05 Matrix Truss

TRUSSES ANALYSIS
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Fundamentals of the Stiffness Method

Member Local Stiffness Matrix
Displacement and Force Transformation Matrices
Member Global Stiffness Matrix
Application of the Stiffness Method for Truss
Analysis
Trusses Having Inclined Supports, Thermal Changes
and Fabrication Errors
Space-Truss Analysis
2-Dimension Trusses
Fundamentals of the Stiffness Method

y
x
4
3
(x2, y2)
(x3, y3)
1
(x1, y1)
Node and Member Identification
6
5
8
4
7
(x4, y4)
Global and Member Coordinates
Degrees of Freedom
Known degrees of freedom D3, D4, D5, D6, D7 and D8
Unknown degrees of freedom D1 and D2
Member Local Stiffness Matrix

x
y
qj
qi
q 'i =
q' j =
x
y
d i
=1
AE/L
x ddi i
AE/L
d j =
AE/L
AE
AE
d 'i
d'j
L
L
AE/L
AE
AE
d 'i +
d'j
L
L
q 'i AE 1 1 d 'i
q ' =
d '
L 1 1 j
j
[q] = [k][d] ----------(1)
x
xd
dj j
AE 1 1
[k ' ] =
L 1 1
Displacement and Force Transformation Matrices
(xj,yj)
x
(xi,yi)
x = cos x =
y = cos y =
x j xi
L
y j yi
L
=
=
x j xi
( x j xi ) 2 + ( y j yi ) 2
y j yi
( x j xi ) 2 + ( y j yi ) 2
Displacement Transformation Matrices

y
djy
x
dj
y
j
diy
i
di
Local
y m
x
djx
x
dix
Global
d 'i = d ix cos x + d iy cos y

d ' j = d jx cos x + d jy cos y
d 'i x
d ' = 0
j
[d] = [T][d]
d ix
0 d iy
y d jx
d
jy
----------(2)
x
[T ] =
0
0
y
Force Transformation Matrices

qjy
y
qiy
qix
qjx
qiy = q 'i cos y

q jx = q ' j cos x
q jy = q ' j cos y
x
qi
Local
x
y
Global
qix = q 'i cos x
x
qj
q ix x
q
iy = y
q jx 0

q jy 0
0
0 q 'i
x q ' j
[q] = [T]T[q]
where
x
y
T
[T ] =
0
0
0
x
----------(3)
Member Global Stiffness Matrix

----------(3)
[q] = [T]T[q]
Substitute ( [q] = [k][d] + [qF] ) into Eq. 3, yields the result,

[ q ] = [ T ]T ([k][d] + [qF] ) = [ T ]T [ k ][T][d] + [ T ]T [qF] = [k][d] + [qF]
[ k ] = [ T ]T[ k ][T]
[k]
[qF] = [ T ]T [qF]
[ k] =
x
y
0
0
x
y
AE
L
-1
-1
xx
xy
xx
xy
AE V yx
L U
x x
yy
yx
yy
xy
xx
xy
V yx
yy
yx
yy
U
[k] =
0
0
Application of the Stiffness Method for Truss Analysis

Equilibrium Equation:
[Qa] = [K][D] + [QF]
Partitioned Form:
Joint Load
Qk
Qu
Unknown Displacement
K11
K12
Du
K21
K22
Dk
Reaction
QFk
QFu
Boundary Condition
[Qk] = [K11][Du] + [K12][Dk] + [QF]

[Du] = [Ku]
-1
(([Qk] - [QF]) -
[K12][Dk])
Member Forces
x
qj
y
y
x
qi
q 'i AE 1 1 d 'i q ' F i

q ' =
d ' + F
L 1 1 j q ' j
j
x
0
q 'i AE 1 1 x
q ' =
0
L 1 1
j
d ix
0 d iy
y d jx
d
jy
Dix
0 Diy q 'F i
+
y D jx q'F j

D jy
10
q 'i AE x
q ' =
L
x
j
y
y
Dix
y Diy q ' F i
+
y D jx q' F j

D jy
Dxi
qj = AE
L
x y
x
qj
y
y
x
qi
Dyi
Dxj
qj F
Dyj
Member Forces
11
Member Forces
Dxi
qm = AE
L
x y
y
x
qm
y
y
Dyi
Dxj
qjF
Dyj
Member Forces
12
Example 1
For the truss shown, use the stiffness method to:
(a) Determine the deflections of the loaded joint.
(b) Determine the end forces of each member and reactions at supports.
Assume EA to be the same for each member.
5m
3m
50 kN
3m
5m
5m
80 kN
4m
4m
13
5m
3m
(-4,3)
50 kN
3m
80 kN
4m
(-4,-3)
4m
Ui
[ k ]m =
Vi
4
3
(0,0)
1
3
8
4
( x j xi )i ( y j yi ) j
ij =
+
L
L
cosx = x
5m
5m
Ui
cosy = y
Uj
Vj
xx xy xx xy
Member
7
(4,-3)
#1
-4/5 = -0.8 -3/5 = -0.6
#2
-4/5 = -0.8
3/5 = 0.6
#3
4/5 = 0.8
-3/5 = -0.6
AE Vi yx yy yx yy
L U
j
x x
x y
x x
x y
Vj yx yy
yx yy
14
Member x
[ k ]1 =
AE 2
5 3
0.48 0.36 -0.48 -0.36

-0.64 -0.48 0.64 0.48
1
1
0.64
0.48
0.36
#2
- 0.8 0.6
0.64
-0.48
0.36
#3
0.8
0.64
-0.48
0.36
-0.6
1
[ k ]2 =
AE 2 -0.48
5 5 -0.64
6
0.48 0.36
7
0.36 0.48 -0.36

