 ad) iw! fV x V — F ail O® 31 daddy 131 f(A, B)= £(B, A) LV GAB Sled x 095 Vy 16 Je» f£:R? x R? — Radi ue dw! tipall Blt £ (Xs ¥y)> Kye YQ) = X,Xp YY SN sy bbe tle oS £OK ys ¥y)s (ys Yq) =F CX qs ¥oq)s (Xs 4) 2) Je» g:R? x R?— Rahs ws ww) rGmall dial! BX» Yq)» (Xp YY) = XyYq - YpXy BX» Yq)» (Xs Y= XY, - YX, (A, B) # 8 (B, A) Os! Bblcr Obpinas OSS tell Gad! LI Styl Cligiver at batt GY Zatl Udy rre2 @) dee piel (6) Jel G Spl ablelt Abd) WE WN) Bynes de UR? SIS= foac.of jaclall Gl Wilby SMA, (1,0) cA, = (1,2) aoe Ht £((1,2), (1,2) = (1) )- @) @) = -3 £((1,2) 1,0) = (DE1)- 2) (0) = -1 £(-1,0), (1,2))= C1) - 0) @) = +1 £(-1,0), 1,0) = C1) (1)- (0) ) = 1 hel S juli) del £ abba WIA dipivan OY ale 300 -l mo= ft! bbls Byes el GS Le GOW iG pide ply ail) Wa GEL ineall oF ANS dad pS : (6.1.3) deage coe elaad fe Ble Lhd! Ut Wie fi V x Vi Row 13) Safa AL} te ey of R Gast! alae Jo Je V andl F(Ay AY) Ob gl aad SG Ub tandly F diyinas ot ou VJ! Jif jlas =0SLod| AIS DW Bpdes OS Mardy (6.1.2) dal! dole ginal dave, Del Gayl Ge pa Ol LK cable Bynes OSG a blll th 26.1.4) Lays Byinae deg ciadb! ole! i> Je M able tiyia GV Byer © Ol Gl) kb Byes PMPT OS Ce oP Cla «(typed diginas MN ile O55 6 ble Linde Soni Be att ea bE OS Del eal ay Loa re Gill Sas Bgll Slag! op cdl JF GS cdgé eae ue nalall fb ele OS il yy <1 X Rings OI M bie Byte say V3) Lally 13) M J) BF OS raat! oul ob ye 1” FhrLrF——S XM = 1X STASI dead by U5 Yee X gener ce SER GY = Oy ¥,) X= Oy or X,) one GV — 2 2 ggaleeYl Jotul pall oe pana D= xyT v = Oy oe X,) i EX) t et Vy YnSI Gay Ving MMT = I Of 131 dadiy (31 Qoyee Byiae M Qs 3 dualely sues R™ lene oy 1 oe he M Byinal! Gye OS daghl Gehl Sd oe AV charged Gall eal LF. Spl ible Lae Byial ULE 53 Qi Wyld LI OI 1(6.1.5) daaya ed DK, Oy ible La Bye M OI 15 Aik: cae Call Cngld np XX, OG M Bybee opake gers XX) X= XX,"= 0 ONS! Xy Je Layee Ss Xy of Sips Je 1 Olay! AJ SW be XM= A,X; ) X,M=7,X,_— «...2) iygobe del, 1 de fat (2) datas -M= MT Og lay bts gia MS 5h MXR? # fe eat cle oye XG Wall! olla Ge Th X,MX,"= 1,X,X," 1 Be Suet (1) tata sp yl Ue XM oe AX X= WXX,"(AAADNX,"= 0 y RFR sy OFA AM -X,X,7=0 oo Cr 4-9) Bie AS gb JI nls LAL Oye! Ob Jo ar Me! aah Bpbbas Gade Wigan GY Udy Buber OSS 2D) iysagd days OSS M SNA OS IF Of bbe Lie tigen M Gate tt (Miia inns = ny AROS lem Ss SIS ane 5 Lie foe slag! tats Lis tae X ol) M Spiel! Bis A ol pil Ose as a XM=AX oa qd) andl OS teh aie oe DOS py Ge RAD ot de gas Gye ah sae ae OS X=.) (am fate A OK tue 6 A gaiall oad ile yw Wool R=x, fe eat code! Mata Gb ile dsl -R" Glee X y Eee? = xi SIM pols Ottley M poles X= (Xj, Ky ony Ky) Ol eae O35). M=M agley cdundi Spley gid> oe Us! Silay Rid> Bytes XM=*X TrAide had (MT= M dl dea dty (1) Voll Gb jue Let, MxX™= 2x7 ode fat sll oe X Gb edhe! Wala Gey XMX"= ) X xT see QB) _ de het XT GS cnt on (2) Wold Ge XMXT=AXXT 4) - bet Oey 4) eee O= (4 -h)XX™ KXT= Kx, 4 + Kx, = WXIPZO 2 2 JB eee X FON hh, ell M Lae hate WD oS Hay R=D aby KR-A = 0 oH X(M- 21) =O: tbyiall Vall yo 47 Mow fo 3 ale Jad ¢X ade M- AL 2 2aL) Byisall 3 Sb VoL Hb Soule ol i OS ley Lid X andl OLS am OSS IWly Gade SLI oS -XeR" (tees) 2 (2) ddgge days eal op Neg oN XN dnye ON Lie E bis Dias JS) (tale OSS ON ypc po) GidL Asti)2 Ola Say OM Bigiael) speek! Babli Sh jad [M-aa|= CIPA'+ aA + +a A+ a= 0 