Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Modern Russian. Includes indexes. I. Russian language-Grammar-19502. Russian language-Spoken Russian. I. Bidwell, Charles E\leretl. 1923joint author. II. Humesky, Assya. joint author. III. Title. PG2112.D36 1m 491.7'83'421 775837 ISBN o.8784().1695 (\I. I)
Copyright 1964 by Georgetown University All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America International Standard Book Number: o.8784().169-5
ABOUT
Modern Russian
In February 1960 the University of Michigan sponsored a conference of scholars to "develop criteria for a two-year college sequence of spccialized materials for learning the Russian language." In its proposal to the U.S. Office of Education for funds to support the conference, the University of Michigan stated its view that "The urgency of our national need to improve and increase the study of the Russian language in our schools and colleges and the comparative dearth and inadequacy of existing materials for this purpose dictate the collaboration of the U.S. Office of Education with the Russian language specialists ... in the production of a complete two-year colJege level course in Russian." The proposal advised that "pcrtinent decisions regarding personnel, institutional sponsorship, and methodology for the production of such a course should be made only on a broadly established basis of consensus among a widely representative group of scholars and specialists in this field." The twenty-seven scbolars and specialists listed on the page opposite collaborated at tbe conference to achieve tbat consensus, and designated nine persons, similarly listed, as an Advisory Committee to the project. Recommendations arising from the February 1960 conference and from the Advisory Committee resulted in the naming and empowering of the Working Committee-: Dr. Clayton L. Dawson, Professor and Chairman of the Slavic Department at Syracuse University (project coordinator); Dr. Charles E. Bidwell, Associate Professor and Chairman of the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of Pittsburgh; and Dr. Assya Humesky, Associate Professor of Russian Language and Literature, University of Michigan. Syracuse University undertook to house and administer the entire project, and assumed responsibility for the preparation of the new materials. Both the University of Michigan conference and the University of Syracuse project to produce the two-year course were supported by the U.S. Office of Education, under authority of TiUe VI of the National Defense Education Act. The University of Michigan, the University of Pittsburgh, and Syracuse University coopcrated by granting leaves of absence to Drs. Humesky, Bidwell, and Dawson respectively. Along with these universities, The American University, the Foreign Service Institute, Georgetown University, Indiana University, 51. John's University, the State University College at New Paltz, New York, and the University of Washington participated in the field testing of materials prior to publication, providing helpful suggestions and encouragement. Generous help was provided in typing, advising, and recording by a large group of native Russians teaching in the Slavic Department of Syracuse University. Professors Robert L. Baker of Indiana University and Tatiana Cizevska of the University of Illinois contributed timely information on culture and current usage out of their recent experience in the Soviet Union. Finally, special critical evaluations and recommendations were provided by Professors Baker, Richard Burgi of Princeton University, Kurt Klein of the University of Illinois, and Laurence Thompson of the University of Washington.
Modem Russian, together with the recordings and the teacher's manual prepared to accompany it, unique in both content and techniques in the Russian field, is the fruition of this cooperative group effort.
Emma Birkmaier University of Minnaota Deming J. Brown University of Michigan Edward J. Brown Brown University William S. Cornyn Yale University Clayton L. Dawson Syracuse University Horace W. Dewey Universily of Michigan William B. Edgerton Ifldiana Universily Gordon Fairbanks Cornell University Wayne D. Fisher Universi,y of Ch~ogo A. Bruce Gaarder U.S. Office of Education Fruma Gottschalk University of Chicago Frances de Graaf Bryn Mawr Col/ege Ernest F. Haden University of Texas Morris Halle Massachusetts Institute of Technology Heien Jacobson George Wtuhington University Walter C. Jaskievicz FordJuun University Harry H. Josselson Waylll! State University Horace G. Lunl Harvard University Thomas F. Magner Pe1lJJS}'Ivania State Universily Fan Parker Brooklyn College Lawrence Poslon University of Oklahoma Peter Rudy Northwestern University Leon Stilman Columbia University Laurence G. Thompson University of Wtuhinglon Leon Twarog Ohio State Universi'y Donald D. Walsb Modern Language A5SOCiaiion Francis J. Whitfield Universily of California
ADVlSORY COMMJTJEB
Indiana University Yale University Indiana Universi'y Cort/ell University Universily of Texas Foreign &rvice Institute
Francis J. Whitfield
Universily of California
The matcriaJs of Modern Russian, like those of its prototype, the Modem Language Association's Modern Spanish, provide a new kind of language course based on audio-lingual principles and aimed at speaking proficiency within the framework of tbe traditional language program. Modern Russian consists of two volumes of eighteen lessons each, designed for a two-year course meeting from three to five hours a week. Stressing the fundamental structural features of the contemporary spoken language, the thirtysix lessons present a total vocabulary of some 2700 items. Magnetic tape recordings, available to accompany the written materials, are an integral part of the two-year program. In addition, longplaying disk recordings of basic portions of tbe lessons are obtainable for home study. Audio-lingual principles assume that fluency in a foreign language is acquired less by intellectual analysis than by intensive practice. Awareness of structure is acquired not by memorizing rules and paradigms but by imitation and repetition of basic language patterns and by performance of drills carefully constructed to capitalize on the leamer's natural inclination to analogize from material already learned. Language learning thus properly begins with listening and repeating and only later proceeds to reading and writing. These first two stages are of primary importance if the student is to gain even a minimwn control of spoken Russian; for this reason we recommend strongly that most material be presented and practiced with books closed, both in class and in the laboratory. A lesson consists of the following parts designed to be used as suggested: Preparation for Conversation. Anticipating the Conversation to follow, this part presents the basic elements of the Conversation in the order of their appearance, together with parallel English equivalents and, where needed, wilh phonetic transcription. This material provides a basis for understanding and assimilating the Conversation. Supplementary related words and phrases are also given here. Conversations. Simulating situations of contemporary Soviet life, these introduce the basic lexical and structural items of the lesson in dialogue form and in colloquial Russian. The first
v
four lessons contain a single Conversation each; the remaining lessons each contain a pair of Conversations. Notes explain points of cultural difference and of usage and style. For the first five lessons a parallel English equivalent of each Conversation is provided. A phonetic transcription of the Russian is also given as an aid to proper pronunciation in learning the materials; this is presented consistently in the first ten lessons, but only to clarify special problems thereafter. The Conversations, basic to each lesson, are best assimilated to the point of complete memorization. These are recorded on the tapes-and on the records as well-for individual repeated listening and imitation. They are presented in four stages: (I) the entire dialogue at natural speed without pauses; (2) the individual sentences, broken down from the end, with pauses for student repetition; (3) complete utterdnces, again with pauses for student repetition; and (4) the entire dialogue once again at natural speed without pauses. Bask Sentence Patterns. These are sets of patterned sentences, deriving from the Conversations and illustrating the major structural points of the lesson with the use of new and review vocabulary. They are to be mastered through repeated practice. The Basic Sentence Patterns are paralleled by English equivalents. Pronunciation Practice. To instill habits of correct pronunciation, every lesson provides pronunciation drills, frequently contrastive ones. Additional pronunciation drills, not appearing in the text, are given in the Teacher's Manual and on the tapes. Lessons 6 through II each present an Intonatioo Practice treating the fundamental patterns of simple sentences. Structure and Drills. These form the grammatical heart of the course, generally treating four or five major structural points per lesson. Each structural point is developed in five to twelve different drills, with an average of ten responses. The student imitates the models given (generally there are two, the first with an English equivalent), by responding orally to sentences, questions, and/or cues in Russian provided by the teacher. The drills are widely varied: repetition, substitution, questionanswer, subject reversal, transformation, structure replacement, integration, expansion, and pro gressive substitution. All drills are fully recorded on the tapes with appropriate pauses for student responses, followed by the confirming responses. To make the procedure clear, the desired responses for the first two lessons are printed in fuJI. A discussion of a structural point generally follows the drills in which it has been developed. Reading and Writing. Essentially a recapitulation of the lexical and structural items in lhe lesson and a review of past items, this part is a reworking of the Conversation materials and provides practice in reading. The portions presented in handwritten form invite practice in dictation or copying (easily self-corrected), as well as in reading a cursive script. Translation of the readings is not recommended; comprehension can best be checked by questions in Russian as provided in the Teacher's Manual. Experience suggests that presentation of dialogues is most effective when delivered at a normal conversational speed in natural word groupings (not as words in isolation), with a natural intonation. Class choral repetition is helpful in presenting new Conversations in order to bring the class into active participation, and choral recitation of the parts of the dialogue by designated groups of the class provides a useful check on memorizing the Conversations. Memorizing the Conversations, though not indispensable, does result in higher achievement in the structural drills. Intensive drill on the Preparation for Conversation and class practice on the Conversation, followed by the use of the tape in the language laboratory and/or the records at home, can make memorizing the Conversation a relatively simple task.
vi
Practice in writing-whether mere copying or writing out drill responses specifically assigned for that purpose-should not be neglected, despite the strong oral emphasis of Modern Russian. The writing of selected drills tends to reinforce mastery of the structure and to check on progress being made. Normally a lesson will take five meetings to cover, though clearly the longer the time spent on a lesson, the more complete the mastery of it is likely to be. The first four lessons are shorter and may therefore be covered in four sessions each. Where classes meet only three hours a week, drills which cannot be covered in class may be assigned for performance in a language laboratory. A course of three class hours a week has been successfully given by Syracuse University with these materials on just such a basis.
Contents
The Russ.ian sound system The Russian (Cyrillic) alphabet and the writing system Remarks on stress Discrepancies between the sound system and the writing system Preparation for Conversation: Crylletrr II CT)'Ahr'rxa Boy student and girl student Basic sentenoe paltems
STRUCTURE AND DRIUS
3
5
7
8
JO 12
IJ
14
Preparation for Conversation: ,llUliO .ac: HC H.D.eJT J haW'n"' seen you lor (J long time Basic sentence pallems Correspondence bctYI'CCII Cyrillic vowel letters and the vowel sounds
STRUCIVR AND DR1LL.S
19 21 22 23
The present tense of the first conjugation verb pa60nn. The Russian handwriting system Syllabification of words in RussiaD
25
28 33
J5 J7 J8
39
The present tense of the second oonjugation verb Masculine, feminine, and plural endings of short-ronn adjectives
lIriRHe
cueu.m.
43 45
"mtCIo.'ItO
47
Preparation for Conversation: Puroe6p. o6weJO.u Conversation in fM dormitory Basic sentence patterns Introductory remarks on the Russian case system Remarks on Siems and endings: tbe concept of '''zero'' ending
STRUCJURE AND DIUUS
4' 51
52
53
54
55
Past tense of the verb 6Wn. The accusative fonn of inanimate masculine and neul.er nouns
'heDe .. lIIIOoMO IU!ADING AND WIUTING
57
58
Preparation for Conversation: "ITo Ha oMA? Wha/'s/or dinner? Preparation for Conversation: BW y.ae noo6tJ1&JbI? Have you had dinner already? Basic sentence patterns Pronunciation prnc:tioe: hard versus soft consonants (ltJ \IS. Grammatical gender of nouns Verbal aspects
STllUCTUllE AND DRIUS
61
63 64
65
[tl,
Id] vs.
[~I.
[oj
\IS.
['1D
66 68
69
10
Replacement of nouDS by third person pronouns: 611, oHi. ottO. and _ IntcfTogatives kTO and omS Introductory iTo The irregular present tcose of xOTin. The past tense
'ITe-e
12
73
74
75
76
IIIICI.M6
78
83
85
86
88
89
91
92 94
97 98 102
104
The accusative singular of nouns ending in ... and .... The second conjugation verb roBOpWn. Possessive modifiers The perfective future of the first conjugation verbs uoini and a:Dn. The second conjugation verb BJiJ.lnlo Second person imperatives: familiar versus plural-polite forms lITi:Iote ..o.MO
"
s.
(I{IJ)
The nominative plural of nouns The nominative plural of possessive modifiers The prepositional case: singular and plural endings of nouns Prepositions .. and Ha with the prepositional case The personal pronouns and interrogatives KTO, 'fTO in the prepositional case Remarks on stress shift in nouns
'heHHe K DMCb.'I10
135
136
Preparation for Conversation: totOi cnod,..! Preparation for Conversation: B lW"a3IitIe Basic sentence patterns Pronunciation practice: hard versus soft consonants (Iv) '15. [y), [f) Intonation practice: part II--questions without question words
rae
139
141
142 143
'15.
[fl, (1]
s.
un
145
147 149
To haw in Russian: affirmative y constructions in the present tense To htn-e had in Russian: affirmative y constructions in the past tense The genitive singular of nouns The genitive of KTO, 'ITO, and the pen;onal pronouns The genitive case in Hb coostructions The genitive case in "" 6wJIo constructions lfTCmte III DIIaoM6
160 163
Basic sentence patterns Pronunciation practice: hard consonants lkJ, [g), and Ix) and their sort counterparts ~J, lil, and I'll Intonation practice: emphatic statements with rising-falling contours
STR.UcnJRE ANO OfUu.s
The prelX)Sition y; further uses with the genitive case Prepositions meaningfrom: 113, C. and OT Other prepositions requiring the genitive case Verbs with infinitives ending in ..... : MOon. and CM6<u. Further past tense drills lfTi:ne IDIaoM6
185
188 190 192
10
Basic sentence patterns Pronunciation practice: unpaired consonants (~I, (f). Ie]. It], Intonation practice: review of falling intonation contours
STRucruRll AND DRUJ..S
~"M1f6
200
[~J.
and [jJ)
The accusative of tmi, 'ITO, and the personal pronouns The accusative singular of nouns Second conjugation verbs with a stem consonant change in the first person singular
present-future
213
215 218 221
'Il..-e-e II DC:IIoMO
The future of&.:m. and the formation of the imperfective future KyJd and r.: directional versus Iocational conceptS
11
225
'127 228
230
Basic sentence patterns Pronunciation practice: double consonants Intonation practice: review of rising and rising-falling contours
ST1t.UC11JRJl ANI) DRIUS
231
234
235
237
The present-future of first conjugation verbs patterned like pa66Tan. and ~ The genitive plural of nouns The accusative plural of nouns The genitive case with lie fijJ1el' constructions The genitive case for the direct object of negated verbs Demonslrative trOT in the nominative, accusative, genitive, and prepositional ca~s
lf~
MIDICIoMO
12
Preparati~versation:
Two-stem first conjugation Yerbs Genitive plural noun ending!>: special problems The use of the genitive after numbers Unidirectional versus multidirectional verbs of motion Long-fonn adjoct.ives: nominative singular and plural lfn-e mte:Wot6
276
xi
13
279
[rJ
286 289
The fonnation of the second person imperative The declension of adjectives: Dominative, accusative, genitive, and prepositional cases The declension o f . and the possessive modifiers: nominative, accusative. genitive, and
prepositional cases
290 295
14
Preparation for Conversalion: JiIl'B uD.XM8TW Basic sentence patterns Pronunciation practice: final clusters with Ir) or (r)
STIlUCT\.IRE AND OJUU..S
The dative of KTO, orrO, the: personal pronouns, and the reflexive penonal pronoun cdHi The dative case in impersonal constructions The: dative case with ..y..a1, H)'Qd, HjmIo, and ~ The imperfective verb JUlun. and its perfective .a,jn. Suggestions that include the speaker: part I-perfective verbs Adverbs and short-form neuter adjectives ending in 0() 1.f1'fHHe H nMCbMo
327
330 331 335 337
15
Ka
,,-..uDcy-..
UJ
Preparation for Conversation: n.JlIII Dod3bfBaeT ~nny (20011'" Basic scDtence patterns Pronunciation practice: consonant clusters with [I) or
STRUCTURE AND DRIll.S
Dative constructions with H8Jlo The past tense or the imperfective verb Jl.L{Ili and its prefixed perfecti~ derivatives Suggestions that include the speaker: part ll-imperfective verbs Impersonal constructions using the subjectless third person plural verb 1.fTituIe .. l:I'IlaoM6
16
Basic sentence patterns Pronunciation practice: the voKing of ordinarily unvoiced consonants
STRUCTUJU! AND DRIllS
Prepositions requiring the dative: ll; and go The dative endings ofhar, 'Iii, and the possessive pronoun modifiers The dative endings of adjectives: singular and plural Reflexive verbs-part I HpaJllrrl>CJl, DOlipliBHThC1l
1.fmlNe H UHCJoM6
17
xii
Prepamtion for Conversation: nllp6r c f1l'M6a._ Basic sentence patterns Pronunciation practice: the unvoicing of ordinarily voiced consonants
392
394 ]95
398
Reflexive verbs-part U Nouns with declension irregularities: Min., A6-r... cWlI, ,ltipeeo, JDiicr 'lTi_ 11II IlJfCIoM6
18
Preparation for Conversation: npowii, ua.:&na! Preparation for Conversation: npollliJu.Hu ~... Basic sentence patterns Pronunciation practice: clusters beginning with the letters c and]
STRUCTURE AND DRIUS
419
422
424 426
428 431
Use of the instrumental in the predicate with verbs of ~illg and becomillg The instrumental of adjectives Adjectives and pronouns (in adjectival form) which function as nouns Rene;live verbs--part III Perfectivization by prefix 110- to indicate a limited amount of the activity
LfTCt!He II IIHCbMO
433
436
438 440
APPENDIX
VOCABULAR"
46'
476
xiii
Modern Russian 1
Side A:
Cassette Lesson Page Minutes
Side B: Lesson
Page
Minutes
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
II
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23
I 3 5 6 7 7 8 9 9 JO 10 I1
II
24
12 13 13 14 14 15 16 17 17 18 18
3 35 61 83 109 127 139 167 185 195 213 225 240 253 279 299 309 323 335 361 389 403 419 436
45 46 30 43 28 25 54 29 26 26 26 23 30 40 30 24 25 29 49 47 26 27 24 31
2 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 9 10 10
II II
19 49 74 99 122
III
12
Il
13 14 14 15 16 17 17 18 18
156 180 189 209 216 237 245 268 293 303 320 327 351 376 40 I 409 424 441
31 31 25 39 29 27 55 27 24 25 26 24 30 36 30 23 24 28 51 46 24 27 23 31
LESSON
Russian has five basic vowel sounds, all of tbem shorter than the very approximate English vowels given here for the sake of a rough comparison. l [al [0] star po,1
[el
[i I
met
machine lunar, soon
luI
As aids 10 pronunciation, we also give two additional symbols to represent positional variants of [al and Ii].
sofa, about ship, weary
[papo, 6k,Ja I [bik, sin]
Sound Drill I: Practice the Russian examples illustrating the vowel sounds, imitating your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can. 2
B. The consonants
Russian consonants fall into two main groups, which we call "hard" and "soft." Hard consonants are pronounced with the main body of the tongue flattened, creating a hoJlow, open, mouth cavity. Soft consonants, conversely, are pronounced with the tongue raised in an are, creating a narrowed mouth cavity and a restricted passage of air. The consonants may be divided into four subgroups: those which occur in both soft and hard varieties regardless of what sound follows, those whose hardness or softness depends on the sound that follows, those which are only hard, and those which are only soft.
, In illustrating the sounds we use a transcription based on Latin characters. some slightly modified in form. Sound Drills 1-5 are recorded on tape and printed in the Teacher's Manual.
1. Consonants which occur in both hard and soft varielies regardless of the sound that follows. I
[mJ
[", ] [bJ
PI]
[pJ
[eJ
[vJ [yJ
m
[nJ
[QJ [dJ
[~]
If]
moose ","use boots beauty poor pure voice view food feud
DOW
PIll,
a'l&l.J
It)
[II
[zJ
[~J
[sJ
[IJ
[rJ [r]
PJ
menu do adieu, shouki you stool costume, what youth zoom presume (British), he's young SW'm as."iiwne, lhis youth trined r (as in Spanish or Italian) soft trilled r (no equivalent) belt million
[papk., slapl [sei , Il6sJ [yam, sI6Y.1] [yiZ:), yeLk~ J s16f] [fin, astaO (n6s, v6n] [Q6s, QCl) Ida, dim.)
em,
[~~', Ilim.]
(t6t, tut] [16k, mall (z6n~, vw] (pma, vqmu] (s6k, viis] [lidu, eilm6 J [rnka, ur6k) erika, govafll J [lampo, st61) [lagn, still
Sound Drill 2: Practice the Russian examples illustrating these hard and soft consonant pairs, imitating your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can. Notc that Russian consonants do not have the slight puff of breath characteristic of such English consonants as p, t, and k in certain positions. 2. Consonants whose hardness or softness ordinarily depends on the sound that follows. The consonants [k], [gJ, and [x] are ordinarily pronounced hard, but are replaced by their soft alternates [~], [3J, and [;OS] respectively when followed by the vowels eel and [i]:
(kl
[~J
[gJ
[gJ
[x)
[n631, nage)
[xud6j, ax]
[~)
(no English equivalent; something like the Scotch or German dJ. in loch or adJ.) (son variety; no equivalent)
(JPrpik, bran:sit)
Sound Drill 3 : Practice the Russian examples illustrating these sounds, imitating your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can.
, In the transcription, I small hook under the k:tta marks the soft COlUOl1Int. Notice thaI lhe.soft COlUOl1IDt has.somewhal the effect of a "y-like" glide rollowing the consonant.
LESSON I
3. Consonants which occur only in a hard variety regardless of the sound that follows:
[c]
[<)
its, waltz
shrimp
[capC:::l, alec]
[<Hr, !Utko)
[1]
azure, leisure
[!Uk,
uze)
Sound Drill 4: Practice the Russian examples iUustrating these sounds. imitating your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can. Note that the Russian [c] is a single sound unit. and that both ~J and (1J are articulated farther back in tbe throat than the comparable English sounds. 4. Consonants which occur only in a soft variety, regardless of the sound that follows:
[f)
!"J
[Cis, doc)
~i, ji~]
Ua,
m6j)
Sound DrillS: Practice the Russian examples illustrating these sounds, imitating your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can.
PRONUNCIATION
A a
[aJ
[a)
a,TiM
Ii 6
[b)
llIJ [P)
,..;.
BT6M roT6sa, T6ra 6ere. T6re 6er. M6r TOr6. Ku6ro
LESSON I
)I, II
IdJ
[~]
Aa,.abM
r,rt, BOJle, oach 06tJl, r6A. B6JlKa
[t]
E e
W, erb
Mi.a.. TeTe
te,
r e
J1(lIC
Moe
Iz]
I~]
Is]
11
r8A
MOM, TBOIi
xNBi:T
MOM. TaJC6ii, MaiKa, iO.IJ.
Aii
KK
JI
Jl
[kJ
[%]
m
[m] ['l']
PI
MM
H.
Mbil, T3.M
Mtn, ttMJI
HO, OHA
[0] IQ]
NeT,
oHJj
OO,ltKa
00
.nOM, 33.BO.ll..
OKII6, CJlO83
Mana, MOnOll:O
OOH,D;CM
II
fIl]
p p
Cc
[r]
.nlrJ, rJtlllJe
pyKa, Milp
ped, MOpe
III
IsJ IiI
[I)
acWIOI.
BaC, Jloaca
TT
Yy
<1>01>
ru
[ul In
10
Xx
6
lESSON I
Ix]
I~]
Un
q
[e]
OTtn, napHQa
lU
[] [I]
[!]
ill w
11\
bI b
b
erne
],1>
bI
(hard sign)'
[;1
(soft sign)'
[el
:3
,
10
10
jig
neH.mil,
JlO
cBHll!mul
Remarks on stress
A.
s~
in the word
A stressed vowel is one pronounced wiLb greater intensity or loudness than an unstressed vowel. Words of more than one syllable can have only one syllable which is stressed in Russian. This contrasts sharply with English, when::: many words have more than one stress, for example:
ENGLISH propaganda
RUSSIAN npouaraKJ],a
[p~pag{md~]
When words are combined in a sentence in Russian, certain short words may receive no stress. For example, prepositions such as y and Ha, and the negative partjcle He arc nonnally pronounced as though they were part of the following word: yuee [UQij6] H3 nO'iTy [nap6tul He BH.a.CJl [Q;Y;Qil]
B. The major segment
A Russian sentence may consist of a single word or of one or more groups of words. Each group contains one word which has an even stronger stress than any of the other stressed words in the group. We call the groups major segments and the strongest stress in each group the major stress. We call the remaining word stresses in the major segment secondary stresses. The boundary between major segments represents a point where a short slowing up or pause may be made in speaking. In our transcription, the major sentence stress will be indicated by a double accent mark ("), and the secondary or word stress will have a single acute accent mark ('). On the material printed in Cyrillic, only the single accent mark will be used for both major sentence stress and word stress.
I The hard sign nipll.wii m&K and page 9.
LESSON I
Division of a sentence into major segments will often depend on the individual speaking style and tempo. A given sentence in rapid speech will be spoken with fewer major segments than the same utterance in slow deliberate speech. But the segmentation is not arbilrary--there are some places where a major segment boundary may be made and others where it will be rare or nonexistent. For example, a major segment boundary does not occur between a preposition and the following word, and it rarely occurs between an adjective and the noun it qualifies. In neutral, unemphatic style, the major stress usually falls on the last word of each major segment. In statements, a shift of the major stress (0 another word in the segment shifts the emphasis to that word: NEUTRAL
SPEClAL
or
.sf H).Ij ,ll,oM6U. [jf!. idli dam6j] I'm going home. .sf.H,/.\Y ,lJ,OMOH. [ja idfi dam6j] I am going home. .sf W,ll,OMOH. (ja idli dam6j] Fm going home.
To sum up, we indicate the degrees of stress (loudness) as follows: I. Major stress (one per major segment}---double accent mark on transcription, single accent mark on CyriIlic. 2. Secondary or word stress (no more than one per word}-single acute accent mark. 3. No stress--no accent mark. EXAMPLE
Ii H,ll.y Ha notTy.
Above all, the student should bear in mind that the best guide to accurate pronunciation is the way a native speaker actually pronounces the words, not the written representation of stress.
of the writing system and the alphabet, however, that the same letter often represents both a hard and soft consonant in writing. For example, both hard [n] and soft fQ] are written H in Cyrillic; only the following letter can tell us whether it is hard or soft. Compare HOC [nos] with Hee [Qos]. B. Double set of vowel letters in the writing system To preserve the distinction between hard and soft consonants in the writing system, the Russian alphabet employs a double set of vowel letters which may be termed "hard-" and "soft-series" vowel letters. [n themselves the vowels are neither hard nor soft; rather, they indicate the hardness or softness of the preceding consonant. Thus "hard-series" vowel letter a typically follows a hard consonant, and "soft-series" vowel letter H typically follows a soft consonant.
HARD SERlES
$Off SERIES
a
e
H
a
bl
C
10
LESSON I
6.
[ba
60
bo
PRONOUNCED
WRITTEN
,,.
6y bu Ay du My mu
TY
6.
be
6", hi1
A'"
6. [i}a
AR
6e
i}o
50 i}e
6" i}i I
AM
PRONOUNCED
WRITTEN
(da
AO do MO mo TO 10
A' de M' me
T3
.ae
40
Ilia
MR
Ae 4e Me 'Pe
TO
4iJ
MY
PRONOUNCED
WIUTTEN
Ma [rna
TIl
Me
'Po
['Pa
TR
<piJ
TR
PRONOUNCED
Ita
tu
te
"" tiJ
-re
0 1
[\"
IU
\e
\i1
The special symbol h indicates the softness of a preceding consonant when no vowel letter follows. I Remember that this sign is not a vowel, Le., it has no independent sound value. It is merely an alphabetic device to show that the preceding consonant is soft. It is written principally at tbe end of a word or between consonants.
HARD CONSONANT NOT FOLLOWED BY VOWEL WRITTEN PRONOUNQ:D
WRITTEN
cn\. (stolJ
6pAT
cr6m.
[stoll
6pan.
so much to taJc:e
roa1
PRONOUNCED
WlUTTt'N
[brall yrollh
{ug:)U
PRONOUNCED
WIUTTEN
shelf
PRONOUNCED
nOm."a [pOlbJ
polka
C. Soft-series vowel letters at the beginning of a word or following another vowel letter Tbe soft-series vowelletlers ii, e, e, and 10, also serve another function. At the beginning of a word following another vowel leller, they arc written to represent the consonant sound (written elsewhere ii) plus a vowel. Thus H in these positions is equivalent to ii plus a; e is equivalent to ii plus 0; e is equivalent to ii plus 3, and 10 is equivalent to ii plus y.
WRJlTEN PRONOUNCED
MOR
maja
elK jO!
MaC
maj6
MoeH
majej
wr
juk
MOJO
maju]
The soft-series vowel letter H differs from the others in that tbere is usually no preceding [j] sound in initial position, and there is a ratber weak [j] between vowels:
JiMj(
MOM
(iIp:)]
D. The bani sign ... and soft sign
h
[maji] or [mail
There are two leHers in the Russian alphabet with no independent sound value. They are called nep1lhlH 38llK hard sign ... and MTKKii 3HllK soft sign h.
'See item 0 below, fOf fuller treatment of this symbol.
LESSON I
Of the two symbols, the soft sign 10 is much more frequently encountered and serves two major purposes: a. To indicate consonant softness at the end of a word or before another consonant: onlo [gatl five, TOJlbKO [t6lb] only, 'INTin. [titiU to read. b. To indicate that a preceding consonant is soft and that the next vowel is preceded by the sound [jj: cer.tbli [~iqlja] family, nbU [IDot] he drinks. Note: Although the soft sign is sometimes written after the consonants and w for historic reasons, these consonants are nevertheless pronounced hard: Mymoli [mtdjaj husbands, H./leuu. [i46~j you're going.
2.
The hard sign 1> in modern Russian is only used after prefixes ending in a consonant followed by a softseries vowel. It indicates that a [j] sound precedes this vowel: cWn [sjel) he ate Up. on..i3.a: (atjest) departure.
PREPARATION FOR CONVERSATION
Except in certain fixed expressions, nouns are first given in their nominative case form. The nominative case is primarily used to indicate the subject of a sentence or clause. Russian nouns are of three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Masculine nouns usually terminate in a consonant letter, feminine ones in -a or ....., and neuters in -0 or -e. The gender of nouns will be indicated in the Preparation for Conversation only where it is not obvious from the nominative form, as for example: . . . (f) door, Abn. (m) day. For the time being verbs and adjectives will be given only in the form in which they occur in the conversation. cryll,eHT (stu4ent] Ii) CTy.neHTK<l [stu4entka] EureHidi liivgeQijJ HHHa [Qina) npHB';'- [Pri~l) " _.... H" " .~" IIIIA.
Ubi H./leTe [vi i40ti] KY.lla [kuda] KYlJ,a BY H/teTe?
student
and
girl student, coed Evgeny Nina greetings! regards! hi! Hi, Nina! you're going, you're on your way where, where to, to what place Where are you going?
lesson, a lesson, the lesson 2 to the lesson, to dass singing singing class, a singing lesson To a singing lesson.
Ha yp6K oettu.
Ii
HflY
Ua
iduJ
I'm going, I'm on my way I'm going to a singing lesson. and, but. by the way, how about home, homeward And are you on your way home?
, Boldface sentences in the Preparation for Conw:rsalion are those lhat appear in the Conversation itself. l Notice thai Russian does not haw: definite or indefinite anie1es corresponding to English Iltt. a, on.
10
I...R'iSON
HiT [Qct] nO'ITa [p6Ct~ J H8 no'lT)' [oap6Ctu) HeY, Ji HJ.tY 118 no'lT)'. OHCbMO [gi~mo J nOCJlliTb nHchMo [paslat gi~m6J A HJti' HS ooarl'y nocmin. DHCbMO. co6pAHHe
6wo
[sabralJj~]
[bil~]
no
post office to the post office No, I'm on my way to the post office. a letter to send a letter I'm going to the post office to send a letter. meeting. a meeting, the meeting was, there was yesterday Was there a meeting yesterday? say! tell [me]! Say, was there a meeting yesterday? there was there wasn't No, there wasn't. club in the club, at the club At the club? No, there wasn't. plant, factory at the plant, at the factory How ahout at the plant? there I wasn't I wasn't there. but There was [a meeting), but I wasn't there. well excuse [me] Well, excuse (me].
laaO.lle?
T3.M [tam] Ji He 6b1J1 [ja Qcbill .st T3.M He 6b1J1. HO [noJ 6blJlO, HO Ii T1i.M lie 6b1n.
Hy
Hy,
[nul [izyiQ.iti]
JOBKHHTe
M3DMnne.
aBT66yc [aftobus] MowasT06yc [moj aft6bus] ao,. u.nCT [vat iQol] 80T lIJl:eT MOM BBT06yc.
no CBHJt3,1UIR
)],0 CBllLI.iJooI.
SUPPLEMENT
[d~s'{idalJj;)]
Ji HJtY [ja idu] ,,;, HAeWb [li iQM] OH HlleT [00 iQat] oHiI H./l.CT [ana iQ6t] MhI HJleM [mt iQ6mJ BbI H./l.eTe [vi iQati] outi HJl.Yr [aQi idut J
I'm going you're going I he's going she's going we're going you're going l they're going
, Tw you is used in addressing a dose friend or a member of one's family. BLt)'OIl is u!iCd in addressing a person where a more formal relalionship e~ists. and it is also used whenever more than one person is addressed.
LESSON I 11
CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS
The following are some of the classroom words and expressions your instructor will be using. Be sure you are able to recognize them when you hear them. eme p<b [ji~C6 ras} nOBTopiITe (paftapti] rIOJl<a.J1yMCTa [pazal';Jst<l J l"OBopiITe [g:waritil rp6M'Ie [gr6mCiJ once again, once more repeat! please speak! talk! louder all together read! good, fine, all right bad, poor, not good better
BCe BMecre
'1HTaMTe xopowo
[lJIOXO
[f~e
vrpestiJ
[citaj\i]
[x';Jm~61
[plox;)J
[Iuc~i]
JJy'lwe
E.
H.
TIpHeeT, HlbIa! Ky.ua ebl lIlti:he? 2 Ha ypOK neHUR. A ehl nOMoii? 3 Hh, }:\ H.uY Ha OOlf1)' nocJulTh mfcbMo.
Hi, Nina! Where are you going? To a singing lesson. And you're on your way borne F No, I'm on my way to the post office to send a letter. Say, was there a meeting yesterday? At the club?l No, there wasn't.
E.
vet j
ja idu napoctu
H.
4 CKa)KHTe,
8lfepa 6bIJIO co6paHHe?
E.
5 B KJIy6e?
HeT, He 6hIJIO.
ved
fklii~i
H.
6 A Ha 3aBOll,e?
7 EhUlo, HO 51 TaM He 6h1Jl .
E.
H.
8 Hy,
H3BIHlHTe.
nu
I izyiQit i !
1
j
BOT JUlCT
vot i46t
Moii a8T66yc.
E.
Ao
cBH,naaH.SI.
H. 10
Ao CBH,aaHHjl.
NOTES
I The terms ay.neHT and CTY~a refer only to university students, as compared with y'feIIKK and yqemiqa which designate pupils or students below university level. Russians make a much sharper distinction than we in the teIlllS used for university level as opposed to pre-university level, for example:
UNIVERSITY LEVEL
npo~p
yHKBeptH"ra
PRE-UNIVERSITY LEVEL
nexI.UUI
1
teacher
school
yp6K
lesson, class
and a both meaning and. 11 is used as a simple conboy and girl student
nector:
whereas a is used to point up a contrast or to introduce a new topic:
.R
) KJ1j6 means club in the sense of a group of working associates who meet for recreational or informal educational purposes. Clubs in the Soviet Union playa political-educational role in encouraging useful bobbies such as radio, photography, or airplane modeling; or in the study of technical subjects, malhematics, botany, zoology, and so forth. Recreational activities include amateur performances, dances, and games such as chess. .. II is not uncommon in the Soviet Union for university students to work in a factory during the day and attend classes in the evening. Unless they are excellent students. secondary school graduates generaJly must work for two years before entering the university. , Notice that at in Russian is H8 in H8 Juone at the plant, but B in B ICJly6e at the club. Certain nouns require the preposition 118 in this meaning, while other nouns require B. In the same way, when these prepositions are used in the meaning to, Ha must be used with JoOn (118. JaB6A 10 the plant) and B must be used with 1CJtj6 (8 1CJIj6 to the club).
Ha ypOK nemul. R lilly Ha yp6K m~lIml. Ha n6'lTy. R 1i.n:Y Ha nO'lTY. Ha c06p3HHe. R II,1l;y Ha c06pfulHc. Ha 3aa6Lt. R li/.{y Ha 3aa6,11;.
Where are you going? To a singing lesson. ('m going to a singing lesson. To the post office. I'm going to the post office. To a meeting. I'm going 10 a meeting. To the plant. I'm going to the plant. Where are you going? To the post office to send a letter. I'm going to the post office to send a letter. Home. I'm going home. To the club. I'm going to the club. Here comes my bus. _ _ _ _ Evgeny. _ _ _ _ Nina. _____ a student. _ _ _ _ _ a girl student. Here come Evgeny and Nina. _ _ _ _ a boy and a girl student.