0.48 0.64 -0.48
0.48 -0.36 -0.48
0.36
8
1
0.36 0.48 -0.36

0.48 0.64 -0.48
0.48 -0.36 -0.48
0.64 -0.48 -0.64 0.48
0.64 -0.48 -0.64 0.48
AE 2 -0.48
[ k ]3 =
5 7 -0.64
8
y2
-0.8 -0.6
0.64 0.48 -0.64 -0.48
-0.48 -0.36
x y
#1
x2
0.36
[K] =
AE
5 2
1.92
-0.48
-0.48
1.08
15
5m
3m
Global
5
2
50 kN
3m
5m
5m
80 kN
4m
4m
Q1 = -50
Q2 = -80
AE
5 2
D1
D2
1.92
-0.48
D1
-0.48
1.08
D2
-250.65/AE
-481.77/AE
16
Local
[ q ' F ]m =
4
3
8
4
#1
-0.8
-0.6
#2
-0.8
0.6
#3
0.8
-0.6
Member
AE
x
L
Dxi
D
yi
x + q'F
Dxj

D yj
[ ]
7
[qF]1 = AE
5
0.8
0.6
-0.8
-0.6
D4= 0.0
= -97.9 kN (C)
[qF]2 = AE
5
0.8
-0.6
-0.8
0.6
17.7 kN
50 kN
36.87o
97.9 kN 80 kN
AE
5
-0.8 +0.6
= -17.7 kN (C)
D1= -250.65/AE
D2= -481.77/AE
D5= 0.0
D6= 0.0
= +17.7 kN (T)
17.7 kN [q ] =
F 3
D1= -250.65/AE
D2= -481.77/AE
D3= 0.0
+0.8 -0.6
D1= -250.65/AE
D2= -481.77/AE
D7= 0.0
D8= 0.0
17
6
5
17.7 kN
4
3
50 kN
1
3
36.89o
8
4
Member
#1
-0.8
-0.6
#2
-0.8
0.6
#3
0.8
-0.6
7
Check :
17.7 kN
97.9 kN 80 kN
+ F = 0: 17.7 + 17.7 +50cos 36.89

x
- 97.9cos73.78 - 80cos53.11 = 0, O.K
17.7(0.6)=10.62 kN
17.7(0.8)=14.16 kN
50 kN
97.9(0.6)=58.74 kN
80 kN
97.9(0.8)=78.32 kN
17.7(0.6)=10.62 kN
17.7(0.8)=14.16 kN
18
Example 2
The support B settles downward 2.5 mm. Temperature in member BD
increase 20 oC. Take = 12x10-6 /oC, AE = 8(103) kN.
8 kN
D
4 kN
A
oC
3m
0
+2
B
B = 2.5 mm
C
4m
19
8 kN
4 kN
(-4,0)
oC
3m
0
+2
4m
B = 2.5 mm
ij =
( x j xi )i
L
( y j yi ) j
L
cosy = y
cosx = x
Ui
Ui
[ k ]m =
Vi
Uj
1
(0,0)
3
6
C
(-4,-3)
7
(0,-3)
Member
#1
-4/4 = -1
#2
-4/5 = -0.8
-3/5 = -0.6
#3
-3/3 = -1
Vj
xx xy xx xy
AE Vi yx yy yx yy
L U
j
x x
x y
x x
x y
Vj yx yy
yx yy
20
4
3
1
(0,0)
(-4,0)
2
(-4,-3)
[k]1 = 8x103
0.25
-0.25
3 -0.25
0.25
[k]3 =
8x103
x y/L
y2/L
-1
0.25
0.128
0.096
0.072
0.333
#3
7
(0,-3)
x2/L
#2
#1
Member x
-1
1
1 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096

[k]2 = 8x103
2 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072

5 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096
6 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072
0.333
0 -0.333
0.333
- 0.8 -0.6
0 -0.333
[K] =
8x103
0.378 0.096
0.096 0.405
21
Member 2: [q] = [k]m[d] + [qF]

4
2
1
3
1
2
1
(0,0)
(-4,0)
2
0o C
2
+
6
(-4,-3)
q5
= 8x103
q6
q1
q2
q1
q2
= 8x103
= 8x103
1.536 kN
+20oC
+20oC
1.536 kN
7 1.92 k =(T1)AE
-6
3
(0,-3) = (12x10 )(20)(8x10 )
B = 2.5 mm
q2
q1
1.152 kN
1.92 kN
0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096
d1
0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072
d2
-0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096
-0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072

1
2
0.128 0.096
d1
0.096 0.072
d2
0.128 0.096
d1
0.096 0.072
d2
1.152 kN
+ 8x103
-1.536 1
d5 = 0
d6 = -2.5x10-3
5
6
-0.128 -0.096
-1.152 2
1.536 5
1.152 6
5
-3
-0.096 -0.072 -2.5x10 6
1.92
1.44
-1.536 1
-1.152 2
-1.536 1
-1.152222
8 kN
D
4
4 kN
(-4,0)
2
oC
3m
0
+2
B = 2.5 mm
4m
1
(0,0)
3
6
C
(-4,-3)
7
(0,-3)
[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

Global:
Q1 = -4
Q2 = -8
D1
D2
8x103
0.378 0.096
D1
0.096 0.405
D2
-0.8514x10-3
-2.356x10-3
1.92
1.44
-1.536
-1.152
23
4
3
[ q ' F ]m =
AE
x
L
Dxi
D
yi
x + q'F
Dxj

D yj
Local
#1
-1
#2
- 0.8
-0.6
#3
-1
1.92 kN
[qF]1 =
8x103
1.0 0.0 -1.0 0.0
= -1.70 kN (C)
1.92 kN
D2= -2.356x10-3
D3= 0.0
D4= 0.0
D1= -0.8514x10-3
[qF]2 =
8x103
0.8
0.6 -0.8 -0.6
= -2.87 kN (C)
+20oC
[ ]
D1= -0.8514x10-3
Member
[qF]3 = 8x103 0.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0