O} Uae dada! ole) far G odhel Mall Ub JI bb Henhl ade pale 134 Was Kor os Wan Sy tt ge m Doll Gls etl GLY Vise oS SLL! GS gee Ot fe ya (1) Ratagdl danall 4S) i oc) 35) = (6.1.3) deal ny (6.1.4) dent ges Hy) dang 1 (6.1.6) tage Ol Le P kayae Wgias dng «M able Lie Byer GV Rapa giver OSs PMPT Oleg Snail We) M Byieal LAB IU pl Ay Ay 1 (121 yaagll deaphl ale Ol ee A as ta tee M tyne bs eee X) sel (Block (pall pg eg lll Ob yoni Gp IX I= 1 + Dliyivael) Multiplication) mt Sy Xt UN! gre R" ! Solel Barles BEG be] {Xp Yor eons Ya} re.Dyiar Je jad odhel sneld) pole 55 we x, Q= | % iia MQ, Q7= LY Ly tapee Bier OS Q, | X,M QMQ,T= YM | xt yt. ¥,9 Y,M AX, _ 1 yM | TY2T¥.9 YM Be (MX" Sy My,? (MX," Ty My, Ol de rat ade doll suka sueli \x, Yon vos y,} Ole JS) iy X¥,7= SX, YD= 0) X,X,"=IMIP=1 XM=-2x Mabel Gb yi Ob WIS: 2,...50 = AA, reyie MX,"=%,X," ON fe He LWA bbls Bytes MY by YMX,"= Y,A,X,7= =hY,X,7=2 ,&,X> 132, 4 JSD Ay 8) Te F QMQ, = One Been O% HS. (0-1) X (M-1) p> O13 yiner oe Hle B, Byicl! sible tyia By 1 Nar eb 9 OSG By given) Zi pi! — 2 2 GE B, dyivall Je Gund Gaal SG Dy A a eb XY Ky Ug Golet told eee ot Ol gl B, Byivad XB\=2 X SG faape diyinas Jog lb hel 4SWI Ges. XYER™ ol Lee y 2 (n-l) x (nell) days O'S\grsiy Spl» (N-2) X (N-2) tyr Id Dyin B, ol oe Dry en BS A ee 1 °°: Q re NI on X 1 dejo Old Hope Byer Q, Q(QMQ,") Q,7= 7 (1) x (-) ° J BeDxen Winery Q, Layee Uiyias Jo band B, pial fo pnd Lal 15 Ay ible» (n-3) X (n-3) depo O13 B, QQ,QMQTANQ? #]----3 Bo 10! Ee Qs Ue frat of MI MiXay »y Qu Qua MQ"... VI QW = Ya, rer oO oO iN.P= Q,,Q,27 QQ, ro Pha QT," O04 as ° tha OS alley PMPT= aye OUginae pr bole P ol le. iylad digiae PMP ol sh shayet tiyias OS Che aoa) We Of Cla yt Gyan os ULE Lape Byer fF OI ie (6.1.4) deal oye OS Byblin Rasim Byer FO) le 2d (6.1.4) dahl OY Byer SI aple 1 ple lied (4.3.2) deal! I g ell Di ob Byes M cil N31 PMP"= D OSG Po ligiall Gyo Ol gad ciybd Byes D ol o> MS) A513 LG OSG Sy hell Spinal Wolicy M SI 2513 Sly rgble BAS publ Lae ol X,, CIB 13g 5S ae by Aa oreo ho hace Agls Olyax XX OB M Byicanl Syl de odhel Asti gl) duh Spall alely & 1 agate Higher O55 Mel AL Glgrll op HS | dybe gil P Tayiall CAS 131 ail sl reeGy hope Bytes P Ob PMP!= PMP™= D rane ee plall Ralely Bilas 2513 lyre dept Je Spat! ol wet ALS dane jedan a JT JULY abled ele ney oS 9) Je» ON em Cyad Dyin OSG PAPT gid oP iuayee Byies ey : bbls tyie A > 0 wwe Nan awn (ot A Bignell deal! Dotall : Yt 4A 2 2 det(A-AD=| 2 42% 2 |. 20-8) = 22 43 (A-2) (2-8) = O rteSE NHB A= 2A Byeaall GN gill OS ite Fong O! OU alt fall b dete Gal A,= G1, 1,0), A= 1,0, 1) a NS tin’ Sabi = 2 tl! Ga qual Slall sled sue’ Ob, Sled op tall sles dene Sige TA, Ap ye cue (US gi> y ASI ag By=CWa Wa 0) 4 B= (WEE 28) sacl) J A=8 ai al ql SIU eae A,= (11,1) pb oleVi ama! Siggah Ay de ath dink Gas B=( Visa's > Ks) : Byisall fe pat Syed By, By, By pluscul {pl “Wx ‘Mz 0 P= |[-WE -YWYE 2KkeE WB KE Ke 2 0 Panera : b- ( : Si Byinae NA tyiall JA 0 AS Gains see s.5jliy PAPT = D ot 51 + 6.1.3) daapll sai YI rey+ (6.1.3) daagll Olay Bye M SIV SH= 9B, BSP seb gt a Sblall abst ang Uw fiVxVR Otel H sacl Hy . Gi P larga lginas tory ale chide ible Dyas M PMPT= D id P pte .