2. Kywl Tb' HlleWb? - Ha n6'll")' nOCmlTh nHChM6. - R HJJ,Y Ha nO'!Ty nOCJlaTb T1I1ChMO. -):loM6H. - .R J.fJ.l:Y ,1I;OMOH.
lIJ\T1i
REPETITION DRILL
Listen to your instructor (or the tape) and repeat the above pronoun-verb model until you can say it perfectly.
REPETITION-SURSTITUTION DRILL
Repeat after your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can, imitating both the individual words and the sentence intonation. Then, on hearing only the subject pronoun, give the fuIl sentence. 1
I Complete student answers are given in the first two lessons only. Allhough instructions for the drills are addressed 10 lhc student, he is advised to perfonn them without looking at the printed page, preferably with his book closed. Boldface type always indicatcs the "model" sentence to be spoken by the studenl; the corresponding lightface sentence is the "model" to be spoken by the teacher. The English translation appears in italic Iype.
14
LE'SSON 1
TEACHER
STUDENT
ii: My JJ.OMOU.
TM un.ewb .D:OMOj:j.
68 lIJ],CT ):lOMO".
A IIJJ.Y JJ.oMoii.
Oil
01130 lUleT AOMO". M bi H,lJ;eM ,D,oMoii. Rbi HJleTe .a.oMoii. OK" ItllYr JJ.OMOH.
Ha
oO'fTY with both short and full answers. (In class two students may
STUIJNT
Where lire you going? Where are you going? KyJJ.3. Rbi H/lere? KYlla BbI HlIere? KYAa 1"W ltlleWb'" KYA3. n:. HJ],emb? Ky.n3 611 H,LleT?
To the post office. I'm going to the post office. Ha nOln)'. A KJti HS OOorTy. Ha n6'1T)'.
A MAY H3 n61(1)'.
Ha n61fT}'.
68 H,Aih H3 no'tTy. Ha n6lfT)'. Mba: HJleM H3 no'rry.
Ha n6'O)'.
QHa u,aeT H3 no'iTY.
KYM OHa H,/I,CT? KYAa obi: H,Qrn? Ky.n:a Obi u.n.eTe? Ky~ QUM HJJ;jT? Ky.nA Olllt H,I:{jT?
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILL
Ha n6'fTY.
ii: HJl.y
H3 n6lJTY
Ha nOlTy.
OHK ~ H3
nOlTy.
Answer the qucslion, using Ha c06pauHe. with both short and full answers.
TEACHER STUDENT
Where are you going, home? Where are you going, home?
Ky.na Ky.na KYJl:a Ky.na Ky.na Ky.n3. Ky.n3. Kyna KYJl,a Ky.ua Kyna Ky.na Bbi R,l.ten:, .noMoii'! Bbi It,Llere, .nOMO"'! 611 R,l.teT, .nOMa"? OH R,l.teT, .nOMon'! Olla lIJl.eT, .nOMa"'! Olla lIJl.eT, .nOMO" '! Mbi lIJl.eM, .nOMOit'! Mbi lIJl.eM, .nOMa"'! OHM IIJl.Yr, Jl,OMon '! OIlU IIJl.Yr, .nOM6H? TLi HJl,eWb, .nOMOit? rn HJleWb, .nOMOit '!
LESSON I
15
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILL
liS
ypOJ.:
ueIIHH.
STUDENT
To a singing lesson. Nina's going 10 a singing lesson. Ha ypOK neHK", HMua HJJ.er Ha YpOK 001"11.
Ha yp6.IC nellHJI. EBreH"" HJleT Ha yp6K neHH.liI. Ha yp6K DeHIIII. CTy.ll.eHT HllCT Ha yp6K neuHJI. Ha yp6K neHHJI. CTyneHTICa HJl,eT lIa yp61C neu.HJI.
SUBSTITUTION DRILLS
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILL
Answer the following questions, using a pronoun and B KJly6 in the answer.
TEACHER
SnJDENT
16
LESSON J
DISCUSSION
As you have noticed, the endings of the verb H,a:n1 in the prescnt tense change for each person in the singular and plural. Thus the first person singular is Ii MM, second person singular ThI HJJ.Wn., third person singular OH (or ollli) HJJ.eT, and so forth. The present stem of the verb is H.z:t-, and the stress is on the endings throughout the conjugation. Note that the stem consonant .z:t is hard in the first person singular and third person plural, but is son in all the 01 her fonns.
SINGULAR PLURAL
J 2
.....j
M,lI--ilUb I
rid-ill
II,il-eM II,il-<::Te
..........
[ill-<\'I [iq-ot)
1I,il-Y"r
This pattern of endings is typical of firs! conjugation verbs with the stress on the endings. There are only two conjugations in Russian; the second will be discussed later. It is important 10 Dote that IlI{Tli means both to be going and to be coming. It describes motion in process and is generally restricted to going on foot.
, II is. convenlioa ill Russian 10 spell the socoud person singular ending wilh a ... even ll'lough the consonanl w cannOI be pron<:lllCCll sort. NOIice abo thai since lbe Ieua i Qb"QY~ carries the SITC$S. it is unnec::e$5ary to mark the S~ funher.
USSON
17
LESSON
He BH.Il.en
[Qiyi~iIJ
Bac [vas] .Il.aBHO [davno] ,llaBHo DaC He DHJJ.eJl. BC.o 3HMy [f~u ;pmu] &.0 llhfy RaC He RM.Il.e.JI.
II.eJl3. [kag \lila] long [il) KHpH.!I.!1 niB..rlOBM'f! Kite ,Il,cmi?
haven't seen, didn't see you (dir obj) for a long time, a long time ago I haven't seen you for a long time. all winter, all winter long I haven't seen you all winter. how is everytbing ah,oh Ah, Kirill Pavlovich! How is everything? well, fine, good thanks, thank you Fine, thanks. sick, ill you were You were sick. I heard I heard you were sick. healthy, well, recovered
now
K3K
:i
A,
xopowo {x;)raS6) cnacli60 [spa~ioo] XOPOlllo., cnacM60. 6oJlbHbi: [balni] ew 6wlIl [vi bili] BbI 6wIH GORbIlM. Ji CJlWWaJI Uil sli~l) jl CJlblmaJI, Rbi 6bmH 6oJlbllbi.
3.1l.op6B [zdar6f] Teneph (\jgerl TCnePh li 3.1l.0pOB.
enORHe [fpaIQe]
}')ICe
[uze I
[no]
na Ida)
Ai,
HO TCuepb Ii y:e 8110.!1..e lllOp08.
I'm well now. completely, fully, quite already, by now I'm completely well now. (Lil. Now I already completely well.) but yes Yes, but now I'm completely well. (Lit. Yes, bUI now I already completely well.) gorsovel (city council) at the gorsovet you work, you've been working
ropcooeT [gorsa yet) ropcooeTC (vgorsa yeti I Bb! pa60Taere [vi raoot;)jiti)
19
Do you work at the gorsovet? still, yet Do you still work at the gorsovet? I work Yes, I still work at the gorsovet. too, also wife Yes, and my wife [does] too. she works Yes, and my wife works too. to hear that, it, this glad Glad to hear it. For a long time?
aHa pa66TaeT (ana rab6l;)jitJ J],a, H 'lKeHa TO)Ke pa66TaeT. CmdWaTb [sli~\l :lTO let;)) pa.. [,at) Pi.a iTo e.m.auan..
)laBHO?
bee (0
C 6ceHH
[~J lsO~iQ.i]
,Qi, c OcetDl.
fall, autumn since autumn, since fall Yes, since fall. I'm hurrying, I'm in a hurry for the bus, to catch a bus I'm in a hurry to catch a bus. Excuse me, I'm in a hurry to catch a bus. regards to your wife, say hello to your wife Good-bye. [Give my] regards to your wife. good-bye thanks, thank you Thank you. Good-bye.
li enemy [ja sRi~uJ Ha aBT66yc [n::mft6bus) .st enewy Ha aBTo6yc. 113BMIII....e, Ii enemj Ma SBT66yc.
npltBCT 1Kene (Priyed fiQe J
xaro~iY.))
SUPPLEMENT
My,..:
[mu~l
'"e
[g~eJ
rAe nd pa66TaeWb? - .st pa60TalO B KJIy6e. OHH paOOTaIOT [3.Qi rab6t;)jutJ r.lle OInt pa66TaIOT? - OUM pa66TaIOT ua 3aBO.lle. Mbt pa66raeM (mi rab6l;)jim) Mbt pa66raeM ua D<)'1Te.
husband husband and wife you work, you've been working, you're working, you do work where, at what place ' Where do you work. ? I work at the club. they work Where do they work? They work at a plant. we work We work at the post office.
There arc two words for ...hert in Russian: rAi and I(Y.d. rtti I .. pa60TlIen? Ky.d I" Illlfn?
LESSON
r.
5tTlS<:
Compare with
HI 31161lt. HI hUll.
20
~irp6n
ftlipic!
!
r~u ~imu
Semyon Filipovich! I I haven't seen you all winter. Ah, Kirill Pavlovich! 1 How is everything?2 Fine, thanks. I heard you were sick. Yes. But now I'm completely well. 2
vas
Qiyi~il
c.'!>. 2 A,
KHpHnJI naBJIOBUtI! KaK nemi?
H
~iril
x~raso
I spa~n)O)!
c.'!>.
!la.
Ho renepb Ii YJKC
B0011l1e 3,O,0pOB.
dill
no ~ger I
ja uie
fpah;;IlS' zdarM J. vi
r~6
K.n. 5 Bbl
BCe ClUe
jisco
pa60Taen BropcoBe-re?
raootaji\i vgorsaye\i!
diU i :bna toti !
c.'!>.
!la,
II lKeHa TO:lKC.
Yes, and my wife is too. Is that so? Glad to hear it. For a long time? Since fall. Excuse me, I'm hurrying to catch a bus. Goodbye. (Give my] regards to your wife. Thank you. Goodbye. 4
CJTblWaTb.
C.11l. 8 C ceeHM.
H3nmnfTe, }j enewy H3 3ST66yc.
K.n.
9 Ao
cBHllaHHSI:.
npHBb :lKeHc.
J. xarosiv;) !
NOTES
I Adult Russians commonly address each other by the first Dame and a middle name derived from the father's first name. naBJIOBH'i and CbHJlltDDOBH'i are middle names, or patronymics, formed by adding the suffix -OBIPI to tbe stem of first names naDM Paul and CbHJlliJlII Philip. Daughters of naDM and CbHJUilln have patronymics nliBJIOBI13 and CbHJllillllOBH3 respectively. with the feminine suffix
LESSON
21
-08Ha. Ir the rather's first name ends in -H, the patronymic suffix is spelled -eBH"t (for the son) and -eBNa (for the daughter).
FATHER'S FlRST NAME SON'S PATRONYMIC DAUGHTER'S PATRONYMIC
Patronymics are usually shortened in speech, for example: CCMeti lKJ1IfIlDOBH't is usually pronounced hirp6n (ilipiC); KHpLrL'l niaJlOBH"t [~paliC); HHaa CCMeHOSH3 (~n~ ~i1Jl6nn~]. Observe that the present tense forms of the verb to be (corresponding to English am, is, are) arc usually not expressed in Russian:
1
How is everything? (Lit. How things?) I'm completely well. (Lit. I completely welL)
ropcoBiT (short for ropo1lcK6ii cosh) means city council and includes aU of the administrative offices necessa.ry to run a city.
4 Beero xOpOUiero and 110 CBHlIli.HHK are used marc or less interchangeably in saying good-bye. Note that both Been) and xOpOwero spell their last consonant with a ,. but pronounce it [vJ: [r~iv6 xar6~iy,)J. This pronunciation of r as [vJ is regular for adjective and pronoun endings spelled -oro and -ero.
KJlY6e.
______ Ha 3aBO.ne. _ _ _ _ _ _ Ha n6'1TC. 2. Tb.i .naSHO TaM pa66Taewb? - )la, .na8HO. - .l.(a, YJKe .naBHO. - )la, c OceHH. - ,na, H )l(eHa TO)l(e. - ,na, H My)l( TO)l(e.
Where do you work? I work at the gorsovet. _ _ al the club. ___ in a plant. ___ at the post office. Have you been working there long? Yes, J have. Yes, for a long time now. Yes, since fall. Yes, and my wife too. Yes, and my husband too.
I haven't seen you all winter. I haven't seen you in a long time. I didn't see you yesterday. I didn't see you either.
3. ..sf BCIO 3"My sac He BH.AeJl. 1 ~ .nasltO sac Ite BH.D.en. ..sf s':Iepa sac He 8w.a.en. - ..sf TOJKe sac He BH.nen.
I Tn.:, past lense (onn .i.!tM is u$Cd only wben the subject is masculine. II is replaced by."!ttJUl when the subjtt1 is feminine: J1: acID :JUly de He UnCJl8.. J1: ,UIlHO de lie Il~. J1: I I . Ilk IlC UnCJfIl. JI T6lft de "e ....... M .
22
LESSON 2
4. I1JBHHHTe. R enemy. >l: enewy Ila 3BT66yc. ~_ _ Ha Ja80D.. ~ Ha nO'iTY. _ _ _ 8lU!Y6. _ _ _ B ropco&e"r. ____ D.OMO".
E",cuse mc, I'm in a hurry. I'm hurrying to the bus. _ _ _ _ _ to the plant. _ _ _ _ _ to tbe post office. _ _ _ _ _ to tbe club. _ _ _ _ _ to the gorsovcl. _ _ _ _ home.
Kn"
HMeTb JIlOD.II MHIIjTa
[iii!
0'
BbicOKHM 116BblH
[""ell
Ilu~i]
[J11inut~l
,,;,
[Ii]
6bln3.
high
new was
B. The Cyrillic letters K) and y have the same vowel sound in unstressed syllables as in stressed syllables: [u]. At the beginning of a word and after 'b, b, or a vowel, however, the letter 10 is pronounced Uu]. Consonants preceding 10 are always pronounced soft; except for .. and lIl, all consonants before yare pronounced hard.
~
[uliQ] [J11inusJ
[drug6j]
[rubiiJ
LRi~ut)
[gov'ro!
[maju)
00",
IJ!iUI] Uug.]
co'y
to the sea lo love
LESSON 2
23
C. The Cyrillic letter e occurs only in stressed syllables and is consistently pronounced with the vowel sound (0). At the beginning of a word and afler I., h, or a vowel, the letter e is pronounced Uo]. Except for w and *, consonants preceding e are pronounced soft.
He<:
TeMHblH Hj],eT
[QasJ
[\6mnij]
[i(lat]
Note: In our text e will be consistently written with two dots to keep it distinct from e. Except In textbooks and dictionaries, Russians do not normally make a distinction between e and e in writing.
D. The Cyrillic leller 0 has the sound value (0] only in stressed syllables. In the syllable immediately before the stress and at the very beginning of a word it is pronounced [a]. In aU other positions the Cyrillic leller 0 is pronounced [~J. Except for. and w, consonants before 0 are aJways pronounced hard. 060POT xopowo ropoJJ.oK [abarot]
[x;)ra~oJ
[g;)rad6k]
[ol~v)]
ouo Bonp6c
[anaJ
[vapr6s]
it
. question
onoao
Monok6 TOnl>kO
tin
milk only
[m:>Jak6)
[talk.)
E. The Cyrillic Jetter e has the sound (e] only in stressed syllables. In other positions it is pronounced as [i), varying in value from the sound of the Englisb e in emit or react to a shorter, more obscure sound as in the first syllable of dispatch. In certain grammatical endings it is pronounced by some speakers as short [i] and by others as [::I], for example, nOlle p6li] or [p6t::l). Remember that at the beginning of a word, or following I., h, or a vowel, the letter e is pronounced with a preceding UJ sound. Except for w, *, and .., consonants before e are pronounced soft.
'{eJ]OselC
[Cilayek)
[majej)
petron my
business
GOnce
~nH
lb6lijiJ
[sjeli] [atjezcb]
more
they ate up of the departure whose
[(lel'l
oTbt3J1l1
'1be"
l\iRtr1
[gipyi(li\i)
['l'iQa]
now
translate
[cjej)
me
if yet, still
OtsliJ Oi!C6)
F. The Cyrillic lelter:J occurs chiefly in words of non-Russian origin and almost always at the beginning of a word. When stressed it has the sound value [e]; when unstressed it is heard as [I).
3TO 3TH let;)]
\i)
[ex~J
this these
3HeprHjI :HaeH
(iQ.ergij;))
[ita1iJ
energy floors
,xo
3K3aMeil )JleMeIJT
echo
examination element
[igzaftlin] [iliTJIent]
Some Russian speakers, however, tend to pronounce ') as Ie) wherever it occurs, for example, :Jri. [etM] or fir-at}.
14
LfSSON2
G. The Cyrillic letter H has the vowel sound la] in stressed syllables and the vowel sound Ii] in unstressed syllables excepl for certain endings, where it has the value (;)]. Consonants preceding 11 are always pronounced soft. At Ihe beginning of a word and after b, "b. or a vowel, the leiter A is pronounced with a preceding U] sound.
min nonJi MellJi MOpJi IIJlni rnA,lteTh
five
fields
JiCHO RnTa
113b1K
Uasn;)]
Ua!t;)]
me
seas
OUikl
five
to gaze I
Ji pa66mlO ThI: pa66TaeWb (m paoomeT OHa pa66meT Mbi' pa66TaeM Ubi pa66TaeTc OHii pa66TaIOT
I work, I'm working, I've been working you work, you're working, you've been working he works she works we work you work they work
REPETITION DRILL
Listcn to your instructor (or the tape) and repeat the abovc pronoun-verb model unlil you can say it perfcctly.
REPETITION-SUBSTITUTION DRILLS
Repeat after your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can, imitating both the individual words and the sentence intonation. Then, on hearing only the subject cue, give the full sentence.
TEACHER
STUDENT
I. fm working noll'.
R Tenepb pa66TaJO.
QHM TenCpb paOOTaJOT.
Tw Tenepb paooTacwb.
Rbi' Tencpb pa66TaeTe. Mbi' Tencpb pa66TacM. OH Tcnepb pa60TaeT. Olla Tem!ipb pa6oTaeT.
I'm working now. A Tenepb paooTaJO. 011I11 Tenepb paOOTllJOT. Tbi' Tenepb paoomewb. 8b! Tenepb paooTaeTe. M WTenepb paoomcM. OH -renepb pa66TaCT. OHa Tenepb pa66TaeT.
LESSON 2 25
2. Il'I'ork roo, ..sf TOlKC pa66TafO. Obi TOJKC pa6onurrc. Tbi TOJKC pa60Taewb. )f(ena TOJKC pa60TaeT. Omi TO"'C pa60TaeT. My,.: TOlKC pa66TaeT. On TOJKe pa66TaeT. Mb.i TOJKC pa66TaCM. OHM TOJK:C pa66TaJOT.
I work too, A TOloKC paooTslO. B';' TO:C paooTaeTe. Tbi To"'e pa60TaClUh. )Kena TOJKC paOOTaeT. OHa TOJKC pa66TaeT. MYc TO*C paOOTaeT. On TO.C paOOTaeT. M';' TOJKC paOOTaCM. On" To:ce paOOTaJOT.
QUESTIONANSWER DRILLS
STUDENT
Do you work? Thl pa66Tacllih? Dhl pa66TacTc? )KCHa pa66TacT? My,.: paOOTaCT? 011" paOOTaJOT? OHa pa60TaCT? Ou paOOT3CT?
Using
Kll
No, I dont. He'r, lie pa60I'alO. He-r. IIC pa60TalO. HeT, lie pa60TaCT. HeT, He paOOTaeT. HeT. HC paooTalOT. Her, He paooTaeT. HeT, HC pa6oTacT.
nO"fTc. answer with both short and rull answers according to the models givcn.
Where do you .....ork? Where do you 'work? r.l{e Obi paOOTaeTe? rne 8b1 pa66TacTe? rne OHa paocnacT? Cae OHa pa66Taer? r.ae Thl pa66Taewb? r.ae TbI pa66Taewb? r.ae OH" pa66TafOT? r.ae OU" pa6oTafOT? rJIC OH pa6oTacT? rll,e OH pa66TacT?
SUBSTITUTION
DRILL
At the post office. We .....ork at the post office. Ha no-rre. Mw PSOOTaeM as nOorre. Ha nO'fTe. OHa pa60TaeT Ha nO'fTe. Ha nO'fTe. ..sf pa60TaJO na nO'fTe. Ha nO'fTe. Omi pa6oTalOT Ha nO'ITc. Ha nO'ITc. all pa66TaCT ua nO'lTC,
He's been working there for a long time. On naSHO riM paOOTaCT. )Kena naSRO TaM pa66TaCl. (ESreHII") _ (HHua) _ (Oua) _ (CeMeH) _ (Ou,,) _ (Kllpllrtn H CeMeH) _ (My,.J _
26 LESSON 2
He's been working there for a long time. DM AaBHO TaM paOOnCT. )Ke.ui Jl8SHO TiM pa6lrraer. ESreH"" .aaOHO raM paOOTaCT. H"na )laOHO niM paOOTaCT. OHa ,naSHO TaM: pa66TaeT. CCMeH ,nasnD T3.M paooraer. Olli, .naSHO TaM paOOTaIOT. KHPK.rm 1.1 CeMeH A3SflO TaM paOOTaJOT. MYJK naBHO TaM paOOraCT.
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILL Following Ihe models, give both shorl and full answers.
TEACHER
S1lJDENT
Ha)'e you been working at the club long? Have you been 'Working at the club long? Bbi .naallo pa60Taere B KJlj6e?
8WltaBHO pa66T'.teTe B XJlj6e? Oil ,naBllo pa66TaeT B xnj6e? Oil ,naallO pa66TaeT B xnj6e? dm! ,naallo pa60TaloT B ICJly6e? OHM J.taBIlO pa60TaK>T B ICny6e? OHa J.taBIIO pa60TaeT a ICny6e? Olla naBHb pa66TaeT a KJly6e? KHpiUrn ,nullb pa66TaeT B xJIj6e? KllpiUrn ltaBllb paOOTaeT B KJly6e? Tt:.! naBHO pa60TaellIh B KJJj6e? TbI: ltaBHb pa66Taelllh B KJly6e?
Yes, for a long time, since fall. Yes, Fve been working there sincefall. lli, JJ.aBHo., c OceHK. Ali. Ii paOOTatO TiM c 0ceI1H.
JIa, ,naBIIO, C 6ceHH. .D.a, Oil pa60TaeT TAM C 6ce1l1l. Aft, ltaBH6, c bcelm. ,Qfl. OHl-l pa60nUOT TaM C OceHIl. .!l.fl, .lla8110, c OceHH. .!l.fl, olla paOOTaeT TaM c OceHH. Aa, ,naBuo, c OceHH. ,[la, ou pa66TaeT TAM C OceHH. JU, .naBHO. c OceHH. Aa, R pa66TaK> raM c OceHH.
DISCUSSION
Like tmTH, the verb pa6ch8'rL belongs to the first conjugation. It differs from tmTH in thaI its present stem appears to end in a vowel (pa60Ta-), whereas that or tmnt ends in a consonant (Il)t,-). This is only a convention of the writing system, however, since the actual present stem of pa60ntTb ends in the consonant sound [j). As we know, when [j) occurs between vowels it is expressed through the "sort-series" vowel letters which follow. Thus we may contrast the written stem and endings in the chart below with those of the transcription, which show the real division of stem and ending.
WRrrrEN FORMS
STEM
TRANSCRJ PTI0N
rab6I~j-
paooTa-
SINGUlAR
2 3
PLURAL
pa6c)-ra-1O -elUb
rab6I:>j-u -i -it
-om
2 3
-u.
-iti
It is only in the imperative forms that tbe UJ or the stem is written with a separate leiter i: paoonii (paooTaH-re)! work! PaOOTaTb is typical of the "j-stem" verbs in that it has a fixed stress which falls on the same syllable of the stem in aU forms.
LESSON 2
27
PRINTED
WRlTTEN
I'RINTED
WRITrb'N
A a -----!;JL"-'L---'Cl/"""---_
K
JI
_JJLX-"'---'K-"'----_
_-""X""--,,X,,-_
I> 6
----"ffi=---"'--d_ -----"",$,----.-".-t_
-----<?:>L~_';fy'----". 'iJ,,-------"G"----'/"'---~
---"JfC"-"----"'=-""'--_
---z-:3--;1,f---'L-3_
_U-""----"'Ck"---_
v
JJ
_-"~'-"---"vV"'___
_--,af?&="--,,vU.-=_
_-"Ji'-"--'-rG-""---_
L\ n
'I
UY;
-m-"-,+--,,,"iI_
=_
----',,'---_
M .. H
H
r
)l,
r~r~'V~~
n
1II m _-'LYt"",-""UV"--.
o
n
p
_-"0'------"17'-----_
U\ m
b "
E e
_o'f(;"--",-v--,-~-,,,-_
11 e -----'~"'--'e--"-----~
JK '"
~qlLP----1-'!'V"--- C e.c c
P
T
bILI
_oJi(",-,-,/ V'----'-I1"-'=_
3 10
_""'-3-----".3~_
11
y y
<I> oj>
--------":!1"-----'fi<--
10
_-,Jf),,--,,---,-/~~_
_-"Jl""--'..>l/""---_
iii
"--'U"-"----"'u:"----_
----""jJ~1J'----
B. Reading practice Conversations from Lessons I and 2 are given below in handwritten ronn as an introduction Lo the handwriting system. Now that you are familiar with the conversations, you should have no real difficulty reading them. Refer to the printed versions if necessary.
28
LfSSON 2
"'~~.-~tc~~t~~?
Jt-
~,
~,~
k:.AM<&V? -
~ . .JCo. ~
-~_ .- ~ ~. _c;a"",? ~
9fflq
~ . ~~?
-e acu=.
+MJ<.
! .r~
~,
Jt-
:J>CU<l- / -
~. ~ ~ /
+<4-
ak+- -%-~-
Il
0'
JH
d
I
G<{J
, 3
The first three lettcrs are formed in practically the same way as in English. The leuen 6 and. begin the same way as o. In 6, a vertical line then goes upward and curves at the top to tbe right. In .,., after the first circle, a straight vertical stroke goes downward and then back up along the same line, returning to the initial point and continuing up and clockwise to form another circle. The letters y and M are formed like the English handwritten y and u; ii is the same as M, but with the addition of a short half circle above. (Write it immediately lest you forget.)
jj
IN
"
IU
IU
1M..
The leiter II is also written like N, except thai it ends in a small loop below the line. Handwritten wand w consist of three vertical lines of equal height with a final drop to the line (unlike the English written w). The UJ has a small tail loop like 1(.
LESSON 2
29
bI
Make a small figure 6 to form the sort sign. The wriuen hi starts with the same downstroke and loop as b, swings up to a sharp peak. goes down again. and then curves to the right. Both letters are shon compared with the handwritten B.
7
The first letter is written like onc variant of the English handwritten r. The second is similar, but ends in a small circle, resembling a combination of "t and b. (Some Russians replace 1. with an apostrophe.) The third differs from the first in that it does not have the short horizontal line at the (OP, but is rounded. These three leiters begin with a small hook slightly above the line (remember this when joining these leiters 10 others). To form iii, begin with the same upward stroke as in 11 and /lI. Then make a small counterclockwise circle at the top, returning to the same point and ending in a line down (Sf looks like JI with a small loop to the left oC its top). Do not make the Russian JI as tall as an English I. The first two letters. D and T. arc Cormed much like the English handwriuen nand m. The Russian to is written like tbe printed English k; it is never tall with a loop as in the English written k (Ie not
, ... 3
&
, :t
>3
Iu.
"
,
10
,I.
For II, start Crom the top down, then go back halCway up the same line, turning to the right and upward, then finally coming back down to the line. To fonn fO, Collow the directions Cor II, but continue the last stroke back upward to Corm a circle.
'"
For handwritten 3, begin at the top and make a balf circle clockwise, then cui il in half by a small horizontal line. For :4>:. start al the top and makc the same halC circle, then slant back up 10 the right, then straight down and again up to the right; finish with anothcr halC circle (like the English writtcn c) going in the opposite direction.
30
LESSON 2
e
l!-
cr
x
Jp}
(XI 7
These lellers are all formed much the same way as in English. The letter e must be written
~(ne\ler
f(P) c II
:x.
NOle: Russians do nol print words, even when they fill oul official forms by hand .
HANDWRITING DRILL
Practice copying the small leiters above until you can write them easily and accurately.
2.
CAPITAL LEITERS!
iJ.
o.IL
H
:B
0
9J
C
oX
X
;X
lK
()
e.ft
X
JI
11
;)J(
III
U
ll\
11.
L\
JL,
3
~
10
These are the same as their corresponding small letters but taller and larger.
1JL
r
~
n
U
Ii
;)
;}{/ a..
All four letters start with a basic line that curves downward, turning to the left. The fourth letter differs from the others only in that it starts with a small flourish at the lOp. The same stroke in the first, second, and third is the curved line from left to right that caps each leiter. The second has another downward stroke, ending toward the right before the cap is added. The third letter has as its third stroke a large loop at the bottom (like a closed, looped 6gure 2). The fourth has two loops on either side of the down stroke which resemble a figure 8 on its side.
JI
<I>
[J
s;- iP d {cj5J
, Russian capital letters are used only al lhe beginning of the sentence, in proper names, and in the first word of a tilk. Russians do nOi capitalitt the names of months, nationalities, centuries, professions, or ranks; nor do lbey capitalize the personal pronoun Ii within a sentence.
LESSON 2
31
~
q
~
y
tG,
ZJ
Certain varieties of the English written capital are acceptable. Start outside and make the small top loop; the bottom half circle must be larger than the upper onc. For If, begin with an upward, clockwise curve, then make a downward, "u-shaped" curve. slanting back and down, finally curving to the right on the line. Capital Y is like the preceding Ictter, except that the curved downward stroke goes to the left. Unlike its small counterpart, capital Y starts high above the base line and mllst not extend below the line.
HANDWRITING DRILL
Practice copying the capilal leiters until you can write them easily and accurately.
I. All Russian capital letters except m and U have their base on the line and extend above it; Wand U. each has a small loop which extends below the linc.
Three long letters have their base on the line and extend above it.
t d
,ndd
Five long letters have their base on thc line and extcnd below it.
b. Shori letters All the remaining letters are of the same height and are wrincn on the line except wand each of which has a short loop below the line.
II,
3. Most Ictters are joined together in writing; however, and are usually not connected to the following leher. ---
7J
32
LESSON 2
'}. 3
rr,7
10. IV
The first variant in each pair is the one used more frequently. Some Russians draw a horizontal linc above
+n..-.
and below Ut.- to make these letters stand out better. The student is advised to use
+n...-
J. Copy the handwritten versions of the first two conversations, ~ing careful to observe tbe connections of the letters. 2. Return to the first two conversations in printed form and copy each in handwriting.
Consonant clusters beginning with p, n, H, and" are usually divided after these consonants. Final consonants are, of course, treated as part of the syllable which they end.
Ka-paH-,nalli 'ut-tiH-re
nOJJ-ka
'j-HI+--BCp-cH-Ter
In dividing wriuen words at the end of a line, these same general rules apply, but there is slightly more leeway in the division f)f clusters of consonants. For example, cecrpa may be divided ce-cTp:i (as in pronunciation), cec-T]ta, or cecr-pi. Doubled letters are always divided when carried over to the next line, for example, AH-aa and ooA-AiT... Single letters are never left at the end of onc line or at the beginning of the next.
LESSON
33
LESSON
JIY'Iwe
J1y'lwe
00311110
'1CM
(p6zn~]
IIHKOr,na
[cern) [Qikagda]
never
Better late than never. hello Hello. Lev! you're hurrying Where afC you hurrying to?
university to the university I'm hurrying to the university. concert to a concert To the university, to a concert.
Jle.,
311pauCTByiiTe!
SRi~itil
IUt.li'{i~itetJ
[vuQiyir~i\et]
B ytlHaepcHTe-r
~ cnewy
B YHHBePCItTeT.
KOHuepT
[kancert J
[n:Jkancert}
H3 KOHuc!:pr
B yHHOepcHTCT, U3 KOiluepr.
.R enemy
B ytlIlOCpcMTCT,
lIa KOIIU:(:PT.
to a concert.
IlllTepeCHO
6ecIlJlaTHo
HKTcpeclto.
1I0HTI-l
that's interesting
r",.,
That's interesting. Is it free? to go
you want
YAoB6nbC"nme C YJlOBOnbCTBHeM!
(udav6lstyij~1
[sudav6tst yij:)m I
, l~)"iTe is simplJliod In pronunciation to something that rangd from (zdrastuWlto Inlrf,~HiJ. dependmg on the tempo of speech and the informality of the speaker. Note also that ..ol!UlO is pronouna:d without lI. : [p6zmJ. Oustet'$ of three or more oon50nants are usually simplified. and Jl and T lire usually omitted between COlllOnan\$ except lit the: beginning of a word: lIpil!lHMl<: Iplf,~,kJ holiday.
35
Db! .aenacTe [vi \Iel;)jiti] 'fTO [SIO) 4TO Db!: .aenaeTe? KCraTH [kst3.ti) Kcd:TM, 'ITO 8W Tenepb ne..lJane l' na60paTopHSI (Iaooratopj;)] D na60paTopHH [vl;)ooratorijiJ
you're doing what What are you doing? by the way, incidentally By the way, what are you doing now? laboratory in a laboratory I work in a laboratory. [it's] so dull, [it's] It's so boring there.
SO
A pa66TalO
TaM Tal'
8 na60paTopHH.
13K CKy'lHO
CKfllHn.
D
[tak
sku~n;)J I
boring
yllHBepcHTCT (JxlsIUpaW VUlJi yir~itet] TaK [t;)k] Tal' flOCTYUaiiTe lInl DW! Y)Ke 0(3)),HO [u:fe Mite [mQc] Mue YJKC n03JJ.Ho.
pozm~ ]
B
DOCTYIlaiiTe
yHHBepclITiT.
enroll at the university! enter the univer sity! in that case, then Then enroll at the university. You can't mean it! or You're oat serious! it's already late, it's too late for me, to me It's too late for me. It's too late for me now. they say, people say you know you know [what] they say ... You know [what] they say: "Better late than never:'
palla Eme pallO. 33.IUlT (m) 3allrn (f) 33.IUlTbi (pi) BbI: 33.HJlTbl? - ,[I,a, Ii 3aHSIT (or laIlSITa).
'laC,.o
pe./l.KO pa66T3.1O D na60paTopHH. HHor,na HHOOta pa66T3.lO D na60paTopHH. IlHKOr,lta ne HHKor,na He pa66TaJO D na60paTopHH.
early It's early yet or It's too early. he's busy, occupied, tied up she's busy, occupied, tied up we're busy, occupied, tied up Are you busy? Yes, I am. often I often work in the laboratory. rarely, seldom I rarely work in the laboratory. sometimes I sometimes work in the laboratory. never I never work in the laboratory.
36
LESSON 3
'3uKpo'nTe Klllint.
npaBIUlbiiO
[zakroj\i
k~ligil
[pra Yiln;) J
lIenpaBHnbBo [Qipra yiin;)] rocnomiH [g:>spaQin} rocnmd [g~spazaJ rOCl'lo.na [g;:Jspada 1 laKpOHTe KIlHrl1, rocno.na. Obi: nOIUlMaeTe? (vi IX'Qimajiti]
~
If
nOIlHM{uO.
Un IX'Qimaju)
Me. Miss, Mrs. ladies and gentlemen, everybody, everyone Close your books, everyone. Do you understand '1 I understand.
M.
Iff!
Hello Lev. Where are you hurrying to? To the university, to a concert. That's interesting. Is it free?
JI.
2 B yllH6CpcilTb,
Ha KOHUCpT.
M. 3 HHTepeeHO.
31'0 6ecnllaTllo?
t
Yes. Do you want to gO?1
JI.
.lIa.
XOTHTe nOHnt?
t
1
I'd love to 1 By the way, what are you doing now?2 I work in a laboratory. It's so dull there! Enroll at the university then. J You're not serious! It's too late for me now. You know what they say: "Better late than never."
M. 5 C y,uoaollbcTBHCM!
JI.
6 KCT3.TH,
'ITO Dbl Tenepb ,Ll,enaeTe?
sudavolstyij~rn
M. 7 Pa60Talo
B na60paTOp"H. TaM 1'3.K CKY'H10!
rabot~ju
vl~ooratoriji 1
tam tfik skusn::ll t::lk PQstupajti vuQ-iyiqitet 1 5tO vi! mQ-e tiger uze pozn;) 1 znajiti 1
~vara(
JI.
g TaK nocTymHiTe
B yHHOepcHTeT.
41'0 abl! MHe Tenepb p<e n03JtHo.
M. 9
JI. 10 3HaeTC,
rOBoph: ttfly'lwe n03AHo, '1eM HHKorAa.
37
NOTES
, Verbs in Russian almost always come in pairs called "imperfective" and 'perfectivc.' noiini is the perfective member of the imperfective-perfective pair of verbs HllTH and noiint. The imperfective member of the verbal pair usually describes an action viewed as a process (HATli to be going); the perfective usually describes an action in terms of its accomplishment or result (nom to go). Verbal pairs usually have the same root, but differ in their prefix or in their stem. The system of paired verbs is called "aspect," and the choice of which verb to use-imperfective or perfective-depends on how the Russian speaker views the action. In these early lessons, the student will encounter verbs of both aspects and will practice them as he meets them, without being expected to know both members of a particular pair or how one is formed in relation to the other.