3
= -6.28 kN (C)
D2= -2.356x10-3 + -1.92

D5= 0.0
D6= -0.0025
D1= -0.8514x10-3
D2= -2.356x10-3
D7= 0.0
D8= 0.0
24
4
3
1
3
6
5
8
4
Member
cosx
cosy
[q]m
#1
-1
-1.70
#2
- 0.8
-0.6
-2.87
#3
-1
-6.28
8 kN
8 kN
1.70 kN
2.87 kN
4 kN
4 kN
1.70 kN
2
2.87(0.8) = 2.30 kN
6.28 kN
2.87(0.6) = 1.72 kN
6.28 kN
25
Example 3
(a) Determine the end forces of each member and reactions at supports.
(b) Determine the displacement of the loaded joint.
Take AE = 8(103) kN.
8 kN
4 kN
AD
=+
= - 4 mm
3m
m
m
3
B
4m
4m
26
8 kN
4 kN
AD
=+
m
m
3
= - 4 mm
3m
4
C
B
4m
( x j xi )i ( y j yi ) j
+
ij =
L
L
cosx = x
Ui
[ k ]m =
Vi
(0,-3)
7
(4,-3)
Member
#1
-4/5 =-0.8
-3/5 = -0.6
cosy = y
#2
-3/3 = -1
Vj
#3
4/5 = 0.8
-3/5 = -0.6
#4
4/4 = 1
#5
4/4 = 1
Uj
xx xy xx xy
AE Vi yx yy yx yy
L U
j
x x
x y
x x
x y
Vj yx yy
(-4,-3)
4m
Ui
(0,0)
1
yx yy
27
2
1
2
4
2
3
(-4,-3)
5m
3m
5 m3
6
5
4m
(0,-3) 4 m
1
[k]1 = 8x103
[k]2 = 8x103
#1
-0.8
-0.6
#2
-1
#3
0.8
-0.6
Member
(0,0)
1
x2/L xy/L y2/L

0.128 0.096
0
0.072
0.333
0.128 -0.096 0.072
7
(4,-3)
4
0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096
0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072
-0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096
-0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072
[k]3 = 8x103
0 0.333
0 -0.333
0 -0.333
0.333
0.128 -0.096 -0.128 0.096
-0.096 0.072 0.096 -0.072
-0.128 0.096 0.128 -0.096
0.096 -0.072 -0.096 0.072
28
2
1
2
4
2
3
(-4,-3)
5m
3m
4m
[k]4= 8x103
5 m3
x2/L xy/L y2/L
#4
0.25
#5
0.25
0.25
-0.25
-0.25
0.25
Member
(0,0)
1
(0,-3) 4 m
8
7
(4,-3)
6
0.25
-0.25
-0.25
0.25
0
1
Global Stiffness Matrix
[k]5= 8x103
[K] = 8x103
2
5
7
29
Global Stiffness Matrix

1
[k]1 = 8x103
[k]2 = 8x103
0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096
0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072
-0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096
-0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072

2
0 0.333
0 -0.333
0 -0.333
0.333
0.25
-0.25
-0.25
0.25
[k]5= 8x103
0.128 -0.096 -0.128 0.096
7 -0.128 0.096 0.128
[K]
=
8x103
-0.096
0.096 -0.072 -0.096 0.072
0.25
-0.25
-0.25
0.25
2 -0.096 0.072 0.096 -0.072

8
[k]4= 8x103
[k]3 = 8x103
1
2
5
0.256
0.0
0.0 -0.128
0.0 0.477 0.0 0.096

0.0
0.0 0.50 -0.25
7 -0.128 0.096 -0.25 0.378
30
8 kN
4 kN
AD
=+
1
1
AD
4.8 kN
=+
m
m
3
AE/L = 10.67 kN
AE/L = 4.8 kN
3.84 kN
= -4 mm
3.84 kN
8
7
4m
2.88 kN
1
6
3
B
4m
D
= - 4 mm
3m
m
m
3
Global Fixed end forces
Fixed End
10.67 kN
-3.84
-2.88 + 10.67 = 7.79 2

5
0.0
7
0.0
2.88 kN
31
8 kN
4 kN
AD
=+
= -4 mm
3m
m
m
3
4m
6
3
Global:
8
7
4m
[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]
Q1 = 4
Q2 = -8
Q5 = 0
Q7 = 0
D1
D2
D5
D7
8x103
2
5
0.256
0.0
0.0 -0.128
0.0 0.477 0.0

0.0 0.50
0.0
0.096
-0.25
D2
D5
7 -0.128 0.096 -0.25
0.378
D7
6.4426x10-3
-5.1902x10-3
2.6144x10-3
5.2288x10-3
m
m
m
m
-3.84
D1
7.79
0.0
0.0
32
Member forces
2
1
2
[ q ' F ]m =
6.4426x10-3
D1
D2
D5
D7
AD
4.8 kN
=+
m
m
m
m
-5.1902x10-3
2.6144x10-3
5.2288x10-3
4.8 kN
m
m
3
AE
x
L
Member
ix
iy
#1
-0.8
-0.6
#2
-1
Dxi
D
yi
x + q'F
Dxj

D yj
D1
[qF]1 = 8x103 0.8 0.6 -0.8 -0.6
5
= -1.54 kN (C)
10.67 kN
2
10.67 kN
[ ]
D2
0
+ -4.8
0
D1
[qF]2 = 8x103 0.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0

3
= -3.17 kN (C)
D2
D5
+ 10.67
33
2
1
[ q ' F ]m =
6
3
D1
D2
D5
D7
7
m
m
m
m
Member
#3
#4
0.8
1
-0.6
0
#5
[ ]
6.4426x10-3
-5.1902x10-3
2.6144x10-3
5.2288x10-3
AE
x
L
Dxi
D
yi
x + q'F
Dxj

D yj
D1
[qF]3 = 8x103 -0.8 0.6 0.8 -0.6
5
= -6.54 kN (C)
D2
D7
0
0
[qF]4 = 8x103 -1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0

4
= 5.23 kN (T)
0
D5
0
D5
[qF]5 = 8x103 -1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0