( (6.1.6) Sand okey US ) ya Dyan DOI oe Vidude Suelb Je Jpadly sue s= f Annes j re A,=P, B+... +P,,B, ACS Pa te PeeB y25 (6.1.2) Rall H stelal SS suelo JURY Bias P ol gl OSG S Sela Lady f UW Byres Ot fe PMPT= D Che Aes) 1 (10) See RDN ASS Wil Byte oy det R? pla) belie ERxRR reythapally Bll £(% 5 ¥)s Op ¥_)) = Xa 2 Pt WMV + Wa sigh hylan UR shappihiactds S= [A= CLOWAL= OZ SIH! BAC odb Gh, f tbyivae Of f(A, A) f(Ap A) M(f) = f(A,A) f(A, A) P-2t-3 =0 R=3 a= 2 4g1 pill TEAde Ge Ay = 3 a tate I Sgn le Spat os DAdyiall dota! = (0,0) bBaaly Lhe ates SI soy a -2x+2y=0 y=x Saad! La Spall pote! tas lee gS X= IND, VV Ob wa! r—hrr™—™L—L——LC—C rl Byler Je fat SU y= -1 asl Gall eo Spell soll Gis hope 2 WD = 4M AE 5 GAS Miydall oie 3 0 MPT = P 0 4 By, By Capra oo BSs Ste SIS uel) pid Gyall ols pauses re or LL reeB,=C1/ VA, +A 9a,= C1 ¥3, 1/93) FS) Role BF OS. adel sucka Hy fyi oO} 6.1 oy op SOR? 3 xpress gl B= (9) A= (9) 08 WILT ils OS FR? x RP R Nga f(A, B) = x, x, + Sy,y, +3 dy -f(A, B)= 7x, y,- 2x, y, ~ f(A, B)= 1+ x,x5-y, yy (2) - f(A, B)= 2x,? + 3y,? sy oT clad $ igre si B= (U,, Vy, W,) A= (uy, V,, W,) Of 131 2 BIE Ue 4S Cx Ch C yall oo sb C Jatt eC? (CO fe tad f(A, B)= uu, -ivw, + (1+ wy, 1A, B)= (2:31) + uw,-vju, i f(A, B)= -iuyw, () f(A, B)=u? + v2 + w,2- (A, B)= 2+4iju,-v, + w,Shea) any) BA, x, x7} aedall suclall a) PLR) SS! 3 liga o> gad il fs PR) X PR) — R dbd' * emir eo 2 1 2 9 loa peer el fmom a cueeauee | allcomueuinen 0 00 ca , J Gena! oe SUI sacl d RAS 4 A,= ©, 1, 0, 0), A,= (2, 0, 0, 0), A;= (@, 0, 1/2, 0), A,= (0,0, 0, 3) Sb yball oo aah SIR? x RY Rd tel Sia a Proud 4 04 41 ,fboroud 1rd 7 5 Se Proud 2 12 2 1 3 4 200 1 41 3 1 yW2 oO 4 + 0 6 dapall Bll fC? x Co C abl AG AW) diye oy! 5 saci Seals tds MZ, 22), OW, WD) = iz, - +) QW, .S= fA, = (40), A,= 0,-D§SD oF bea RP fe Abd ite Us Byles any) 6 vena! Sel Holy Hy 2) nd boy C fo Abd WL We 6 tyies toy) 7 Rap tel Hol BA f: PR) x PR) + RAgad! ass WN pies any) 8 Ball elds fla, + b,x, a, + D,X)= 2a,b, - a,b, dally S=]A,= -14 x, A,= 3xJisetal SIR? brent I B= 1 9p 2) A= OY, 2) O8 139 ble oS f Rx RB R idl ass Nall (A, B)= x, x5 2y,y) + 32,2, Cy f(A, B) = 2x, ¥, + 3y,2)-2,X, ~ f(A, B) = 2x,x,-3x,2, + y,Z, + 4y,x,-Z,y, (c) FA, B)= x,x, + 2y,x,+ 2X,y,-2,V-¥,2y () Ejhb Byias OS PAP! Gid P tapes gies toy! — 10 14 2 3 ] 5 2 A= A= A= —.. 30 2 8 2 iy Ld (10) of SL 7 0 24 4 0 = al 4 ce 25 25 o 0 W 8 8 0 -1 0 4 4 0 0 0 3.3 -24 0 0 0 o ra 35) ° 35 0 wt Le oo revSpotl) HAI Ela WN Gigdae oe bee R? J! seb ay) 12 1B EOS FR? x RP Ree ebi dye LL £X,, ¥,)s Xp» YQ) = 5X,X, + 33K, + 3 VBy,x,- (1) YiY2 FY), Ky¥Q) = 3X\XQ + Ky + XY, + SVQ ’ 2AgtS) SMgally RPM) de (UD) od G Cyllall 13 F(A, B)= 2X,%3 = X1¥3- X12) — YX + 2VYy- V2 dy a (A, B)= -2x,x, - 36x,z, - 3y,y, - 36z,x, - 23 2,2, B= (X% Yoo 2) A= (Ky YZ) Ce Aang anally dang t Syl (6.2) Quadratic Functions & Quadratic Forms Liles Lay Ula Baw kk = ail Fle Aly ca(-K) = G(k) GS): oiet Capel AI! old QF — F a(k + t)-q(k)- q(t) = (k + t?- k= t? = 2kt Vad gate lyrics clad VF fe bl age dla pant Okt daaly Wal F Jab fe a:V —~ FoV Gl 0 belt Ll A Sis nee ye X= 8S See Skeet! Olle tel C Lage Lid pine Call day. lelad fe drag Sal fo leat Se Rays Us eet ole fe lye clad V Of 13 y Ae Y ils La Ve dale QaVvV—R ABV ISI QA)= QCA) O Vx Vo Ra @ papal Ball f(A, B)=(1/2)(Q(A + B)- Q(A) - Q(B) AV Ge Abd 18 dls oS FC) Slee Q&,y)= x? + 2y? davally Ball Q: R? — Rai LY iy Lela bas tls gy QGY) = QCx,-y) a)HRY )s OY D=C/2) (MEY) + OY) QU, ¥,) Oly Ww Q) = (1/2) (QU, + Xp ¥, +) - QR Y,) - WK, YQ) = (1/2) (%, + xP + 29, + y=)? + 2y,)- (4 2y,) = (1/2) (2x,x,+ 4y,y,) = X,X, + 2y,Y> LR? fe bb 25d ile oe Le Wl ols . 