J
Russian adverbs. unlike those in English, are usually placed before the verb: 4TO 8M Tcnepb ,ll,e.naeTe? B'fcpa 6W110 c06p{uHte? Jj nl.\t He 6b1J1. What are you doing now? Was there a meeting yesterday? I wasn't there.
sae
uae
) The stressed word Tit.: in TiK cKj'fHO means so and differs from the un stressed TaK [bk] in TaK oocrynaiiTc B )lIHsepetrreT, which means then, ill rhat case.
8 "11Y6. Ha co6piIrne. Ha nO'fTY. Ha KOHUepT. Ha yp6K. Ha ypOK neHHjI. Ha aBT66yc. Ha 3aJlo.n. AOMOi!.
Where are you hurrying to? To the university. To the club. To a meeting. To the post office. To a concert. To class. To a singing class. To the bus. To the plant. Home. Where are you hurrying to? I'm hurrying to the club. _ _ _ _ _ to the university. _ _ _ _ _ 10 the meeting. _ _ _ _ _ to the post office. _ _ _ _ _ to class. _ _ _ _ _ lO a singing class. _ _ _ _ _ to the bus. _ _ _ _ _ to the plant. _ _ _ _ home.
2. KYl1a Bbl cncuuhe? - Jj cnemy B IUIY6. _ _ _ _ B YJlHBepcHTb". _ _ _ _ Ha co6pimtc. _ _ _ _ Ha no'lT)'. _ _ _ _ lIa ypOK. _____ lJa ypOK nblilH. __~__ Ha aBT66yc. _____ lIa 33BOJJ,. _____ AOMOH.
38
LESSON 3
concert? to the meeting? to the post office? to the club? to the university? to the university, to
a concert?
--c y~oB6~bCTBHeM.
Want to go to the club? I'd love 10. Yes, I haven'l been there for a long time. Yes, _ No, I'm busy. No, _ No, I was already there. No, _ No, it's so boring there. No, it's [too] late. No, it's still early. What do you do now? I work in a laboratory. _ _ at the plant. ___ at the club. ___ at the gorsovet. ___ at the university. _ _ at the post office. Where's Lev hurrying to, the plant? No, to a meeting. No, to a singing lesson. Where are Nina and Kirill hurrying to? They're hurrying to the club. They're hurrying to the laboratory. Where are you hurrying to, Evgeny? I'm hurrying 10 the university. I'm hurrying to a concert.
Feminine speaker.
LESSON
39
an [s] or a (z) sound, and both are acceptable. Russian, however, requires that the written JJ. of .o!lKa be pronounced (t) because it occurs before (k), an unvoiced consonant: [votb). Although all Russian consonant sounds may be characterized as voiced or voiceless, not all occur in opposed pairs. The following chart shows the regularly opposed pairs.
Voiced
\>
d
I
Q z f
z
!
g
k
SOUNDS
Voiceless
p R f
s I
The consonants (x, ~, c, c, ~l are all voiceless, but do not have voiced counterparts that operate independently in the system. They can, however, affect the pronunciation of a preceding consonant. The consonants (r, f, I, l, m, rp, n, Q, j) possess voice, but have no corresponding voiceless counterparts. They are considered "neutral" because they do not determine the pronunciation of other consonants occurring in combination with them. In terms of the Russian writing system, the paired voiced and voiceless consonants may be indicated as follows:
Voiced Voiceless
6 n 6b nb B Bb
A
T
Ab
Tb
, '" '"
C Cb
W
4> 4>'
<
Since the writing system does not accurately refleci the spoken language, it is essential for the student to know which consonants are voiced, which are voiceless, and, especially, which are paired in terms of voice or absence of voice. This is important because, in certain positions, only consonant sounds of one or the other series are spoken, regardless of the spelling. The automatic alternation of voiced and voiceless consonant sounds operates, UDder the following conditions. within a word or combination of words spoken together as a unit. 1
A. At the end of a word, consonanlS ordinarily voiced are replaced automatically by their unvoiced counterparts.
ANAL POSITION roTOR ,..OA
rpH6
NON-FINAL POSITION ready plant mushroom line rOTo8a JasolU>l rpH6b:i 6lepe.IDt [gatov;)J [zavOdi] [gribi] [6<! ir iQi]
ready
6'lepe.n b
B. Consonants in clusters, either within one word or in adjacent words pronounced without a
break, are assimilated to the extent that the entire cluster is pronounced either voiceless or voiced. Note, in the following examples. that it is the second or last voiced or voiceless consonant in the series that determines how the preceding consonant(s) will be pronounced. 1. VOICELESS CLUSTERS SPELLED PRONOUNCED yesterday train bo< in the desk vodka at the club
[IC] [st) [pk] [fst] [Ik] [fk]
B"
'A 6<
acT
in
in
A<
80JJ.h"3
BtvTj6e
lot.
40
[fklu\>;)
, .
, SilKlC' the rn:utnli oonsonanls p. iI. II. lhey win be excluded from chis disclls.~ion.
and i do noc playa pari in lhe alternallon of voiced and voicelcss oonsonanlS.
LESSON 3
2.
VOICED CLUSTERS
eb6
""
'"
"'"
[g~)
[fbI [gfl
'"
[kag~ila)
[peofoo] [tagfi)
The consonant B (ab) must be considered a special case. Allhaugh it undergoes unvOIcmg (i.e., it is pronounced as [fJ or [0 either in final position or when followed by an unvoiced consonant), it docs nol cause a normally voiceless consonant preceding it to become voiced. Thus, both .JBiJtH (with cluster (zvJ) and cs.ari (with cluster [sv)) ex.ist in Russian. To summarize, we may say thaI the assimilation of consonants is a regressive process in Russian: the last element affects tbat which precedes it. Thus, in the following series, Position 2 dctcnnines the quality of Position J in terms of voice or its lack.
POSITION J
POSITION 2
roTtle [""tol]
b. Ordinarily voiced consonants are pronounced voiceless her
,7.~ SOJ.lKa
[v6Ik3]
.H TalOKe
[tagfi]
VOICING AND UNVOICING DRILLS Read the following Cyrillic words, noting the automatic changes in pronunciation that take place in certain positions. I. UNVOICING AT END OF WORDS 6 pronounced [p 1 61. pronounced
CkOp6L JJl:6b
w]
8 pronounced
(11
""6
cna6 rpH6 CToJl6
n66
3y6 .ll:Y6 pli6
."oob
rony6L JW6b pli6h rpa6b
66b
[xrulMl] JIes Oel] Typreues (turgeQif] [!il] KOB [001] [slol] enoB [Ost...1] 6eTpoB (ri] "epa pes [rol] o6phlB [abrill CH';" [s~al]
XPYWCS
""'"
L!OSON 3
41
Db pronounced nplf63.Bb 3aCT3.Bb 6yp3.Bb JUOOOBb MOpKOBb 6p6Bb KpOBb HOBb '!ePBb 66yBb
[0
r pronounced [k]
.It
pronounced [t]
war
CHer 6eper lIer
[ID)
pa~
mHr
nup6r .npyr Kpyr
lOr
ca.n
06e~
p""
cTh<~
[rat) [stlt)
[6buO
JJ.b pronounced
ltl
)I(
pronunced ~]
:J
pronounced [s]
[kla\l rlIa.nb [g1aIJ [Iitra\l ~b lIOWa,llb 06! il) nlIOWa.Ab (p16!Ci\l MeM ['l'o\l O'lepellb [6CipI! 6Yllb [bUI)
"""".
rap3.:lK
,TII><
uap6Kb
ell:
CTpHJIC
UO:llC
y>< My><
3aM}0lC
0'"
[zamulJ
:Jb
pronounced
[~]
M83b lI83b
[m"';)
ClIO,.
p&lb cmbb Bp63b
O"';J [s[<jJ
[~J [sV~)
[vr6~l
[SU~)
[W~J
[sya~J
[k9a~1
l1Ia~ J
B pronounced [f]
6 pronounced (p J
06ul.ldi: pw6u pi6'!"x y.n66cno lUle6ua Kop66Ka Boo6we
r pronounced [k)
6OrcTBo KOlTli u6rTll lKenuHH
DCIO
B'Iepa
[r~uJ
[ffulI)
[fx61)
[aft6busJ
[afcaJ
[proxiafStic:l]
[xlo"",,]
[kar6pb]
[Y.)ap~]
3Arc
.neITJI' miITe nOCTpHrwH
[zaksJ
[~6kl'J
[rcas)
[fkar6p~i]
[[akll)
[pastrik~jJ
Kop66Ke BOOJme
B
[fpa1 9oJ
42
LESSON 3
A pronounced It) JloJlKa UOXO.llKa 6moJllte MOJlO.lluU 80.llJt::a Jar.ia.K3 HMuHCh no./t cHeroM HM co66"
[Iotk~]
[~]
J pronounced [s) 6mbKo CK3.JKa n6e3.ll alllr M03r .llp03.ll H3 TaHl(3 CJle3Ka
[k~lb]
[paxotbj [b[uteo]
[m~latciJ [v6tk~]
[oju~t~]
IbIJsk,] [sUsk,]
[pOj;",]
HY>ut
HeMHO)kICO
3.
.. pronounced
r.\D<e KaJ:: .ne.na BOnin JoaMell alleKJlOT K :lKene K3HMe K 6a6c
I(
(gJ
[tagZi) [kag4Jla] [v3gzal] [igWjUnj (aQigdot] [gZJQc] [lW'l'c]
[gba~ij
c pronounced (z]
CTOpaTh
[zgarall
[z~i\]
c6m
croaop c60p c66pml.K c.lla<Ja C TOphi
OT66"
QT)kaTh
(Yr.u".
JI.6My
K3.KGbI
[gd6mu) [kagbi]
Ch
pronounced
[~]
n. pronounced (~)
np6ct.6a Kocb6a
[pr6p.o]
(ka~ba)
[li~'ibo]
[fiQi'ib,j [m,la'iba]
CJleunfrL
I'm hurrying, I'm in a hurry you're hurrying, you're in a hurry he's hurrying she's hurrying we're hurrying you're hurrying they're hurrying
LESSON
43
REPETITION DRILLS I
I. Listen to your instructor (or the tape) and repeat thc preceding pronoun-vcrb model until you can say it perfectly.
2. fm hurrying to a lesson.
T:
8b1 CnernHTe ua ypOJC. Qua cneWMT ua yp6JC. Mbl cneWHM lIa yp6K. 011 cneWHT Ha yp6tc. TbI: cneWHWb lIa yp6JC.
QUESTIONANSWER DRILLS
2. Where are you hurrying, home? No, rm hurrying to the post office.
T: Kyna BbI: cnewHTe, nOM6"?
T: Ky.a3 on cnewHT? s: Oil cneuuiT Ha kOfulepT. KYM OlUt cnew3T? Ky.oa TbI cnewHwb? Ky.rta OIU\. cnewMT? KYM MbI: CnCW"M?
Ky.n3. OHM cnew3.T, .aOMOn? Kyna Oil CnelUHT, LlOMO"? Ky.rta TbI cncwHwb, nOMO"'?
Using B Yluu~epcHTe-r, Student I first replies with a short answer. then Student 2 replies with a full answer.
Using Ha aBT06yc, answer the question with both short and full answers.
3. Where are )'ou hurrying 10? To the un;~ersity. rm hurrying to the university.
T: Ky.aa Obi CnCW"TC? 51: 8 yllHBepcHTlh. S2: )1 cneUlY B yIIHBcpcHreT. H"Ha, KHP"JlJI, Kyona Ohl ellCUl"Tc? Ky.aa Tbl cncUJ"Wb? KYll,a 6n cncwHT? Ky.rtfl amI. cncwHT? KY1l<l 011" cncwftT?
4. Where are you going in such a hurry? To catch a bus. rm Illirrying to catch a bus.
T: Kyna aLI TaK cllcwHTe?
SI:
Ha aB'l'66ye.
611 TaK CnCWH'"? OUH Ttu< cncwaT'1 Mbf T3K eIlCUHtM? Tbl TaK CtrCWltWb? alia TaK CnCUlliT?
5. Where are you hurrying 10, the laboralory? No, fm }/lIrryi1lg to the club. T: KYll,a abl cnewHTe, B Jla60paTopmo?
s: He-r, j cnemY B KJlj6. T: Kyna TbI cnewHwb, a Jla6opaTopmo? s: HeT, j cnelUY B K'Jlj6.
611 cncwHT, 0 Jla60paTopHf{)? OIlH cnew3.T, a Jla60pUT6puf{)? TbI: cnewMwb, B Jla60paT6pllf{)? aHa cnewHT, B Jla60paT6pHf{)? obi: enewHTe, a Jla60paTOpHf{)?
, Beginning wllh thIS lesson, both tnc teacher and student sentellCe$ an: Included in tnc same column.
44
LffiSON
DISCUSSION
SINGUUR
PLURAL
mew-y
-IfWb
cnew-HM
2 3
-1fT
-om: -aT
Second conjugation verbs have linking vowel H, (cncwHwb, cnewHT, CllCWHM, cnewHTe) where first conjugation verbs have e or e (pa66Taewb, lflleWb). Where first conjugation verbs have Ihe third person plural ending in -yr or -toT (HlJ,jT, paOOTatoT), second conjugation verbs have -aT or -lIT (cnewaT, rOBOp"). It is only in the first person singular (hat first and second conjugation verbs share (he common ending -y or -to. Examples of other second conjugation verbs so far encountered:' c.'lbiwan. rOBOpH"fI>
CTOliTb
to stand
MASCULINE
SUBJECT
I'm (you're, he's) busy. glad. well. sick . I'm (you're. shc's) busy.
glad.
SUBJECT
PLURAL
well. sick.
REPETITION DRILL
Listen to your instructor (or the lape) and repeat the above models until you can say them perfectly.
I These verbs arc given here primarily 10 show ending and Slress panems. They will be drilled laler.
USSON 3
45
REPETITIONSUBSTITUTION DRILLS
Repeal after your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can, imitating both the individual words and the sentence intonation. Then, on hearing only the subject cue, supply the full utterance according to the given model.
I.
rm blLsy now.
T:
T: 01130 Tenepb 33IUITa. s: ORa Teneph 3aum. (OHM, ShoI, HHHa, :lKellli,
MhoI, MH.rta)
2. Are you glad 10 hear il? T: Tbi pan iTO C1Ib1WaTb? S: Tw pliiJt iTo em:uua..... ? T: OHa p3.na iTO C1IbIWaTb ? s: Olui paJta :ITo ClIbuuan. ? (CeMell, omi, U:apanICuII, BbI, MMa)
s: A aooJIIle 3.ll0pOS.
T: Omf SnOnHe 3JJ.0p6Sbl.
s: Jt
MJlCH.
T: Om't 60111011<1. s: Olla 6oJIblla. (MHJla H CCMell, Bhl, EBremiH, Mhl, HHlla)
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
I. Lev, are you busy? No, Fm not busy. T: 11es, ill :lAHn? s: HeT, Ii He 3aun. T: HMlla, ill 3aurn? s: Hh, Ii He JaHsrra. (MMa, XIrrp6s, Kllpw nWOSH'I, HMlla CeMenoslla, CeMell)
2. Nil/a, are you still sick? No, Fm completely weill/OW. T: "Hila, Rbi see eme 6onbllbl? s: Hh, Ii nnepb BoolIue 3.lopOaa. T: KllpliJut, ill ace eme 6611ell? s: Hh, Ii TeuePh BDOJlHe 3.llopOa. CeMeH <DHJlHOnOBH'I, Bhol aee eme 6onbllbl? MHna, TbI see eme 6onhu3? EBrefllul, TbI Bee cme 66ncII? Kllpw na01l0DH'I, Dbl Bee ewe 601lbubl:?
SUSSTITUTION DRILL
46
LESSON
-a
The shorl-form adjectives agree with their subject in gender or number. Note that those used wilh masculine subjects have no ending, those used with feminine subjects end in -a, and those used with plural subjects end in _..... 1 Note that the stress may shift 10 the ending, particularly in the feminine form: OKi laRg-ni. (Compare il wilh OK :u'IUIT.) If the slem ends in more than one consonant. the masculine fonn may contain a vowel that does nOI appear in the other forms. This vowel appears belween the last two consonants of the slem. Compare Ott M.!lett with oHli 6oJW:li, W 6o.rn.itW. The soft sign is written in the feminine and plural forms to indicate that the 11 is soft.
4TEHHE H nl1CbMO
The conversalion for Lesson 3 is presented here in handwritten form for reading and copying practice.
-J(J,'
~ ~?rfU7':~~ ~
1H.a-
-$
~(M?U<.(Y 1-
:ita. Xo-m..um.e
~.- ~8tno~
- ~I V>u>- k v<ahtn. 2- - $akn.a.r j! -t-ado/z-anu7j'U<AA.-, .71~ tn~ ~. -~ rf- ~i'nur k ,I JliH.e ~ tpt-e ~,I
1-o-t-~
/1
J.17~,
C ~tr' ~ p-.1.. -
"Jl~ /U'r7','Ur/
U',M:.
, T1'le neuter short adjective ending _0 is excluded from this disclrnion for practical reasons since Ihe subjects used ""th these: adjI:Ctlvc:s are mostly masculine, feminine. or plural.
L.ESSON
47
LESSON
PS3rOBOp B 06lQe:lti:HnlH
donnilOry in t.he donnitory conversation Conversation in the dormitory. to enter, come in, go in it's possible, one may May I come in? of course, certainly to drop in, stop by, call [on someone]
06WeJkHTHe
B06weDntH
paJroB6p [~zgav6rJ PaJrOBOp B 06l1.teJKHl"HH. BOHni (prv)1 (vajti] MQ:lkHQ (m6tn;)) M6tHO 80m?
kOHe'fHO 3aXOJlHTb
[ka9csn;)]
{~x.a4iU
l~xaQi]
3aXO.rtH
come in!
locked door The door isn't locked. Come in! The door iso't locked.
33.nepri 1~l1irlal) llBePb (f) [d yel J ~aepb He JanepTa. 3axo.nH! ){Bepb He Janeyra.
6bITb [bill .Ii 6blm't. [ja bila] 311l1Tl.. [zna\] Tbl JllaClllb [Ii znajis] 3H<'t.ewb, r.Qe Ji 6bI1l<1? Bee YrPo [r~ (Jtm] lwi.eulI>, rJU~ li 6b1JUi Bee jTpo?
r6poJ],
B
{g6171]
Ivg6~iJ
r6po~e
B
A 6WJui
ropo,tl,e.
(padAr"k]
~kupAl,,]
city. town in the city, in town, downtown I've been downtown. gift, present I (f) was buying to buy, (0 be buying
no~apoK
i nOlcynana [ja
nOKynaTb
[p;lkupa\l
I The abbreviation pl-, will be used for tbe perfective aspect aod ipf-, for tbe imperfective. ) KtmeWll is pronoonced lkaQletn;) by many speakers. I Two prononciations are po$$ible: (z;llirtiJ and [ziIllirl:)).
49
"""e.
(~eQ. raZQeQij~]
I was buying a present. (for] Nina I was buying Nina a present. oh! Oh, yes!
day
ax
[ax]
Ax, .na!
At". (m) [~tQ) .neHb poJK.lleHWI
birthday (iii. day of birth) she has (lit. by her) She has a birthday or It's her birthday. tomorrow She has a birthday tomorrow. to buy
you (Q bought
KyOUTb (pfv) {kugi\} ThI: Kyoli.rIa [ti kugib] ljT6 n:i lCymlna? (pfv) lJ;osmatreU [m] X6<tCUlh [Ii x6C:iJ] X6oleun. 1lOCMO'I"ph.. ? Kop66Ka [kar6pk~] B Kop66Ke [l'kar6pip] ry-r [tut] BOT TjT, e KopOOKe.
OOCMO~
What did you buy? to take a look you want Want to take a look? box (cardboard) in the box here It's here in the box. briefcase to get you (f) got Where'd you get [it]? A briefcase! Where'd you get it?
GUM (State Department Store) at GUM handsome, pretty, lovely isn't it (lit. truth) Handsome, isn't it? At GUM. Handsome, isn't it?
(m) [part[tl] Aocn\Tb (prv) [dastall Tbl .nOCTana [li dasta.l~] r.nc nd .nOCTana? nopTlW"! r.ne Tbi.noC'TliTla?
UOpTojJtm.
opae.a.a
LPnivd~]
npaa.na, rpaCKablu? B rYMe. "po.na, KpaCHeblH? 6<teHb [ociv-l o..eul> KpaCHeblii. .n6nro [d61~] CTORTb [stajaU Thr CTOMa [ti slajal~J Tbi .nOJlro CTO'rna? o<tepe.llb (f) [ocirj~l B 6'lepen. [v6tiri~iJ Tbi .noJJrO CTOua B O'tCpeltM?
vcry Very handsome. long. a long time to stand, to be standing you (f) stood Did you stand for a long time? line, turn in line Did you stand in line a long time? No, not very [long].
HeT,
He
O'tftll>.
50
LESSON 4
SUPPLEMENT
[c;!el,,\] lIT6 Bbl Jlenaml? - HII'Ier6. Qi~iv6J r.Qe BM 6WlH? cny:ll:Ga IslUtb~] - Ha C1I:y:6e. lIT6 8b1: KymUlH? MaTepH9.n [m;)\itial]
,nenaTb
nnaTbe
-
[pla\i~
to do, to be doing What did you do? or What were you doing? Nothing. Where were you? job, work, service At work. What did you buy? material dress Material for a dress or Dress material. suit Material for a suit or Suit material.
nHWH-re b2i~i\i] or lIartHwJfTe lIa JIOCKe (n:xl.as~el HanHWHTe IIa JIOCKe! ItAHTe [ic;!i\i J IC ,nOCKe [gdas\eJ I1.nHTe IC ,nOCKe! lOMemtTe [izrpiQi\iJ JaMelllITe (~lJli"Qi\il
[Del2i~i\i]
continue! go on! (iii. further) Go on reading! write! on the board Write on the board! go! to the board Go to the board! change! make a change! substitute! make a substitution!
PaJrOBOp B 061llelKUTHH
c. o. C. I KT6 TaM?
kto tiim l
o.
C.
3 KOHe"mO.
3aXO,llH. ,[I,Oeph He 3anepTa.
kaQS,n, l
z:>xa4il
dyer Qi~Rirta 1
vgor04d
~kupal\)
(llQd
l..ESSON 4
51
C.
Ax., .na!
Y Het: 33BTpa
JJ.CHb P0)KllCHHR.
ax da!
uQij6 zaftrn
Dh, yes! It's her birthday tomorrow. And what did you buy?
Want to take a look? It's here in the box.
O. 6
C.
x6Cis IXlSmatre\ 1
partreJ I g,1e ti dastal3! vgiirpij
pravd~ kra~ivij
i
Very. Did you stand in line a long time?
c.
9 6lieHb.
O. 10 H6T.
He
6.. eHb.
NOTES
Infonnally Russians address each otber using nicknames based on the first name, for example: Cawa for AJiCKCa"lW, OJi. for Om.ra. Such names aft comparable to our Bob for Robert, Gene for Eugene, Betty for Elizabeth, and so forth.
I
Others are;
JIeaa KonJi
B".
)KeHSI
fo'
EareHl-IH
11...
JIea HHKOllaH
Eugene John
MHna
ranJl
nUB
fo'
Leo
neTS!
Anetua
ce""
liopSi B0110)1S1
Nicholas Peter nOTp AneKceH AJexis CeMeH Simon liOpHC Boris BnWMHp Vladimir
KATJI
3Hua lli06a Mawa lleHa JlH3a
Mary
Helen Elizabeth
2 rYM (rocyJ],apcrBelUl....ii YHHBepdnbllhlii ""81'83"") is the State Department Store, which is located in Red Square opposite the Moscow Kremlin. Note that, although GUM itself is written with capital letters, its declensional endings are written with small letters: " rYMe in GUM.
Who's there? It's me, Olya. _ _ _ Evgeny. _ _ _ Nina. _ _ _ Kirill Pavlovich. _ _ _ Semyon Filippovich.
52
LESSON 4
____ UapaDXHH.
- Jt
6blJl H3 co6paHHH.
yp6xe
neHH~.
_ _ _ _ U3
_ _ _ _ H3 3aBOAe.
_ _ _ H3 n6'fTe.
_ _ _ _ H3
l:oHU,epTe.
Where were you all morning, Sasha? I've been at a meeting. ____ at a singing lesson. _ _ _ at the plant. _ _ _ at the post office. ____ at a concert. Where were you all morning, Olya?
I was in town. _ _ at GUM.
_ _ _ BrYMe. _ _ _ _ 8 o6Wl2Knrn.
Y!Ul.8epcHThe. _ _ _ _ B ropooBCTe. _ _ _ _ B UIj6e. _ _ _ _ 8 na60p3T6pKH.
____ B
the dormitory. the univenity. the gorsovet. the club. the laboratory.
4. tIT6 TbI
JlCnaJI 8
r6po.a.e, CAwa?
- Jt - Jt
-
$I CTOM B 6'!epe.nH.
- Jt - Jt
were you doing in town, Sasha? buying a present. buying Nina a presenl. standing in line. buying a briefcase. buying suit material.
5. A 'ITO Tbl .a.e.nana. OM" - .st TOJll:e 6bUla B r6poJI.e. - Jt TO:ltCe nOKynana nO,llapox. - A TO)fCe CTolina B 6'lepeAH. - Jt nOKynana IlJIAThe. - Jt nOKynana MaTepUan H3 nmin.e.
- Jt
6.
And what were you doing, Olya? I was in lown, too. I was buying a present, too. I was standing in line, too. I was buying a dress. I was buying dress material. I was buying suit malerial. Where did you get Ihal? In town. At GUM. At the university. At the dormitory. At the club. At the laboratory.
53
Compare the examples with English, where the word laboraTory does not change but a different preposition is used: in for location and to for destination. In Russian the same preposition (8) is used but a different "case" form of the noun is required: prepositional case for location and accusative case for destination. There are six cases in Russian, used in both the singular and the plural. They are given below together with a brief comment on their primary function. CASE NAME NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE GENlTIVE PREPOSITIONAL I DATIVE ABBREVIATION NOM or N ACC or A GEN or G PREP or p OAT or D PRIMARY FUNCTION TO tNDICATE grammatical subject of sentence direct object, complete goal of action possession, absence, limitation location or focus of activity indirect object, person affected (in impersonaJ constructions) instrument or means of accomplishment of activity
INSTRUMENTAL
INSTR or I
The nominative form is customarily used in citing nouns, pronouns, and adjectives in dictionaries or otherwise out of context.
cron
6H 3J1.0pOB OH 6bi.n
to Moscow on the window many words on the table she's well she was
The concept of the nonexistent or "21:ro" ending is a very important one for Russian. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and numerals all have forms where a "zero" ending contrasts with explicit endings.
, The prepositional case is also frequenlly called the loco/ill/! ca5/!. II is the one case in Russian that is tlc.er used without a preposilion.
54
LESSON 4
For example, most masculine nouns have a "zcro" ending in their nominative singular case fonn. A "zero" ending also occurs after the suffix JI in the masculine past tense fonn, contrasLing with the feminine ending -s, the neuter ending -0, and the plural ending -H. Furthennore, mosl feminine and neuter nouns have a 'ozero" ending in the genitive plural, in contrast with all of their case fonns that occur with an ending. Compare cOOBO word, CilOB8 words with CIt6B ofthe words; and KHMra book, .mn books wilh IOlIir of the books.
I was Ihere. You were there. He was there. The briefcase was there. I was there. You were there. She was there. The box was there.
FEMININE
SUBJECT
The meeting was there. We were there. You were there. I They were there. Lev and Nina were there.
Mbt 6bUlH riM. Rbi 6hIJIH raM. QUH 6WH TiM. ReB H HHua 6WH TaM.
REPETITION DRILL
Lislen 10 your instructor (or the tape) and repeat the above models until you can reproduce them accurately.
REPETITION-SUBSTITUTION DRILL
~'as
at the plant.
T:
.st 6w oa 3aB6.ne.
11 6WI "8 3aB6Ltc.
(611, ami, cawa, Hima, alia, Mbt)
S:
6ill1
H Res, BbI,
, Note thai aW. the plural-polite pronoun you. is Ircalod grammatiCIIlly ali. plural even when it refers to .singk person. Thus.. r. aW~? can be addressed 10 one penon who is DOl an intimate friend, or 10 more than DDC penon. Tw. on the olher hand. can only be addressed 10 one persoD.
LESSON 4
55
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
}')Ke 6MJHt
a Kny6e, fnlHa?
S:
T:
Jl,a, 6WnH.
68 TO)KC 6hUl B 06mC>KHUtH? (lIeB H KHpn1UI, 00<1, CArna, 6JUI)
s: Jl,a, 6LuJ.
s: ,lJ;a, 6bUlll. T: BM )?Ke 6hlllH B KJly6e, flea? s: ,lJ;a. 6Lrn. TbJ }')Ke 6bIm't B KJly6e, MJi.n:a? TM )?Ke 6wJI B KJly6e, CAwa? Bbl )?Ke 6hJJIH B KJly6e, 6J1S1?
3. Where were you, Sasha? I was in the laboratory. T: r.lleru 6bm, cawa? s: A 6w B ns60pswpHH. T: DI,e Tht 6WT<l, HltHa? s: Jt 6bV1a B ns60pawpHM.
r,lI,C Shl 6hl1JH, KHpU1UI? f,lI,e BM 6MJlH, MUlla? r,lI,e 6" 6hUl? r,lI,e ami. 6bImi? f,lI,e MbJ 6blnIf? rn.e OKU 6MJlH?
5. Was she at work? Yes, she was.
T: QHa 6bIJia Ha CJI0K6e?
rn.e Thl 6hIJl Bee YrPo? SM 6M.rrn see YrPo? 6J1S1 Ii HlfHa, fAe Rhl 6MnH Bee y-rpo? flell if KliPKnn, fAe 8M 6blJlH Bee y-rpo?
KlipH1Jn,
JIcs, rn.c
s: ,lJ;a, 6wJlli.
T: OHit: 6hJnH Ha CJl~6e?
s: ,lI,a. 6LrnH.
My)f( 6hlll Ha cn~6e? aHIf 6hlllH Ha cny)l(6e? KHpJi.n:JI 6MJl Ha CJl~6c? )KeHa 6bUla Ha cn0K6e? KltpnJlJl It JIcs 6hlJIH Ha CJl)r"JK6e?
DISCUSSION
Thc past tense differs from the present and future in Russian in that it is nol based on personal endings but on gender-number endings. The past tense of the verb 6h.1.Th to be illustrates this principle.
SINGULAR PLURAL
Masculine
6hUI
Feminine
6bIJHi
Neuter
6MJI-o 6hm-H
56
LESSON 4
EXAMPLES
..sf TAM lie 6L1J1. 8bi 6b1J1H 6oJlhlrbl:. QHa 6h1J1a 8 ropo.lte. B'lepa 6bu1o co6paHlfe.
I (m) wasn't there. You were sick. She was in town. There was a meeting yesterday.
In the last example, 6bu1o agrees with the neuter noun co6pauHe.
_ _ _ Ha 38B6ll, _ _ _ Ha co6pAHHe.
>1: HAY 8 }'JIHBePCHTtr. _ _ BxnY6.
_ _ B ropcoser. _ _ B r6po.a..
to to to to to to
_ _ BrYM.
_ _ 8 06Wel:Kme.
----KJIY6?
_ _ _ _ rYM?
_ _ _ _ _ YHHoepcHTtT?
Have you already seen ________ _______ ________ _______ _________ ________ ________
_ _ _ _ _ _ nopTct>eJlh? _ _ _ _ _ _ nHCbM6?
Wbere did you get the present? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the briefcase? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the letter?
REPETITION DRILLS
Repeat Ihe models after your instructor (or the tape), noting Ihal the accusative fonn is like the nominative for these masculine and neuter nouns referring to inanimate Ihings. Note also that certain nouns require the preposition. and others require ua.
l..ESSON 4
57
SUBSTITUTION DRILLS
2. She's going to the club. T: OHa H.D:eT B {wy6, 5: Oua HJJ.eT B KJJY6. T: (8 ropcoser). S: QlIa HJJ.eT B roPCOBiIT. (B rYM, B rOpo.D:, B 06mC)I(lITlfC, B ymmcpcHTer, B KJly6)
DISCUSSION
Masculine and ncuter nouns such as ypOK, nopl'4Mh, c06pallHc, and IDIChMO, which refer to other than living beings, have the same form in the accusative case as in the nominative. The accusative case is used in Russian for the direct object of a verb, or for the object of certain prepositions such as B or Ha, used in conjunction with verbs of motion. It is important to remember that in the meaning to, certain nouns require the preposition B while others require the preposition ua.
B ropo.D:
B
rYM
to to to to to
Ha Ha Ha lIa Ha
to to to to to
the concert the bus class the post office the meeting
58
lmSON4
4TEHI1E 11 nHCbM6
-~.~. J~
'lj-
.!l-
~ .z
J~' -k.~/
~
.2. -
/U7--
- JC'e...n. / H-e
I...ESSON
59
LESSONS
lfTO H3 06en?
dinner for dinner What's for dinner? how about How about dinner? How about dinner, Oleg?
open
o6eJl
[a~l]
(n;)3~t)
dining hall, cafe, restaurant, dining room The dining hall's open. The dining hall's been open for a long lime. to dine, eat dinner let's go! Let's go eat dinner! Fine. Let's go eat dinner!
hungry
[g6l:x;1inJ
R }')l'e
rOJlOJl.CH.
I'm already hungry. today What's for dinner today? I wonder (lit. (it is] interesting [to meD I wonder what's for dinner today.
cero,/uur [~iv6dQ;')J' th6 cer6JUU1 ua 06e.u? HIITtpeeHO [in\iresn:l] J1KTepkuo. "ITO ce.-OJllUiI as ooe.a?
CMOTpCn.
(smatreU
Tw CMO'I"pi.'I?
Bcer,lla
[f~igd3J
to look Did you look? always [Same] as always. farc, food, diet
our
Kale BCen:ui.
nltwa
rnj~:)]
HaWa
[mi~]
6.
uuf (PI)
[!ti)
and
kasha (cooked cereal, porridge) "Schi and kasha is our diet:'
more, bigger there isn't any more, it's all gone fish There was fish, but it's all gone.
annoyance, aggravation, disappointment,
ldasada]
BOT ~oc8JJ.a!
lie
XO"leTCSI
Ty~a
He XO'leTCJI
[Iuda)
H.LtTJJ ry.na.
(dan]
~IDKe
[one] doesn't feel like there, to that place I don't feel like going there. even I don't even feel like going there.
rOJioJtIlli.
HHH3, TI:>l
[g61:xini]
tho
(gill
[Uj]
R min K6<Jlc.
A min
.sf
,Ii' (m)
MOJlO"O
hungry Nina, are you hungry? hungry Are you hungry? borsch (beet soup) What's for dinner, borsch? coffee Want some coffee? to drink J was drinking (or drank) coffee.
tea
I was drinking (or drank) tea. awhile ago, recently. not long ago I drank tea awhile ago. milk Awhile ago I drank some milk.
"aH. He.aaeuo
{QidAvn:J]
(m:Jlak6]
MonoK6.
R HemlBHo min
I Do nOI confu$e
unsu~
2 K0+e is considered a masculine noun by some: speakers; Olhers Ireal it as indeclinable: nouns. i.e:., nouns thaI usc: the: same: fonn in all cases.
62
LESSON 5
qTO us 06"1I?
What's for dinner?
O. fl. -
Oller
JIes
OJH~r?
How about dinner, Oleg? The dining hall's been open for a long time. I Fine. Let's go eat dinner. I'm already hungry. I wonder what's for dinner today. Did you look?
Yes. Same as always, "Schi and kasha is our diet.''2 There was fish, but it's all gone.
O. 2 Xopow6.
l1.o.eM o6e.uan.
.si
Y)f(e rOJ1o.ueH.
Jl, 3 I1HTepecHo,
'iTO cero.uH)I H3 0OO.u.
ThI CMOTpCJI?
daj
kak fligdii I sci do kiiso I
RiSea nasa!
!
How annoying! I don't even feel like going there.
vot dasadd!
dazi ini tuda
Qix6Cit~ !
NOTES
CTOJJ08alll is a feminine adjective which functions as a noun. It is derived from CTOJJ08aJf KO;\-lHam table room. CTOJJ08aH is used here as dining haJJ, but it also means [second class] restaurant as well as dining room.
I
food that comprises the Russian rural diet. tnH is a soup made of sauerkraut or cabbage. Kama is cooked cereal. which may be served at any meaJ and eaten with butter. salt, or gravy; or with milk and sugar. lioplll is a vegetable soup, primarily made of beets.
LfSS()N 5
63
noooe,ltaTb (poa1?C<bU Bbi yxe noo6e,ltMH? pe6.m [p~a..) npHOCT, pe6ha! npHoh, prom! DbI yre noo6ell.aJlH? eme Hh eLl.le. omZTb
8 CTO!IOBOi
Ui~6]
[anaU
[fstalov;)j] omin. wIi H nDUl. hilotkOl]
B CTOJlOOOH
ce.n:e,[lXa
A Ji KyTIliJJ ceJle,llKY.