4
= 5.23 kN (T)
0
D7
0
34
Member
[q]
#1
-0.8
-0.6
-1.54
#2
-1
-3.17
#3
#4
0.8
1
-0.6
0
-6.54
5.23
#5
5.23
1
2
6
3
4 kN
1.54 kN
1.54 kN
5.23 kN
8 kN
4 kN
3.17 kN
3.17 kN
8 kN
6.54 kN
4 kN
6.54 kN
5.23 kN
0.92 kN
3.17 kN
3.92 kN
35
Special Trusses (Inclined roller supports)
36
Transformation Matrices
2
1
[ q* ] = [ T ]T[ q ]
4*
3*
y
y*
i
3*
2
j
4*
jx = cos j
1
q1
q2
ix
iy
0
0
jx
jy
0
0
jy = sin j
x
[ T ] = [[
ix = cos i
T ]T]T
qi
qj
[T]T
ix
iy
jx
jy
iy = sin i
x*
qj
1
qi
q*3
q*4
37
[ k ] = [ T ]T[ k ][T]
[ k ]m =
ix
iy
0
0
0
0
jx
jy
Ui
Ui
[ k ]m =
ixix
AE
L
-1
ix
iy
-1
jx
jy
Vi
Uj
Vj
ixiy ixjx ixjy
AE Vi iyix iyiy iyjx iyjy

L U
jxjx jxjy
j
jx ix
jx iy
Vj jyix jyiy
jyjx
jyjy
38
Example 5
(a) Determine the displacement of the loaded joint.
AE is constant.
30 kN
3m
45o
4m
39
Member 1:
1
3m
4*
6
5
i = 0,
5
ix = cos 0 = 1,
iy = sin 0 = 0
3*
45o
4m
4*
qi
3* o
45
o
o
[q*] ij = -45 = 135 ,
ix = cos (-45o) = 0.707,
iy = sin(- 45o) = -0.707
1
qj
[q*] = [T*]T[q] + [T*]T[qF]
q5
q6
q3*
q4*
1
0
0
0
0
0
0.707
-0.707
qi
qj
[T*]T
40
Member 1:
1
3m
4*
6
1
i = 0 ;
5
ix = cos 0 = 1,
iy = sin 0 = 0
3*
45o
4m
[k*]1
qj
0
0
0.707
-0.707
5
[k*]1
3* o
45
o
o
[q*] ij = -45 = 135 ,
ix = cos (-45o) = 0.707,
iy = sin(- 45o) = -0.707
1
qi
AE 1 1
[k *] = [T T ]
[T ]
L 1 1
1
0
0
0
4*
5
0.25
6
0
AE
3* -0.1768
4* 0.1768
AE
4
1
-1
-1
1
0.707
-0.707
3*
4*
0
0
0
0
-0.1768
0
0.125
-0.125
0.1768
0
-0.125
0.125
41
Member 2:
2
1
3m
4*
[k *] = [T T ]
3*
4*
45o
4m
AE 1 1
[T ]
L 1 1
[k*]2
[k*]2
0
-1
0
0
1
2
AE
3*
4*
0
0
-0.707
-0.707
AE
3
i
2
o
o
1 i = -90 = 270 ,
90o ix = cos(-90o) = 0,
2
iy = sin(-90o) = -1
qi
3*
j
90o+45o j = -135o = 215o ,
=135o ix = cos (-135o) = -0.707,
iy = sin(- 135o) = -0.707
1
-1
-1
1
-1
3*
4*
0
0
0
0
0
0.3333
-0.2357
-0.2357
0
-0.2357
0.1667
0.1667
0
-0.2357
0.1667
0.1667
qj
-0.707 -0.707
42
Member 3:
1
3m
4*
[k ] = [T T ]
3*
45o
4m
AE 1 1
[T ]
L 1 1
[k]3
[k]3
0.8
0.6
0
0
36.87o
36.87o
5
qi
i = j = 36.87o ;
ix = jx = cos (36.87o) = 0.8,
iy = jy = sin(36.87o) = 0.6
0
0
0.8
0.6
AE
5
0.096
0.072
-0.096
-0.072
-0.128
-0.096
0.128
0.096
-0.096
-0.072
0.096
0.072
5 0.128
6 0.096
AE
1 -0.128
2 -0.096
qj
1
-1
-1
1
0.8
0.6
0.8
0.6
43
Global Stiffness:
1
3m
4*
3*
[k*]2
45o
4m
1
2
AE
3*
4*
[k*]1
5
0.25
6
0
AE
3* -0.1768
4* 0.1768
3*
4*
0
0
0
0
0
0.3333
-0.2357
-0.2357
0
-0.2357
0.1667
0.1667
0
-0.2357
0.1667
0.1667
[k]3
5 0.128
6 0.096
AE
1 -0.128
2 -0.096
0.096
0.072
-0.096
-0.072
-0.128
-0.096
0.128
0.096
-0.096
-0.072
0.096
0.072
3*
4*
0
0
0
0
-0.1768
0
0.125
-0.125
0.1768
0
-0.125
0.125
[K]
3*
1 0.128 0.096
0
2 0.096 0.4053 -0.2357
AE
3* 0
-0.2357 0.2917
44
Global :
30 kN
3m
3m
4*
6
1
45o
4m
3*
45o
4m
[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

1
Q1 = 30
Q2 = 0
Q3*= 0
D1
D2
D3*
3*
1 0.128 0.096
0
AE 2 0.096 0.4053 -0.2357
3* 0
-0.2357 0.2917
1
AE
D1
D2
D3*
352.5
-157.5
-127.3
45
Member Forces :
Dxi
D
yi
x + q'F
Dxj

D yj
1
3m
4*
6
1
[ q ' F ]m =
1
AE
352.5
-157.5
-127.3
0.707 -0.707
#2
-1
-0.707 -0.707
0.6
jx
0.8
0
D3*
0
D1
#1
0.8
0
[qF]1 = AE -1 0 0.707 -0.707
4
= -22.50 kN, (C)
iy
#3
[ ]
45o
ix
Member
3*
4m
D1
D2
D3*
AE
x
L
jy
0.6
[qF]2 = AE 0 1 -0.707
3
= -22.50 kN, (C)
-0.707
D2
D3*
0
0
[qF]3 = AE -0.8 -0.6