7 £2) See 1 2 Sanat Hall Q: MR) Rd Q 2 x; 1 |e Pel (1) Seal Be Seidly alae hangs Hho OS 1B) Jee denall Ball Q:R? — R dw! QU, ¥, = x? = xy + yz POY Alby RP fe Kilns das dls OS Qu. D=O)-MOY+OG) 22. = x?-xy + yz = QU, y, 2)2) CDQ, ¥,. 2) + (Os Vor 22) Q (Xs YZ) - Q Ky Yq, ZI) =(1/2) (X, +x, ~(X, + x) (Y, +¥,.) + (, +Y)) (Z, + 22) OFX, + Vz) - OG? HVy + YZ] = x,xp(1/2)X,yx(1/2) X,Y, +(1/2)y,2, + (1/2) 22 RP fo Abd UU ds olay Rede eal Syl lp ad oll Gata! Jae oa Gp 26.2.1) diape dad! gee Clyne clad be Q:V Rivka tee la HE AAG sued! Jr Ue V QO) = 0 a) AEV + JSQRA)= 4A) 2) 2 Obagi (bb de VG ALB, C olyne at QA +B + C)-Q(A)-QB + © = 2f(A,B + ©) 1 HE ll Mad se WI eb fs V x V a Roe Q(A + B)- Q(A)- Q(B) = 2f(A, BYQ(A + B + C)-Q(A)- Q(B + C) = 2(F (A, B) + f(A, C)) = 2f(A, B) + 2f(A, C) = QA + B)- Q(A)- Q(B) + QA + C)- QA)- QC) 1 Raall Mel Wall US Se QA + B+ C)- QA + B)- QA + C)- QB + C) + QA) + QB) + QQ =O de bat code! Jalal A= B= C = OLaay Ii! QO) =O Ue fend B= A, C= -A shag HUI Q(A)- QA) + QA) + QA) + QA) = 0 231 Q(A) = QA) ole QI2A)= 4Q(A) (t+ A-39) BL) 5S WW QE — Rites dang ths GV hivx VOR tA Ball H(A, B)=(1/2)[Q(A + B)- Q(A) - Q(B)] ot EW bk IS UW sy Sie QL! LIE la OSS reall Key al Ul (Polarizing) lai!Ve Spadl Se abbey hI UU dle IF Ol Ue gad Gp Bay Liles deg dls lain L $(6.2.2) dea, SAAR ale fie fey all gar Clyne clad VSS Lila Lay Ub Gp fi V x Vo Rabie bbl ists dls tap Q2V —R Q(A) = f(A, A), AEV gad el Bk ge Lebel day Sl Uhl obs f(A, B)= 1/2 [(Q(A + B)- Q(A)- QB) 1 lag Ws OSG Del anally Ball QV — Rd ot de W eas TW dedk pAlb ule day Q(-A) = FCA, -A) = C1)? f(A, A)= QA) te Jani Sbliny Kad! U5 f ol le (Q/IQA + B)- QA) - Q(B)] =(/JI(A + B, A + B)-f(A,A) - £(B,B)] =(1/DIf(A, B) + £(B, A))} = f(A, B) Gap epi tly Ladle Lan Del Hiall Q Wha! SS sis 1 GE Lhe days do QV R oles Je Sali UeH(A ,B)=(1/2KQ(A + B)- OLA) - GiB) 2F(A, A)= O(2a)- GA) - A) = Q(2A)-20(A) = 4Q(A)- 201A) = 20(A) 1Oaly aay= f(A, A) = Q(A) Q= Foi gi AEV JS wis 2) See eek R' x RK? R abla Qed! ae wi tianall Bally Qi R? — R isle! day) UW Clb! QU, ¥, 2) = xy + 2yz SUA hd! IF WAIB= (85, 55 Z)) 9 A= (KY) 2) SSS hI 1Glé Oe Q Sibi oo as ER? x R'R f(A, B) =(1/2)(Q(A + B)- QA) - Q(B)) =(1/2)(QU, + XY, + ¥q0Z, + 2) - QAR, Y,, > QU, Vos Z)) =(1/2)(x%, + x.) (Y, + ¥) + 2Cy, + YQ) (Z, + 2) - XY 2Y,Z%QY2 ~ 2,2)=(1/2)(X,¥, + XY, + 2y,z, + 2y,2,) 2S) Jee Abd) ASS Dy dag Q@: RP Rika Gayl Tw taal Bll iR? x R* — Rabie (Ks Y ys Z))s Ky Yqp Z)) = XX, Zy Q(A) = f(A, A) ap QU, Ys 2)= CX, Ys Ds & Ys D) () &) - (&) @ = x-yz Byes ows Byblal! Ghd! AE Mil ol GL ag GGT awd Oh edt Na ah, AUS sade Gall plead sueliy 3 ble Dias We bla y Abad) ASUS Wy AAS 5 pees nad Lied de Dill! day sil UI! pines sh Ob ade y .