KaK p:b [kakras) A Ji Ka1C pob KyoHJI ceJle,ltKY. A Iii KaK plb KymiJi ceJlellKY. Xome?
~pyr6e ,lte.no
[drug6jOl
4eb)
lunas j~U
""e6 [xlep) XJJe6 y HaC OCTb. orypubI (agurcl] OryPrnJ TOl"Ke. X.'100 yuac en... Ol'")'pl.lbl ro-e.
"'. [Ii]
Cae.e OHM?
wd<l> ~ka~ lllIta<l>Y (flkafU) r,lte:IKe omi? 8 wn.9j?
B
UMtik]
Ho*
CTO!.e, IiintHKe.
64
LESSONS
I see
I don't see I don't see [it]. fork forks There are just forks here. spoon spoons only, just There arc: just forks and spoons here. on the table. on the desk. Here it is. on the desk.
TY'r
[Io~JP]
[t6lk:;))
BJiJlKII H n62LKH.
Trr T6m....-o
BOT OR,
"a CTOne
[n:)Stale)
H8 CTOJU~.
SUPPLEMENT
CMO-rpeTh B OKH6
OH CMOTpCn B
OKUO.
to look out the window. look in the window He was looking out (or in) the window.
BM YlKe
DOOlleI\3J1H?
o. - Oller
R. -Res
Hi, fellows! Have you had dinner already? Not yet. At the dining haJJ it's schi and kasha again. Well it just so happens I bought herring. Want some? Herring! I That's different! We have bread. Cucumbers too. Where are tbey, in the cupboard ?2 No. on the window [ledge}.
K.
o. 2
ppyer
T pilal> !
B CT01l0BOH
oruiTb lUit " dwa.
K. 3
Jl.
o. 5
xlop un:is jell! agurci t6Zi ! g4eii atil! f'lkafii T Qel! noakQe!
K.
o. 7
LESSON
65
n_
8 Oner,
nape)l(b oryPUbt.
alek 1
HOiK B CTone,
8 siutHKC.
0_
9 He BH>Ky.
TYr TOJlbKO
H J16:lKKH.
BHnKH
K- ID BOT OB,
H3 CTOlle.
nares agurci 1 no! ISlaie I vjiiscits: i ! Qi yiiu 1 IIit lolb yilJ>i I i 1611p 1 vol 6n 1
n:;Jstale!
NOTES
Herring is a very common food in the Russian diet; it is served not only as
here as drawer, but it also means box. It differs from KopOOKa, which designates a small box or onc made of cardboard, in that it is usually larger and made of wood. Note also that nOn means both table aDd desk; the latter comes from mtCLMelIH.... ii crOJi writing table.
J
Auttil' is used
Wonder what's for dinner today? Schi and kasha. Borsch aDd kasha. Herring. Fish. Borsch aDd fish. He drank tea awhile ago. She draDk _ They drank _ He drank coffee awhile ago. She drank _ They drank _ He drank milk awhile ago. She drank . They drank _ Is Ihe dining hall open? _ _ laboratory open? _ _ post office open? _ _ box open?
OHJla
_
_
_
DHa
DHH
_
_
Dmt
66
LESSON 5
D,aePb OTKpbfTa? 3aBO.n: On:PbIT? KJIY6 orxPbl'r? .stlU.lt.K OTXpbl'r? ropcoatT on:pblT? nopTlCnb orxPhn"? C06paHHe oncPhn"o? OlmO orxPbrro? 06m.e:llCHTHe OTKpblTO?
4. 8w y:ce r6no)),HhJ? - D,a, Ii )':lICe rono.n:eH. - )l,a, Ii )':lICe rono.a.ua. - D,a, Mbl )':lICe rono.lUlbi. - HtT, Ii ewe He rononeH. - HtT, Ji ewe He rOJloJIHa. - Hb, MbI ewe He rOno,lJ;Hl:>l. 5. 8b1)':l1Ce noo6eJ:ta.Jrn? - )l,a, Ji y:ce noo6e.n:an. - Jl.a, Ii )':lICe noo6e.n:ana. - ,l{a, MbI y.e noofie.n:anH.
Is the door open? _ _ plant open? _ _ club open? _ _ drawer open? _ _ gorsovet open? _ _ briefcase open? _ _ meeting open? _ _ window open? _ _ donnitory open? Are you already hungry? Yes, I'm already hungry. Yes, _ Yes, we're already hungry. No, I'm not hungry yel.
No.
No, we're not hungry yet. Have you already had dinner? Yes, I've already had dinner.
Yes,
Elll.e OCT.
8b1 }':lICe ofienanH? - Her, Ji eme lie o6Cnan. - Her, .Ii emc He o6C.n:ana. - Her, MbJ ewe He Ofie.n:aJIH. 1
Yes, we've already had dinner. Not yet. Have you already had dinner? No, J haven't had dinner yet.
No.
No, we We have bread.
_
_
XJle6.
60pw.
p";6a.
_ _ _ bon;ch.
_ _ _ fish. _ _ _ kasha.
dwa.
_ _ _ wHo
_ _ _ orypo..:..
_ _ _ _ ':Ill". _ _ _ K6<j>e. _ _ _ _ MonoKo.
7. r.n:e:llCe UO:llC? - Ha CTOne. - 8 JiLWiKe. - Ha OI01e. - B CTOne, a lhuHlte. - B nopnptne. - 8 Iop66Ke.
_ _ schi.
_ _ _ cucumbers.
_ _ _ tea. _ _ _ coffee.
_ _ milk.
- BlllIa4JY.
Wherc's the knife? On the table. [n the drawer. On the window sill. In the desk (or table) drawer. In the briefcase. In the cardboard box. In the cupboard.
, In both the question and answer, either the imperfective oM.itll.ll or tlie perfective IIoo6enaJI may be used. The difference in meaning is slight. with IK)(l(iiLUlll focusing on the completion of the activity: H(ne you alrMdy finiJhed eating dinner? NOle. however. thaI in the ncgative answers, only o6b.aJI is used.
lBSON 5
67
III
vs.
10
Usual Cyrillic
spe~ling
[stuQent]
student
cnellutTc
nOCJIaTb
(paslilU
The formation of Russian hard [I] differs from that of English t in thai the tip of the tongue closes off the air stream by making contact against the back surface of the upper teeth. whereas English 1 is fonned by stopping the air stream Carther back, on the ridge of the gums behind the teeth. Sort Russian ltJ. on the other hand, is formed by a closure of t..he front part of the blade of the tongue (not the tip) against the ridge of the gums and has the effect on the ear of being followed by a ylike glide. In addition, neither Russian hard [t] nor soft [tJ (nor any other Russian consonant, for that matter) ever has the puff of breath that usually accompanies English I.
Sound Drill: Practice the Russian paired examples illustrating hard [t] and soft Itl, imitating your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can. Be sure to avoid the puff of breath that often accompanies the English I.
B.
Note the pronuncialion of hard [d] in the following: [davn6] [zdar6vi] [kudil] [;du] .ll.aSll6 3.ll.op6obl for a long time healthy where to I'm going
"yaa
HJlY
BliAeJI
~enil
113
3a86.ue
li~6lJ
HJleT
Russian hard [d] is made wilh the tongue in the same position as Russian hard (t] and [nJ, Ihal is. well forward of the posilion for making the corresponding English sounds and with the
68
LESSON 5
tongue touching the teeth. Russian soft Russian [\1 and [9].
Sound Drill: Practice the Russian paired examples illustrating hard [dJ and soft [4J, imitating your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can.
c.
lib.
ua n6<JTy
[nul
nJ'
Hiiua
)l0 CBu.na,DillI DUOJlDe )leHb
l~e~J
day
Russian hard [n] is formed, like Russian hard It], by closing off the air stream with the tip of the tongue which strikes the back surface of the upper teeth. (Be careful not to make an English n. where the air stream is closed farther back on the gums above the upper teeth 1) Russian soft (Q] is formed like Russian soft It], that is. with the front part of the upper surface of the tongue against the ridge of the gums above the upper teeth and with the tip of the tongue touching tbe teeth. It has the effect of being followed by a ylike glide and sounds something li.ke English ny in such words as canyon and onion; however, the y*like glide in Russian must never be separated and made a separate consonant sound as it is in English. Sound Drill: Practice the Russian examples illustrating hard [n] and soft {Q], imitating your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can. Notice par* ticularly that before [k) and [g], Russian [nJ does not take on the ng sound that occurs in such English words as bank and finger.
MASCULINE CT)'.neHT student club KJJj6 lesson ypOK '!Milea city r6po.n y'l.JtTCJIb teacher
FEMININE CT)'.neHTKa :lKemi. n6'1Ta pbi6a npae.na JIa60paT6pHJI student wife post office fisb truth laboratory rntChM6
OICUO
NElITER
II1Ian.e
co6pAHJle o6llte:lKihHe
It is essential for the student of Russian to know the gender of each noun be encounters. This is important because such words as adjectives and past tense verbs vary their form in agreement with the gender of the noun they accompany.
EXAMPLE
MASCULINE SUBJECT M6ii nopT<PCnb 6WJI TaM. FEMININE SUBJECT Moli 'lKeUa 6b1JIa TclM. NEUTER SUBJECT Moe nHchM6 6LIJIO TaM.
The gender of most nouns can be predicted from the written nominative singular form. Nouns whose final letter in tbe nominative singular is a bard consonant, "I, lit, or ii (i.e., with a zero ending), are masculine. Similarly, most nouDS ending in -a or -II are feminine, and nouns ending in -0, -e, or -e are neuter. FEMININE
ceCTpa 3HMa Kop66Ka U1X6JIa J1PHRa POCCHlif
MASCULINE
My><
NElITER
o6eA
CT6JI H6",
11...
KJlJO'I
OOpllt
ra..
ceMbi
Yrpo
nepO
morning
pen
Aeno
M6pe n6JIe
"'........ 6enbi
Nouns ending in -8 or --JI are masculine, however, if they refer to a male person: JJ.iJIK uncle, .neAYUlKll grandfather, BaM Vanya (Johnny), MHma Misha (Mike), Crenll Styopa (Steve), rpHwll Grisha (Greg), BJiCSil Vasya. Most of tbese are nicknames. Nouns whose gender cannot be ascertained from the written fonn alone are those wbose nominative s.inguJar ends in the soft sign ....... Most of these nouns are feminine, but many are masculine. They will be identified as m (masculine) or f (feminine) in the glossaries. for example, Ocettb (f)/all, OOiepem. (I) line, ,a:aePb (f) door, I10pTtenb (m) briefcase, aetu. (m) day; otherwise the gender of nouns will not ordinarily be indicated.
Verbal aspects
Compared with the higbJy complex system or tenses in Englisb, the Russian verb is structurally very simple. English makes considerable use of such auxiliary verbs as do, have, be, and will in forming its many compound tenses. Russian uses only a single compound tense used to fonn one kind
70
La'iON
of future; otherwise, past, present, and future in Russian verbs are expressed by simple, one-word verb forms. To illustrate the economy of forms in the Russian system, compare the following:
RUSSIAN ENGLISH
pa60TaJJ
worked, was working, did work, used to work, have worked, had worked, had been working
Similarly, all of the following English verbal concepts can be expressed in Russian by the simple present verb paOOTafO: [I) work, [I] am working, [I] do work, [I] have been working, [I] have worked. Despite its structural simplicity, bowever, the Russian verb possesses an added dimension called "aspect," which enables it to make refinements comparable to the English. The system of "aspects" involves two contrasting categories: imperfective aspect versus perfective aspect. The aspect a Russian speaker uses depends on tbe way be views the action. Broadly speaking, the imperfectiW! aspect focuses on tbe activity as a process, without regard to ils tenninaling point in time. The perfective aspect, on the other hand, focuses on tbe activity as a completed (or to be completed) action marked off in time, often emphasizing the result rather than the process. Compare the use of the two aspects in the past tense of the verbs oo... ymin. and t.::ymin.; IMPERFECrtVE PERFECTIVE
1t uOKynarra nomipo.:.
4TO JKe BY KyniUtU?
tMPERFECTIVE
PERFECTIVE
We drank (or were drinking) tea not long ago. We already drank (or finished drinking) tbe tea. She was looking out the window. She took a 'ook out the window. What did you do? Or What were you doing? What did you do? Or What did you get done? Or What have you done?
Imperfective and perfective verbs often differ structurally only in that one is prefixed and the other nol. Both imperfective and perfective verbs may be used in the past and future. In the present, only imperfective verbs are used.
PAST
PRESENT
FUTURE
IMPERFEcnVE
Ii
CMOTplO
I'll look
PERFECTIVE
IMPERFECTIVE
PERFECTIVE
nOCMOTpCn.
ruiTb
,l],tnaTb
ab!nHn.
c,l],enan.
"OHTlt
LESSON 5
7]
Replacement of nouns by tbird person pronouns: oU, OH8, ouo, and OHM:
MOOELS
rll,e
KHpHJUl? -
8M 611.
r./le
noprq:.enb? -
8M 611.
8M
OHa.
rll,e 06UAC)fOITlfC? -
8M QUO.
r.ne nl1CbM6? -
BOT 0116.
BOT ami.
BOT OHil .
Wherc's Kirill? Here he is. Wherc's the briefcase? Here it is. Wherc's Irina? Here she is. Wherc's the box? Here it is. Wherc's tbe dormitory? Here it is. Wherc's the leiter? Here it is. Where are Kirill and Irina? Here they are. Where are the cucumbers? Here they are.
Repeat the above models after your instructor (or the tape) until you can answer the questions automatically according to the pattern.
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
s: OHriM.
T: rae nO'lTa?
s: OBi TYr.
(HHua, Uapam,HH, EBreHHH, ::teeHa, My::, Oner, 6ml, neB)
s: OBi ri.",.
Mlina, (nHcbMo, co6paHHe, lUIy6, na60paTopHg, 06me)KHTue, ce.ne.nxa, .I;Bepb, Kop66Ka, O'lepellb, 'Iaii, OKllO, nOiKICa, BKnka, lilllHK,
nOAapOK)
3. Where's the knife, 011 the tab/e? Yes, it's 011 the tab/e. T: rAe 1I0)l(, Ha crone?
s: )la, OH H8
T:
CTOJU~.
s:
4. Is the knife there? Yes, it's lhere. T: HO)l( TaM? s: ){li, On T8M. T: Pbi6a TaM? s: .lI;a, nHa riM. (rrnChMO, orypubr, 'IaH, coUpaHHe, CT6.n, aSTooyc, ICOlltlepT, nOAapolC, nopTcpe.m.,
pbl6a, nnaT'be, wd<t
DISCUSSION
The masculine pronoun 08 substitutes for masculine nouns such as nOJi lab/e, BanH Vanyo, ypOK lesson, and ,/leHb day. The feminine pronoun om~ substitutes for feminine nouns such as ""eHa wife, ceJlCltKa herring. Jla60pn6pHR laboratory, and epem line or lurn.
o..
72
U!SSONS
The neuter pronoun OliO substitutes for neuter nouns such as nHCbMO letter, 01('110 window, jTpo mornil/g, and nJTli'rLe dress. Oil and OHa mean he and she respectively when referring to person and iJ when referring to things. Ouo means only if, since one does not use oHO in referring to persons. l
KT<) TaM
6w.? TaM 6hlJla HJ.lHa. TaM 6bln Hoal... TaM 6bllIH HHlla H YlaaH.
Who was there? Nina was there. Ivan was there. Nina and Ivan were there. What was 011 the table? There was a present on the table. There was a fish on tbe table. There was a leuer on the table. There were cucumbers on the table.
YT()
6bll1O lIa CTone? Ha CTOne 6b.ln no.aapoK. Ha CTone 6blmi. pbJ6a. Ha crone 6b.lno nJICbMO. Ha CTOne 6b.lnn Orypubl .
REPETITION DRILL
Repeat the above models after your instructor (or the tape) until the verb agreement becomes automatic. (Note that in the question 6w is used with KTO and 6Y.'TO with 'ITo.)
The following drills should be performed as 'simple repetition drills until the student(s) can answer automatically. (During the repetition stage the teacher may ask for both group and individual responses.)
l. (Mila) Who was there? Mila was there. 2. (a lable)
T: (CTon)
T: (MHna)
What was there? There was a table there. lho TaM 6bUIO?
s: TaM 6L1na Mlina. T: (XJI-rpOO) KT6 T3.M 6bln? s: TaM 6buJ XHTpOB. (M}0k, :ella, HHHa, JIeo, EoreHHii, CeMeH, Oner H OJlR, H,iHa H HoalL CTy,l],eHT H CTY.QeHTKa)
s: T: (pw6a)
s:
(mlcbMO. ypOK. co6paHHe, KOHU.Cvr, no,l],apoK. 66pm, ilIlaThe, Kop66Ka, orypu.bl, 'fail, xnoo, oWorn H nO)ICJl:H)
, The Russian pconouns 611, Old, and 0IIli are used only in rd'erem:e 10 a specific masculine. feminine. or neuter- noun. They are never used to Iranslale lhe emplY English inlroouctory if in such sentences as: I(s fUff!. The it of such sentenco:s is simply omitted in RllS$ian. EXAMPLES Y:a: noollffo. It's already late. Was it interesting then:'? Tbf 6Wno KHTepCcuO'? It's still early. Em!! pano.
LESSON 5 73
3.
(Nina)
T: (Hlllia)
KTO TAM CTOli.n? TiM c-roina Hua. T: (nes H MJina) KTO TAM CTOJln? s: TiM C"fOJirIH Jlea H MiiJIa. (CTYJteHT, CTY,QeHTl:a, OIler, 6Jll1., llapanJ:HH, XHl"pOB, CT}'JteKT H CTYJteuna)
s:
DISCUSSION
In terms of grammatical agreement, t..-rO who is treatoo as masculine singular even though the person asking the question may know that the referent will be a female person or more than one person. Similarly, "ITO is treated as neuter singular. Note that "TO what is pronounced [sto).
Introductory :ho
MODELS
liTO :)TO '! - 3TO fiHCbMO. A 3TO "ITo? - 3To nOJtapox 6Ile.
~~~ . v.. ? ..::7TO Tbl, IUlPHJUI
What's that? It's a letter. And what's this? It's a present for Olya. Is that you, Kirill? No, it's me, Lev. That's different. What 3re those, cucumbers?
The item to be substituted is to be given first, followed by the question and then the student answer.
1.
(a letter) What's that? 2.
It's a letter.
T: (nHCbMO) liTO :iTo?
S:
3TO nHChMO.
T: s:
T:
T: (JiWHK)
S:
liTO :)TO?
3TO~.
s:
(CTon, pw6a, kAwa, ceneJtxa, .ztBtPb, omo, UOpTlenb, 'fan, x6le, 3BT66yc,
UOllC)
Who's there? It's me, Evgeny. (EsreH"") KTO T<iM? 3TO Ii, EBrelIHH. (HHHa) Kyo TAM? 3ro Ii, UHua. (KHpw, ReB, CeMeH,llapanxHH, MJina, XHTpOB, KHpW, 6nbra, Oner, CeMen <l>It.1IH:nnOBH'f)
(Evgeny)
DISCUSSION
The introductory word iTo usually indicates something not previously described or specified, but about which some statement is to be made. It can be translated as this, that, these, those, and sometimes (particularly in a rejoinder) it.
74 LESSON 5
Ou
XOlfeT
_
_
He wants We want
You want
_ _
_
They want
REPETITION DRILL
Repeat the model afier your instructor (or the tape) until you can reproduce aU forms accurately.
REPETITION-SUBSTITUTION DRILL
She wants to go
T:
(0
the concert.
0ua XO'feT noiint H3 kOHuepT. s: QHa xO..eT nom 118 ti:OHJ.lepT. (KHplffin, ThI, Ii, "liHa, Mbl, OHU, BbI, Oner
II
CArna)
Don', you want 10 go there? No. I don',. T: DbI He xOTiITe ItJtTI't: TY.na" s: He-r. He xo"lj. T: 6n He XO'leT HJ1TH Ty.na? s: HeT, He xO<teT. (ThI, carna, EerCIlHH. OHM, MHna. BbI, HHHa Ii Oner)
DISCUSSION
The verb xOTh.. has an irregular present tense. It follows a first conjugation pattern in the singular and a second conjugation pattern in the plural. Note that the final stem consonant is 'I in the singular and T in the plural, and that the stress is on the endings except for the second and third persons singular.
SINGULAR
XOOfy XO'lClUb x6'leT
PLUJW.
XOTHM XOnITe XOTJIT
LESSON 5
75
6Wi
r6po.ne.
He was in IOwn. I haven't seen you in a long time. Did you buy herring '] My husband wasn't at work today.
He BH,a;eJla.
11 .n6nro CTma 8
NEUTER
SUBJECT
OlfCpeJlH.
She hasn'l seen you in a long time. Nina, were you in town? Yes, 1 was buying a dress. I siood in line for a long time.
There was a meeting yesterday. The letter was on the table. The milk was standing 00 the window sill.
B'lcpa 61.71110 co6pallHc. nUCbMO 6bU1o fla CTOne. Monol<o cTolino IIa oKHe.
A
PLURAL
SUBJECT
rne
!:lb' 6bu1H?
liMN
113
'fail. CTone.
And where have you been? They were standing in line. What have you been doing'? We drank tea awhile ago. The spoons were on tbe table.
Repeat tbe above models, observing the basic pattern. The past tense is regularly signaled by tbe suffix -n, usually added to a vowel-ending stem. The endings that follow are gender-number endings, with zero for masculine, -8 for feminine, -0 for neuter, and -II for plural. Note that the past tense fonns always have a hard n in the singular, but a soft n in the plural: nM (gil] versus mimr (gitil, CToliJl [stajal] versus CTo!i:n:. [stajaliJ.
REPETITION-SUBSTITUTION DRILLS
s:
MY HeJlUIlO
n".Jul .. aii.
On",
Bhl,
2. Ivan was hurrying to the meeting. T: HBllH cneWHn lIa co6pa.lHe. 5: JiBall CUernHn lIa c06paIlHe. (Thl, HHHa, Mf.'K, Bbl, )KeH8., aHa, li, Mhl, MY>K " )KeHa, OIlH, 6u, olUi)
3. He hasn't seen you in a long time. T: Oil JlaBII6 BaC lie BH,aen.
s: Ou
I. The borsch is on the table. The borsch was on the tab/e. T: 66pLU Ha CTOne. s: I)6pI..Q 6LI.'1 Ha CTO.'1e.
76 LESSON 5
T: finan.e Ha crone.
S: fLn:jn.e
6Wro
Ha CYMe.
(n6)l(, KOp66K3., OHCbM6, nOJ],apoK,n6:lKKa. n6JKKJ1, d.ll.la, 'laH, 06eJ],. mH, xne6)
2. The herring is in the cupboard. The herring lI'as ill the cupboard. T: CeJle,nKa 8 wKa4JY. S: CeJIe~ ... a 6h1Jui 8 WKa4!Y. -
T: MaTcplia..n 0 wKa4JY. s: MaTCpHM 6LIJI 8 wli'alY. (orypubl, pbi6a, Kama, "faH, OKnxH, nO)i(KH, lUle6, UOPT~llb, nHCbMO,
Kop66Ka)
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
Ou 6Wi Da cOOp'tlMH.
r~e
T:
6wui Hfuta?
H8 co6p8HHK.
s: Qua 6t.u1li
Ii
T: r.tl.C OnJl, 0 r6po.o:e? s: HeT, 110 OHa 6blJUl 8 rOpo)l,e. T: r.ne EOreHHH, 0 r6po.tl.e? S: HeT, 110 OH 6bvi 8 rOpo)l,e.
(UapinxHll, KJlPHJUI
OHU,
1': 41'0 0" ,nenan? S: OK crotin B O"lepe,llJl. 41'0 ami .nenana? 41'0 Obi .nenana, CeMCH? 41'6 abl ,ucnaml, MMa? 41'0 TW ,ue.n.an, Cama? lIT6 Tb' .n:e.nana, HJ.lHa?
naenOOIi"f,
OH,
aHa)
TRANSFORMATION DRILL
Where was O/ya sJanding? Where was she standing? T: r.o:e crOlina O.JlJl? S: CT01iJIa? I
nte Ofta
T: r.a.e crain EoreHHH? S: rAe OK croM? r.o:e CTO.liJrn KupHm1 II CeMeH? (HIIHa, 11eo, Mlflla, MY:lK Ii )KelH'i)
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
....
LITO Obi Kymurn, pe6lin? LITO Kymin 11eo? LITO Kymina O.JlJl? 4TO Kymina )i(r.;':r? 4TO kymin Mt.?
, In I'{Ji questions of this Iype the pronoun must puc~ (he verb: Cf.e otdi crOli.rla! A noun, however, may appear either bc:foll: or after the verb: rne Om.n crotina! (Or rlle crojna OJlW"a!)
LESSON 5 77
DISCUSSION The past tense of Russian verbs is expressed by the past tense suffix -JI plus the appropriate gender or number ending to agree with the subject. With most verbs the past tense suffix is added to a form of the stem ending in a vowel: 6':'-n, AYM&-J1, nOKyna-n, BHn.e-n, cToli-n, rOBOpH--n, and so forth. Stress. The stress is usually the same in aU four forms of past tense, but may shift to the ending in the feminine fonn, particularly with the shorter verbs. Compare 6bvi, 6':'Jlo, 6WH with 6l.1na (t); also nHJI, n"Jlo, nHJDI with DHna (t). In the combinations uii 61:>1J1, HC 6l.1J1o, and lie 6b1nH, the stress shifts from the verb to the negative particle He, Note, however, that it remains on the verb in the feminine form lie 6wJla.
REFERENCE
LIST
Of
PAST
TENS" FORMS
Infinitive
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Plural
6W'L be min. drink 3HaTL know nocmiTL send ,1I,CJlaTL do JJ.ocTaTL get CJrbuuaTL hear pa60TaTL work 06e,1l,aTL dine noot}CAaTL dine nOKymh'L buy
Kymin.
buy
6hlJl min
3H!vI
cnelmtTL hurry BH,neTL ",e CMOTpCTL look nOCMoTpCTL look XOTeTL want
nocn3.n nenan .l:IOCT3.n CJlblll.lan pa66Tan o5eAan noo6ellaJI lloKyn3.JI KynHJI CnClllHJI 8H,uen cMoTpCn nOCMOTpeJi XOTeJI
6h1n-a nHn-a 311M-a nOCJllln-a nenan-a AOCTan-a CJIbIWan-3. pa66Tan-a o66n.aJT-a noo6ell.aJJ-a nOKymi.JI-a KyoHJI-a CneWHJI-a BH.ll:CJI-a CMoTpe.rr-a nocMorpen-3. XOTeJJ-a
6blJl-O nHn-o
3HiuHl
nocniuJ--o nen3n-o AOCT3.n-O CJ1hlWaJI-o pa6oTan-o oGeAan-o noore.ll:aJJ-o nOKymlJl-o KynHJI-o CneWHJI-o Blf.rr.eJl-O CMOl'pen-o IlOCMOTpCJI-O XOTe.........
6hl))-H rrHJI-M 3Ha.JI-H nOCJ1aJJ-M JJ.CnaJI-H LIOCT3..JI-H CJlbIWaJl-H pa60TaJI-H oGeaaJl-H no05cLIaJJ-H nOKynan-H KyoHJI-H CneWHJI-H BH,uCJI-H CMOTpe.rr-H OOCMOTpen-H XOTCJI-H
qTEHHE H nHCbMO
78
LESSON
LESSON
79
80
LESSONS
J,
:J
LESSON 5
81
LESSON
1I,eawn..
Ho li
ewe He f'OTOBa.
But I'm not ready yet. pen, penholder my pen I know I don't know where my pen is. shelf, bookcase on the shelf, on the bookcase over there, over yonder But over there on the shelf, isn't [that] it? notebook these notebooks, those notebooks all those notebooks for you, to you why, what for, for what purpose why do you need And why do you need all those notebooks? truth; it's the truth, tbat's right
Yes, you're rigbt.
PY<tK3
n6JlKa
lIa nonICe
SOH TaM
31..
33'1CM
~a.
npas.na npaa.na.
""".... (pfv)
83m
KH"ra
[Ji]
803bMY
>1
I'll take I'll take just the books. one notebook 1"11 take just the books and one notebook. take! pencil And take a pencil. And take a pencil too. let's go! we're off! Well, let's go! all, everything (here all set) Well, all set, let's go! Here's the university! lhe chanccllor, the presidenl (of lhe university) hc'lI speak Where will the chancellor speak? building the large buiJding you see 00 you see tbe large building? Over there. Do you see the large building? library opposite the library Over there. Do you see the large building opposite the library?
Kapaa.na rn
H kapaH.lJ.Aw BOObMH. H ewe .... pa.u.a8.tu a03LMIi,
noUJJtH
Hy, noumii!
see
H Y ace, n(llll.llli!
OH 6Y.aeT rOBopHTb
[zdaQj;)]
60JlLWOe 3.aaltHe
Tbl:
8H.zJ.HWb
up6THB
6H6JIHOTeKH
80H riM.
KMIIHlIJL
fionbUJ6e J.aiHae
np6nm 6H6mtoTelOl?
,lIa,
BDiy.
Torna
Yes, I see.
then, in that case long Well, so long then.
SO
nod.
nepo
r.ae nep6?
'leU (m)
4eu 3TO
KapaHJJ.3m!
-Mou.
""" (I) 4bJl .iTo KHHra?
no fiHCbMO?
6YAe-r
-Moe.
3an
BOT 3an, rlle
ptKTOp.
rOBOpHTb
pen point, pen Where's a pen? or Where's a pen point? whose Whose pencil is this? Mine. whose Whose book is this? Mine. whose Whose letter is this? Mine. hall (room within a building) Here's the hall where the chancellor
will speak.
84
LESSON 6
r. -
H.
raJUI,
YJKC DOlfTH ):leBRTb.
napa H.ATH.
r.
2 Ho H eUle He rOTOB3. He :malO,
rAe MO" py'lK3. I
HiM,
no ja jisco !J.igatov;) 1
I I
maja rutb!
H. J, A BOH
H3
a v6n lam
napol~i!
neniCe,
Qiana
i zatem Ii lie
I
I
rle eli
lilra~i j
r.
4 .lI.a, npaBLl3.
B03bMY TOJ1bKO KHHni
H O,llHy
TeTpa,ab.
H. 5
r.
Hy BCe.
nowmiP
nu
rio j
palli j
H. 7 BOT H ynHBepcHTh!
v6t i uQiyir~i\et!
g~e bu~il
r.
H.
govapI rSkl,r j
9 B61:1
von lam 1
balloj. zdaQj. protir lI ib !ia lelP j
dii j yifu j nu tagda pad 1
yi~il
r. 10 }:la, BIDKy.
NOTES
1 Of the two words for pen, py"Ka is more commonly used in the Soviet Union now than nepa. More specifically, PY"tK8 means penholder and nep6 pen point.
Notice that these teons all refer to the old-fashioned type of pen used with an inkwell. Fountain pen is aBTOpy"lK8.
let's go is actually the plural past tense fonn of noiiTIi to go, to set off used as a special imperative in highly colloquial style. Compare it with the English expression we're off.
2 DOUlllN
PeKTOp is comparable to our university or college president or chancellor. At the beginning of eacb academic year freshmen assemble in a large hall to hear an address given by him.
j
LESSON
85
AMepHK8HcKHii: crY.l'CHT
American (adj only) an American student He's an American student. your first day to pass, go by passed, went [by] How did your first day go 1 all right (lit. nothing)
All right.
npowen
lfHqer6.
neUUUl
Ha neICWtH y HaC Ha nellauUf Y HaC Ha nekUHH 6bui OMH aMepHIC3Heu.
one, a American an American There was an American there. lecture, class (at university level) at the lecture, in class at our lecture, in our class There was an American at our lecture. you know You know, there was an American at our lecture. be's standing, he stands He's standing over there. that (over there, yon); that person, that one that person over there, the ooe over there That fellow standing over there 1 maybe, perhaps That fellow standing over there perhaps 1 Why that's Philip Grant. him; his Do you know him 1 to become acquainted, meet, be introduced [It'd be] interesting to meet [him]. Do you know him 1 [It'd be] interesting to meet [him]. This is my sister. Hi Philip. This is my sister Galya. brother This is my brother, Kolya. now, just now, right away I saw you just now.
[~i~sl
TbI 3Haewb
3Jllietub, y IISC Ha mSh.'"UHM
6H TAM CToHT. TOT, Til, T6;"Ii SOH Tin BOa TOT, "ITO TiM CTOHT1 MO)l(:eT 6bm. [moZ(Kl)bi~] M6>eT oWn., .oH TOT, "ITO
TaM """"
Tat>: iTo
er6
Tbl ero
())HJlHtm
rpallT.
3H8.CWb 1
n03I1a"OMHTbCH
[J)Qznakoqtitc:l]
MOti cecTpli
ram..
6pAT
3TO
.>t
or
[~iMsJ.
86
JdtJKeTC~
Jt
ayJtHTOplUI B ayJ.tHTOpHH R TOM ayJtHTOpHH J1: de, n*e-rCK, ceirlac 8Jtnen 8 T6ii
ayllllT6p1D1.
IJ.i, Ii rl." 6LvI1i.
it seems It seems I saw you just now. auditorium, lecture room, classroom in the auditorium in that auditorium, in the auditorium there It seems I saw you just now in the auditorium there. Yes, I was there. Russian you speak You speak Russian. You speak Russian well, by the way. you think it seems to me You think so? It seems to me I don't [speak it] very [well]. you're not serious! what do you mean (lit. what are you saying)! Why what do you mean! [You speak] quite well. you studied Russian, language Russian Where did you study Russian '1 school (below university level) in school Where did you study Russian, in school?
no-pjccxu
Rbi roBoprn
MHe d)l(eTCSI
~3b1.K?
WJCoJia
B WKOJle
Ha, 8
ymmepcIfTbe.
SUPPLEMENT
AMepHKa On Y'lHJI pyCCKHH S13b1K R AMepHKc. aMepHKanKa KTO aHa, aMepHxaUl<a? H r080piO
America He studied Russian in America. [an] American (f) What is she, an American '1 I speak I speak Russian. I speak English. I don't speak English. not badly, not too badly You don't speak Russian too badly.
LESSON 6
87
H. -
HlfKonaH (K6nSl)
ramI? r.
2 HH'fero. 3HaeWb, y HaC H3 neKUHH 6blJl O.n:HH 3MepHK3Heu.. I , J MO)KeT 6bTTb, BOH TOT. 'iTO TaM CTOHT? TaK :ho <llmninn fpaHT.
4 Tbl ero 311aewb?
gal' j
Qicivo 1 znajis ! unas nalekciji I bi! aQin arpirikaQic 1
moz(id)bi~ von toil
H.
r.
H.
J.1luepeeHo n03HaKOMHTbCJI.
ppyel filip j
el~ maja ~islra gal;,)!
<1>.
r.
r.
7 Jja.
g TaM 6b1na. A Db!: XopoWO rOBopHTe nopyccKH.
da j
ja tam bila ! a vi x~raS6
g:wari~i panjs~i
<1>.
r. 8
QiociQ j
nu. sto vi! fpalQe x-;)raso! gQe vi ucili rus~j jizik 1
H.
r.
<1>.
15koli 1 Q<t I
vUQiyir~i~e\i
r.
J 1 HeT.
B yHHBcpcHTe-re.
NOTES
nouns aMepHK8Helt and aMepKKaHKa refer to an American male and female respectively. The adjecLive &MeptlKaHc!'HH can never be used alone 10 refer to the person. Thus alHepllKllHckHii CTYJl.M or aMepHriHCKIlJI CT)'J1.e.mca is used for all American sludent, but only a\tepHK8HeQ or aMepHKiHl.-a for an American. Notice that none of these words is capitalized in Russian.
LESSON 6
1 The
88
2 When introduced, Russians usually say simply )JlpasCT8yiiTe hello. With older people or distinguished individuals, however, one should use the more polite ronns corresponding to our Very pleased to meet you: O<tetlb op..mo (or OqOOL npUmo DO:utaKOMllTLCll (c !liMN}).
l PjCCt.':HM Klbo\ is used for Russian here, but the adverbiaJ form no-pYCCt.':N
is used with such verbs as roBOpm to speak, oomin. to read, and llllcin. to write.
Compare with
Bbi
lHaeTe
Do you know Russian? Where did you study Russian? Do you speak Russian? Do you read Russian?
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ua :saa6Jle.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ H3
CJIy*:6e.
rOTOR?
It's my first day at the university. _ _ _ _ _ in school. _ _ _ _ _ _ in the laboratory. _ _ _ _ _ _ in the dormitory. _ _ _ _ _ _ at the plant. _ _ _ _ _ _ on the job. Time to be going, Kolya. Are you ready yet? Yes, I am. Not yet. Yes, I'm ready. No, I'm not ready yet. Time to be going, GaJya. Are you ready yet? Yes, I am. Not yel. Yes, I'm ready. No, I'm not ready yet. Time to be going, fellows. Are you ready yet? Yes, we are. Not yet. Yes, we're ready. No, we're not ready yet. Is it already time to go to the lecture? Yes, it's already time. Yes, it's long since time. Yes, it's already nine. Yes, it's almost nine. Yes, Jet's go. No, it's early still Lei'S go to the university. _ _ _ to the library. _ _ _ to the auditorium.