5
= 37.50 kN, (T)
0.8
0.6
0
D1
D2
46
Reactions :
30 kN
3m
3m
4*
6
1
45o
4m
Member
[q]1
Member Force (kN) -22.50
[q]2
[q]3
-22.50
37.50
4m
3*
45o
22.50 kN
37.50 kN
45o
36.87o
22.50 kN
7.50 kN
45o
31.82 kN
22.50 kN
47
Example 6
AE is constant.
30 kN
3m
45o
4m
4m
48
Member 1:
3m
8
1
i = 0o,
5
ix = cos 0o = 1,
iy = sin 0o = 0
4* 3*
1
4m
4*
4m
qi
o
[q*] ij = -45
ix = cos (-45o) = 0.707,
iy = sin(- 45o) = -0.707
qj
3* o
45
[q*] = [T*]T[q] + [T*]T[qF]
q5
q6
q3*
q4*
1
0
0
0
0
0
0.707
-0.707
qi
qj
[T*]T
49
Member 1:
3m
8
1
6
1
4m
4m
[k*]1
qj
0
0
0.707
-0.707
5
[k*]1
3* o
45
o
o
[q*] ij = -45 = 315 ,
ix = cos (-45o) = 0.707,
iy = sin(- 45o) = -0.707
1
qi
AE 1 1
[k *] = [T T ]
[T ]
L 1 1
1
0
0
0
4*
i = 0o,
5
ix = cos 0o = 1,
iy = sin 0o = 0
4* 3*
5
5
0.25
6
0
AE
3* -0.1768
4* 0.1768
AE
4
1
-1
-1
1
0.707
-0.707
3*
4*
0
0
0
0
-0.1768
0
0.125
-0.125
0.1768
0
-0.125
0.125
50
Member 2:
3m
8
1
o
1 i = -90 ,
90o ix = cos(-90o) = 0,
2
iy = sin(-90o) = -1
4* 3*
4m
[k *] = [T T ]
4*
4m
AE 1 1
[T ]
L 1 1
[k*]2
[k*]2
0
-1
0
0
1
2
AE
3*
4*
0
0
-0.707
-0.707
AE
3
i
2
qi
3*
j
90o+45o j = -135o = 215o,
qj
o
=135o
ix = cos (-135 ) = -0.707,
iy = sin(- 135o) = -0.707
1
-1
-1
1
-1
3*
4*
0
0
0
0
0
0.3333
-0.2357
-0.2357
0
-0.2357
0.1667
0.1667
0
-0.2357
0.1667
0.1667
-0.707 -0.707
51
Member 3:
3m
8
1
2
7
4* 3*
4m
[k *] = [T T ]
AE 1 1
[T ]
L 1 1
[k]3
[k]3
0
0
0.8
0.6
AE
5
0.096
0.072
-0.096
-0.072
-0.128
-0.096
0.128
0.096
-0.096
-0.072
0.096
0.072
5 0.128
6 0.096
AE
1 -0.128
2 -0.096
qj
5
qi
i = j = 36.87o ;
ix = jx = cos (36.87o) = 0.8,
iy = jy = sin(36.87o) = 0.6
4m
0.8
0.6
0
0
j
3
36.87o
36.87o
1
-1
-1
1
0.8
0.6
0.8
0.6
52
Member 4:
3m
8
1
4m
4m
AE 1 1
[k *] = [T T ]
[T ]
L 1 1
[k]4
1
0
0
0
1
2
AE
7
8
[q]
i = ij = 0o; ix = jx = cos 0o = 1,
iy = jy = sin 0o = 0
qi
qj
[k]1
8
1
4* 3*
5
2
4
0
0
1
0
AE
4
0.25
0
-0.25
0
0
0
0
0
-0.25
0
0.25
0
0
0
0
0
1
-1
-1
1
53
Member 5:
3m
8
1
8.13o
4* 3*
4* 3*
36.87o
.8 ,
0
o; 7 o) =
.6
7
7
0
8
8
.
.
= 5
5 = 36 s (36 7o )
j = co (36.8
jx = sin
4m
[k *] = [T T ]
4m
AE 1 1
[T ]
L 1 1
[k*]5
0.9899
-0.1414
0
0
0
0
0.8
0.6
3*
[k*]5
3*
4*
AE
7
8
qj
jy
qi
i = - 8.13o;
ix = cos (- 8.13o) = 0.9899,
iy = sin(- 8.13o) = -0.1414
AE
5
4*
-1 0.9899 -0.1414 0 0
1
0
0
0.8 0.6
1
-1
7
0.196
-0.028 -0.1584 -0.1188
-0.028
0.004 0.02263 0.01697
-0.1584 0.02263 0.128
0.096
-0.1188 0.01697 0.096
0.072
54
Global Stiffness:
1
2
3m
[k*]3
4* 3*
5
6
AE
1
2
0.128
0.096
-0.128
-0.096
0.096
0.072
-0.096
-0.072
-0.128
-0.096
0.128
0.096
-0.096
-0.072
0.096
0.072
4m
4m
5
[k*]1
5 0.25
6
0
AE
3* -0.1768
4* 0.1768
3*
4*
0
0
0
0
-0.1768
0
0.125
-0.125
0.1768
0
-0.125
0.125
[k*]5
[k*]2
1
2
AE
3*
4*
3*
0
0
0
0
0
0.3333
-0.2357
-0.2357
0
-0.2357
0.1667
0.1667
4*
[k]4
1 0.25
2
0
AE
7 -0.25
8
0
3*
4*
0
0
0
0
-0.25
0
0.25
0
0
0
0
0
3* 0.196 -0.028 -0.1584 -0.1188

4* -0.028 0.004 0.02263 0.01697
AE
0.096
7 -0.1584 0.02263 0.128
0.072
8 -0.1188 0.01697 0.096
1
2
3*
0
-0.2357
0.1667
0.1667 [K]
1 0.378 0.096
0
2 0.096 0.4053 -0.2357
AE
3* 0
-0.2357 0.4877
55
Global :
30 kN
8
1
3m
4* 3*
1
4m
4m
[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