( 6.2.2 tape) Salley clara Ud fe Ws gl OB L-Salby Vi fe dite dary dls claw V clad suey FW! WG eye hy Blas Spies cad Vl Selby Likes tae 5 5@ See QR R sted day al MU BF ll bull Byala bell Rh US) QR Y= x XY + By? rival Bal! «Rene AR? x R? me Ri bliss Gad) ANS Wo Gi ode! day J) Ml): J Phapallyf(A, B) =(1/2)(Q(A + B)- Q(A) - Q(B) Had OSs ale Enplall Buel) poke B= (0,1) A= (1,0) : Sd f(A,A) = Q(A) = (1)? (1)@) + 3€)°=1 f(A, B) =(1/2(Q(1,1) - Q(1,0) - QO, D) =(1/2)(3 - 1-3) = -1/2 f£(B, A)= f(A, B) = -1/2 £(B, B)= Q(B) = 3 El an 1/2 3 YS oe Geol aly el dan UI! Bye oe ole ale cand (XY) ye dani) Buel GL A= (XY) Olse! ane ol ob © Reda Saelil Ldk f Bynes OS 05) Oy Q(A)= f(A, A) = @ 9M [ x ] y 1/2 x) Qk y) = Oy) ot gt 2 3 (* ]= (x= (1/2)y, (= 1/2)x+ 3y) * xtaxy +3y Biyies Uoey Cee cihyby Uy db code! JUL > dab of wlpplladzel oye pend Bhd! As Wal JOE oy ile! days Dw! Nenad pSV gga ULI yd Ol ety QE eR ila Las Ulo Lebel Lil ot) cp 2 gil Ble! Bydall M SS. V Sl WU sue S= {A, 20! sl Q taka! oy Lyle rat cf V XV — R abd as f(A, B)=(1/AIQA + B)- QA) - Q(B)] REO XareX JOT 131A EV ace sVQ(A)= MAA): 35S tlley 2B 6S = fA, Af sacl Lay A VU ane Q(A) = f(A, A) = XMXT S sae Awl f ayia M= a) NUS Oe ro ay Ay a, x, QIAD= Oy Spex |: : % gy Aga +++ Ann 4 “)= 2 2 2 QA) = a),X)°+ aX) + + Anx, +2 Gera XX} Pall ceed iy Faux, + 2 Za XX iy ici Xp ey X, lai Liles Las Bane WS OSM 5 CV sland) Sue gd Sh petele ny I5I QO Xp X= = ay X jel i=l Xp Xap vey Xq Slat nay Baas Ie ae 2) Ste TA Rell Rell oe JS Sbtell pial oe Q(x, y)= x? = xy + By?) QU, y, 2)= -x? + 4xy + 2y? + 6xz- Syz....(ii) Qs Xap sees Xe) AF ll M= (85) Sigil Gai code! LEY Ft Ay Ay cera c+ SF OSE x7 Jol lr a, sal pasll OS 1 OB WSng XX; doles Gerad ylOS QOuy)= X= xy + 3y? Bye (I) 1 ~1/2 M= -/3 3 Ss Q(KY,2)= —X+ 4xy + 2y? + Oxz— Syz we, di) Qe ‘yaar 1 o-8 9 m-|2 2-5/2 3-5/2 0 Siphet Raya Hepall WLS GIG GF fees We Gay GLY JL Bae opry de ad (6.1.3) dad) deny tee SN) Jed 6 ote FV xX Vee R obbce bd) 28s allo sh pies oe fad V clail! Abb Sy as 2 2 1 tee + AL Xy Teagll depall Abb ee i ay eA Mel tapall Bybee OSS ayy dhe! aya 2(6.2.3) days V Shp! clad Ue Lilaw days tls Qi V — RGIS 13! Biyiras ye LaF V SN Ge deg ib AAD ole! Jam Joy tall all 25 Ub SL Q riesable Lhd I Siwy Libel dar pias Ut fone SI elgdy 4 hel (6.2.3) all ype oy Ge $(6.2.4) denga wii BD aR, See ee De Sine « a Oy? ed tne SI Spall i x,,x,, Raids alae! bir Je LU), Le ob Sate IN 5, ipo tones Lal a (ade! dag +8) Ske Rell UW Bias op bet R? cLadll bac oe QRoR raaall Gall Q& y= x? + dxy ty? whykd Byes all 9S cared) Boel Zn el Lays WI digiver otae) DM Se tyiall ole claend 450 «(7) Sts eb Sleds ill lel AS by yas OSG PMPT git P iyi 2 OSS Lame Gebel alt ye (9) JUL bogeys Mela M Spinal) Sit! Ke WB P= WE ME thy ill Dyivably (3 0 } BAe Uw cle P Rbgdcall 2b oy CALI Saelil LUG go cabal sata gl dada $= [A= (1,0), A,= ODF es, WEA,=( WE Yi) -WIA,+ WEA,=(-— 1% W2 5D Ske Fay) teal) SI QU, x)= x) + 4K x, + x,? Abb OSG LF Vy Yy ode Slate Se PUL aw HL SU Gp ete Yh gle del Si!10955 S= FA, Ay} denedall suetall Lol) Q Syinae OF Gyledl JU! 1 2 M= 201 = Wa a \ FPL ve 3 0 PMP" =| 0 -1 SACL adh dle! Q tipi oI i B= CiV2, /Vd,B,= C -/V% Vy) 3 any 9) ah gay Mb 3° shes Bab OSs ol (45 ¥) = (K,X,) PT LB Bipot sas) Las Oy x) CUS! ese p ¥) es 2PT = PT OS cipagee Byes P ol te Op ¥)= OX) ("4 3] WZ Wf? d = (O/Y2Q, +x), C/NIAEx, + x) ) y,= CAV), + x) ON gow Ua ¥,= (1/NZ) Gx, + x)HE gil oat Slat QE, x)= Maca Ce =(X,,X,)M (x,,x,)" = (y,, ¥.) PM(y,, y) P)" = (y,, y,) PMP! (y,, y,)" 3.0 + = (Vy) 0-1 (92) = 3y?