I..ESSON
ytlCe
- Aa, rOTOB.
-
Her ewe.
Aa, Ji Y'ke rOT08. Her, A ewe He rOT08.
raJUI. Tbi ytlCe rOTosa? Aa, rOToBa. Her eme. )la, A yxe rOToBa. Hth, .Ii ew:e HC rOTo8a.
3. nopa HJJ;TIi:,
)"Ke rOTOBLJ?
rOToBbL
Hheute.
Mbi )')Ke rOToBbI. Her, MbJ ewe He rOTOObl.
- Jl.a,
-
s.
Y:lKe napa HJJ:TIt Ha neKUHJO? - 113, yxe nopA. - ll.a, ,QaBl:IO napa. - )la, 'flKe ).leBRTb. - )la, noomt. n.eSJlTL. - )la, nOWJIH. - Ha, ewe pano.
89
J.1JleM
l(nY6.
to to to 10
the club. the dormitory. the laboratory. town. to work. 10 Ihe post office. to the concert. to the lecture. to the meeting.
7.
H3 H3 Ha H3 Ha
pa66Ty. n6'fTy.
KOHUepT.
neJW.HlO.
co6panHe.
rS'Me.
I saw you at Ihe lecture. _____ at the meeting. _____ at tbe concert. _ _ _ at the plant. _____ downtown. _ _ _ in GUM. He's at __ at __ in __ in __ at tbe the the the the university now. club _ dormitory _ auditorium _ library _
_ _ _ B<nj6e.
_ _ _ _ 8 06ll.leIHTHif.
____ 8
aynHT6pHlf.
_ _ _ _ 8 6H6nH01i"e.
scer.d
_
_ _ _
~_
You don't speak Russian, do you? You don't speak: Russian [tooJ badly. You speak Russian well. You always speak Russian. You also speak Russian. You're speaking Russian again. You speak Russian very weU. You speak Russian quite well. Do you speak English? Yes, I do. Yes, I speak English. Yes, but not very well. No, I don't. No, I don't speak English. Do you understand English? Yes, I do. Yes, I understand English. No, I don't. No, I don't understand English. Did you buy herring? _ _ _ _ fish? _ _ _ _ a book? ______ a notebook?
12. Obi rOBOpHTe nO-3Hrmrn:CKH? - .Qa, r080p.o. - .QA, Ji rOBop.o no-aHrmiitckH. - .Qa, HO He 6'feHb xopow6. - Her, He rOBop.o. - Her, A He rOBop.o no-aHrJlHHCKH. 13. Bbi nOHHMae-re nO-aHrnHHCKH? - .Qa, nOHKMAJo. - .Qa, Ji nOHHM8.1O nO-aHrJlKHCKH. - Her, He nOHHMcUo. - Her, li He nOHHM8.1O no-aHrmmCKH.
90
LESSON
---_."", , .......
____ 0""'...' _ _ _ _ TeTpaaH?
A.
_ _ _ _ Monox6?
----""=.
~,
---_.""" .
_ _ _ _ _ cucumbers?
_ _ _ _ _ notebooks?
3,
or
:lb.
[vasl
[aft6bus]
",;C
aBT66yc
you bus
[~]:
Simon
If~uJ !Il;~m6J
all
Jetter
Russian hard [s] is fairly similar to English s. Soft [~) is made by bringing the front part of the blade of the longue toward the upper gum ridge. It has the effect of being followed by a ylike glide. Sound Drill; Practice the Russian paired examples illustrating hard [s] and soft [~]. imitating your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can.
B.
lb, C,
or a..
(zdrastuWJ [zdar6vi]
[nozav~1
3JJ;paoCTByilTe
J.ll.OpOBbl
Ha JaBo,D;e
h:J:
Ipmul Ipnol
JHMy 3Hua
winter Zina
and
I~],
Russian [zl and [~] are made with the vocal organs in the same position as for Russian Is] but, in addition, they are voiced. Sound Drill: Practice the Russian paired examples illustrating hard Izl and soft [~l, imitating your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you caD.
LESSON
91
c.
['I
vs.
[rl
3JJ,pfl.BCrB yihe
113 ypOK
3.D:OpOObl
[zdar6vi] [x::lras6]
xopow6
hello to the lesson healthy good, well and compare it with soft [r]:
fIIipl]
[g~varat]
KJ.lpHJlJl
rOBopRT
[tiger)
Tenepb
Russian hard [rJ is unlike any variety of American English r. It is something like the "rolled" Scottish r and practically identical with the r of Spanish, Italian, modem Greek, Serbo~Croatian. or Polish. In pronouncing Russian [rl, the tongue is trilled or vibrated, making one or more taps against the ridge of the gums behind the upper teeth. (American children sometimes make such a trill in imitating the sound of a machine gun or an airplane engine.) Soft [rJ is formed similarly, but the middle surface of the tongue is arched higher giving the effect of a y-like glide. l
Sound Drill: Practice the Russian paired examples illustrating hard [r] and soft [rl, imitating your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can.
Intonation practice
Introductory remarks Within any major segment of speech some syllables are spoken at a higher relative pitch level than others. We designate these as 1 low, 2 middle, 3 high, and 4 extra-high, with the extra-high level occurring much less frequently than the other three. These levels are indicated graphically by a line which we call the intOflmion contour, drawn above the major segment through the primary and secondary stress points and ending in an arrow. An upward stroke indicates a slight rise in the voice (typical of certain kinds of questions), and a downward stroke indicates a falling of the voice. The primary stress point is indicated by a small circle and the secondary stress points by small black dots on the intonation contour directly above the stressed syllables.
EXAMPLE
4 3
2 1
HHHa 6hJJla 8 rYMe.
, One hears something like the Russian [r] in certain imitations of upper-class British speech, for example, in the pronunciation of lerribly when the r sounds almost like a d.
92
LESSON
Intonation drills A. Slatemel1ls with fo//ing contours. In contours of this lype lhe high peak occurs in the first part of lhe segment, dropping gradually thereafter and making lhe sharpest drop on or immediately before the syllable with primary slress. The basic range is from 2 or 3 down to I, although the slarting point may be an upward rise from level 2 to level 3. These countours are typical of neutral statements, exclamations. and commands. lmilale lhe leacher or tape as accurately as you can.
4 4
J
2 I
on:pbrra. B Kop06Ke. Ha :JaBCme. B JiUUtxe. rOnoAcH.
4
J
2 I
B'iepa 6bu10 co6paHHe. Y HaC ecn. KAwa. Tenepb omi 3AOpOBbI. I1pHHa 6b1J1a B rYMe. OliH 6buut B rOp<)J1e.
4 J
J 2
I
2
I
aac He aHnen. 6H B'iepa lie 6bUJ H3 CJ1p!<6e. Mhl ceronHR 6WJ1H B ropo.ue.
.H AaBHo
J
2
I
4 J 2
I
M~
Jl 6H
ran.
Hell3aHO oMJ.t 'taM. He.naello riM 6bu1. rOBopiIT Bnonue xopow6. TIIM 6bJJ1a. l""C
B. Questions with falling cOntours. The contour is similar to thai of statemenls, but the range is wider, starting with level 4 and dropping gradually thereafter to level 2. The primary stress may be either on the question word itself or on the last stressed syllable. This contour is typical of questions beginning with a question word. Note that the voice does not rise at the end as it often does in English. Imitate your teacher or the lape as accurately as you can.
4
J 2
I
J
2 I
KT6 KT6
a Kop66Ke? c06paHHe? r.c rononeH? KTO yxe He 6bUl Ha CJ1)0K6e? KTO 3a'ieM BaM CneWHTh ? l.ITO
LESSON 6 93
TYr Hawe
4 3
2
I
4 3
2
I
Ky.aa 8M Db! H,ltCTe?
Cne KHpiUtn?
6bum?
BH.neJI?
.aenanH?
CTOJiJflt?
rn.e
tlTo
DbI
B
4TO 6brno
8H.aeJUf? Kop66Ke?
The four noun declensions in Russian: CTOJl-, OIWO-, *eHft.-, and ,lI;Bepb-ciass nouns
According to the pauerning of their case endings, Russian nouns may be divided into four basic types. We shall usc a model noun to represent each basic type.
1. crM-class
2.
OI.. uo....class
3. *clla-class
1. CroJl-ciass nouns are masculine. Their nominative singular ends in a consonant letter (including -ii) or -to.
EXAMPUS
aBTooyc, npHBh, ypOJ:. KHpH.n.n, CeMeH, Mp:, UJj6. ylUlBCpcHTeT, 66plll. 'faH. Atm., nopTlC.rrb.
2. OKBO-class nouns are neuler. Their nominative singular ends in the letter -0, -c, or-e.
EXAMPUS
nHcbMo,
y-rpo, a61o.
3. JKeaa-class nouns arc chiefly feminine; a few thai refer 10 maJes are masculine. Their Dominative singular ends in the letter -a or -H.
EXAMPLES
cnPt<6a, pbl6a, cene.a.Ka, na6opaT6plUl, Kop66Ka, npaBna, HiiHa, Miina, riJul, K6n.H Koiyu, MHwa Misha, lIW uncle. 4. .LJ.gept.-c1ass nouns are feminine. Their nominative singular always ends in the lelter-h.
EXAMPLES
EXERCISE
3. *eM'
Put each of tbese nouns in its proper column: TCJIe$SH, yooPlUHua, aeno, O<iepe.lJ.b, nnan.e, wxona, neKltlUl, C06p3HHC, 'Iaii, OKIIO, .H3b1:K, UDOlf, IfCTOplUl, kapaH,ll,3.W, K3.pTa, 6ce:Hb, lPUJn.M, repOii, lIe,a,enSl, nepO, CBHJl3,lOte, y-tHTenbHHua, nemre, yron, MOpe, TcTp3.nb, MonoK6, pe3ym.T3.T, c.rrYJtc6a, JleB, Kawa, orype[{, aeut., nop~b, K6n.H.
94
LESSON
-9
.R
KynHn cenCAKY.
I bought herring.
_ _ _ fish.
_ _ _ pbI6y.
_ _ _ PY'ikY
_ _ _ a pen.
_ _ _ arork. _ _ _ a spoon. _ _ _ a bookcase. _ _ _ a book.
I see __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Nina. Mila. (he coed.
_ _ _ BMkY
_ _ _ J10)I(KY _ _ _ n6nxy.
_ _ _ KIIHry.
R DIDiey
HHHY.
___ MHJlY
_ _ _ CTyn.CHTKy. _ _ _ ceCTPY
_ _ _ :lKCUY
my sister. my wife.
Olya. Kolya. Sasha. the laboratory. the lecture ball. the library. schooL the post office. work. the lecture.
_ _ Omo.
_ _ _ K6Juo.
_ _ Cl.tuy.
REPETITION DRILLS
Repeat the above models, noting that when nouns ending in -a or -'IiI in the Dominative singular serve as the direct object or the object of a preposition after a motion verb, the endings -a and ...... are replaced by -y and -fO respectively.
RESPONSE DRILLS
I. Where's the wxlka? Did you buy Yodka? T: rAe BO,D;l:a? s: BY KyminH aOJJ.KY? T: rAe pbl:6a? s: Rbi KymirrH p.:.6y?
(KJllfra, BKJUca, nO)l(Ka, nonKa, cene,lJ;Ka,
s: ,na, Ji
py'lKa)
s:
a w.nY BlUKOny.
95
s: BL:I
CUED
8H.tteJIH
HHHy?
QUESTiON~ANSWER DRILL
T;
S;
T:
S:
Where are you going? To a lecture. (neKl.J;HJl) KYM flbl HJJ:CTC? Ha JIeKQHJO. (6lf6nHoreKa) Ky.ua BM H,ue-re? B 6HMHoreKy. (CJlpc6a, n6lfTa, wKona, aYll.I.fT6pHR,
na60paTOpHJl,neK~)
(a lecture)
-a
and-~
-y and -to
ran,.
6
Kont!
ramo 6mo
K6ntO
The direct object of a verb or the object of a preposition accompanying a motion verb is in the accusative case. )KeHs.class nouns replace -3 and --51 of the nominative singular with -y and -10 respectively in the accusative singular. Note that while most of these nouns are feminine, some are masculine; TaM 6blJl KonH Kolya was there; R BMJJ;en Komo I saw Kolya. Inanimate CTM- and oKUo-class nouns have accusatives which are like their nominatives both in the singular and the plural:
__ __ __ __ __
All ~p ..-class nouns (animate and inanimate) have singular accusatives like their nominative singular. (In the plural, the accusative is like the nominative only if the noun is inanimate.)
PRESENT
SUBSTITUTION DRILLS
1. You ta/kedfor a long lime. T: Bbl .QOJJro rOBopHlm. s: Rw .n6JIro rOBOpH.rlH. (ou, 08<1, OHlt, TbI, Mbl, Bbl, si)
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
2. He speaks Russian.
T: 6H rOllopkr no-pYccKlf. S: OR roBOpHT Ilo-PYCCKH. (OHH, Bbl, Ii, Mbt, T1:d, OHa, MbJ, 6H)
2. How do I speak Russian? You don't speak Russian [tooJ badly. T: Kflx Ji rosopIO no-pyccKH?
s: Bbi HeWlOxo roBOpHTe no-pycCkH. T: KaK OHM rOBopJi'r no-pyccKlf? s: Olla HeWloxo roaopliT Uo-pyCCKH. (all, MM. TbJ. OHa, Rbi:, Ii, $lfnHnn, aMcpmd.Heu rpfl.lfT)
s: lI,a. rOBopw.
T: Qua rOBoplh nO-PYCCKH? s: .lI.a, r080pHT. (TbE, ami, <l>81111nl1, Bbl, aMepuKaneu, rpaHT)
I.
2.
s:
DISCUSSION
The second conjugation verb l'OBOpH-rb, unlike COeIUHTh, has its stem ending in a soft consonant. The spelling ending of the first person singular of rOBOpKTb is -w, and that of tbe third person plural is -AT: rosop.o, rOBopn. Since CnernHTb has its stem ending in a hard consonant, the firSI person singular has the ending ~Y and the third person plumJ has the ending -aT: enemy, cuernaT. The stress paltem is the same in both verbs. The endings for the other persons are written the same for both verbs: -Hmb, -tIT, --HM, -tITe. Note from the transcription following that p is soft throughout in rosopal"b, and that ill is hard throughout in CUernHTb. (It is only a convention of tbe spelling system that H and not LI is written after hard consonant Ill.)
LESSON
97
f'Osop-JO
[g:;Jvar---il
~i~
-Kwb -HT
.......-y -Kwb
->IT
["IIiH
-u
-it -1m -I\i
-it
-HM -MTe
-b
-im
-tti -at]
-HM -MTe
-AT
-at]
Possessive modifiers
MODELS
NONCHANGING FORMS
ee cron.
This is his table. This is her table. This is their table. This is his bookshelf. This is her bookshelf. This is their bookshelf. This is his letter. This is her leuer. This is their letter.
CHANGING FORMS
3m ero noma.
:no ee noma. 3m '" nOnKa.
:no ei rutCbMO.
3m lix nHChuO.
"lei :ho nopTQ:lC.lJb?
Whose: briefcase is this? It's my briefcase. It's your briefcase. Whose: book is this? It's my book. It's your book. Whose: letter is this? It's my letter. It's your letter. Whose table is this? It's our table. It's your table. Whose: shelf is this '1 It's our shelf. It's your shelr. Whose: dormitory is this? It's our dormitory. It's your dormitory.
- :no ~ DUtra.
no n6nxa?
..ama nom:a.
3TO 3TO
aawa n611ka.
'b.i
no 06m.e:llC.HTHe?
98
LESSON
REPETITION DRILL
Repeat Ihe above models observing the pattern. Note that there are two types of modifiers: I. Those thai do not change Iheir form to agree with the word they modify: en>"ee, Hx. 2. Those that change their form according 10 the word they modify: ..ei, 'IhK, Moi, Moli, Haw, BJiw, TOOii. Observe also that TB6ii, TBOli, and noe relate to n:., while aaw, aawa, and same relale to Bbl.
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
I. Where's my briefcase?
..au, HOJIC)
TYr.
6. Where's your malerial? My malerial is lhere. T: rll,e nM MarepHan? s: Moii MaTepKU TAM. T: rae noii CT6n? s: Moii CTM TliM.
SUBSTITUTION DRILL
T:
S: l.ft.e iTO
(n,p6) 1 "ep6?
(MarepHan, 1IJ1l'tTbe, pbl6a, R1UltK, 6opw, ,UBepb, OKHO, nHebMo, 1I0)J(, Kop66Ka, nopTq,enb, CTon, nonKa)
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
Thar's my lelter.
T:
4..e iTO "HCbMO? s: ~o Moe IDtCbMO. T: 4bR iTo Dura? S: ~TO MOli: ..."rira. ' (nopT4ltnb, .wrepb, omo, HO:lll:,
2. Whose pen is lhat, yours? Yes, that's my pen. T: 4bi5 iTO nepO, Bame? s; ){Ii, iTO Mae "epO.
T: 4eA :iTO nopnflCnb, BAw? S: D,... iTO Moii nopTten.. (mitra, llBeph, JiJ.QKI, TeTpA,lu., OkHO, KapaH.ll3.w, nonn)
L.E5SON 6
Rwme,
KOp66Ka,CT6n,nnaTbe)
99
3. Whose dress is that, yours? Yes, it's my dress. T: t.fi>C :ho nniin.e, TBoe? s: )li, STo Moe wuin.e.
T: \.IbJi:iTO KAma, TBoJi?
S: )),li, i"ro MOll KlIma. (u6)1(, CTon, o6e.n., pw6a, 1l:00000M, 'faH, ll:opOOn)
s: HeT, iro ero Kapaa!titu. same "cpO? s: HliT, iTo erO nep6. (nopTll!:Jlb, CTon, ,a,aepb, 'Iau, KHHra,
"HCbMO, :lKCUa, UO:llC, Marepean)
cecrpa,
mmo,
S: HeT, :iTO ee wuln.e. T: 3To TaM MYx? S: Hh, iro ee MY"'. (TBOJi TeTp<i.m., nep6, 'IaH, "HChMO,
3To noe
MaThe?
This is my briefcase.
3TO TBoe
_ _ _ (omo).
_(TBoe) _ _. _ _ _ (Il:Op06Ka). _ _ _ (Ma-repHin). _(Bilw) _ _ _ _ (llII:ona). _ _ _ (06mez me). _ (HaWe) _ _ _ _ (nHwa).
_ _ _ (CTO.).
100
LESSON 6
BO'r
lIliw peKTOp.
T:
(o6ute:JIOITHe). _(BaWe) _
_ _ _ (nep6).
_ _ _ (nopTcPe Jlh). _ (TBOU) _
_ _ _ _ (m:lChMO).
_ _ _ (KHHra). _ _ _ (KapaHJlaw). _ _ _ (nnaTbe).
DISCUSSION
There are two types of possessive modifiers in Russian: 1. Those that do not change their form to agree with the word they accompany.
en)
ee
Hx
Note that
EXAMPLES
era is pronounced
e.6 nopTcPeJIb
e.6 nlfChMO
ee
ero l'eTpi.ulf
ee
HX
nopTcPeJIb nopT$CJrh
Hx ceCT'"
HX
"UChMO nHCbMO
ee
HX
rerp3.lu<
TeTp:l.J{H
2. Those with grammatical endings which change to agree in gender, number, and case with the word tbey accompany:
MASCULINE F1!MININE
NEurnR
'leu
Moil
TBOH
H'rn Barn
'1hi: Mae
TBoe
Hame BaWe
'1eil KapaH.ll:aW
'1be ffilChMO
whose pencil
Moii KapaHA3w my pencil BaW Kapau,n:l.w your pencil
whose sister
MaR CCCTpa
my sister
whose letter
Moe nHCbMO my letter Barne nHcbMO your leiter
LESSON
BaWa cecrpa
your sister
101
The perfective future of the first conjugation verbs noitTo and 83HTh
11 noH.D:Y lIa KOHu.epT. Tbl noii,neWb _ On noH.1.leT _
MbI
nO~eM'--__
Bbl nOH,neTe
Omt noHJJ.Yr
REPETITION DRILL
Repeat the model after your instructor (or the tape) until you can reproduce all the forms accurately. Note that the endings are exactly like the present tense endings of the imperfective verb IIJl.nI, but
that the meaning is future.
SUBSTITUTION DRILLS
I. fm going to go to a dinner.
T:
>t
>t
s: jl
06C.a.
_
U8
TO (OUH)
6M6mloTelCy 38BTpa. _
s: Qmi noWT
ooeJl..
TRANSFORMATION DRILL
.sf
HaY B 06me:lKHTHe.
s: Tw DOH,aelUb B 06rn.eDnle.
s: B DOiiI.tY 8 06we)Kme.
OHH,
BbT, OH)
QUESTION~ANSWER DRILL
Are you going (0 the club today? No, FlI go there tomorrow. T: Bw MeTe B Kny6 cer6AH.II. ? s: HeT, Ii uoiiAY Ty.n;S lSBTPS.
T:
OHH
Tw
6H
Mhr
.s1
a03loMeM
B03bMeTe
_
_
Bw
OHK B03hMYr
_ _ _ _ _
102
LESSON 6
RBPETITION DRILL
Repeat the model after your instructor (or the tape) until you can reproduce all the forms accurately. The pattern of endings is the same as for the present tense of M,a:nt and the perfective future of nom. Note that since B3m is a perfective verb, the meaning of the forms is future.
SUBSTITUTION DRILLS
2.
B03bMYr 803bMjT
.st
3TH nrpiJJ;H. (rami, Thl, Bba, Mbr, cecTpa, OlTer H KHpiUul, Thl, li)
803bMY
s: s1: 803b.\tY iTH KIUInr. T: (0"0)1 _ s: QHi 803MteT iTH KHHnt. (KHPH.nn, Thl, Mbi, OKM, 6ph, 6JU1, cawa H K6JU1, li, Bba)
Who'// take these Mtebooks? I wiJ/. T: (li) KT6 B03bMer iTH Te-rpa.nH?
(I)
S:
s1:
B03b.""'.
Oa
803bMe-r.
The perfective verb nom is the aspect pair of the imperfective verb tI)ITIi. Both nom and 83m 10 lake are first conjugation perfective verbs which take the same set of endings in their perfective future as MJl,ni does in the present.
SINGULAR
noiiJI.-y
-eWb -eT
B03bM-Y
-eWb
-eT
I'll take you'll take he (she)'11 take we'll take you'll take they'll take
PLURAL
-eM
-eM
-eTe
-cre
-y,
-yr
For convenience, we may call such endings as these "present-future" endings. Although they are the same for both imperfective and perfective verbs, they have different meanings, depending on the aspect of the verb. When the verb is imperfective, the endings signalize the present tense; when the verb is perfective, the endings signalize the future. It is important to note that the perfective future has in it the particular limitations inherent in the perfective aspect. It describes a future action in terms of its realization, completion, or result; thus it contrasts with the imperfective, which focuses on either the process itself or its repetition.
LESSON 6
103
H (ilia
!lca MbI
8HlteJ1a 8HlteJ1'-
Omo
rYMe.
_
B",uelHl
_ _ _ 611 BHJ.tIlT
_ _ _ Mbi BH.nIlM
_
_
_ _ _ Sbr 8HltHTe
_ _ _ OlUf SWT
_
_
_ _ _
_
REPETITION DRILL
Repeat the given models, noting that in the first person singular, prescnt tense, replaces the final stem consonant JJ., which occurs in all other forms.
SUBSTITUTION DRILLS
I. J oflen see Nino in lown. T~ ~ 'IaCTO BH:lKY HHUy 8 roponc. s: Jl ..aCTO aM"'y HKUy B roPOJJ.e. T: (M,;,) _
s::
2. He oflen used 10 see Nina in town. T: Oil '1aCTO RH.nen HilHY B r6po.ne.
(O,;,)!(Mali ccCTp<i,
_
Olllt,
Mw ..aCTO BMJUIM HliHy B ropo,lJ,e. (HlHconau, rut lit BbI, Moli cecTpa, OIlH,
Moil 6p3T)
s:
Hawa Y'urrenbHHu,a)
TRANSFORMATION DRILLS
s:: Ollfi pCAKO nlM BKnHT ramo. (611, Mbl, Bbl, $i, cecTpa, Tbl, ami, Mbl, $i)
QUESTIONANSWER DRILL
2. We sometimes see Nina Ihere. We sometimes saw Nina there. T: Mbl IfllorAA T8.M OH.nIlM HUIIY. s: Mhi HIIOI-"a Tli.M BJi"eJIH HUHY. T: !lnKomBI HltOr.na TaM Bll"IfT Hlilly. S: HHK'Wlllit HUOr.na TllM BH"en HUny. (li, Tbl, Bbl, omi, cecTpa, 6paT, Mhl)
s: Her, lie RK-,y. T: Rbi 8".nIlTC .16*1 s: Hh, lie BIi;l;:y. (011", 611, ami, Tbl:,
DISCUSSION
RbI)
The verb aJi.ncn. differs from tbe other second conjugation verbs already discussed (cneunin. and rOBOpHTb) in that there is an alternation of stem consonants in the first person singular of the
104
LESSON
prescnt tense. In BH.a.el'l., the .a is automatically replaced by in thc first person singular and the ending is -yo Compare the three patterns of second conjugation verbs: cneuMri.
to hurry
BH.a.Cn. flH.a.-
to see
PRl:'SENT ST'E.'d
cnem-
cnew-y
-Hrnb -liT -KM -KTe
-aT
fllblc-y fllia-HWb
-HT -HM
-HTe
-OT
PAST STEM
cneuntcltcwli-n
BHJl,eflKAC-n
-na
-no -nH
-na
-no -nH
-na
-no -nH
CX<m.K. rlle ill fl'lepa 6bm? CXIDlC.ne, r.ne Bbi B'Iepa 6butH? H3BIUIK. li enemY Ha aBT66yc. H3BHHHTe. li enemy Ha aBT66yc. 3axo.nH. AaBRO Te6li He BIi)len. 3axo.luiTe. AaBH6 BaC lie BH,nCJ1.
Hapc,Kb. nO:lKanyHCTa. orypt..u:1. Hape:lKbTc. noxanyHCTa. orypu,bl. B03bMH 3TH KHHf"'. B03bMHTe 3TH kmlrH.
Say, where were you yesterday'! Say, ? Excuse me, I'm hurrying to catch a bus. Excuse me. _ Come in, I haven't seen you in a long time. Come in. _ Please slice the cucumbers. _ _ slicc _
Repeat the given models, noting that the plural-polite imperative is exactly like the familiar imperative except for the addition of the unstressed suffix - Te. I
, Atlhi$ Slage the student is oot expected to fonn the imperative: rather. he should recognize those which he encounters and either add or delete the formal-plural suffix -Tt- Thus, given the familiar imperative ..lfrii! rUld! he will Ix expecled to know that the fonnal-plural is ",""li'Te!
L'iSON 6
lOS
TRANSFORMATION DRILLS
J. Slice the bread! T: Hape:b xnoo! s: Ha~I>Te XJle6! T: JaXO.lllt, nO:lKa.nyikra! s: 3axomiTe. oo*iJJyiicra! CI(IDKH, B'Iepa 6buJO co6paHHe 1 BoJbMH TOJlbKO O,ltlfy TeT'J)3.nb! 3.np<iBcTByH, neB! HJBHHH, BOT Moii aBT66yc! He rOBopH! nOCM<Yfl>H! nOCTyn3.ii B )'lIllBePCIfTt:T! 4HTaii ! nOBTOpH! He cnew"!
2. Look, here comes Nina. T: CMOTpHTe, BOT HJJ.eT HHlla. s: CMorpH, IMh _,neT HKHa. T: BOJbMlITe 3TH DuirH. s: BoJbMII 3TH KHIinI. JaxotuiTe, n.eePb He 3aJ1epri.. Hapaa..re XJ100 H orypu.W. HJSHHKre. j cnewY oa ypOll:. He rosopKre! OOCMOTpKTe! nOCT}'IlaHTe B ynH.oepcHTt:T! 4 HTaHTe 004PYcctc"!
DISCUSSION
Imperatives call primarily for action rather than a verbal response. The most common type is tbe second person imperative.
EXAMP,"",
nO:3..nyHCT3.3aXO,ltHTe! H3BHHHTe. BOT HJ1er Moii a.oT06yc. CMOTpH. BOT Mer CMHpHOS. Hap6Kb orypu.W. CK~Kre, B'Iepa 6b1no co6paHHe 1
Come in, please! Excuse me. Here comes my bus. Look, there goes Smirnov. Cut the cucumbers. Tell me. was there a meeting yesterday?
The familiar imperative (used in addressing Thi) differs slructuraUy from the formal4pluraJ imperative (used in addressing .oM) only in that tbe unstressed suffix -Te is added in the latter form.
FAMILIAR
FORMAL-PLURAL
cut! look! ask! answer! repeat! change! substitute! beUo (lit. be healthy)!
106
LESSON
'lTEHHE H nHCbMO
Uqj'UUlO?n~-"7?U, ~
~ ,/
--k
~ 2 ~ ~ ; ' -~, ~
-~,~~~2-0a.,
~,dk~?-.. /;t'~'
LESSON 6
107
LESSON
ceo" nopTq,eJlh
Jt
3a6b.rTb (prv I) 3a6but cao" nopTlf:nb. TeJle$On (TeJle<POHbI)
3BOHHTh (11)1
3BOHHT Tenetjx)H
my briefcase to forget, leave (inadvertently) I forgot my briefcase. telephone (telephones) to ring, to phone the phone is ringing. Masha Masba, the phone is ringing.
nonoW
K' Tefle~!
to (or toward) the telephone to approach, go up to Go to the phone! Go answer the phone, please!
hello to listen
Hello! (Lit. Hello! I'm listening.) to ask, request Ask Ivan Nikolaevich [to come] to the phone! Please ask Ivan Nikolaevich to come to the phone!
TeJlC$6uy!
KTO rOBopuT7
Ceii'tic. A KTO roBOpMT? KjPO"tKHH.
Who's speaking? or Who's calling? Right away. And who's calling? Kurochkin. on the phone, on the line (lil. at the phone) Hello (/il. I'm on the line), Boris Mikhailovich. tbing(s), matter(s) in what What's the matter?
y Te1lee:p6Ha
ACno (.a.em\)
B '1eM
B ..eM JJ.e.rto?
I The symbols (I) and (II) stand rot the rmt .nd second conjugations. Henoeforth Yab aspect will be indicated only rot perfective ~'erbs. Thus, (I) means that the verb is imperfective and first conjugation; (pfv I) means that the verb is perfective and first conjugation.
109
y sac
n"
He 3a6WI nH J1 He 3a6btn nu J1 y sac COOK nopT4J6Tb? YlH3.Th (pfv II) Jt XOTe.!1 pH8T'1>o He u6bui JIM Ii y CB6H OOJITojoem..
ue
at your place; you have whether, if (question particle) didn't I forgel, whelher or not I forgot Didn't I leave my briefcase al your place? to find out, learn, recognize I wanted to find out whether or not I left my briefcase at your place. just a minute nowhere, not, .. anywhere Just a minute. No, I don't see it anywhere. to leave Maybe you left it at the university? to think, think a bit about, of, on (concerning) about that, of that How is it I didn't think of that! there, to that place to get in (lit. to enter there) to be able, can I'll be able But I won't be able to get in. doors, door, doorway The doon; are already locked. cleaning woman (cleaning women) How about the cleaning woman 1 to OpeD to be able, can she can How about the cleaning woman? She can open [the doors).
key(s)
MHHYnY
HHr.lle
OCTliBJI1IM?
80m.
she has She has the keys. about her Of course. I forgot about her. completely, altogether Of course. I forgot all about her.
KOHe1(HO.
0 HeR 3a6w.
COBceM
Kone'lHo.
SUPPLEMENT
saXTep (saXTepbl)
(pfv II)
custodian(s) (compare Fr. concierge) Where's the custodian? He can open the door[sJ. bell(s), doorbell(s) What's that, the bell? 10 phone, call on the phone She telephoned home.
no
LESSON 7
H 3a6b'JI caou
M.H. -
nopTll>eJIL
M.H. IJ.M. -
11. H.
Marna,
3BOHHT Tene$6H!
nOJIOHtlH, nO:JKanyHCT3.
M.I1. 2 AJIJlo!
..st
6. M.
C.njW3JO! I
al6 T ja shibju!
p~pra~i\i paza!:;lst:;l I ivan:;l QikalijiC-:l kVlif6nu 1
J nonpocH"re, nO)l(MyuCT3.
I1BaH3 HHKOnaeBH<fa K TeneqxJHy.
M. 11. 4 CeH'fac.
A KTO r08op,h?
6. M. 5 KypO'lKHH.
H. H.
6..st Y TeJle$oHa,
60pHC MHdHnOBHlf. B ..eM .acno?
ja u\ilif6n:J I
6. M.
cacH nopTepMb. 2
svoj part[el j
rpiniilku! Qetj Qig~e Qiyifll j moi(id)bi\ I vi vUQiyir~i\e\i astayilil
11. H.
8 MHHyTKy.
Her,
MUr.ae He BHJKy. J MOiKeT 6b1Tb,
ObI B yHHBepcHTCTe OCTaBHlUt.
Ii. M.
H. H. 10 A y66pIUHua?
y nee ecrb KJlJO'IH.
S.M. 11 KOHe'tHo!
Russians answer the telephone in various ways, corresponding to our heJJo: ..sf y TeJteqx>Ha. Ann6! or A..nn6, Ii cnywaJO. Ita? or )].a. A cnywafO. [..sf] cnywalO. Despite its spelling, a!L'IO is pronounced with a single n, usually soft: [alo].
LESSON 7
111
The possessive modifier CBOH is equivalent to MOM in this sentence. CBoii means one's own and can refer to any person. It is not used to modify the subject of a sentence, but refers back to 'he subject for its meaning:
2
R 3a6bu1 csOM nopT<Pe.nb. Tbl 33.6brn CB6ii nopTl6tb. Omi 33.6brna cBbii nopTlC.nb.
l
I forgot my briefcase. You forgot your briefcase. She forgot her briefcase.
Note that IIHf"Jle nowhere is used in a double negative construction in Russian. This is true of all such negative constructions: mo..'"Ormi, HMt4erO, HMKYJla, and so forth.
He 3H31O.
I don't see it (or him) anywhere. You never speak Russian. I don't know anything about it. I'm not going anywhere.
.. Russians often use the plural form ABepn to mean a single door as well as more than one door. In the meaning doorway, the plural is used: 6H CTOlUl 8 ABeplix. He stood in the doorway.
HapO.Qb.I
CTy.QCHTbI
Hap6.nax CCCP.
pe3ynbT3T (pe3ynbT3Tb.I)
HellJlOXOH
HennoxHe pe3YJlbT3Tbi
nO-MoeMy
no-MocMy,
pelYJl.bTsn.r IICIIJIOXHC.
HapOAax CCCP.
S6T k3.K!
r.Qc HX pa66Tb.I?
112
LESSON 7
chair(s) here Right here on the chair. aha! ahhh! Aha, I see! Yakut(s) this, that This paper is on the Yakuts. Ukrainian(s) these papers These papers are on the Ukrainians. This paper is on the Yakuts, and these are on the Ukrainians. to write And what did Kozlov write about'! Georgian(s) Kozlov wrote about the Georgians. excellently About the Georgians. And he wrote excellently. one who does an outstanding job He's terrific! Glad to hear it.
-0, -bl
ara
[aha]
Ani. B.o..y!
"KYr ("KYrbl)
nOT (m), 31<1 (t) . . o (n) h 3Ta pa66ra 0 ltKYrax. ylCpaHHCu. (YJCPUHHlI,bJ)
3TH paOOTbl
Ou MOJlOAtU!
Pli.a. 3TO cnw.uan! D,oD6J1eH, ,lIODOJlbHa,
HM
Bee npo$eccopa HM
.n080JlbHbl.
Bc:e uaUIM
npo~C'Opa
lOt
.nOBO.rlbHLI.
pleased, satisfied professor(s) All the professors are pleased. hy him, with him All the professors are pleased with him. All our professors are pleased with him. the Russians on the Russians, about the Russians And here's a paper on the Russians. Miss Petrov Miss Petrov wrote that. much, a lot, a good deal about her Yes" I've already heard a good dcal about her. the best students She and KozlOv are the best students. department(s) in the department in this department She and Kozlov are the best students in this department.
PYCCKJlX.
)l,li?
CT)'~
ua
tllKyJlbTbe.
USSON 7
113
SUPPLEMENT
CO'lHJlCIUlC M
bt
IUlc8.Jm CO'lHHCUHC.
OJ!
composition We were writing a composition. teacher(s) (below university level) ]s he your teacher? female teacher(s) (below university level) Is she your teacher? group(s), section(s) in the group, in the section They're the best students in this group.
11. H. E. M. -
Ii. M.