1
Q1 = 30
Q2 = 0
Q3*= 0
D1
D2
D3*
3*
1 0.378 0.096
0
AE
2 0.096 0.4053 -0.2357
3* 0
-0.2357 0.4877
1
AE
D1
D2
D3*
86.612
-28.535
-13.791
56
Member Forces :
3m
8
1
[ q ' F ]m =
AE
x
L
Dxi
D
yi
x + q'F
Dxj

D yj
4* 3*
1
D1
D2
D3*
4m
1
AE
4m
[qF]1 = AE -1 0 0.707 -0.707
4
= -2.44 kN, (C)
86.612
-28.535
-13.791
0
D3*
0
D1
ix
iy
#1
0.707 -0.707
#2
-1
-0.707 -0.707
#3
0.8
0.6
Member
[ ]
jx
0.8
jy
0.6
[qF]2 = AE 0 1 -0.707
3
= -6.26 kN, (C)
-0.707
D2
D3*
0
0
[qF]3 = AE -0.8 -0.6

5
= 10.43 kN, (T)
0.8
0.6
0
D1
D2
57
Member Forces :
3m
8
1
[ q ' F ]m =
AE
x
L
4* 3*
1
D1
D2
D3*
Member
#4
#5
4m
1
AE
Dxi
D
yi
x + q'F
Dxj

D yj
[ ]
D1
4m
0
[qF]4 = AE -1
4
= -21.65 kN, (C)
86.612
-28.535
-13.791
D2
0
0
D3*
ix
iy
jx
jy
0.8
0.6
0.9899 -0.141
[qF]5 = AE -0.9899 0.141 0.8 0.6

5
= 2.73 kN, (T)
0
0
0
58
Reactions :
30 kN
8
1
3m
4* 3*
1
4m
4m
Member
[q]1
[q]2
[q]3
[q]4
[q]5
Member Force (kN) -2.44
-6.26
10.43
-21.65
2.73
21.65 kN
36.87o
10.43 kN
5.90 kN
36.87o
2.44 kN
6.26 kN
6.26 kN
45o
45o
2.44 kN
1.64 kN
19.47 kN
2.73 kN
81.87o
6.54 kN
59
Example 7
Take AE = 8(103) kN.
8 kN
4 kN
Ui
D
Ui
3m
[ k *]m =
A
B
36.87o
4m
ixix
Vi
Uj
Vj
ixiy ixjx ixjy
AE Vi iyix iyiy iyjx iyjy

L U
jxjx jxjy
j
jx ix
jx iy
Vj jyix jyiy
jyjx
jyjy
4m
60
8 kN
4 kN
1
1
3m
4m
4m
4*
3*
8
7
36.87o
Member 1:
jx = cos 36.87o = 0.8,

jy = sin 36.87o = 0.6
y
y*
4*
i
2
j
36.87o
1
x
1
73.74o
3*
qj
x*
qi
ix = cos 73.74o = 0.28,

iy = sin 73.74o = 0.96
[q*] = [T*]T[q] + [T*]T[qF]

q3*
q4*
q1
q2
0.28
0.96
0
0
0
0
0.8
0.6
qi
qj
[T*]T
61
8 kN
4 kN
3m
A
4*
4m
4m
36.87o
3*
AE 1 1
[k ] = [T ]
[T ]
L 1 1
T
[k]1
0.28
0.96
0
0
0
0
0.8
0.6
3*
[k]1
3*
4*
3
8x10
1
2
0.01568
0.05376
-0.0448
-0.0336
8x103
5
4*
1
-1
-1
1
1
0.28
0.96
0.8
0.6
0.05376 -0.0448 -0.0336

0.18432 -0.1536 -0.1152
0.128 0.096
-0.1536
-0.1152
0.096 0.072
62
8 kN
4 kN
1
3
3m
4*
4m
4m
B
36.87o
3*
[q*] = [T*]T[q] + [T*]T[qF]
Member 2:
y
y*
4*
3*
36.87 j
x*
ix = cos 36.87o = 0.8,
iy = sin 36.87o = 0.6
qi
x
jx = cos 0o = 1,
jy = sin 0o = 0
qj
[k]2
q3*
q4*
q5
q6
0.8
0.6
0
0
0
0
1
0
qi
qj
[T*]T
-1 [T]
[k] = [TT] AE 1
1
L -1
3*
4*
5
3* 0.16
4* 0.12
3
8x10
5 -0.2
0
6
0
0
0
0
0.12
0.09
-0.15
0
-0.2
-0.15
0.25
0
63
8 kN
4 kN
1
3
3m
4*
4m
4m
B
3*
36.87o
Member 3:
y
2
o
270
3
x = cos 270o = 0,
y = sin 270o = -1
1
Member 4:
x = cos 323.13o = 0.8,

y = sin 323.13o = -0.6
x
323.13o
[k]3
= 8x103
1
2
5
6
1
2
0
0
0 0.333
0
0
0 -0.333
6
5
0
0
0 -0.333
0
0
0 0.333
[k]4
= 8x103
1
2
7
8
1
0.128
-0.096
-0.128
0.096
2
-0.096
0.072
0.096
-0.072
7
-0.128
0.096
0.128
-0.096
8
0.096
-0.072
-0.096
0.072
64
8 kN
4 kN
1
3
3m
4*
4m
4m
36.87o
Member 5:
3*
8
7
8
5
x = cos 0o = 1,
y = sin 0o = 0
[k]5
5
6
8x103
7
8
0.25
0
-0.25
0
0
0
0
0
-0.25
0
0.25
0
8
0
0
0
0
65
2
1
1
3
[k]1
4*
4*
0.12
0.09
-0.15
0
2
-0.096
0.072
0.096
-0.072
[K] =
2
4*
1
0.05376 -0.0448 -0.0336
0.18432 -0.1536 -0.1152
0.128 0.096
-0.1536
-0.1152
0.096 0.072
3*
3*
3* 0.16
4* 0.12
3
[k]2 = 8x10
5 -0.2
6
0
1
1 0.128
[k]4 = 8x103 2 -0.096
7 -0.128
8 0.096
3*
4*
3
8x10
1
2
3*
0.01568
0.05376
-0.0448
-0.0336
5
-0.2
-0.15
0.25
0
7
-0.128
0.096
0.128
-0.096
1
2
8x103 *
3
5
6
6
1
2
5
0
0
0
0
1 0
0 -0.333
0
[k]3 = 8x103 2 0 0.333
0
0
0
5 0
0
6 0 -0.333
0 0.333
0
8
5
6
7
8
0
-0.25 0
5 0.25
0.096
0
0
0 0
-0.072
6
[k]5 = 8x103
-0.096
0
0.25 0
7 -0.25
0.072
8
0
0
0 0
5
2
3*
1
0.256
0.0
-0.0448 0
0.0
0.474 -0.0336 0
-0.0448 -0.0336 0.17568 -0.2
0
0
-0.2
0.5
66
8 kN
4 kN
1
1
3m
A
4m
4*
4m
3*
8
7
36.87o
Global:
[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