-y,)? DEW ave Je ee gi yl yas thee ay ookel Jul oot Hale Yl Gil xP + 4x,x, $x? = T radalee gill god) py SE JlSaly Lola Gaby FH! ¢ yea) Jt Oty al Syl taupe Ob gis at 05 ge Lite de SLL ode /¥3)y,-¥)) (1/N3\y, + y,) SB patty NSE) Cee ye Gal xx, ah Ge MI sch wae aa op Wola ALels Dae Daler fe Spratly p81 55 SI sah del ayes By? yy = 1 ThAsoba} Sti) Ja. . utyperbola) uth; alas Je ly oF BLE OSS wp) aladll Lia CA oF Yp¥)= (4 13,0) 1 OK bldg och (Xs X) SULA! Ll &x)= + C/T 12, Vy) 10) Jus get tales gC oy Hl gall ie 5x?- dxy + 8y?-36= 0 (pt el tala) Aiyinall Sagal OF s Jb XAXT-36 = 0 ra, X= (5) Tae SI XAXT day sll Zaqeall Spe codlel Wabll Lg eal A Biya BSI Cl geeclly GIL gall oll AUS, Qs PA pial! Spel Habel s-A -2 det(A = an-_, sh =(2-9) (K-4)= 0 lye a9 A a4 A Bia SLL Ska O53 1 pla iyyinall pb Sgt! go = 4 all ats Ast 1 2 (xy) | 2 44=0,0 x= 2 2 Wahl S! gah gall dnb a4 Lead git Ji! clad Sue (2, 1) sana oS shiy tall A,=( 2/43, WS) = dglall sole! ee AQ 1/05, 2/3) oS Joly D9 TAL Ea Leb gall gale! aNs ois P= V/Y¥S WS 4 0 PaPT=D =|) 5 . 2 Aaylly X= (x,y) = ( y)P = XP iS! sae (XP) A(XP)"-36 = 0 2 + X (PAP) XT-36 = 0 + oO ~ x -36=0 &sy) o 9 . 48 + 997.36 = 0 Hall YOlS YX Uoball oie R/9 4 7/4 = |Aol JSIt fay alli Glad Tales olay :GD Jie ccbales (gill lant ae 4x? + dy’ + 427+ dxy + 4xz +4yz-3=0 101 bam XAXT—3=0 pa shel Ulead) pial Tevall OI: Jot _ °] A=|}2 4 2 >» X=(,y,2) 2 2 4) ryyph A Mya) SAU gill (6.1) 5! ey O) Ue dant F Roget Bi all Henly Ua Uy A OX A =8 1 =2 -V¥F vy¥2 oO P= | -/ 6-1/6. Vo Vis 143 13 AAU Oba OLS Olga LAP Gp ca cadeall ggrnte Ob ge LAB AU A QU JIB ance ye CIS) eal ame 9 = 2 Std TOU Joe at X= y, = 6 OP = XP rWalall SI Gjayall ae KAXT-3 = O dati dys (XP)AKP)T-3 =0 X PAP) XT-3 =0 PAPT= io ono aw oo YS rvrTeal hel Doball 05! «xD 2% + YY + 82=3 yl Ball Je LS St ociny xA3/2)+ y°fh/2)+ 23/6/8)= 1 - Ellipsoide) aii claw Jal ay 212) See Wall et sil) snd pony] 16x? —24xy + 9y?— 30x —40y =0 AS doy pbad op hel Wall WEL Bae G RLY USA ob so Gb Bageshly Ltbndl deal all SI asl Yi wil, ww oxy abl G 7 we dawall ode . ode! dalall 16x?— 24xy + Sy? Biyiall po hel tavall diyinae 16 -12 tyeUs ke J) del Baal J Lr 16-¢ ~ 12 det (A-tl) = -12 9-t = (16-1) 9-1) 144 = 25t+ 144-144 = ?—25t = t(t-25) WW OyatTA = 25. A=0 COSTA ayaa atl gal pla Saal pe Sod oA =0 251 Ral etl I 16 -12 & WL 12 9 | =O Potala cyctotall SI sop sill 16x-12y=0 -12x + 9y=0 LY=(4/3)X SyKue Bly Ax — BY =O stoly ales oe Le OUaball Oble A= (3/5, 4/5) soul Je ast anny (3,4) andl Jo frady x=3 ib ody, = OAs deal ale ph solet BIS ees” (bel JIS nS B= (4/5 , 3/5) andl fo ad jul = 25 aD a ae Splat GE teayae tigies P Ol Leo, P rye0 0 PAP = (° °5 wl (xpy)= (xt, y") P Lindy gl (ayy)= Gey) 3 3 xe bod - a? 5 fk bled veg (a + 3y) Seepytlitedhaxt, yi vetlel oy pugadl as 16x? = 24xy + oy” 25 yt? b igpbill dteall yb juow He Doll IT Vary 16x7-24xy+9y? - 30 x - 10 y = 0 Wold! le deoas x's Voll yet syn 25y!230g (State!) ~ 406 Bl4xt+3y")= 0 25yt2 — lex' + 24y'! = 32x! - 24y' = 0 25y!2 = 50 xt = 0 yt? = ox! ry(Perebote ) it bad LSet dll ject oS oY! abot JE 5 gmt py Ba (4/5, 3/5) ot ol sep lishile bale blithe, + tke gpg ce AW gael ball eel! oo I [PF | =¥ rvy(6.2) cule B dathee deme Us yh d2Vl Sh al oll (1) Olxyy)ax7arxyt6y? yg Qs RZD eee) Obey, s)ax2txe-2yst3xy,Q: Ry R ce) Uaroxrcx®)eabe Qi Po(R—eR () x 2 ac y, e Wlaxety nea, QM,(R)—» R (#) Rael Spall oe JF lla Go MALI Aad AFUE Stall org! — 2 gl Letts Ax, y)= 3x?