11. H.
vi acorn el:l !
abigz3q:tin~x
Qel
6. M.
11. H. 6. M.
z4el!
113 cTYne.
11. H.
6 Ani,
BH)I(y.
aha
I yitu I
ajikut~x abukrain~x
3Ta pa60n
A
et;l rab6ta
eti
0 'leM H3nHC3.n
K03J10B?
E. M.
7 0 rpy3Hu3x.
11 OTllH'IHO H3nHcAn!
6H
11. H.
MOllOAeU!2
nMi pr;l(isara
im dav6lni!
114
LESSON 7
Ii. M.
H. H. 10 }:\a?
dar
NOTES
In the abbreviation CCCP U.S.S.R., the letters stand for COIOJ COOCTCKHX COUH3JlHCTlf'leCKHX Pecny6muc Union of Soviel Socialisl Republics. Unlike rYM, CCCP is not declined:
1
1 The noun MOno. is a term of praise that can be applied to anyone who does
a good job or comes through suce::essfuUy. It is onen used when we would say: nice going! fine! good boy! good girl! i.e., as an exclamation of approval.
1
npo+etrop
Compare it with the masculine noun yooiTe.m., which has a corresponding feminine equivalent rnrrenhUHQ&. Note, however, that the masculine plural )"tHTerui can refer to a mixed group of teachers, but that the feminine plural rnrreJlbUMUbI refers only to women teachers.
.. nnp6u is the feminine form of neTp6B and may mean Miss or Mrs. Petrov, depending upon the context. It is not considered impolite to refer to a man or woman simply by using the last name; for example, BOT lIlIeT u.api..aK1Dla means Here comes Miss (or Mrs.) Tsarapkin. In addressing the person, however,
either the first name and patronymic or the nickname is usual. rOCOOrofH and rocoo~i are used by Russians only when referring to foreigners or by emigre Russians. does nol meanfacully in the American sense, but corresponds to the branches of the university we call schools, divisi01Lf, or departments. For example, +HJIOJlont'lecKHi +8KynbTeT (4JHnrflAx for short) means departmenl of languages and Iileratures, and Me,!I,JIUHItCKMii 4!8Ky.'IbTU school of medicine.
J
lJ)sKynbTu
~N7
ItS
rae orypUbJ?
_
_
HX paOOTbI?
KJJfO'Ui.
_ _ 8HJlkH.
__ n6)KXH?
_ KHHrH.
_TeTJlWt?
2. r.ne cryAeHTbf?
,
" __ Y'!Httml .
the cucumbers? their papers? the keys? tbe forks? the spoons? the books? the notebooks?
_ _ Y'fHTeJ1bHHl(bl
npo<J>e<:copa?
3. 8M XIUO'IH.
_ TeTpA.a.H.
_lOtHrH.
_ _ BH.nI:H.
_nbC.IH.
_ _
Here are the keys. _ _ _ the Dotebooks. _ _ _ tbe books. _ _ _ the forks. _ _ _ the spoons. _ _ _ the cucumbers. _ _ _ their papers.
Where are the letters? Here on the chair. _ _ on tbe window sill. __ on the desk (or table). __ on the shelf.
4. rlle
-
B6T 3.1lecb, HB
CIjne.
_ _ _ _ _ _ H3 oKHe.
_ _ _ _ _ HB CTOne.
_ _ _ _ _ 113 n6nKC.
5. rAe "HCbMa?
86T 3ltecb, B lI111HKC.
_ _ _ _ _ B nopT<l>6Je.
_ _ _ _ _ _ B KHHre.
_ _ _ _ _ B TeTp3JJ.H.
_ _ _ _ _ B Kop66KC.
Where are the letters? Here in the drawer. __ in the briefcase. _ _ in the book. _ _ in the notebook. __ in the box. I've heard a lot about her. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ him. _ them.
_ ynu,
6.
.st 0
Hei{
MII6ro
CJII.dwaJ).
_HCM _ H"X
_ _
_,.;c
7. 0 116
- 0 H"He.
Whom are you talking about? About the custodian. About Kirill. About Tsarapkin. About Nina. AboUl Kolya. About Galya. About Sasha.
Whom are they talking about? About the professor. About Ivan. About the cleaning lady. About the teacher. About Olya. About the American (woman]. About the American (man).
9. 08 rOBOpKn
_ _ _ _ _ 0 CO'lHHeHIIH.
____ 0
____ 0
,asepH. JlCICUHH.
about about about about _~ about _ _ _ _ _ _ about _ _ _ _ _ about _ _ _ _ _ _ about _ _ _ _ _ about _ _ _ _ _ _ about _ _ _ _ _ about
Evgeny. Maria. the notebook. the laboratory. the meeting. the composition. the door. the lecture. the dormitory. autumn. the line.
10. 0 'leM Bbi rOBOpHTe? - 0 ""l'6e. - 0 JaBo.ne. - 0 6opme. - 0 lCoHuepre. - 0 nopT<t>ene. - 0 rnK3.4>e.
- 0
'lae.
- 0 cene.nlCe.
What are you talking about? About the club. About the plant. About the borsch. About the concert. About the briefcase. About the cupboard. About tea. About herring.
- 06 Y1UfsepcHTcre. - 06 3K3aMelle.
- 06 aSTo6yce. -0606C.nc. - 06 oKue.
What are you talking about? About school. About a letter. About the milk. About the university. About the exam. About the bus. About dinner. About the window.
What did the students write about? They wrote about the peoples of the U.S.S.R. _____ about the Yakuts. _ _ _ _ about the Georgians. _ _ _ _ about the Ukrainians. _____ about the Americans. _____ about American women.
LESSON 7
117
11I>,
6, or 6...
to the post office no:lKanyiiCTa please and compare it with soft [g):
[SRi~iti]
cnCWHTe
you're hurrying
lJlC",ij]
nepObl"
first
These are labial consonants, fonned (Like the English p) by completely closing the lips. Soft has the effect of a y-Iike glide following it.
m]
Sound Drill: Practice the Russian paired examples illustrating bard (PI and soft imitating your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can. Be sure to avoid the puff of breath that often accompanies the English p. Note that before [il, a w-Iike off-glide is often heard after hard [PJ.
rnl.
B.
Db.
[h,6ji\l [aft6bus]
[spa~ib;)]
to drop
bus
J:
for dinner at the club at work
Ha o6e.n
B
kJlY6e
c.njx6e
Ha
soft
[tIJ will
Russian [b], like the corresponding English sound, is made by completely closing the lips. The usually have the effect of a ylike glide following it. Sound Drill: Practice the Russian paired examples illustrating hard [h] and soft [9], imitating your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can. Note that before (il, a wlike ofTglide is oflen heard after bard (b].
118
LESSON 7
c.
M;
sometimes
Mh.
[pmn)
[m6j]
3HMY MM
UJiCbM6
winter
my
IR;jm6)
letter
[jUp6n) [qUI.)
SemyaD Mila
Russian 1m], like Russian [b] and {P] and the corresponding sounds in English, is made with a complete closure of the lips. The sort {Ip] usually bas the effect of a ylike glide following it. Sound Drill: Practice the Russian paired examples illustrating hard 1m] and soft [rp], imitating your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can. Note that before Ii], a wlike ofT-glide is often heard after hard [m).
4
3
2
I
/
Oil
l.ItlA
ryT?
PbJ.6w neT? :$co TbJ.? CCTb?
4 3
2
I
CTone?
4
3
4 3
2
I
2
I
TaM
co6p3Hlte?
B
OH
Cron68Wl
ropcoeeTe?
Ew.e
:no
119
4 3
2
I
-ObI
2 1
0mi
AsePH
06 nOM
}"IKe
rOBoplh' pa66ThI
f10AYMan? noo6e.llaJHI ?
06 3I<)aMCllax?
31'0 a,;,
CTYAenT08?
3HaeWb?
HJl.ere
us nb'ny?
Tbi
er6
TRANSFORMATION DRILL
3 2
I
3
2 I
--~
On
3TO
IUl,CT?
On
'taii ?
3<0
DIID OrYPubl tla
CTom~ .
DlUi OrYPt.t.b1
-ryT?
H8 CTom:?
TRANSFORMATION DRILL
3 2 1
2
1
-68 HJl.CT
On
P:bl6hl
ABTo6yc
llOMOU?
Her?
H,llCT?
Pbl6bJ
OOJJl>UJe
B<[cpa
66pLU.
rOToD.
06e,n
66pUl? rOTOO?
Ty-r TonbKO
rlle ee TeTpaJUI II
Killinl?
How are tllings? We have clIcwnbers. Here are only forks and spoons. Where are her notebooks and books?
120
LESSON 7
):{sepn Y)I(e 3anepThi. Y lIero eCTu K'JUO<iJi. Pe3ym.TltTbl l:leWlOxHc. r~e I1X pa6on.J?
o 'leM OHearUl cTy~eIlT"'?
r~e Y<iHTeJltl? Bee npolj)eccopa 11M AOBOJ1bHbJ. Bee 3~aHHJI 6blJ11f 33nepThI.
The doors are already locked. He has key.~. The results aren't bad. Where are their papers? What did the sludems write about? Where are the teachers? All the professors are pleased with him. All tbe buildings were locked.
~epL-ciass nouns
-"
~
Notes
I. The ending -H occurs instead of ---bl in the hard stem nOJl- and *eHa-ciass nouns whose final consonant is *, 01, 14'. r, or x: 1100h.-H, K'apaJIAalUH, aMCpHK'3.IIKH, KUHnt, JlO:llOCH. 2. Some eToJl-ciass nouns take the nominative plural ending -a or -H, which is practically always stressed: npolj)eccopa, yU....eJIH, ropoAa. 3. Many nouns have a different place of stress in the plural than they have in the singular. Compare *CH8 with *elll>l, oteHO with otcns, UHCLMO with mtCLMa, f"opo)J, with ropoA8, and cecrpa with cccrp.... 4. Some cToJl-class nouns have an inserted vowel in the nominative singular which does not appear elsewhere in the declension. Compare the singular AellL with the plural AUH, 3BOuOIC with 3BOfiKIi, and IJOLtapoK with 1I0Ltap1CH. Most nouns ending in -eLt in the nominative singular have this feature. Compare aMepHICauen with sMepHICtUlI(LI. YK'PaHHClI with yK'paHnl...., and Of"ypeQ with OI)'pQY. 5. A few CTOJI- and O~1l6-class nouns have their stems soften<.'O and expanded in the plural by the addition of [j]. The nominative plural of such nouns is written with -I. plus II (-MI). Compare nepci with nepbll, 6paT with 6paTbH. and cryJl with CTyJlLH. In the plural of My*, the soft sign is written but the * is not pronounced soft: My:lKbH [muijaJ. STRUCTURE REPLACEMENT DRILLS Nominative singular to nominative plural.
I. Where was tlte bus?
2. There was a book on the shelf There were books on the shelf T: Ha nome 6blna KHMra. s: Hs uOJlKe 6bmH KHHnt. T: Ha nonxe 6bui silll,HX.
s: Ha n6JIKe 6WIH RutHICH. (xopo6xa. TeTP3ilb, oHJIxa. nopTJCJlb, JUliO'!)
LES&ON
III
3. Where's the key? Where are rhe keys? T: Cae iUttO'f? s: fJIe KJltO'fJ1? T: f.ne KJUO'fli 1 s: fAi nOjltKH? (JlBepb. nOJllca, p}"fKa, nopnfx:.m.. O'fcpeJlb)
4. OrlQV was here. The OrIQv!>' were here. T: OpJ16a 6blJ1 3.nCcb. s: Opn08b1 6iJ:JIH :mecL, T: KYpO'fKHH 6bln 3ltCct.. s: KYpooIKHULI 6LiJJ. l.nOCL, (UapanKHH. aMepHKanKa, XHTJ)6B, y6opU!Hua, CTYJIeHT. CTy.neUTKa, }"IHTeJ1bHH ua)
2. The knives were in the drawer. The knife was in Ihe drawer. T: HO:lKH 6b1JlH 8 lillUt&"e.
s:
H~
6WJJ *wKKe.
lCapall.nawH,
HO::H.
Jtapaa.nam)
YKpaHHel.{,
3Jtea..
2. Where's Ihe chqir? Where are Ihe chairs? T: rM CTyn? s: fJle C"rYJlLfI? T: fJle 6paTbR? s: f,lle 6piT? (M)'JIC, nepbR, CTyllbJl, 6paT, M)'JKbJl}
In
LESSON 7
I. The students have already found out about it. The student has a/ready found out about it. T: CTy.u.euTbI yce y:JH3..rut 06 jTOM. S: CTylliHT ~e pfUU. 06 :STOM. T: Y66pUJ;HJ.tLI yce )'3HanK 06 :ITOM. s: Y66puuma Y*i y3fuiJIa 06 jTOM. (y-LHTeJlbHHI..lhI, :a::eubI, My;KbJl:, 6pa.TMI, cecrpbl, }"IJf'TeJlJi, n~pa, ~1epH dHDI, aMepmr.:aHUhI)
2. The student a/ready found out about it. The students a/ready found out about it. T: CTy,l.l,etlT 'j)I(e )'3HM 06 jTOM. S: CTyll,e.rn.. p..-e YlHW 06 :iTOM. T: )Kel:la 'j)I(e y:JHana 06 jTOM. s: )l{em.. r-e y.nui.mI 06 :hOM.
(My*, 6paT, cecTp3., )"uiTenb, yOOpUOfua, npo<peccop, )'J:paHHeu, aMepHx:ama)
3. You don't know where the knife is, do you? You don't know where the knives are, do you?
T: TbI: He 3uaeUlh, rAe HO)l(?
S: Tw He 3tltieun.. r.ne HOD? T: Thl lie 3UaelUb, rAe upaH,nallJ? S: TY He 3Haeun., r.ne Kapa1uuumf?
(nopl'<PeJlb, KHHra, KJItO'l., TeTpa.ub, SHJlKa, nJlaTbe, CO'l.HHeHHe, nOll,apok, CT)'n)
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
Tw
s:
ecn. nep6?
LESSON 7
123
Oh....o-class
Juu~p..-dass
only
-lit
-8 or-li
(in some instances)
-8
or-II
I. All JJ,Ilep..-class nouns spell their nominative plural ending with -N (usually unstressed), which replaces -I> of the nominative singular: .IlBiPb, AUptI; OotepeJJ.b, o..epeJJ."; nT'pliJu., TeTpW.
2. Most oKH6-class nouns spell their nominative plural ending with -a (replacing nominative singular -0) or -II (replacing nominative singular -e or ~): OKR6, OK'fUl; Aeno, Aemii; co6plimte, co6pliJuul: Min.e, Man.JI.
3. Some aMclass nouns spell their nominative plural ending with -a or -II, which is almost always stressed: npo+ettop, npo+eccopa; ropoA, ropoJJ.a; rnrreJU., Y'fHTe.ruI; Kpaii, KpaJil regions. Note that the plural ending -JI replaces ........ and -ii of the nominative singular in the spelling of these forms.
--Lt
4. All *etulc1ass nouns and most croJl-ciass nouns spell their nominative plural ending with or -H: .eua, :lKem.r; crOJJ, CT01tW; aBTooyc, aB'rooycw; cecTPa, cecTpw; K'JltO.., 1(!IIO..ti. Note that nouns ending in -II, -ii, or - .. in Ihe nominative singular replace these letters with -II in the nominative plural: IlCTOpHlI, HCTOptrM history; 'I:iii, 'laM; UOpT+en". UOpT+enM.
Hard stem ZeH.8.- and crM-class nouns take the ending -H instead of - ... if their stem ends in K, r, x, w, or *: ypOK, ypOKH; KHIira, KHMnI; no*, HO.... ; KapallJuiw, KaPa.ll.Aawti; Kop66Ka, KopOOKIlI. Note that K, r, and x are then pronounced soft before-No
As compared with endings, which regularly change, stems are relatively stable. However, some stems show a regular paUern of alternation, with a vowel occurring in certain forms and not in others. In Ihe examples below, nole that the nominative singular contains the inserted vowel 0 or e as its next to last letter, while the nominative plural occurs without the inserted vowel.
NOMINATIVE SINGULAR
NOMINATIVE PLURAL
BASIC STEM
aMepHKilHeu
MOJlOAeli
aMepllxa.luthI
MOJlOAl(bl
aMepll KilutMOJlOllU-
yKpauneu J80HOK
yKpaHHUbl J80llKH
yKpaHlut)801IK-
orypht
orYPllbl
OI"ypn-
124
LE'iSON 7
The vowel is inserted between the last two stem consonants and serves not only to break the cluster, but also, frequently, to carry the stress. Such inserted "c1usterbreaking" vowels typically occur in case forms with a zero ending. i.e., in the nominative singular of CTOJI-c1ass nouns and in the genitive plural of *etta- and OIOi6-class nouns.
Expanded stems in tile plural
Although singular and plural stems are usually the same, some nouns have a plural stem that differs in certain respects. For example, some OKHO- and CTM-class nouns with a singular stem ending in a hard consonant, soften this consonant (if it can be softened) and add a liJ for the plural stem. Note that in the Cyrillic writing system, the U1 is expressed by means oft. followed by the softseries vowel letter SI for the nominative plural.
NOMINATIVE SINGULAR
NOMINATIVE PLURAL
6pOT
nep6 MjlK
cry"
6pATbM
[bniti]
ncpu M)')Kt.Ji
rued')
(mufja) [stau)
crY1IMI
qt.. 3TO VlJO'lH? MOIi VlJO'lIl s nopTle.ne. 3To nooi TeTp3nH. Bee Hiunt: opoleccopA HM ,nOSOm.Hbl. r.ne aiuof ICtufrn? r.nC lix pa66Tb1?
Whose keys are these? My keys are in the briefcase. Those are your notebooks. All OUT professors are pleased with him. Where are your books? Where are lheir papers (lit. works)?
I. Is lhal your key? Are those your keys? T: 3TO B3.W KJUO'l? s: ai.w:M kJIIO<lli:? T: 3ro B3.rne CO'lHHCHHe? s: :no ai.unI cooometnur? (lUIan.e, OICHO, nopnpe.nt., ICOp06lC:a, .n;sepb, lCapaH.D.aw, HOX, TeTpaJlb, crOll)
:no
2. Whose book is thaI? Whose books are lhose? T: 4bJi TIO KHitra? s: lfbli :ho KtUfnI? T: 4t.e:ITo nepO? s: 'fwi :Jro nepla? (CTOJI, pa60n, CO"lKHeHHe, Ory-ptll, M3TepHaJI, HO:JIC, rapalt,lJ;aw, 001l)(a, nopntJenb, lUUO'l)
LESSON 7
125
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILL
Whose pens (Ire these? These are our pens. T: 4bH :ho nepbSl? s: 3To HlUllH nepLK.
(p)"lKa,
nopTtPeJIH,
nomca, 3K3aMCHhI,
QUESTiON-ANSWER DRILLS
No, those are my keys. T: 3TO er6 KJUO'l"? s: HeT, :ho MOM KJIlO'lll. T: 3TO era orypu.hl? S: He'T, :ho MOM oryp1lbl.
(nopTenb, nopTtPenlt, Kop06Ka, KH"flt, pa60Ta, ncpb$!, HOlK, cTy,neHTbI, nepo)
s:
TBOH.
T: 4bliiro KHHm?
s: TBOH.
(CTOJI, CO'lHHeHlte, U1Ka(/)bJ, Kopo6KI1, pa60Ta, nepo, nepb$l, HOlK, KapafUlarnl1)
RESPONSE DRILLS
S: A :l'rO'leH?
T: 3TO MOH TCrpallll.
s:
3TO era KHHrH. (MOIl CTy.l.l,{:HTbI, Moli cecTpbJ, MOR Y'lHTenbHJ.fUa, MOM My:.K, MOH 6paTbSl, Moil npexpeccop, MOH Rpo$eceopa)
s: A :l'ro 'ibM?
(OKHO, HO)J(H, Kllla'lH, CO'lHHCHHe, 'fail, 001lKa, KHHrH, nOpTQ>e1lb, xne6, py'fKa)
r }tt~
BalU 6p;h'?
r.n:e
T:
_ _ _ (My,.)?
_ _ _ (Y'lHTCnblIHn a)?
lUi
LESSON 7
2. This is my briefcase.
T;
_(ero)
_ _ _ (KOpOOlClt).
T:
_ _ _ (}''fHTenb). _(HX) _
_ _ _ (Y"HTellli). _(e') _
DISCUSSION
All possessive modifiers of the changing type have Dominative plurals that end in
-M.
whose
'tbH
my, mine
MO"
your, yours
TBOH
our, ours
HllWH
your, yours
BarnH
ee, and Hx, never change their fonn and thus have no special
Where a~ her papers? Where are his papers'1 Where are their papers?
yUHBepcKThe.
ua miKltMM.
B SYJUfTOP"M.
n"can a rpp,"ax.
Where did you study Russian, in school? No, at the uTlil'ersity. I saw you at the lecture. I saw you ill the auditorium. Here's the knife on the table. She was in tow". Are these your books on the shelf? He and Miss Petrov are the best students in this group. Here are their papers on the chair. Did you stand in line long? Whom are you thinking abaul? AboUl Maria. About fl'an. About Lev. The students wrote about Ihe peoples of the U.S.S.R. Kozlov wrote about the Georgians.
LESSON?
127
In
,1J,BepL-c1ass nouns and all nouns ending -Kii, -UH, and -He in the nominative singular
-H
-e
Ha CTOne B wK6J1e 06 OKHC 06 Y"HTCJle o nlHiThe
HARD STEMS SOFT STEMS
0 ~
-ax
-HX
-ax
B o'lepemix B ll.BepAX Ha neKI.UIHX 06 06me)ldiTHHX B 3,1J,aHHHX
~
~
Note: The prepositional case is always used with a preposition, usuaJly one of the following:
8
(or
80)
Ha
The alternate form of B is BO, used before certain consonant clusters: 80 8eeM in everything, (J)paIlQHH in France. Alternate forms of 0 are 06 and 060. 06 is used before words beginning with a, 0, y,:I, and H: 06 :iTOM, 06 yKpaHttlt3x. 060 occurs only in a few fixed phrases, such as 060 Mne about me and 060 DCeM about everything.
REPETITION DRILL Repeat the models given above until you are familiar with the endings of the prepositional case.
I.
(Lev) She \lias talking about Lev. T: (JIeB) ami rOBOpHna 0 JILBe. s: Ollli roBopMJla 0 JILBC. " (6ph) (OHa) _ s: Olili rOBOpMJla 0 6plhe, (cecTPa, M)'iK, np<Xfleccop, rallSl, ropo.u, .KHlira, Kapalfllaw, HOiK, .ueno, nOJIKa,
'1aH)
2.
(Ivan) We were thinking about iI'an. T: (MBaH) Mbl llyMaJIlf 06 I1nalle. s: Mb.i llYM3J1H 06 I1BllHe. T: (o6en) (Mbl) _ s: Mb.i ".yM3J1K 06 ooclle. (ypOK, Y'l.UTeJIb, yHlfBCpcUTCT, OpnoB,
3K3aMCIl, y'lUTCJlbHHua, 06tUCiKuTue,
Ocellb)
128
LESSON 7
J.
Who are you fhinking about? Aboul Kirill. T: (KHpW) 0 Il:OM 8bl ttYMaCTt:?
(Kirill)
2.
s:
T: (KonJl)
Whom are you talking aboul? Aboul Ivan. T: (Wsau) 0 kOM ill roBOpJ"IWb? s: 06 HBauc.
(OnSl, Y'HfTeJlb. y'fHTeJlbUilLUl, OpnoB, aMepHll:aHk8, y6oPLUHua)
(han)
s:
0 KOJle.
(TaJIJI. K03JIo8. CeMeu, Mapnfl, Marna, HHua, E8reHHii, Uapanll:HtI, !>oplfC, Kypo'fIl:HH, HmwJl8ii)
3.
(Professor Orlov)
T: (npo$eccop OpnOB) 0 KOM OH cnpaWHBaeT? s: 0 lIPO~CCOpe Opno8c. (WBnH, HHHa, KonJl, aMepUKaHK8, MapuSI, y'flfTCJlb. y'lIlTeJlbHHua, Oner, HItKOJlaH)
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
2. Were you thillking about Lev? Yes, I was thinking about Lev.
T: TblllYMart 0 JIbBe? s: .li, Ii n.YMll.II 0 JlbBC. T: Tbi11YMart 06 }"IHTeJle? s: .la, Ii .l\tMll.II 06 Y'flhene. (0 npo$eccope OpnoBe, a cecTpe, 0 rane, 0 6paTe. 0 Kone, 06 WeaHe neTpDOHlfe, 06 WpltHe neTpDOlle)
2. han didn'l write about the schools. Ivan didn't write about the school.
T: s: T: S: WoaH He n"ci.n 0 WKOJlax. WBan lie UHciin 0 IUKOJIC. Haall lie O"ci.n 0 npoQ>eccopax. Wealllle IDlC8.rJ 0 upoepcccopc. (06 y'fUTeJ!HX, 0 6paTbHx, 0 KIIHrax, 06 ypoKax, 06 ylllmepcHTeTaX, 0 rOpD.nax, 06 O'fepeJ1.llX, 0 rpyJHHax)
3. Do yOIl want to find out aboUl Ihe exam? Do you want 10 find OUI aboul the exams?
T: s: T: s:
Rbl xonhe yJHaTb 06 .3I03McHe? Obi xoniTe y:JHaTb 06 :teoaMeHax? Rbl xOnf"re y:maTb 06 ypOKe? 0 ... xonlTe y:J.luin 06 ypO"ax? (06 aBT06yce, 06 o6ene, 06 y'fIlTeJle, 0 nCn.lHH, 0 co6palllm)
4. What "ave you heard about her brother? What "ave you hf!(Jrd about her brolhers?
T: s: T: S: 4TO Obl CJ1bllUaJlJI 0 ee 6paTe? LITO Bbi CJlbnuaJIH 0 ee 6p8.TbIlX? 4T6 Bbi cnh.nnartH 0 ee cecTpC? LITO Dbi cnbuull.llK 0 ee cec"fpax? (0 era npo4x:ccope, 0 ero Y'I"TeJlC, 0 ee Y'fHTeJ1bHIlUe, 0 ero CO'fIlIlClIlIH, 0 ee pa60Te)
LESSON 7 129
The sislers forgot about Ihe brOlhers. The brothers forgot about the sislers.
T: Cecrpbl Ja6butH 0 6paTbHX.
s: fipaTMI Ja6NJJII
cecTpax.
Cecrpa Ha :noaMeue.
CTYACHTbI B aYAHTopHII.
Y'{ffTenb B 6116;IHOTcKe.
(The meelings)
T: S: T: S:
What did they write about? About the meetings. (C06p3.KH'I) 0 '{eM Oll nllcalm? 0 c06paIlHIIX. (HapO)lb1 CCCP) 0 'JCM au mtcanH? 0 HapOJJ.ax CCCP.
(KHHrn. era pa60Tbl. '1Jb!KH. neKu,IIH. 3K33MeHbI. aMepHXaHU,bl. Y"HTe.IIR. ropoAa CCCP)
I. Singular: -e and -II a. Most CTOJl-. 01\110-. and *CHa-<:Iass nouns take -e as their ending in the prepositional singular: Ita CTOJIe. 06 oKHe. 0 eette. 0 pLl6e. 8 ropoAe. 0 MaThe, 0 ra..'Te. 06 "salle. 0 J1hae.' Hard consonants are regularly replaced by their soft counterparts before -e in the prepositional singular. Compare crOIl [stolj with Ita cro.'Ie [n:)Stale) and 0...H6 [akn6] with B oKHe [vakQeJ. )g, m. ' and u remain hard in this position since they have no sort counterparts: y66puoma [uborSCico], 06 y66pu.\lIlle [abub6r~~ici].
b. All JJ.BepL-c1ass nouns and those nouns with a nominative singular ending in ......ii. -Mil, or ......e spelilheir prepositional singular ending with -M: 0 .ltlIipH, 8 O-.epellH, 06 0cettH, 0 co6paHHH. 0 neHIIH. 06 EBreuK, 0 lltliuu.
130
LESSON 7
Ha 06CJ1e.
Ha KOHuepTe.
Whcre's your brother? Al work. At a dinner. AI a concerl. At the post office. At an exam. Al a lesson. At a meeting. AI a lecture. At the plant. At work.
- 8 cYMe.
-
B aYJlHTOpH". 8 "")i6e.
B 06ll.leJKKnrn.
B ropcoBeTc.
Where's your sister? At the university. At school. At the laboratory. AI the library. At GUM. Downtown or In town. In the auditorium. At the club. In the dormitory. At the gorsovet.
REPETITION DR I LL
Repeat the models given, noting tbal with certain nouns only Ha can be used, with others only B.
s:
T: OHH Tcnepb Ha nCKUlfjfx. s: OHN Tencpb us neKuHH. (Ra co6pamurx, lIa JaBo.a.ax, Ha ypoKax, B 6H6nHOTeKaX, B ayD,HTopHSlX, B o6meiKHTHJlx, B na60paTopHJIx, B 11IKOnaX, B Kny6ax)
I.
2.
(laOOralory)
JUSI
s:
T: (pa66Ta)
Ha
ypOKC ueHMIl.
s:
T: (r6po.a.)
s:
s:
LfSSON
13J
3.
4.
Where did they hear about it? At the meetings. T: (c06paHHlI) rae Olllt 06 :)TOM c.ru:.iWaJlH? S: Ha c06pUHJIX. T: (.3K:.aMeHbl) Cae omi 06 nOM CJIb1WaJlH?
s: Ha ::n.-:sattteuax.
(meetings)
RESPONSE DRILL
s: Komi 118 3aBo.a.e. (nona, lUly6, ayaHTOpHJI, yHltBepcUTeT, rYM, na60paTOplU~, 6u6nHOTeKa, WKOna, 06meIltTHe)
CUEO QUESTION-ANSWER DRILL
T:
s:
T:
s:
Where's Ivan? At the plant. (3aaoA) rll,c MBan? Ha 3aBone. fae HHna? (wKona) 8 UIKOne. (ytrnBepcmeT) rae ptlITOp? (pa60Ta) rae Oirna? (planl)
Cae CT)'J1eHThI?
rJIe JIea?
f.ue KupHnn?
rtte npoq,eccop OpJIOB? (na6opaTopHJI) Cae MHna? (XOHUepT) fAe TBO" 6p;h? (o6eA) fJIe TBoJi cec;rpa? (06wexHnle) Cae CTYJIeHT1Ut?
.
B
ropone.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (noorre). _ _ (6,3<) _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (co6'am<H).
_ _ _ _ _ (06ute:HTlflI).
DISCUSSION
English in (i.e., in (he interior) is usually rendered by Russian 8 and English on by Russian ua. in the desk (or table) BCTone on the desk (or table) ua CTOne io the book B 1t1llfre 00 the book "a )Quire
(011
the surface)
However, the English concept at may be rendered by either Hll or .. especially if the place described is viewed in tenns of its function or the activity carried on there. In such instances, the choice between ua or a is not dictated by the idea of position "inside" or "outside;' but is fixed for a particular noun and must be memorized by the student as a set phrase. As a general rule, B is more commonly used if the place is a building or enclosure, and ua is used if the place is described in tenns of the activity carried on there.
I.
DB
!fa lIa
Ha Ha
"a
ua ua 06e.a.e
3K311MeHe, H3 3K3aMellax 3aB6.ae, H3 3aB6.aax yp6Ke, Ha yp6Kax neKUIIH, ua neKUII.IlX oO'ne CJlYx6e pa66Tc
at at at at at at at at at at at at at at
a meeting, at meetings the exam, at exams the plant, at plants the lesson, at lessons the lecture, at lectures the post office work, on the job work a dinner the club, at (or in) clubs (or in) the library, at (or in) libraries (or in) school, in schools the university, at universities (or in) GUM
2.
B UJj6e, B Imy6ax
B 6H6J1HOrelCe, B 6H6nHOTt;ICaX
rYMe
'ITO
aua
-,-
_ _ _ _ _ 0 TOO<. _____ 0 0
aac.
Hic.
~
R0
HiM MII6ro
UJix
_ 0 ...0 _ 0
e.m:una..n.
_
What did they write about? Whom are you talking about? She was talking about me. _ _ _ _ _ _ about you. _ _ _ _ _ _ about you. _ _ _ _ _ _ about w. I've heard a lot about him. _ _ _ _ _ _ about her. _ _ _ _ _ _ about them.
REPETITION DRILL
Practice the models until you are familiar with aU the fonns.
LI?SSON 7 133
QUESTIONANSWER DRILLS
Yes, J was thinking about her. T: BbJ AYMaJIll a Hi1HC? s: .l{a, Ii ~MaJI 0 HiN. T: Bbi AYMamt 0 Kone? s: .l{a, Ii .n;YMaJI 0 HeM. (06 }"IHTeJTbllHue, 0 rane, 06 J.1aaHe, 0 ero ceCTpC,
o ee 6paTe)
RESPONSE DRILLS
s:
06 yp6ke.
s: O..eM?
(0 WKone, 0 raJIe, 0 Te6e, o Hac, 06 3K3aMeHax, 06 )"IHTene, o co6paHHH, 0 cecrpe)
CUED QUESTIONANSWER DRILL
We were just talking about you. T: A, Bbi 3,uecb! s: M.bI KlUI': pal roBOpM.rrM 0 de. T: A, ThI 3,!1ecb! s: KIlK pa3 1"000pKnM 0 TOOe. (OR, OHH, alia, Komi, HHua,
Mw
ranJl)
T:
" (Tho)
(You) Whom was he asking about? About you. (Bbi) o KOM OH cnpaw"san? o 1Uie.
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILL
Who is he?
I haven't heard of him.
T: KT6 Bbi?
s: H 0 sic He CJJWWaJI.
(OIlR, TbI, aHa, all, Bbl, OHa)
T: KTo 611?
s:
H0
HeM
He
c.ru.:.:wa.'I.
RESPONSE DRILLS
I. rye heard a lot about American women. What have you heard about them?
T: MH6ro cnbuuan 06 aMepHJ:3.HKax. s: If.TO aW 0 mix c.rn:nuam.? T: .st MH6ro em.lwan 0 sac. s: If.TO sbi 060 Mne CJlbrWllJIM? (0 era cecTpe, 0 ero )"IHTemlX, 0 ee 6paTC, 06 YKpIUIHuax, aero )"tHTeJle, 06 aMepHxaaQaX, 0 ee npo4leccope, a ee
2. She's terrific.
The professors speak highly of her.
T: Qlla MOnOlleQ.
Jt
s: Opo+eccopa 0 iteR
T: Bbi MOnOlleU.
xOpornO f"OBopfl.
s:
npo~pa 0
B8C xOpowO rOBopiT. (on, Mbl, Bbi Bee, OIlH, TbI, JI)
MjJKe,
134
er6 ::.:ene)
LESSON 7
nOM
_
_
_ _ (0 HaC) (OnM)
(On.) - - - c - - - - - _ _ (0 Blie) _ _ (ue 3a6btna). (M';') _ _ _ (0 RHX) _ (On) _ _ _ (06 jTOM) _ _ (ue Don,jMan).
NOM so ropaLl
~eno
NOM PL ropoAa
My><
yuheJll. npo<j>ec=p WKafjl
PREP so o :lICCHe
NOM PL :lICellbi
cecrp~
o cecrpe
o 311Me H80KKe o nepe o IlIICbMe
3. Stress shirt from stem in the nominative singular to endings in all the singular and plural forms where a vowel ending exists. NOM so cron 3BOHOK Kapau.A<iw KJUO. 110. orypeu. Jl3WK PREP 50 lIa CTOne o 3BOHKe o Kapallnawe o ICJ1101Ie o 1I0.e 06 orypu.e o Jl3b1Ke NOM PL CTonw 3BOHK" KapaHnaWH V1lOlIH HO:ltai
orypl.l.bl
Jl3l>/K"
The third group of nouns actually have tbeir stress consistently on the endings, where there actually are endings. Where the ending is zero (as in the nominative singular) the stress is of necessity on the stem, usually on the last syllable.
LESSON 7 135
4TEHHE H nHCbM6
-k~~~'<-<Z
~.~~~.&w~/~ ~,~~~.~~
~U~~~.
j<2./UO ~ ~ ~
~~~fW.~.&va
U-
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ur:?:.
~ ~
~~.
136
LESSON 7
- Oner.
-
HUHa, Ky.na Dbl HlteTC? A, 3.npaeCTByihe. Ji: H,ny B :ho 3JJ.aHHe. TaM ceH'IaC 6Yn.CT rOBOPHTb peKTOp. nOWJIH If Mbl, Oner. 3To HHTepeeHo.
CerOJlHSI Y HaC H3 ntnurn 6bIn omm aMcpHxaucu. OM Y'lKn PYCCKHH $l3bzK B yHHBePCHTeTe B AMepHICC II BROJlDe xoporno rOBOpH"r nO-PYCCKH_ MHTCpeCHO C HHM n03HaxOMHTbCJI. Ho xlix? MO:lkeT 6b1Tb 38.BTpa DB 6ylteT 8 CTonOsoH.
KOHUepT.
MHna?
B
- C y.noB6J1bCTBItCM. KCnrlTH, :ho 6ecnmiTIIO? - }la. Hy, nod. >1 ceH'tac enemY H3 co6paHHc
JellYG.