1
Q1 = 4
Q2 = -8
Q3*= 0
Q5 = 0
D1
D2
D3*
D5
8x103
0.0
3*
-0.0448
2
0.0
0.474 -0.0336 0
3* -0.0448 -0.0336 0.17568 -0.2
0
1.988x10-3
-2.0824x10-3
1.996x10-4
7.984x10-5
m
m
m
m
0.256
-0.2
0.5
D1
D2
D3*
D5
67
8 kN
4 kN
Member forces
D
[ q ' F ]m =
3m
A
4m
4m
B
36.87o
2
1
Member
ix
iy
#1
0.28 0.96
#2
0.8
0.6
[ ]
jx
jy
0.8
0.6
0
D3*
[qF]1 = 8x103 -0.28 -0.96

8
5
7 = 0.46 kN, (T)
4*
AE
x
L
Dxi
D
yi
x + q'F
Dxj

D yj
3*
0.8 0.6
0
D1
D2
D3*
D1
D2
D3*
D5
1.988x10-3
-2.0824x10-3
1.996x10-4
7.984x10-5
m
m
m
m
[qF]2 = 8x103 -0.8

4
= -0.16 kN, (C)
-0.6
0
D5
0
68
2
1
3
[ q ' F ]m =
4*
1.988x10-3
-2.0824x10-3
1.996x10-4
7.984x10-5
m
m
m
m
ix
iy
jx
jy
#3
-1
-1
#4
0.8
-0.6
0.8
-0.6
#5
Member
3*
D1
D2
D*3
D5
AE
x
L
Dxi
D
yi
x + q'F
Dxj

D yj
[ ]
D1
[qF]3 = 8x103 0
3
= -5.55 kN
-1
D2
D5
0
D1
[qF]4 = 8x103 -0.8

5
= -4.54 kN
0.6
0.8 - 0.6
D2
0
0
D5
[qF]5 = 8x103 -1
4
= -0.16 kN
0
0
0
69
8 kN
4 kN
3m
A
4m
4m
B
4*
8
7
3*
36.87o
Member
Member Force (kN)
y*
36.87o
[q]1
[q]2
0.46 -0.16
[q]3
[q]4
[q]5
-5.55 -4.54 -0.16

4.54 kN
0.46 kN
5.55 kN
36.87o
0.16 kN
0.16 kN
3.79 kN
36.87o
5.55 kN
0.36 kN
x*
2.72 kN
70
Space-Truss Analysis
71
Member Local Stiffness [k]:

[q] = [k][d] + [qF]
= [k][T][d] + [qF]
q 'i EA 1 1 d 'i q 'iF
d ' + F
q ' =
1
1
j q ' j
j L
d ix
d
iy
d iz
EA 1 1
[T ] + q'F
=
L 1 1
d jx
d jy

d jz
[ ]
where,
x
0
[T ] =
y z
x y
0
z
72
Member Global Stiffness [km]:

[km]= [T]T[k] [T]
x
y
z
[km ] =
0
0
0
0
0 EA 1 1 x
x L 1 1 0
y
x y
0
z
73
Global equilibrium matrix:

[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]
Joint Load
QI
QII
Reaction
KI,I
KII,I
KI,II
Du
KII,II
Dk
Fixed End Forces
QFI
+
QFII
Support Boundary Condition
74
qj
j
qix
qiy
qiz
qjx
qi
qjx
EA
L
x x
x y
x z
x x
x y
x z
yx yy yz yx yy yz
zx zy zz zx zy zz
dix
diy
diz
djx
djy
djz
qjz
qiy
i
qjy
qjz
qjy
j
xx xy xz xx xy xz
yx yy yz yx yy yz
zx zy zz zx zy zz
qix
q 'i EA 1 1 d 'i q 'iF

q ' =
d ' + F
1
1
j q ' j
j L
qiz
[q' ]
j m
EA
x
L
x y
d ix
d
iy
d iz
z + q' F
d jx
d jy

d jz
[ ]
75
Example 6
(b) Determine the end forces of each member.
2
Take E = 200 GPa, A = 1000 mm
z .
60 kN
80 kN
10 m
y
4m
4m
O
3m
3m
76
z
60 kN
80 kN
3
2
(0, 0, 10)
10 m
1
4
4m
4m
O
3m
3m
(-4, -3, 0)
(-4, 3, 0)
4
m = xi + yj + zk
1 = (-4/11.18)i + (3/11.18)j + (-10/11.18)k
= -0.3578 i + 0.2683 j - 0.8944 k
2 = (+4/11.18)i + (3/11.18)j + (-10/11.18)k

= +0.3578 i + 0.2683 j - 0.8944 k
3 = (+4/11.18)i + (-3/11.18)j + (-10/11.18)k

= +0.3578 i - 0.2683 j - 0.8944 k
4 = (-4/11.18)i + (-3/11.18)j + (-10/11.18)k

= -0.3578 i - 0.2683 j - 0.8944 k
Member
(4, 3, 0)
(4, -3, 0)
#1
-0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
#2
+0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
#3
+0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
#4
-0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
77
Member
#1
-0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
#2
+0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
#3
#4
+0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944