-xy QR Rt) QW z)= 2, 2-2 2,76R C7 RW) Regi! alae fim lo Olgnte Lind C7 0) oem QU, ¥2)= xy-xz + 3yz- V3? «QR? Rey - UXy,2,W)= xz + Byw + x7-w? .Q: RY ae R Cay de md Lite tay Ub Q@ Vim R oe 3 A dad bar JS A EV ance JS) alldy Q(rA) = P7Q(Aa! Waly Sedeil SIME Jim fey andl gir lyme elias V OS LI 4 DU Ob de cad V fe niles days Ul QV Ro fy ap Q lial yy gt gh V x V me Rad gts Ve teeXi Vy ZOlpbhly tangs dane Sy Ata Qenall op og! — 5 . 2x? Ixy + xz +y (1) Lay? + 2? + 3yz (O) 10 + x?-y? + 3xy-xz (¢) wXZ=KY (2) ipball teal UN Laydl Saal ow IF ST 6 22x? + 3xy-4xz + yz-2y? + 327 (1) LX? + xy-xz + dyz~-3xw + y? + 927-w? (Oy (1/2)x? + w?-2? + 3y?+ dxz-3xw + yw + Oxy (¢) C% Ys ZW olaeclt iy ide) EE GAA AI yal oy AL Late Gayl yal) any) 7 ib HUA, B)= xix, -¥,¥_ + xy, ch: R?X RP RT) -h(C, D)= Vy2_-X Yq + 32%, -y,x, chi? X REAR (~) C= Oy ¥2) B= (XY) A=(K,Y,) Coe D=(%, 5,2) RUM SS a ator cates ila dnl foal ow S18 a. : “21x? + Gry + 13y? (Oy 4x! + ay? + a? + dry + axe + dye (@) 27x? + Ty? + 102?- 2xy - 4x2 + 4yz co AN yA g ghd op Fe 9 8x? Oxy + 17y?- 80=0 (1) ry43x24 Oxy + 3y?-4 = 0) .5x?- 8xy + Sy*-9= 0 (~) 11x? - 24xy + 4y? + 6x +8y + 15=0(9) 16x? - 24xy + 9y?-30x + 40y-5=0 (») TAsTIS Lay jolt () Birkhoff and MacLane: A Survey of Modern Algebra (MACMILLAN) 1965. (2) T. J. Fletcher: Linear Algebra through its applications (Van Nostrand Reinhold) 1972. (3) Greub Werner: Linear Algebra (Springer- Verlage) 1975. (4) B. HARTLEY and T. O. HAWKES: Rings, Modules and Linear Algebra (Chapman and Hall) 1970. (5) S. Lang: Linear Algebra (Addison - Wesley) 1973. (©) MacLane, Birkhoff: Algebra (MACMILLAN) 1971. (7) Mostow and Sampson: Linear Algebra (Mc Graw - Hill) 1969. (8) Paige L. J, J. D. Swift: Elements of Linear Algebra (Blaisdell Publishing Company) 1961. (9) Paige L. J., J. D. Swift, T. A. Slobko: Elments of Linear Algebra; Second Edition (XEROX College Publishing, Lexington) 1974, YAN(10) Smith L. : Linear Algebra (Springer - Verlage) 1978. (11) STEWART F. M.: Introduction to Linear Algebra (Van- Nostrand, East West Press) 1963.yl LAU joLall (ASW teal) Ld gad I ogil ale — 1 . WILEY ARABOOK (1982) Clad db abl hl f fley Sb sph ope 2 - (1976) (2 ay aS >) ppbSbullwal! pm St — ge Union Trace Coordinates Linear Dependance Polarizing Linear Independance Dimension Trivial Associative Linear Transformation Orthogonal Transformation Identity transformation Composition of functions Isomorphism Intersection Algebraic Multiplicity Geometric Multiplicity Bilinear Direct Sum Field Real Linear Function rASIdentity function Image Normal Form Quadratic Form Inner Product Block multiplication Scalor Product Dot product Complex Orthogonal Identity element Non - Singular Subspace Vector Space Diagonalizable Invertable Basis Natural Basis Orthogonal Basis Orthonormal Basis Hyperbola Conic Section Parabola Tao Clem slid NEW Spl als ots Snech taols Baalece B05 Qolet Gade tae 8h abs we os 13S gsEllipse Eigen Value Homogeneous Eigen Vector Polynomial Orthogonal Complement Symmetric : Skew Symmetric Determinant Component Transpose Continuous Plane Projection Similar Identity matrix Orthogonal matrix Diagonal matrix Singular Inverse Left inverse Right inverse Characteristic Kernel TAR Ail lab ads ibs SIS ese ogo Badan S2nF eae bi ill joke