- Ao
CBH,l],3HH5I.
LESSON 7
137
LESSON
CJ10Bapb (CJ1oBapli) (m) rAe Moil CJ10Bapb? y Te6li Y Te6li Moil CJ10B!lPb? BJla;:uf.\tHP, y n6li MOM CJlO8ipl. ?
Semyonov has it really; are you sure! Are you sure Semyonov doesn't have it? he has; at his place he doesn't have it No, he doesn't have it. to ask, inquire just, just now t just asked. No, he docsn', have it. I just asked. Kozlov has it Then maybe Kozlov has it? studies, classes at classes Kozlov was absent (or missing). Kozlov didn't attend his classes today. Maybe you left your dictionary at the library? I haven', been there.
139
ne-r He-r.
(prv cnpocliTb) TOJIblCO 'ITO [tolk;>~t;>J .st TOJIblCO 'ITO cnpaWHBM. HeT, y HCI"O m!:T. A TOJILKO 'fTO cnpaWHBM.
K03J16Ba
Ha
st riM He 6WJ1.
nowen,nowma,nowmo,nowmu (irreg past of nOHTl1:) 51 nowen .llOMOH. nOCJIe 3aHliTHH nOCJle 3aHlhHH $I nowCJt .llOMOH. cp<iJy Cpa3y nOCJle 38HlITHH H"owerl .llOMON. KaKOU-TO cnooapb B CTonoBou $I BU.llen KaKOU4To cnoBapb. y Hac B cronooou 'y Hac U cTonOBoH si BUtleJI KaKO"~TO CJIOaapb. nOtlO>KJl:3.Tb (prv I) noJJ.o*.lUi, y HaC B CTOJlOBOH 11 BH.neJI K8KOii-TO CJlOOapL. lfaocpHo 3TO, HaacpHo, Moil CJIOBapb. nocMoTpIO 3TO, HaBepllO, MOH. noiiJJ:Y DOCMOTpID. Mara3HII
.lI6n~eH,.lIOn*H3.,.lIOJl*H6,.a0~HhI
went I went home. after classes After classes J went home. immediately, right away, at once Right after classes I went home. a dictionary, some sort of dictionary I saw a dictionary in the dining haH.
nOHTH a Mara3HH. Koe-'!To [k6jd t6] A Ii JJ.om..eu Dom B Mara3HH ..6e--'1TO "ynHTL.
R .aOmKeH
SUPPLEMENT
I1CTOPI1S! Y
Y
Y Y
MeHR rerrepb I1CTOpll.sf. nHTCpaTypa MeHJ1. Tcnepb JlHTepaTypa. rcorp<icflH.lI MCHJ1. Teocpb reorpacfmSl. MaTeMannia MeHli Tenepb MaTCMann::a. 4)1bHKa MCHJ1. Tenepb epH3HKa.
Y MCHli Tenepb
""'"'"
xHMHS!.
history I have history now. literature I have literature now. geography I have geography now. mathematics 1 have mathematics now. physics I have physics now. chemistry I have chemistry now.
140
LESSON
H.
BnaaiiMHp,
B.
2 HCT,
He y MeHJi. A p3.Joe OU He y CeMeHOBa 11
Qe' j
QiUqUQil j a nizyi 6n Qiu~iJllon~\p,}! Qet!
uQiv6
H.
J HeT,
y Hero Rer.
Qetl
ja
t61bst~ spdisiv~1
H. 5
ua
3aHJlTlUlx. 2
B.
6 MO:>KeT 6bl:Tb,
TId
OcT3BHJI
CBOK cnoBapb
B 6H6nHoTeKe?
H.
A TclM
He 6b1J1. )
nOJIOJK.llH,
y HaC B CTOJl680H
Ji BH.a.en K3KOii-TO
CJlOOapb.
H. 9
pajdu
B
! JY.)smatrii 1
B.
10
Mara3HH
NOTES
Pli,3Be is a word used to express surprise or incredulity, such as: you don', mean to say! it is,,'t possible! really! and so forth. Note the use of the pluml uwrrH.II to mean class. This is the usual word for classes or studies at the university. JleKltH.II may also be used to refer to university classes, but it is more often used in its literal sense (lecture) to describe an event outside class, such as a talk by a visiting lecturer. Compare also ypOK (literally lesson), used botb to mean any kind of pTimte lesson and c/as.s at the preuniversity level.
2
.st MY Ha nCKluno.
Y'leHHKH Ha ypOKax.
The students are in classes now. I'm going to a lecture. The pupiJs are in class (lit. at their lessons).
LESSON
141
) Contrast A TaM He tiblJl I haven't been there with K03J10S8 cerolUul lie tiblJlO
Ita 3aHlITHRX Koz/ov wasn't at his clusses today. ln the second example, a neuter
verb and a genitive case subject are used to emphasize Kozlov's absence, i.e., to point oul that he was missing.
4 lI.0Jnl('etI is a short-form adjective used together wilh the infinitive must, has (or have) to. lIS literal meaning is obliged or obligated. 10
mean
B Mara3HHe
map
ecn.
ESpOllbI?
Y sac
ecrb K8.pTW
Europe maps of Europe you have Do you have maps of Europe? saleslady to expect No, but we're expecting them tomorrow. week(s) next week No, but we're expecting them next week. this week No, but we're expecting them this week. China a map of China Do you have a map of China? Don't you have a map of China? And you don't have a map of China? too, also; either And you don't have a map of China either? there is, there are We do have a map of China. please, you're welcome here you are Here you are. also, too I need a map But I need a map of Europe, too. nevertheless, still, just the same But just the same I need a map of Europe, too. stand, newsstand to ask, inquire Ask at the newsstand. comer
npo.naelUHu,a
olKnMTb (I)
Her,
Hh,
He.QC.'1e.
KHT3ii
dpm KHTfuI Y eAc ten, dpm JurraJI? Y Bac ue-r Kii.pTbl KHTb? A K3pTh1 KUl'b Y BAc mh? T6xe A dpTW K'wr8.A: Y alic To:e Her?
/cTb
Y
HaC ecrb
KapTa KHTali.
dpm
It
Ho
Ho
MHe nyJKHa
aceTaKH
dpTa EBpOnbi.
Eo.......
cnPOCHTb (pfv II) (ipfv cnpauumaTb) A 8M cnpoclhe a IOIOcke. yroJl (gen sg yrna)
142 lSSON 8
Bbi
ua yrJ1Y cnpocNn
B Ktt6cKe 113
yrJlY.
on the corner Ask at the newsstand on the comer. [it's] not there either I've already been there. They don't have it there either. atlas How about an atlas? How about an atlas then? expensive, dear An atlas is probably very expensive, isn't it? No, Dot very. to bring I'll bring No, not very. I'll bring one right away.
TaM TO:lKC lib A )?Ke TaM 6b1J1. Tht TOlKe Hb. aTnac
KflK uaC<JeT 3.Tnaca?
Her, He O"leHb.
npHHecTH (prv I) Ii npllHecY Hh, He 6oteRb. Cei..lic DpHHecY.
SUPPLEMENT
y Hee OCTb
Y Hee
eCTb ilTnac?
y HHx ecrb Y Hlix ecn. lhnac? ICyeOk (gen sg KycKa) XOTIITe ewe kyooK xnt6a? CT3k3.H Xonhe eute CTadH MonoJCa? <JaWKa XOTl1Te eute <JawKy K6le?
she has Does she have an atlas? they have Do they have an atlas? Want another piece of bread?
glass
p'''''
B Mara3Hue
B. BnaJUtMHp
karli jivropi !
n.
2 HOT,
HO Mbl O)KH,naCM
Ha CJ1eAYlomcH HCAMe.
B.
n.
ecrb. 2
B6T. no>d:.JIyHCTa.)
B.
H)1)KH3
n.
B.
B KuocKe Ha yrny.
..st
)?Ke TaM
6blJI.
ja uze tam
aTnaca?
bill
n.
B.
n.
Qet! Qioci\l )
icas ppfJ.isii 1
NOTES
I Note that TOOKe means 100 or also in affirmative sentences, but neither or not . .. either in negative ones:
Compare
with
My wife works at the gorsovet, too. You don't have a map of China either? Neither do I know him or I don't know him either.
In answering negative questions, Russians lIsually begin their answer with HeT regardless of whether the answer is affirmative or negative:
2
T~
HOT,
ecn..
riM He 6b1R?
And you don', have a map of China either? Yes, we do. Weren't you there? Yes, I was. No, I wasn't.
is a polile word used in various situations: Come in, please. Here you are. You first (at a door or entrance). Thank you. You're welcome.
nO:lK3.nyHCTa, JaXOMTe.
B6T, nO;Jl(3.nyHCTa.
nO:lKanyHCTa. CnacH60. - nmlC3.nyMCTa .
A few CT6JInouns like WKa+ and yroJl have a second prepositional case ending in stressed -Yo which occurs only when they are used with prepositions Ha and B.
The newsstand is on the corner. I'm talking about the corner. The cucumbers ace in the cupboard. I'm talking about the cupboard.
Orypuhl
IllI:8<pY.
Ji rOBop.o 0 lllK3.q>e.
Y Y 2. Y Y Y Y Y Y -
Do you have a dictionary? Yes, I do. Yes, I have a dictionary. Do you have a dictionary? Yes, I do. Yes, I have a dictionary. Does he have a dictionary? Yes, he does. Yes he has a dictionary. Does she have a dictionary? Yes, she does. Yes, she bas a dictionary. Do we have a dictionary? Yes, we do. Yes, we have a dictionary. Do they have a dictionary? Yes t they do. Yes, they have a dictionary.
t
Do you have a dictionary? No, J don't have a dictionary. Do you have a dictionary? No, I don't have a dictionary. Does he have a dictionary? No, he doesn't have a dictionary. Does she have a dictionary? No, she doesn't have a dictionary. Do we have a dictionary? No, we don't have a dictionary. Do they have a dictionary? No, they don't have a dictionary.
Do you have a briefcase? Yes, I have a briefcase. No, I don't have a briefcase. Do you have a pen? Yes, I have a pen. No, I don't have a pen. Do you have milk? Yes, we have milk. No, we don't have any milk. What do you have now? I have literature now. _ _ Russian _ _. _ _ geography _ _ _ history _ _. _ _ mathematics __. _ _ physics _ _. _ _ chemistry __
LESSON
3. Y sac OCTb
-
,[la, y MeHl!
nOpT~nJl.
4. Y Me CcTb py'lKa?
,[la, y Meilli CcTb py<JKa. Htr, Y MeHR HeT py.urn.
5. Y sac ecTb M01l01(6? - ,[la, y HaC OCTb MOJlOICO. - Hlh. Y HaC HCT Monod.
______ ",ocpa<l>".
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ HCTOPHJI.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ MaTeM3.THka.
_______ 4lH3HK:a.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ xHMHJI.
145
Lev
Oleg Nikolay _
_
_
8. KOJIH B'Iepa
IU~
61>1J10 Ha JaHjnuu.
rI"m
HHHbI
_
_
M""",
Map... MAwH
- - - - - -__
On.
9. Er6
TaM
Kolya was absent from classes yesterday. Galya _ Nina _ Mila _ Maria _ Masha _ Olya _ Wasn't he there? No, he wasn't. Yes, he was there. Wasn't she there? No, she wasn't. Yes, she was there. Weren't tbey there? No, they weren't. Yes, they were there. Whose briefcase is that? Vladimir's. Semyonov's. Oleg's. Semyon's. Professor Orlov's. My brother's. Khitrov's. Tsarapkin's. The teacher's. Nikolay's. Evgeny's. Whose keys are these? The cleaning lady's. The saleslady's. My sister's. My wife's. Maria's. The teacher's (t). Nina Petrovna'~.
ue 6blJ1o?
Ee
He 6bJno?
H&T, He 6bJJlO.
Hh, olla riM 6blJ1a. He 6blJ1o?
Hx riM
-
H&T.
He 6hlJlO.
TaM
Her, omi
6b1J1H.
Uapan.ICHHa. Yo:nhe.nR.
HHKOJli.H. EBreHIUI.
- MapH".
Y'IHTeJThHHLl,b1.
H"Hhi neT'p6BHbJ.
146
LESSONS
12. ~TO
_ _ _ CAw".
____ npo,lUlOWHUbI.
_ _ _ y60PUll1Ubl.
_ _ _ _ OWlTtpa.
ThaI's Nina's business. _ _ Olya's _ _ _ Galya's _ _ _ _ Kolya's _ _ _ Sasha's _ _ _ the saleslady's __. _ _ the cleaning lady's __. _ _ tbe custodian's _ _ _ _ Kozlov's _ _ _ _ tbe chancellor's __, _ _ Lev's _
sometimes ... or
81..
B~cn
good-bye saw
Russian [v), like the corresponding English sound, is made by bringing the upper teeth close to the lower lip. Before [0] (and especially (iJ) tbere is often the auditory effect of a w-like off-glide. Soft [V), on the other hand, has the auditory effect of being followed by a y-like off-glide.
Sound Drill: Practice the Russian paired examples illustrating bard [v] and soft [y], imitating your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can.
USSON 8
147
B.
l~ vs.
lO
til; also
8;
sometimes
BE.
or ....
rAfri!<.j
[rpal~eJ
m:
Philip professor briefcase
WlipJ
[prafCs:lf 1
<t>HJumn
npocj>6ccop
nopT~
[part[eIJ
Russian (fl, like the corresponding English sound, is made by bringing the upper teeth close 10 the lower lip. Soft has the effect of a y-Iike glide following it.
Sound Drill: Practice the Russian paired examples illustrating hard [f] and soft [0, imitating your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can. Note that before [0] (and especially [in, a w-like off-glide is often beard after hard [fl.
c.
[IJ
v>.
III
JIb.
Note the pronunciation of hard [I] in the following: [yi4ilJ [Qebil] [4 il'J [rpalQeJ
8H.D:en
saw
wasn't affairs completely and compare it with soft
nc~
IIC6bU1
AM' anOJIIle
nJ:
Le,
sick briefcase teacher
JIea
60JlbHhI
[balniJ
[p"t[e[)
[ucili[)
nopTtj>e.nb
}"lHTeJlb
Russian hard Pl is made with the tip of the tongue against the back of the upper teeth and wil.h the middle of the tongue lowered or hollowed out. English has a somewhat similar I in words like ball. bull. and whole. In Russian the tongue muscles are tenser and the tongue hollower. Russian soft OJ is formed with the front part of the blade of the tongue (not the tip) in contact with the ridge of tbe gums behind the upper teeth. Soft nJ bas somewhat the effect of being followed by a y-like glide as in English miffion. Sound Drill: Practice the Russian paired examples illustrating hard [U. imitating your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can.
Pl and soft
148
LESSON 8
2
I
3 2 1
Bbl
rOBopkrc no-pyccKH"
Rbi
CJIblIlIaJIH
06 3TOM?
3TO
rbi,
6J1Si?
TRANSFORMATION DRILL
4 3 2
1
-o.
3TO
o.
QHa
He 6b1J1
.D:OCTana
H3 3K33.MCHC.
He 6b1J1
Barna
Ha 3K3a.MCHC?
orypuhI.
Y HaC
3TO
0cTb
Barna
KOcf>e.
KuHra.
TRANSFORMATiON DRILL
3 2
I
-QHli 6WlH H3 KOHUepTe? Ha o6eJl OnJITb Kama? Marna odriImJla KJllO'fH? ORa KynHna nOJlapoK?
3 2 1
/~~
6buTH Ha KOHl.,tepre. Ha o6eIl Oruln. Kawa. Mawa ocraaHJIa KJlIO'fH. OHa K)'lliUta nOJlapoK.
Omi
LESSON
149
Y Bac
ecn. upaJ1.I1aw?
- A.a. y MeHi ecn. Iluira. y sac ecn. nepO" - Ali. ecn.. - .!la, y Memi ecn. nep6.
Y sac TeTp3..tuf" - All, <\cT. - )l;a, y MeHlI ecn. TeTpa.o:H. Y Te6i M6" Kapau.nam? -}ta, yMeHA.
ecn..
ecn.
Do you have a pencil? Yes, I do. Yes, I have a pencil. Do you have a book? Yes, I do. Yes, I have a book. Do you have a pen [point]? Yes, I do. Yes, I have a pen [pointJ. Do you have notebooks? Yes, I do. Yes, I have notebooks. Do you have my pencil? Yes, I do. Yes, I have it. Do you have my book? Yes. I do. Yes, I have it. Do you have my pen [point)? Yes, I do. Yes, J have it. Do you have my notebooks? Yes, I do. Yes, I have them.
- Ai, 6H y MeRJi:.
- .ai.
Y Te6i Moi Iluira? - ){a, y MeHi. OHa y MeUJi:. Y Te6i M0C5 nepO? - )l;a, y Mem. - .!la, oU,6 y MeHR. Y re6li MOK TeTpfuI,H? - Aa, y Mel:Ul:. - Aa, OIlK y Melli.
Y sac cer6,llHJ1 3D<lMeH? - Ali, y HaC cer6,lUul 3oaMeH. Y sac cer6,llHJ1 1IeICUHR? - )l;a, y HaC cer6.ItHR JleK1UUI. Y MC cer6l{HH co6pallHe? - )l;a, y HaC cer6.11HJI co6piIrne. Y BaC cer6,lUU1 3K3aMeHbI? - Aa, y HaC cer6JU1R 3103.MeHbl.
REPETITION DRILL
Repeat the models after your instructor or the tape until you are familiar with the patterns.
REPETITIONSUBSTITUTION DRILL
T:
We do have cucumbers. Y HaC ecn. oryPuhl. s: Y HaC ecn. 0I'yplIW. (60pl.l.t, Kama, 'laM, ([<$e. cene.ltl:a, MD1IOXO, pbi:6a. TeJI$H. I:JIIO<[H, CJ10saPb)
ISO
l.fSSON8
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
2. Do you have fish? Yes, we have fish. T: Y sac ten, phl6a? s: )li. y Hlle ecn. pWtia.
T: Y
s: .lI.li. ecn..
(P)"llta. HO*, TeTpa.D.b, aTnac. nopnPem>, MonoIo, 6opm. ceneAICa)
4. Do we havefish?
Yes. we do.
T: Y HaC teTb pbi6a 1
s: .lI.a, ecn..
T: Y HaC ten. KJIJOIfH?
5'
Y re6li
eCTb
py'l.x:a?
s:
)la,
y Memi ecrb PY'Ika. (KUHTa, re:rpMb, lIonka, nopT~JU., Kop06Ka, TeTpMH. HO*)
,lla, ecn..
(Kap1'a EBPOIIhl, BHJlKH, JlO)KKH, KapTa Kl-ll'all, kHHr1f, KapaHJ{aW.H, nepbg)
QUBSTION-ANSWER DRILLS
~1
s: .lI.a. y Metn1.
T: MOH XJDO'iH Y K03J1oea?
s: .lI.a.. y Hero.
(y uee. y HHX. Y Bac. y Hero, y re6S1, y Bn3.lUiMHpa, Y HHHbI)
.lI.a.
y Mewi Tellepb
HCTOptlSl.
DISCUSSION
The concept to have is most commonly expressed in Russian by means of the preposition y plus the genitive case form of tbe noun or pronoun to indicate the possessor. The thing bad or possessed is in the nominative case and is the grammatical subject of tbe Russian sentence.
ecn. xllUra.
Do you have a book? (Lit. By you is a book?) 1 have a book. We have fish or We do have fish. Do you have cucumbers? Yes, we do. Vladimir has a briefcase.
LE'SSON
lSI
en. is required in those constructions where the speaker wisbes to establish or affirm the
presence or existence of the subject under discussion. If it is used in the question it must be repeated in the answer. It is omitted when some other part of the sentence is focused on.
'ho y Te6R renepb, pjCCK'HH R3b1K? H6T, Y MeHR reDepb MCTOpMll. Y aae MOH CJlosApb? Y sac Moii CJIOBapb? Y sac CJI0Bap.. ?
What do you have now, Russian? No, I have history now. Do yOIl have my dictionary? Do you have my dictionary? Is it a dictionary you have?
_ _ _ _ _ a lesson?
_ _ _ _ _ a singing lesson? _ _ _ _ _ English? _ _ _ _ _ Russian? Did y~)U have _____ _____ _____ _____ a lecture? history? mathematics? geography? literature?
MareM3TKKa?
Did you have a meeting? _ _ _ _ _ a composition? _ _ _ _ _ singing? Did you have _____ _____ _____ _____ exams? lessons? meetings? Iectures? classes?
____ WO KH ?
RepeTITION DRILL
Repeat the above models, nOling that for the past lense the appropriate form of 6wJJ, 6blJ1a. 6wJJo. or 6WtH must be used to agree with the noun denoting the thing had or possessed .
QUESTIONANSWER DRILLS
s: 11... 6WI.
T: Y sac y:Jt.e 6bUlo co6paHlte? s:)li, 6Wto. (neKU,HJl, ypok nelUUl, reorpalHJI, 3K33MeHbl, lH3Hll:a, MaTeMaTHIa. XHMIDl)
2. Did you have exams yesterday? Yes, we did have exams yesterday. T: Y sac B'lepa 6buuf 30aMeHbI? S: 11li, y HaC B"lep:i 6Y.rut 3JOaMeu:Y. T: Y sac B'lepa 6w wOk? S: 11li, y de B'lep8 lWn yp6K'. (c06pamte, ypoKH, neklUUl, HCTOpIDI. mrreparypa, 31OaMeH, PYCCKHH 1I3blK. 33.1I$lTHJI)
152
LESSON 8
I. I have a box. I had a box. T; Y MeHJI 6cn. Kop66Ka. s: Y Memi 6h1J1i KOpOO... a. T: Y MeRJi: ecTb nOpTlI>eJlb. s: Y Met(li 6blJl nopTcfCnb. (KapaH~alll, n6JIKa, nepo, py'lKa, Tel"paJtH, 110)1(, HO:lKll, KJUO'l, lUllO'lll)
2. We're having a meeting loday. We had a meeting today. T: Y "lic cer6.nlUl co6paHHe.
s: Y Hic ttr6LUU1 fibulo co6pi.uHe. T: Y HaC cerO~llJI neHlie. s: Y Hic cer6)l1U1 6b1JJO oeHMe. (PYCCKI1H J13bIK, JK3aMell, JlOaMellbl, CO'lMllelllle, ypoK, phl6a, 6opm, Kawa)
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
I. We had an exam, did you? So did we. T: Y lIac 6wJI JlOaMeH, a Y B{IC? s: Y lIlic TO"lKe 6blJl. T: Y Ilac 6b1J]a JICKUJ.HI, a y sac? s: Y Hie To*e 6b1Jui. (JlOaMellbl, CO'lHHeUHe, Pycclnrn J13b1K, neUIle, IICTOpHJI. reorpa<pHJI, co6paHHe, J3.IIJi1THJI)
2. Did you already have singing? Yes, I did. T: Y Te6li 'j>KC 6bmo nCHlle?
s: lI.a, 6w.o.
T: Y Te6Ji: )"KC 6b1J]a MaTeMaTHKa?
s: lla. 6b1JJa.
(neHHe, ypoKH, HCTOpMJI, <pH3ltKa, XHMH.II, CO~MHeHlJe)
s:
Y HaC 6bvrH ;nnbletlbl. (PYCCICHii Jl3bDl:, J3.1IJ1T1U1 B na60paTopHH, CO'lHfleHHe, neHIle, neKUHJI. 1'3601"3 B na6opaTopHH)
DISCUSSION
To express the concept 10 haw! in the past tense in an affirmative sentence, Russian uses the appropriate fonn af 6WI, 6wJla, 6Woo, or 6ba.'IlI to agree with the grammatical subject, i.e., the thing ""d.
Y HaC 6bUI 66pw. _ _ 6Wla phl6a. _ _ 6ht.no co6pallHe. ___ 6hlnH JK3aMeHbJ.
The most typical affinnative response to questions using this construction is a short answer containing tbe confirming roi plus the appropriate verb form.
-.ni, 6bUI.
153
npo4Jeceopa.
_____ ylIl:TCmr.
These are ____ ____ ____ ____ ___ ____ Where are ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
the professor's keys. the custodian's __. the chancellor's __. Brother's __. Vladimir's __. Nikolay's __. the teacher's __. Sister's keys? the teacher's __ ? the saleslady's __ ? the cleaning lady's __ ? the American woman's __ ? Maria's __ ?
_ _ _ _ Maplin?
CnpOCK HaC'IeT
nHcbM~L
_ _ _ _ _ _ oKua.
_ _ _ _ _ _ MOJlOxa.
_ _ _ _ _ _ neHH.If.
_ _ _ _ _ _ CQ'H1HeHHR.
______ o6wc)fdITlliI.
_ _ _ _ _ co6paHHJ'I.
)Kemi-class nouos
Luu:ipb-c1ass nouns
-R
CTomi
TeJle4>6H3
HHKOJlatl
31l0HK8
}"Uh=o
DJIaThH co6paIDfH CO'lHHemut
...
-'"
:lKCuW
0'
-"
rluuo
KOJIH MapHH Hcr6pHH
KliWH
KHHfH Kop66K11
-"
llBCpH
6"l.epeJtH
KapTW
"""'J'Y
EBpOlILI
6",..
cry,aeHTa ,aena
OKRa
H_
TeTJ'luuo
nepa
nHCbM8
cry.n.eHTKH
Notes
I. CToJl-c1ass nouns ending in -L and -ii and oKHo-c1ass nouns ending in -c or -e in the nominative singular take -II in the genitive singular. All other CTOJl- and oKHo-c1ass nouns take -8 in the genitive singular. OKHo-class nouns have the same ending as in the nominative plural, but the stress may differ. Compare nHCLMa (nominative plural) with nHCbMa (genitive singular) and .!teJlli (nominative plural) with ,Il,ena (genitive singular).
154
LI!SSON
2. JKetlli~ and .ltBipb-class nouns have tlie same ending in the genitive singular as in the nominative plural. BUI note thai with *eaa-c1ass nouns, the stress may differ. Compare *eKLI (nominative plural) with :litem:. (genitive singular) and ckJpw (nominative plural) with ct!CT'pW (genitive singular).
REPETITION DRtLL
Repeat the above models after your instructor or the tape un IiI you are familiar with the pattern of genitive singular endings.
INTEGRATION DRILLS
s: :ho CJlOBapb )"IHTenlil. T: 3TO KapTa. 3TO KUTaii. s: :ho KBPTa Kn8ll. 3TO KJUO<fH. 31'0 HHKonaH. 3TO J>C3ynbTaTbl. 3TO co6paHHC. 3TO IC3pTa. 3To Eepcma. 3T0 arnac. 3To EBreHKii. 3To yq:Hre.nb. :no wxona. 31'0 py'lxa. :no aMcplUCaHcu. 3TO KHHra. 31'0 npo.o.aBlltHua. 3TO CTaK3.H. :ho MonolCO.
4. This is a dictionary. This is a professor. This is the professor's dictionary.
T: 31'0 CJI0Bapb. :ho npolCccop.
DOpT+emo
s: :ho CJIOUpb npo+eccopa. T: 3TO nopT~. 3-ro Komi. s: :no DOPT+em- KOmi. :ho CTOn. :ho MapJiR. 3TO paOOnt. :'no rAJUI. :ho olSen. 3To KonSl. 3TO Oma. 3TO 6ll6JIHOTCKa. 3TO lllIaThC. :no npo.o.aBll.tHtla. 3TO CJI0eapb. 3-ro rAJUI. :fro mpH. :fro rYM.
LESSON 8 155
5. Here's the library. Here's the university. Here's the university library. T: BOT 6H6JlHOreK3. BOT yaHBepcHTth.
s: BOT 6n6J1HOTeKa YHHBepcHTiiTa.
6. The teacher is here. But where is her husband? Where's the teacher's husband?
T; BOT KHura. B6T y'llfTeJlh. S: BOT IrnHr8 rufyeJUl. BOT nopTleJlb. BOT np<xPeccop KyPo'iKHR. BOT Kapra. B6T 3,ua.lHe. BOT KmfrH. BM HHKOJlaH. BOT CO'fHHeHlle. BOT EarellliH. BOT CTy,ueHTbJ. BOT npoleccop OpJIOa. BOT MaTepHi.rIhJ:. BOT co6paHHe. BOT 'farnKa. BOT KO<f.te.
DISCUSSION
T: Y'fHTeJlbHHll,a TYT. A r,lJ,e ee M'Y'K? s: r.ll.e My'" )"UITeJ1h1lHULI? T: npCxpeccop OpJloa TYr. A r,Oc ere CTy.uCIITbl ? s: r.ll.e CTY.II.eHTb.l llpolj)eccopa OpIlOBa? BJIa,uHMlfp TYr. A r.ne ero ceCTpa? K03J1oa TjT. A nre ero 6ph? YqlfTeJlb XHTpOB TjT. A r.ne era iKeHa? HHKOJl:rn TYr. A r.ll.e ero 6paT? HHHa T)h. A r.ne ee MYx? MapH}! TjT. A r.ne ee Y'fHTeJlb?
Unlike the prepositional case, the genitive is used both with and without a preposition. Used without a preposition, it indicates 3 relationship of possession or descriptive limitation.
My)l(
ceCTpbJ
KRura Haana py.uca Mapu" KapTa EapOlIhJ napOn KHTb y'BfTeJ1b neHltH )'pOX reorpamH cTaxaH MOllOK;}
sister's husband Ivan's bqok, a book of Ivan's Maria's pen, a pen of Maria's a map of Europe the people of China a singing teacher, a teacher of singing a geography lesson a glass of milk
Note that, unlike the English possessive, the Russian genitive normally follows the noun indicating what is possessed or described.
Y Hero.
Y nee. Y HaC. Y Rlix.
Do you have a dictionary? Do you have a dictionary? Who has my atlas? I do. He docs. She does. We do. They do. What was it they were asking about?
NOM
MellM
LE.'iSON
Tbl
6H
OHa
Mbl
Sbl
oUlI
KTa
GEN
aac
IIX (HUX)
Kor6
"era
156
The alternate third person pronouns, uet'"o, H~ and mix. are used only when the personal pronouns are preceded by a preposition: y Hero, Y H~ and y KIix. Note that r in en). Hero. KorO. and 'fef'"O is pronounced [vJ: Uivo], [Q-ivo], [kavo], and [~ivol.
REPETITION DRILL
QUESTION-ANSWBR DRILLS
I. Where is he, at th~ university? Y~s, he has exams today. T: r.Qe OU, B YHH.BepcHrere? s: )la. y uero ceroJnlJl ::nOaMetibl. T: rJJ.e omi, B YHHBepcHTthe?
s: )la. y uee
CerO)1lUiI 3K18MettLiI.
2. And where are you going, to a lecture? Yes, I hav~ history now. T:: A BbI xy.ni, H8 JlexLtHlO? S: .ali., y MetUi ceii'l8.c HCTOpHliI. T: A OHK kyJJ.3, H8 lIeKltHIO'1 s: )la, y nHX CetNac HCTOpHH.
(J1pHlIa, Tbl, Baw CT)'J.l.eHT, Tl1051 cecTp8,
KOlUl,
raJIst)
3. What does Galya have now? She has history now. T: LITO Y ranH Tenepb?
S: Y Hee TeoePb Hcrop.... T: 1ho Y Te6li Tenepb? s: Y MemI TeoePb HcroPIUiI. (y HUX, YKOJll.f, Y Hac, y K03Jlooa, YBac)
I.
(We) Who has Russian now? We do. T: (Mba) Y kO(6 Tenepb PYCCk.rn st3bu:?
Y .uic. T: (oua) Y koro Tenepb PYCCKHlI Jl3huc? Y mix. (Bbl, OHa, st, OU, OHH, TbI, MbI, OKH, OU)
2.
T:: S:
" "
T: S:
(They) Who has my dictioTJlUy? They have your dictioTJlUY. (omi) Y xorb MOB c.noaapb? Y iIIItx. (on) Y Korb Moil c.nOBapb'1 Y Hero.
(OHa, Bbl, OH, 51, MbI, OHH)
s:
KJDi>q
y aee.
2. My sister has an at/as. She has an at/as. T: Y cecTpi>l 3.T1I8C. S:: Y Hee ecn. aT naco T:: Y HKKOJlaa ecn. 3.TJl8C. S: Y Hero aTJIaC. (y KOJlH H r3.JIH, y fl1060BH, YCTy.QeHTa, Y CeMeHa, y CeMeHOBa, y K031l0Ba H CeMeHOBa, y BJlaD.HMHpa)
ecn.
ecn.
LESSON 8
157
QUEST10NANSWER DRILLS
I. Is Ga/ya at classes? No, she has a meeting now. T: rami Ha 3aHRTH$!X? s: Hh, y llee ceii'lic co6pbHe. T: Haall Ha 3aHRTIUIX? s: Her, y aero ce....ac co6pliHMe. (HHHa, ee cecrpa, HJur:OJlaH, OHH, HpUHa" Jlea, CeMeHoa, CTy.neHT, JlI060ab, KOmi,
Sopite, Maplt$!)
2. Do you have Russian now? No, J hatle singing. T: Y sAc Tenepb pyCCKHH $!JbIK? s: Her, y MeHIi TeuCpb uCHMe. T: Y I1PHHbI renepb pyccKnH $!JbrK? s: Hh, y Bee Teuepb uCHMe. (y Men$!, y Hac, y BnaJUtMltpa, Y HHX)
OeT
constructions
Who isn't here? or Who's missing? Kozlov isn't here. NiJcolay _ Kolya _
Nma _
Maria Is he here? No, he isn't. Is she here '! No, she isn't.
68 JAe<:b?
- Hth, era uth. Qna J.necb '! - HeT, ee neT.
Sopma 60JlbWe 8CT.
Xn<60
ya.
Kawlt
_
_
_ _ _ You don't have ______ ________ ______ _____ ______ ______ _____
fish. kasha. herring. a pencil, do you? an alias ? a dictionary_1 a pen ? milk '? a map of Europe _ _1 a notebook ? a book ?
_ _ _ uepa?
_ _ _ _ MOJlod?
REPETITION DRILL
Repeat the above models after your instructor (or the tape), noting that the subject of sentences using neT is always in the genitive case in Russian.
158
LESSONS
These drills should first be perfonned as simple repetition drills, then repeated as structure replacement drills.
I. The map is on the table. There isn't any map 011 the table! T: KapTa Ha crone. S: Kapn.l aeT na crone! T: PW6a ua crone. s: PW6w aeT na crone! (HO*, Kama, mtChMO, xop06s:a, '1aH, nepo, nopnt>enb, CO'IHHeHHe, SKJlxa, c.nosapb)
2. Professor Orlol' is here. Professor Or/ol' isn't here. T: npoleccop Opnos 3Jl.ecb. s: npo+ecroPa OpnOaa 3.nea,. aero
T: 6H 3Aea..
s: Ero ~b BeT.
(y6opUJ;lll.Ul, oua, 6paT, MapHJI, au, Mawa, oua, YKpaHoeu., au, KomI, ou,
Hltkonaii)
3. Do you have a mop of China? You don't have a map of China, do you? T: Y sac ecrb KAPTa Kl1n\.H? S: Y sac ReT dpThl KHTaK? T: Y sac ecn. HO;g? S: Y RaC Her Ho....li? (X.1110'l, aTnac, py'tKa, TeTpan.b, kapTa AMepKKI1, uJlca4l, Kop06ka, nepo, c.nosapb)
CUED QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
I.
T:
S:
T:
s:
(Kozlov) Who's net here yet? Kozlov. (Ko3JIbs) Korb ewe Hn? Her KO").'1oBa. (HHHa) Korb ewe Her? Her HMHw. (8nazuiMlIp, rUITeJJbHHua, HHKomlli, np<.>leceop Opn6s, I1sau, MY. MapUH, Y'lHTeJJb, y66pwuua, 6paT HHHhI)
2.
(phone)
s:
T:
].aea, Hh Te.'u~4KMta.
(Monox6) \.fer6 3J1Ccb Her?
S:
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILL
1. Where's thefish? There isn't any fish left. T: r.ne pbi6a? s: PW6w 66m.we IteT. T: rAt 'tau? S: qill oom.we aer. (Kawa, 60pw., ceneAxa, Monoxo, xne6)
2. Is Koziol' here? No, Koziol' isn't here. T: K03JIOS 3J1eo.? s: Her, KOJJloBa 3lI.kb ner. T: K YPO'IXHH :meeb? s: Her, Kj~ :J,ltea. aer. (HuHa, KOD, pelITOp, saxTtp, npocl)6ccop OpnOB, OlTer, MapHJI, HJuconaH, KHpIlJlJl)
l.fSSON 8
159
3. Do you have a map of Europe? No, I don't have a map of Europe. T; Y Hac eCTh KlipTa EBp6nbl? S; Hb, y Metui lIeT KlipThI EBp6IJh1. T: Y HaC eCTb aTJlac? S: HeT, y Metui Hb linaca. (cnoaapb, KJlJO'l, nepo, nOpTepe.nb, TeJle<pOll, TCTpa.rtb, ceCTpa, 6paT)
4. Is Kozlov here? Kozlov is absel1/ (or missing) today. T: K03JI08 3.nCcb? s: K03JJo8a cerOAH1I HeT. T: HUKOJIau 3.o,Ccb? s: HHKOJIRH cerO)llllil HCT. (KoJIJl, Bna,lI;llMHp, HeaD, Oml, XHrpoB, MapWl:, EOplfC, HHHa, Kypo'lKlfH)
5. Is there a library there? No, there's no library there. T: TaM 6cn, 6lf6J1lfOTeKa? S: HeT, TSM UCT 6116JJHOTeK:H. T; TaM eCTb nO'ITa? S: Hb, riM HCT uO'ITbI. (3a8o.n, yfumepcU'reT, o6w:e)f(IITHe,
3aJl,
DISCUSSION
HCT means both flO (as the opposite of Ali) and there is (or. are) no or there isn'/ (or aren't) any. Historically it comes from a combination of He plus Ccrb. When HeT i~ used in constructions with the genitive it focuses on the lack or absence of the subject. It differs from constructions using the nominative plus He, where the focus is not on the absence but on some other element of the sentcnce.