-0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
1
[k11]1 =
AE
L
[k]m =
-0.096 +0.072 -0.240
+0.320 -0.240
2
[k11]3x3
[k12]3x3
[k21]3x3
[k22]3x3
1
[k11]3 =
1 +0.128 -0.096 +0.320
1
AE
[k11]2 =
L
Member Stiffness Matrix [k]6x6
AE
L
[k11]4 =
AE
L
-0.096 +0.072 +0.240
-0.320 +0.240 +0.80
+0.096 +0.072 -0.240
-0.320 -0.240
[KI,I] =
AE
L
+0.096 +0.072 +0.240
+0.320 +0.240 +0.80

1
+0.80
1 +0.128 +0.096 +0.320
1 +0.128 +0.096 -0.320

2
1 +0.128 -0.096 -0.320
+0.80
1 0.512
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.288
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.2
78
z
60 kN
80 kN
(0, 0, 10)
10 m
1
4
4m
4m
O
3m
[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

60
-80
0.0
AE
L
1
1 0.512
3m
(-4, -3, 0)
(-4, 3, 0)
3
4
0.0
0.0
D1
0.0
0.288
0.0
D2
0.0
0.0
3.2
D3
(4, 3, 0)
(4, -3, 0)
0.0
+
0.0
0.0
79
Global equilibrium matrix:

[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]
Joint Load
QI
QII
KI,I
KII,I
KI,II
Du
KII,II
Dk
Reaction
Fixed End Forces
QFI
+
QFII
Support Boundary Condition
(AE/L) = (1x10-3)(200x106)/(11.18) = 17.89x103 kN

1
60
-80
0.0
D1
D2
D3
AE
L
L
AE
1 0.512
0.0
0.0
D1
0.0
0.288
0.0
D2
0.0
0.0
3.2
D3
+117.2
-277.8
0.0
0.0
+
0.0
0.0
6.551
mm
-15.53
mm
0.0
mm
80
z
60 kN
80 kN
10 m
y
4m
4m
O
3m
Member
3m
x y
-0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
#2
+0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
#3
#4
+0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944

-0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
D1
D2
D3
dxi
#1
Member forces:
[qj]m = AE
L
dyi
dzi
dxj
qF
dyj
[qj]1 =
AE
L
+0.3578 -0.2683 +0.8944
= +116.5 kN (T)
L
AE
117.2
dzj
[0]
-277.8
0.0
81
z
60 kN
80 kN
10 m
y
4m
[qj]2 =
[qj]3 =
[qj]4 =
4m
AE
L
AE
L
AE
L
-0.3578
-0.3578
3m
Member
3m
-0.2683 +0.8944
+0.2683 +0.8944
+0.3578 +0.2683 +0.8944
#1
-0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
#2
+0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
#3
#4
+0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944

-0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
L
AE
L
AE
L
AE
117.2
-277.8
0.0
= +32.61 kN (T)
117.2
-277.8
0.0
= -116.5 kN (T)
117.2
-277.8
0.0
= -32.61 kN (T)
82
Member
#1
-0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944 116.5
#2
+0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944 32.6
#3
#4
+0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944 -116.5

-0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944 -32.6
60 kN
80 kN
1
R5z = (-32.6)(-0.8944)
= 29.16 kN
5
[qj]m
32.6 kN
32.6 kN
116.5 kN
116.5 kN
R5y = (-32.6)(-0.2683) = 8.75 kN

R5x = (-32.6)(-0.3578) = 11.66 kN
83

05 Matrix Truss

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05 Matrix Truss

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TRUSSES ANALYSIS

Fundamentals of the Stiffness Method

Fundamentals of the Stiffness Method

Node and Member Identification

Global and Member Coordinates

Member Local Stiffness Matrix

Displacement and Force Transformation Matrices

Displacement Transformation Matrices

d 'i = d ix cos x + d iy cos y

Force Transformation Matrices

qiy = q 'i cos y

Member Global Stiffness Matrix

Substitute ( [q] = [k][d] + [qF] ) into Eq. 3, yields the result,

Application of the Stiffness Method for Truss Analysis

[Qk] = [K11][Du] + [K12][Dk] + [QF]

q 'i AE 1 1 d 'i q ' F i

-4/5 = -0.8 -3/5 = -0.6

0.48 0.36 -0.48 -0.36

0.36 0.48 -0.36

0.48 -0.36 -0.48

0.36 0.48 -0.36

0.48 -0.36 -0.48

0.64 -0.48 -0.64 0.48

0.64 -0.48 -0.64 0.48

0.64 0.48 -0.64 -0.48

+ F = 0: 17.7 + 17.7 +50cos 36.89

1 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096

2 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072

Member 2: [q] = [k]m[d] + [qF]

0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096

0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072

-0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096

-0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072

[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

1.0 0.0 -1.0 0.0

0.6 -0.8 -0.6

[qF]3 = 8x103 0.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0

D2= -2.356x10-3 + -1.92

x2/L xy/L y2/L

0.128 -0.096 0.072

0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096

0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072

-0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096

-0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072

0.128 -0.096 -0.128 0.096

-0.096 0.072 0.096 -0.072

-0.128 0.096 0.128 -0.096

0.096 -0.072 -0.096 0.072

x2/L xy/L y2/L

Global Stiffness Matrix

Global Stiffness Matrix

0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096

0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072

-0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096

-0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072

0.128 -0.096 -0.128 0.096

7 -0.128 0.096 0.128

0.096 -0.072 -0.096 0.072

2 -0.096 0.072 0.096 -0.072

0.0 0.477 0.0 0.096

7 -0.128 0.096 -0.25 0.378

Global Fixed end forces

-2.88 + 10.67 = 7.79 2

[q] = [T]T[q] + [T*]T[qF]

[q] = [T]T[q] + [T*]T[qF]

[q] = [T]T[q] + [T*]T[qF]