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi

• مخطط الفترات في مادة الرياضيات PDF

  

  Document77 pages

  مخطط الفترات في مادة الرياضيات PDF

  coiffa

  Pas encore d'évaluation
• تمارين المتتاليات في البكالوريا

  

  Document63 pages

  تمارين المتتاليات في البكالوريا

  coiffa

  Pas encore d'évaluation
• المثلث القائم الزاوية و الدائرة

  

  Document5 pages

  المثلث القائم الزاوية و الدائرة

  coiffa

  Pas encore d'évaluation
• • Magazines
  • Podcasts
  • Partition
• 1 الأعداد الطبيعية والأعداد الناطقة

  

  Document10 pages

  1 الأعداد الطبيعية والأعداد الناطقة

  coiffa

  Pas encore d'évaluation
• تقايس المثلثات

  

  Document2 pages

  تقايس المثلثات

  coiffa

  Pas encore d'évaluation
• Devoir de Synthèse N°1 Avec Correction - Math - 8ème (2020-2021) Mme Trabelsy Saoussen

  

  Document5 pages

  Devoir de Synthèse N°1 Avec Correction - Math - 8ème (2020-2021) Mme Trabelsy Saoussen

  coiffa

  Pas encore d'évaluation
• مراجعة التعداد و الحساب مع اإصلاح

  

  Document4 pages

  مراجعة التعداد و الحساب مع اإصلاح

  coiffa

  Pas encore d'évaluation
• اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ اﻟﺰاوﯾﺔ و اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة

  

  Document3 pages

  اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ اﻟﺰاوﯾﺔ و اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة

  coiffa

  Pas encore d'évaluation
• متوازي الاضلاع و حالاته الخاصة انور بن عربية

  

  Document1 page

  متوازي الاضلاع و حالاته الخاصة انور بن عربية

  coiffa

  Pas encore d'évaluation
• اصلاح اختبار الموحد بين الاعدادية النموذجية بباجة و جندوبة تاسعة أساسي

  

  Document7 pages

  اصلاح اختبار الموحد بين الاعدادية النموذجية بباجة و جندوبة تاسعة أساسي

  coiffa

  Pas encore d'évaluation
• تقايس المثلثات سنة ثامنة اساسي ملخص الدرس مع تمارين

  

  Document4 pages

  تقايس المثلثات سنة ثامنة اساسي ملخص الدرس مع تمارين

  coiffa

  Pas encore d'évaluation
• التعامد والتـوازي

  

  Document13 pages

  التعامد والتـوازي

  coiffa

  Pas encore d'évaluation
• فرض مراقبة عدد 4 مع الاصلاح تاسعة اساسي

  

  Document8 pages

  فرض مراقبة عدد 4 مع الاصلاح تاسعة اساسي

  coiffa

  Pas encore d'évaluation
• اصلاح الفرض عدد1

  

  Document7 pages

  اصلاح الفرض عدد1

  coiffa

  Pas encore d'évaluation
• مناظرة التاسعة نوفيام 2012 مع الاصلاح

  

  Document6 pages

  مناظرة التاسعة نوفيام 2012 مع الاصلاح

  coiffa

  Pas encore d'évaluation
• فروض التاسعة أساسي الاعدادية النموذجية

  

  Document8 pages

  فروض التاسعة أساسي الاعدادية النموذجية

  coiffa

  Pas encore d'évaluation
• الملخص الشامل مع تمارين تطبيقية مرفوقة بالإصلاح و التعليق للسنة السابعة من التعليم الأساسي

  

  Document18 pages

  الملخص الشامل مع تمارين تطبيقية مرفوقة بالإصلاح و التعليق للسنة السابعة من التعليم الأساسي

  coiffa

  Pas encore d'évaluation
• فرض مراقبة عدد1 لسنة 2019

  

  Document1 page

  فرض مراقبة عدد1 لسنة 2019

  coiffa

  Pas encore d'évaluation
• ملخصات دروس الجبر

  

  Document19 pages

  ملخصات دروس الجبر

  coiffa

  Pas encore d'évaluation
• تمارين هندسة + الإصلاح

  

  Document7 pages

  تمارين هندسة + الإصلاح

  coiffa

  Pas encore d'évaluation
• 9 Quadri Probl 3p196

  

  Document4 pages

  9 Quadri Probl 3p196

  coiffa

  Pas encore d'évaluation
• ملخص الدرس حول القسمة

  

  Document4 pages

  ملخص الدرس حول القسمة

  coiffa

  Pas encore d'évaluation
• الحصر والمجالات

  

  Document11 pages

  الحصر والمجالات

  coiffa

  Pas encore d'évaluation
• تلخيص لمادة الرياضيات سنة تاسعة كامل السنة

  

  Document20 pages

  تلخيص لمادة الرياضيات سنة تاسعة كامل السنة

  coiffa

  Pas encore d'évaluation
• Devoir de Révision Concours 9ème 2013 Avec Correction - Math Concours 9ème-2013 - 9ème (2016-2017) MR Amri Lotfi

  

  Document7 pages

  Devoir de Révision Concours 9ème 2013 Avec Correction - Math Concours 9ème-2013 - 9ème (2016-2017) MR Amri Lotfi

  coiffa

  Pas encore d'évaluation
• الأعداد العشرية و الأعداد الكسرية ملخص شامل مع تمارين مرفقة بالاصلاح

  

  Document12 pages

  الأعداد العشرية و الأعداد الكسرية ملخص شامل مع تمارين مرفقة بالاصلاح

  coiffa

  Pas encore d'évaluation
• بايثون بلمسة Python

  

  Document46 pages

  بايثون بلمسة Python

  coiffa

  Pas encore d'évaluation
• سابعة أساسي - الأعداد العشرية - سلسلة تمارين مع إصلاح

  

  Document11 pages

  سابعة أساسي - الأعداد العشرية - سلسلة تمارين مع إصلاح

  coiffa

  100% (1)
• التاسعة اساسي تدارك النقائص في الثلاثي الاول

  

  Document8 pages

  التاسعة اساسي تدارك النقائص في الثلاثي الاول

  coiffa

  Pas encore d'évaluation
• Android Summary

  

  Document51 pages

  Android Summary

  coiffa

  89% (9)