Compare with
Ero
Oil
ropo.ne.
He's not here (Le., he's missing or absent). He's not here; he's in town.
Who wasn't there (i.e., who was missing)? Kozloy wasn't there. Nikolay _
Kolya _
_ _ _ _ _ _ KOnn.
_ _ _ _ _ _ MapffiJ.
_ _ _ _ _ _ HMnbl.
_ _ _ _ _ 6nH.
_ _ _
Wasn't he there? No, he wasn't. Wasn't she there? No, she wasn't. What was missing? or What wasn't there? There wasn't any borsch. _ _ _ _ _ _ tea. _ _ _ _ _ _ bread. - - - - milk.
160
LESSON
Y Meuli lie 6blJIO Kapall.naWa. _______ 3.TJIaca. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CJlooapli. _ _ _ _ _ _ nopT<peJlJl. _ _ _ _ _ _ neptl. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cO':IHHeHllil. _ _ _ _ _ _ KapTbl EopOObI. _ _ _ _ _ Tell''''".
_______ IClufnt.
_____ a dictionary.
_ _ _ _ _ a briefcase.
_ _ _ _ a pen.
_ _ _ _ .book.
REPETITION DRILL
Repeat the above models after your instructor (or the tape), noting that for the past tense ae 6b1J1O corresponds to tth of the present and that here too the subject is in tbe genitive case. He 6101..'10 is pronounced with a single stress which falls on ae: [Q.ebil~].
s: PW6w
..e 6woo.
T: AaT66yca neT.
S: AJrr66yca He 6WJiO. (MaTepHana. O<fepeAH. nopT<PeJuI, C1IO Rap xapTbi KJtTIUl. ICOp06kH, pa60Tbl. Gopilla, C06paHHJI)
2. We don't ha~'e (any] work. We didn't have [any) work. T: Y uac neT pa66Tb1. s: Y wie ..e 6wno pa66Tb1. T: Y uac Her kJlYGa. S: Y HaC Hi 61.1110 ..-:Jlj6a.
(C06paHIDI, )"lHTemI, KapTbl CCCP. Te1Ie$olla. 6n6nllOTeICH. ayJnITopllH. 3X3aMella, ypm::a. neKWfll)
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
1. Was the custodian there? No. he wasn't. T: BaXTep TaM 6bUl'? s: Her, en) He 6wno. T: Erb iKe",l TAM 6b1J1a '? s: Hh, ee He 6b1no. (KoJIlI II raJIJI, Baw Mj')I(, ee GpaT, oua. ou, Ollll, npoll.aBUUtLl3, !lauJ CTYAeHT)
2. Did you have a meeting? No. we didn't have a meeting. T: Y BaC 6blJlO co6pauHe? S: HeT, y Hlic He 6L1J1o C06paHHJI. T: Y oac 6blJJ yp6K nemU! '? S: Hk, y HaC lie 6wno yp6Ka nCRH1I. (paGon. neKU,WI, HCTOPHJI, 3K3aMeH. kJllO'I, aTJlaC, CO'lHHeHHe)
3. Was there borsch? No, there wasn't. T: D6pl1.l 6w '? s: Her,..e 6WJIo. T: PbtGa 6b1J13.? s: Hn, He 6wJIo.
(3k3aMeH. kawa, 6oplll, ce.n~. xexpe.
LESSON 8
161
RESPONSE DRILL
I. There was fish on the table. There wasn't anyfish on the table. T: Ha CTOne 6b1Jll't pbi6a. S: Ha CTone He 6bUlO pw6b1. T: Ha crone 6buI ooe.ll. S: Ha CTOJIe He 6blJ1o 06ba.
(<taM., Kawa, MonolCo, nO.llapOli;:, COfI1 HeHHe, cene,nxa, xne6, CJlosapb, p)"lICa, aTnac, Man.e)
1. I have a pencil. T: Y MeKJi ecn. KapaHmlw. S: Y Metd ecn. KapaJtJ.t8w. T: (HtT) _ S: Y Me:tni Her ..... paJ:IJJ.awi.
_ _ (ten.) _ _ _ _ (He 6blJlO) _ _"
~.o- (ten.) - (Y T<6') _
162
LESSON 8
2. He has a briefcase.
T: Y Hero ecn. nopTlenb. s: Y Hero ecn. DOPT+em- T: (",!T) _
_ _ (ecn.) _ _
_ _ (lie 6blJIo) _ _
_ _ (ecn.) _ _. __(ecn.) _ _
DISCUSSION
Hk of the present tense is replaced in the past tense by ue 61>1110 in constructions focusing on the absence of a thing or person. The noun or pronoun indicating the missing thing or person is in the genitive case. However, the nominative may be used for the subject (together with He plus 6w, 6b1J1a, 6wo, or 6WJH) if the focus is not on the absence itself, but on same other element of the sentence.
Compare with Compare
with
HHHa .a.aslio He 6b1JI3 B KJJj6e. HUHhl Ite 6hlJlO S KJlY6e.
Nina hasn't been at the club in a long time. Nina wasn't at the club. Ivan wasn't at lectures; he was at the meeting. Ivan wasn't at the meeting.
LESSON 8
163
- f!iUt.
1U-~,
fU-
T P -.1J
IV
6iM.- ?
r:f<u-. - JL ~
c4w-
r- .1Ca.- ~.
-~,
f- O'<M.
.,<.Wtf<O"
IJ'
't4. ~ ~ (-
<r
-t<i.M.. ~? o-~
~. - ~
~/
'W'fIu
om,.
164
LESSON 8
Kax npowen
O'lCHb xopawa.
CTy.n.CHTbZ OTJlHlfHO
rpaHTe? -
R CJIb(wan.
IfeM'1 -
'iTO DB MOJlOnCQ. -
au HauHcan'l -
He-r, He
3HaJO.
rpy3HHax Ii HX HCTOpHH. -
Mary
JIM JI nOCMOT-
peTb? -
KOHC'IHO. BOT
era
pa60T3.
Jleepb OTXphlTa? - HeT. - A f):le TBOH KJn09? - B nopT<fx:JIe. - A nopT<l>e.nb r.a:e? - B y"I-mcpcHTeTc. - Hy xopawa, Tor.na B03bMH MO KJIIO't. - CnacH6o.
- Y
Ha
CTonc. -
Era
Tyr ReT. -
Tor.na,
MO)KCT 6bJTb,
au
H3
noJIXc. -
He
BIDKy.
A,
LESSON
165
LESSON9
3a
CfI0Be'lKO
Db.!
to put in a good word Put in a good word for me! from, olT, since from work Are you coming from work? Hello, Nina! Are you coming from work? No, I've been to the gorsovet.
room
ropcoBiTe 6blJ1a.
KOMMan
No, I've been to the gorsovet about a room. what, which What room? What's the matter?
Ii
:lUlATh (ipfv I)
HMO
JKJt3Tb.
ItO H8JJ.O
application application for a room to give, serve, submit to submit an application I submitted an application for. a room. to wait irs necessary, one bas to You have to wait so long. I submitted an application for a room, but you have to wait so long. so that's it! Oh, so that's it!
friend good friend
167
My good friend Alexccv works there. after all, the thing is, as a matter of fact, You know, as a matter of fact, my good friend Alexeev works there. You don't say!
[yi~1
(unstressed)
MOM
xop6uuti
.apjr AAei'ceea.
'ITo aN roSOpHTc!
MBaH I1BflHOBH<f, 3aMOllBHTe CJlOBe"lKO!
3a Memi
Ivan Ivanovich, put in a good word for me! kind, dear, nice My dear Ivan Ivanovich, put in a good word for me! to suggest, propose to you, for you I wanted to suggest that to you. just, the very thing That's the very thing I wanted to suggest to you. thanks very much, thanks a lot Thank yo'! very much! what for! Whatever for! old old friends We're old friends after all.
Ba.,
pb
Hy "ITO TaM!
CTapblii CTaPble .npy.n,li Mba BeLlI> cTlipble APY3bli.
SUPPLEMENT
CJlOBO
(pi
CJloBli)
::no
1i01lbw6ii l'eliTp BbI u,nere B lioJlbllJoii Te3TP? KBapTltp3 Y BaC ecrb KBapTHp3? .nOM sallJ .n6M?
B napK.
word Is that a Russian word? restaurant Are you going to a restaurant? thealer the Bolshoi Theater Are you going to the Bolshoi Theater? apartment Do you have an apartment? house, building Is that your house? or Is tbat the building where you live? park Where are you going? To the park.
168
LESSON 9
33MOJlBHTe la Memi
11.11. H. -
CJIOBe'IKO!
I1Ball I1BaHoBHlf
Hil.Ha
H.
Qet!
ja vgorsaye\i bil:ll nasMt komn~ti ! kakoj komn~ti !
!Com
ja n6
~eI,
p~dala ~jivlcQj~
nakomn~tu
nad~
tag
dol~
,datI
aX" vot st6 ! znajiti ! yit tam rab6t~jit moj xarosij dnik alik~jif ! sto vi ~variti 1 ivan ivanich ! ljIilij I zamOlyi\i z~qliQa slayccb! ja kak ras xa\cl
11. 11. 5
BOT 'ITo! 3HaCTC, BC.a.b TaM pa60TaCT MO" XOPOWHH .a.pYr AnCKCCCB. rOBOpHTc! HBaR I1BaHoBH'I, MUJlbrn, 3aMOJIBHTC 3a MCHH CJIOBC'fKO!
Dbl
Ax,
H.
6 Y:TO
yam
<t, pridlafit I
H.
nu.
In order to obtain a room in a government-owned house, it is necessary to apply to the regional soviet or, in this instance, to the city council ropcose-r. Waiting lists are very long since housing is one of the major problems in the large cities of the U.S.S.R.
I
B ropCOBeTe
secretary He's our secretary. She's our secretary. in one's room, in one's office
LESSON 9 169
comrade, friend, colleague Is comrade Alexeev in? Tell [me], is comrade Alexeev in? Moscow No, be's in Moscow at the moment. Well, is Volkov bere? to pass, go by Yes, go on in, please! Hi! I baven't seen you in a long time! how are you? how's it going? Hello, how are you?
npoXO,QHTb (II)
X,
H ....
ero.
All right.
request, favor small, little I have a small favor [to ask]. to obtain, receive, get young lady, girl (in late teens) a certain young lady There's a certain young lady who can't get a room. in no way, by no means, not in any way Tbere's a certain young lady who simply can't get a room. Is that so? Who is she? Where does she work? correspondencc:scbool student factory She's a correspondence-school student and works at a factory.
DOJlY'lHTb (pfv II) neBytUKa OnHa neoywKa Ty-r oll,Hi .neoywKa "oMHaTbl nOJl)"lHTb He
M6iKeY.
r~
paOOT8eT?
Ha
BOT cnaaf60!
SUPPLEMENT
"'MTb (ipfv I) rne BbI: "'H&eTe? - >1: "'HBy npOT"B napxa. oncYna OnY.na Obi ".neTe? - C pa66Tbl. R3 or 1t30 (plus gen) OTKYlla ObI H.lJ.eTe? - 1-13 r6potta. aT or OTO (plus gen)
to live Where do you live? I live across from the park. from where Where are you coming from? From work. from, out of Where are you coming from? From town. from
170
LESSON 9
I received a letter from my brother. up to, until, before He called (or telephoned) before work. near, by, about I live Dear the park.
without
I won't go without my brother.
H.H. -
C. -
11.H.
C.
c.
11.11. S
A.
npHBeT, BOJlKOB! ,lI,asHO Te6Ji He B8;:(en.
ii!
pp yet volkof! davno Ii~it viyil!il! zdriisluj! kitg fiyo! ! Qitivo! urpiQit rnitlivkojo pro~bo ! luI adna 4evu!ko I komn;}ti p;}Ju~it qimotit ! dii 1 kt6 ana 1 g4e rabOt;}jit 1
USSON 9
B. 11.11.
B.
171
11.11.
B.
10 A'll,
H3 a6pHKe.
3TO
xopowo.
NOTES
I Here ToaapHlll means comrade in the political sense, i.e., a party member. It is very common in official situations. however, for Soviet citizens to use tbe word (especially in the plural) without any necessary implication that persons so addressed are party members. A foreigner should never use TOBapHUI in addressing a Soviet citizen. TosapKlU is also used in the nonpolitical sense, meaning comrade or friend, but it implies a more casual relationship than ~PYr friend. One may have many TOsaplO1lH, but few Jqty3b1i. Both IJ.PYr and TOsapHUIl like npo4tkcop and CCKpe"ripb, are grammatically masculine, but may refer to both men and women:
XOpOllJUH ~pYr. OHa M6H XOpOllJHM ,D,pyr. TOB3pHut neTp6B 6bui J,D,ecb. TosapHw neTp6Ba 6blna 3.o;ecb.
2
Oil M6H
He's my good friend. She's my good friend. Comrade Petrov was here. Comrade Petrov (f) was here.
Students who work at factories and take correspondence courses have a priority in obtaining lodgings. The Soviet cry.a.ewr-13.6'IIUIK or cryAeIlT'K8-u6<nnma differs somewhat from the American correspondence-school student in that the latter does his entire work through correspondence. The Soviet correspondenceschool student must meet at least once or twice a year for laboratory sessions, summary lectures, consultations on future work, and examinations.
you coming from work? from a concert. from a dinner. from an exam. from a singing lesson. from a meeting. from the post office. from a lecture. you coming from the club? from the restaurant. from the theater. from the park. from the university.
J(J]yt)a? peCTopAHa.
172
USSQN9
3.
HeT, IU rYMa. HeT, H3 ropcost:"Ta. Ht:"T, H3 o6IJ.lCJKHTHH. Ht:"T, H3 6lt6nHOTeklt. Her, H3 na6opaTopHIJ.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3k3bteHa.
_ _ _ _ _ co6paHHJI.
_ _ _ _ _ _ neJrllHH.
_ _ _ _ _ pa66"".
_ _ _ _ _ cny,.6",.
4. n6CJ1e ypoKa nowen nOMOH. _ _ KOlillepTa _
I saw him before the lesson. _______ the concert. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ dinner (or noon).1 _ _ _ _ _ _ tea.' _______ the exam. _______ the meeting. _______ the lecture. _ _ _ _ _ _ work. _ _ _ _ _ _ work.
a"
_ _ co6paHH'
--'""-----_ _ 3K3<lMeHa _
5. CpaJy n6cne o6ena Mbl nOWlUt nOMoH. _ _ _ _ co6paHHJI _
_ _ _ _ _ nekI(JtH _
After __ __ __ __
the lesson he went home. the concert ~_ the meeting _ the tea _ the exam _ the dinner we went home. the meeting _ the lecture _ wo,k _
_ _ _ _ pa66.,...
_
~
_____ IIlkom"
6. 3TO NUl sac.
_ _ _ re6>i. ____ Rac. _ _ _ Hero.
_ _ _ Ree. _ _ _ HUx.
_ _ _ "'hool
This is for you. _ _ _ you.
_ _ _ us.
_ _ _ him.
_ _ _ he<.
_ _ _ _ them. We'll do it for ______ ______ _____ ______ Ivan. Nina. Professor Orlov. the teacher. the teacher.
_ _ _ H'C
_ _ _ re6>i
_ _ _ MeaJi _ _ _ Hero
_
_
_ _
_ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ him.
IIlX.<1e
, 06U is frequently used in tbe sense _ . Thus !W o6lJI,a may mean both o6i.M means both after dinn" aDd ofternoon. as well as in 1M afternoon. I 'fii is orten used to refer 10 breakfast or morning tea.
1Nfor~
diNtu and
1Nfor~
noon. Similarly,
LESSON 9
173
n.-.pa.
Y CCCTpbl.
Y HMHbJ. Y niJIH.
Y MapMH l1uaHOIHlbl.
Where did you eat dinner? At Nikolay's. At my brother's. At my sister's. At Nina's. At Galya's. At Maria Ivanovna's. Where are you from? From Leningrad. From China. From Moscow. From Europe. From America. From the U.S.S.R. Where are you coming from? From GUM. From town. From the store on the comer. From the library. From work. From the post office. From the factory. From tbe plant. Where did you get that? From the club. From the library. From the laboratory. From the factory. From the plant. From From From From From From From From From From From From whom did you get that? Professor Orlov. an American. Vladimir. Pyotr. Evgeny. whom did you hear that" the secretary. the teacher. my sister. Irina. Maria Ivanovna.
13. OTlcY.na Bbi HJI.CTe? -113 rYMa. - 113 r6poJI.a. - ..13 Mar33MHa a3 yrJly. - 113 6H6mto-rekH. - C pa66Th1.
- C nO'lThl. - C l)a6pHK:H.
C 3aBOlla.
14. Orxjlla Ubi :ho nOnY'fHnH? - ..13 XJJY6a. - ..13 6H6JIHO-rekH. - 113 na60paTOpuU. - C cfla6pukH. - C 3an6JI.a.
- Or cekpeTapJ:i. - OT Y'uhe.JUI.
-
Or cecrpbL OT I1pMllbl.
OT MapliH HBAH08Hbl.
LffiSON
74
17. Cue Balli J1,6M? - 6Kono m\pka. - 6Kono yHHaepcHTe-ra. - 6K01l0 Te3.Tpa. - 6K01l0 pecTOpalla. - 6K01l0 06we:HTHH. - 6IC01l0 no'fTbl. - 6kono <PA6pHICH. - - 6"0110 WKOJJhL - 6"oJJO 6H611HOTekH. 18. rJ1,e 6ItM,HoTC"a? - npOTHB Te3.Tpa. rJ1,e 06ute:lfrlle? - npOnfB napn. Cae xH6cx? - npOTHB peCTOp3..Ha.
Where's your hOUse? Near the park. Near the university. Near the theater. Near the restaurant. Near the dormitory. Near the post office. Near the factory. Near the school. Near the library. Where's the library? Across from the theater. Wherc's the dorm? Across from the park. Wherc's the newsstand? Across from the res taurant. Wbere's the theater? Across from the university. Wherc's the restaurant? Across from GUM. Wherc's the club? Across from the Library. ~ere's your house? Across from the school. Where's the store? Across from the post office. Wherc's the large haU? Across from tbe labor.. .t tory. Where's the school? Across from the factory. Where's the laboratory? Across from the auditorium. Did you ask about ______ _______ _______ ______ ______ _______ _______ dinner? borsch? tea? milk? fish? kasha? herring? vodka?
rJ1,e pecTopaH1- npOTHS rYMa. rJ1,e KnY6? - npOTHS 6H611HOTex.H. rJ1,e saw J1,6M? - npOTHB WICOJIhl. rJ1,e Mara;)HH? - np6THB nO<t:ThI. rne 601lhw6" 3an? - np6THS JJa60paT6pHlt. rne wx611a? - np6THs ~6PKJCH. rne 1Ia60paTOplUl?- npOTHB ay,lJ;ltTOp"H.
And how about the meeting? _ _ _ _ _ _ the composition? ______ a map? _ _ _ _ _ _ Iiterature? _ _ _ _ _ _ geography? _ _ _ _ _ _ an atlas? _ _ _ _ _ _ a briefcase?
_ _ _ pa66Th'?
LESSON 9
175
Pronunciation practice: hard consonants [k), [g], and [x) and their soft counterparts [~), [g), and ['I].
and
A.
loll
Hard consonants [k), [g), and before vowels [e] and Ii].
[xl
\:l. [gl.
Moscow
[skafl]
BHnxH
- B Kop66Ke ypOKH
lessons
Nikila Tsarapkin
[Ql~I.J
[can\p~in]
HHxuTa
UapfulJOfH
Russian hard [kJ is made in much the same way as English k except that there is nOI the slight h-like puff of breath typical of the English k. Sound Drill: Practice the Russian examples illustrating hard [k] and soft ~], imitating your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can. Notice that bard fkl occurs before [0], (aJ, lu], and [~J, whereas soft [k] occurs before [e] and (i). At the end of a word, only hard [k] occurs-never soft [~J.
B.
Hard [g) and soft counterpart [gJ Usual Cyrillic spelling r; sometimes
K.
(vgurpi]
rosopliT s rYMe
they say at GUM and compare it with soft [g]: [jivgeQij] [gil] EsreHHii Evgeny guide
rHJt
Russian hard [g) and soft [g] are made with the vocal organs in the same position as for hard [k] and soft [%.], but they are voiced.
176 LESSON 9
Sound Drill: Practice the Russian examples illustrating hard [g] and soft i], imitating your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can. Notice that hard [g] occurs before [0], [a], [u], and [~], whereas soft (g] occurs before [e] and [i).
C.
Hard [xl and soft counterpart [~J Usual Cyrillic spelling X; rarely r. Note the pronunciation of bard [x] in the foUowing:
[x:)ra~]
xopowo
3aJtO)llfTe
[,.",,~jlil
good come in
The sound [xl does not occur in English (though it does appear in Gennan ach, Bach, and Such, or in Spanish mujer and hijo). It is formed in the same part of the mouth as [k] and [gl; but, instead of completely closing ofT the air stream, tbe back of the tongue merely approaches the back part of the roof of the mouth SO that the air stream vibrates in the constricted passage thus produced. The soft counterpart [~] is produced slightly further forward in the mouth. Sound Drill: Practice the Russian examples illustrating bard [x] and soft ['I], imitating your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can. Notice thai hard [xl occurs before [0], [a], [u], and [~], whereas soft ['I] occurs before [e] and [i]. At the end of a word, only hard [x] occurs-never soft ['I].
4 3 2 _I
,,
lIa cnYx6e! Oun 6YJlH 113 3asOAe. QHa JlOCTana MaTeplla..n. Y HaC tcT... '1ail.
6"
..e 6b1J1
6"
He 6bl11 113
cny.6e.,
LFSSON 9
177
A. Listen to the tape and practice the intonation in the following emphatic statements.
B. Now practice these same sentences as questions. Remember that the rising.falling contour is neutral for questions and does nOl imply any special emphasis. 4 3
3 2 I
DHa KynHna MaTepuM! omiT.. TjT! H8aH B'iepa 6w.o c06paHlle! e rYMe! MapHJI lie 6LvTli Qner lUlBHO ooneH!
2
I Qua lCynillJa MaTtpHin 1 HBfrn omiTb *1 B'fepa 6btno co6paHHe? B rYMe? MapiUI He 6bU1a Qner ..QUUD 66neu?
D. Practice the following set of longer state ments with neutral intonation. Again the contour is falling and the primary stress is on the last stressed syllable of the utterance. 4
2
I
3 2
I bOPllC M6:lKeT :ho npHHeCTi'i. HHKOnaH 6WJ B'fCpa B 6H6nlfoTeKc. Qua CM6:lKeT OncPbITb J].II6pH. Qner XOTen npHHCCTH cnOBap... K03J16e 6bvl 8'1epA Ha 3aHJiTH.llX. QHa noii.n.e-r 33BTpa B JCnj6.
Qlla KynillJa M8TepHM. OmiTb TjT. H8aH 8'iepa 6bvlo C06paHHe. MapiUI lie 6bU1a B rYMe. Qner .naBu6 66neu.
E. Practice the same sentences, cbanging them to emphatic statements with a rising-falling contour and with the primary stress shifted to the second element.
4 3 2 I SOpHC HillWJ1lHi
QlUl.
3
2 I 3TO npHHeCTH! 6L1.11 B'fepa B 6H6nuoTeKe! CMO*eT ~pu! OTkPbrrb xoTin npHHecr:H C1IosaPb! 6W.'1 B"Iepa H8 JaHJiTHJlx! noi,nh 33BTpa B KJIy6 !
MO*eT
bOP"C M6lKeT 3TO opHHecTIi: 1 HHKOJIlIH 6bill B'lCpa B 6H6n1tOTel(c? QHa cMDlKeT oncpbrrb ,Q.Bepu? Qner xOTen npuHecrH C1IoBapb? K03J16B 6btn 8'iepa Ha 33.HJITHJlX? Qua noii.n.e-r 33.BTpa B UJY6?
LESSON
at at at at at
the door. the window. the table. the cupboard. the phone.
.s1
6brn y 6paTa.
_ _ yOnera.
_ _ yne-rp'.
_ _ y npo>eccopa Opnooa. _ _ y JI.pyra. _ _ yflboa.
___ __ ___ __ __ y HHKona.i1. y ceCTpbJ. y MapKIt HB:lHOBHhl. yr!UIH. yKonH.
__ __ __ __ _._ _ __ __ __
al al at at at at at at
Professor Orlav's _ _. a friend's _ _. Le... s _ _. Nikolay's _ _. my sister's _ _. Maria Ivanovna's _ _ Galya's _ _. Kolya's _ _
_ _ _ _ _ yHp......
_ _ _ _ _ Y MapK".
from Kollay.
from the teacher. from tbe secretary. from Irina.
_ _ _ from Maria.
_ _ _ from Galya. _ _ _ from Kolya.
_____ yranK.
______ '1
KOJlIl.
Y 6pa:ra.
Y Y Y Y Y Y M0Ka.
-yO"".
Y y66pmHllbl. Y :lKeHhi.
From whom did you find that out? From Professor Orlov. From my brother. From my husband. From Pyotr. From Evgeny. From the secretary. From comrade Alexeev. From my sister. From Olya. From the cleaning woman. From my wife.
Whom did you ask? Or Of whom did you inquire? Kirill. Vladimir. Tsarapkin. Volkov. Semyon Filippovich.
LESSON 9 J79
Y Y Y Y Y Y
y'UfTeJHI.
KaK
? ., ? ? ?
REPETITiON-DRILL
Repeat the above models after your instructor or the tape until you are familiar with the various y constructions illustrated.
CUED SUBSTITUTION DRILLS
1.
(window) There was a girl standing at the window. T: (OKHO) Y OKHa CTOlfna .nCBYWxa.
s:
2.
T: (Asepb) (Y) _ s: Y ~PH CTOtiJla ,lleBytUKa. (nOJIKa, CTon, IUKa4!, KapTa, TCJTeQJOH, OKHO, JtBepb)
3.
T: s:
T:
s:
(Pyotr) Have you already asked (or inquired of) Pyotr? (fleTp) 8bi)'}ICe cnpaWHBaJIH y neTpa" BN y~ cnpaulilBarlH y Derpa? (6nhra) (Bw) ? BN y~ CnpimHB8JlH YDJlbOl? (aHa, BJ1a,ltHMHP, OHH, HUHa, KOJUI, OH, KYPO'UCHH, llaaH HaaHoaH'I)
4.
(you) He left the briefcase at your place. T: (obi) 6R 3a6bUl Y sac nopT<P6m..
s: s:
(oHa,
T: (mill) (68)
II, ThI,
ee M)'JK,
DOpHC, I1pHHa)
1. They're at Professor Orlov's. Professor Orlov is at their place. T: Omi y npexpeecopa Opnoaa. s: npo4lcop OpJloa y mix. T: .sf y 6pfrra.
s: IipST y Memi. Mbl Y JIhRa HHKWrH'I8. 6H y rciJUI.
OIlH Y cecTpbi.
ORa Y )"IHTe.mr.
2. Kozlov was visiting Pyotr. Pyotr was visiting Kozlov. T: K03J16a 6bm Y neTpa. s: niITp 6WJI y K03Jlosa. T: K03JI6a 6bm y JIbBa HHKHTH'Ia. s: J[eB HHK1hH'I 6w y K03JlOBa. K6J1l1 6bm yranH. DpAT 6bm Y cecTpbl. Y':IlfTeJlb 6w Y)"IHTenhHHlI,bI. MapHll 6bU1a Y npoq,eccopa .
..st y ceCTpbi.
180
LESSON
QUESTiON~ANSWE!R DRILLS
Yes, and I [got itlfrom Irina. T: 3TO HpliHa .aOCTa.na? S: lit. a j y HpHuw. T: 3TO rWTeJJL nOCTa.n? s: At. a j y }'"IIiTe.u. (6paT, KronOB, Y'!HTeJlLUKQ.a, peKTOp, J1BaH, ee M)'I, nponasl1.lHUa. cel[peTapt>, JICB HmorrH'f)
2. Did Pyotr find that out ? Yes, and I [found DUll from Pyotr. T: ~TO ncTp y:Juan?
s: lU. a
T: s:
(MapKJI, B.n3,ltHMBp, ee 0CCTpa, CeMCHOB, era ",eHa, KoJUl, npo<peccop neTpOB, JIeB HHKHTH'f)
RESPONSE DRILL
(teacher)
T: s:
T:
s:
Whom did you ask? The teacher. (Y'fHTem.) Y Kor6 ObI CnpaWltBaJlH? Y y'tHTeJul. (Y'!HTeJILUHUa) Y lCor6 BM CnpaWHBa.IIJI? Y ruITeJlLIUUtLI. (aMepll..Il:aueu., ee M)'?K, y6oPlliHua. KoJUl, nJ>OlPeccop neTpOB, J1pHHa, r3JUl, JIeB HHIIfTH'I)
T: MapH$! "neT.
s: HtrrepC<:llo. K8K y aee npornen 3K:s.8MetI? (HHKonaH, Hpmla II OJUl, r3JUl, MBaH "BanoBlI':!, Mama)
1.
T: s: T: s:
(Kolya) Where's the briefcase? On Kolya's desk. (K6JU1) rne nopnp6nL? Y KOnH ua CTOJIe. (omi) rne nOpT<PCnL? Y au tta CTOJIe. (II, TLI, OHa, MLl:, Bbl, OU, rallll, HmconaH.
}"iHTeJlLHnua, }"iHTeJJb)
2.
(window)
T: (OIm6)
s:
T: (re.n.eqKm)
s:
DISCUSSION
The preposition y is always followed by the genitive case. Besides its use in to have constructions (e.g., y MetUI ecTL), it has several other functions. I. In a purely spatial sense with inanimate nouns, it indicates close proximity.
He was standing at (or by) the window. Wait at (or by) the door.
2. With nouns and pronouns referring to people, it designates a place in tenns of the person located there. Thus it functions like the French chez and may be translated 01 Ihe house (or office or place) of. Forms of the verb 6Wn. plus y often correspond to tbe English concept to visit.
I left the briefcase at your place. She was at her brother's or She was visiting her brother.
LESSON
181
3. Used with nouns and pronouns referring to people, and in conjunction with such verbs as ylHin, cnpawH8an., and 1l0C'J'lin., y indicates the source of a thing.
Y Kor6 8b1 3TO 1l0CT3nH? - Y Hpli:tt:.IoI. Y KOrO Tbi 3TO y:JHan?
From whom did you get that? From Irina. From whom did you find that out? From Ko/ya. Whom did you ask? or 0/ whom did you inquire? The secretary.
4. The use of y plus the genitive form of a noun or pronoun sometimes substitutes for a possessive modifier, especially if there is no real possession involved.
Prepositions meaning/rom:
MODELS
60 H,/lCT H3
83,
c, and OT
napKa.
_ _ _ JotJ TeaTpa.
_ _ _ HJ peCTOpaHa.
_ _ _ _ H3
yliHeepcm-en.
_ _ _ H3 06WC}lCHTHjl.
_ _ _ H3 6H6nHOTekH.
_ _ _ H3
na60paTopKM.
_ _ _ H3 WII:OJlbl.
_ _ _ co cnYx6bt.
_ _ _ _ c JlelCl..lHH.
____ c n6'1Th1.
6H nOJlj"lHn nHCbMO
She's coming from _ _ _ _ _ from _ _ _ _ _ from _ _ _ _ _ from _ _ _ _ _ from _ _ _ _ _ from _ _ _ _ _ from _ _ _ _ _ from _ _ _ _ _ from _ _ _ _ _ from
the concert. a lesson. the plant. dinner. the meeting. the factory. work.. work. the -lecture. the post office.
He received a letter from his brother. ________ from a friend. from Nikotay. ________ from his sister. ________ from his wife. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ from Olya. ________ from Maria.
182
LESSON
Ou
_ _
.ac
_
_
_ _ _ _ 0'1' Te611
REPETITION DRILL
us
you you _
_
_
Repeat the above models, noting that the preposition tl3 from is the directional opposite of the preposition 8 to, and that the preposition c.from is the directional opposite of the preposition H8 to.
STRUCTURE REPLACEMENT DRILLS
Ou
Ott
S:
'1':
2. They're going to the concert. They're coming from the concert. '1': OHM H).{jT ua KOuuepT. s: OtUi Ill\Yr c "OHlIipn.
'1':
Ou
S: OK ~ H3 peCTOpiHa.
OiiH H.AjT ua cnj:a:6y. s: Otui ttJJtr co enj:IC6Y. (aa ypoK, 113 no'fTy, ua co6paHHe, Ha 06e.n, ua la6pHXy, Ha 3JOaMeH, lIa pa60ry, lIa nenvuo)
Vladimir was in Moscow recently. Did you get a letter from Vladimir? '1': BJla.rtHMHP ne.nasuo 6w B MOCKU. s: By uoJl')"Ui.n.. OT Bna..o.iMHpa DHCbMO? '1': HpliHa ue,ll,3Buo 6blJ1a 8 MOCKBe. S: Bw UOJl)"OinH OT HPHIIW DHCbMO? (KUPIUUl, au, oua, OHM, 51, MbI, Carna,
HHua, ana)
.STRUCTURE REPLACEMENT DRILLS
She received a letter from Moscow. T: Olla nacmlila nHCbM6 8 MOCKBy. s: Oua UOJIrufn8 UHCbMO H3 MOCKBY. T: Omi nOCJlana nUCbM6 8 JIeHHHrpAn. s: OHa DOJI}"U4.sIa UHCbMO H3 JIetllllD"pW. OHa nocm'l.JIa llHCbM6 B AMepuKy. O"a nOCJlana mlCbMO B KHTait. Olla nQCJlan3 nHCbM6 B EBpOny. OHa llQCJlana nHCbMO B CCCP.
2. They were at the concert. They're coming from the concert. T: Oil" 6WJlH lIa KOlIuCpTe. S: OHa HJIYr C KOImcpn. '1': OHH 6butH 0 napKe. s: OuJi H.LIYr tl3 naPKa:
(0 6H6J1H<YreKe, lIa 4la6pHKe, Ha nO'lTe, D Mara.:mlle, Ha neKUllH, lIa 3K33MeHe, B peCTopalle, B TeaTpe, lIa C06paHHH, B 06WejKHTHJI)
LESSON 9
183
RESPONSE DRILLS
J1
6brn Y 6paTa.
R no e.m:nuan OT cecTpbI.
(y,a,pyra, y HHHbI, Y npotJx:ccopa Qpnoaa, y Cawu, y pcKTOpa, Y Hero, y uee. y uux)
2. The spoons are in the drawer. Take the spoons from tht: drawer. T: l10IDt B Jiw;uJ:e. s: Bo3bMli Jl6.-KH IIJ littuu..-a. T: JlOJKKH Ha CTOne. s: Bo3bMH JlO*KH co crom). (B wKa$y, Ha wKa$y, a Kopo6Ke, Ha c:ryne, Ifa nOJlKe, B nop'npene, B SllllllKe)
Whert: did ht: phone/rom? From Moscow. T: (Mocua) OncY.l.ta OH 3BOHKn? S: "3 MOCKabI. T: (JleuUHrp3.J:O QTXYJJ.a OU 3aOltHn?
(Moscow)
S:
(Mara3HH Ita
Ib JIetUIIII"p8.ll8.
yrny, ryM, ropcoBeT, }'HJfBepcHTeT, 06meJlQITMe, ropoA, UlKQna, 6H6nHOTeka)
RESPONSE DRILL
Oil
3BOIlitn C JaBO.ll8.
T:
6bin Ha CJIjx6e. s: Oil 380HIirI 00 CJtYc6w.. (Ra nolfTC, Ha pa60re, aa $a6pHke, Ha c.nyz6e)
On
My friend is in Moscow. I received a leiter from Moscow, T: M6H JJ.pyr B MocKBe. s: H 1l0JlY'llf:JI IlHCJ:.MO H3 MocKBbI. T: Moil: .l.tpyr B JleHHHrpa,ne. s: H noJl)"lliJI mtC1>MO 113 JI~. (a KHTae, B MocKBe, B EBpOne, B AMepHKe, B CCCP)
DISCUSSION
All three prepositions, H3, C, and OT, mean from, but each is limited in its sphere of usage: nOUDS or pronouns referring to people require OT, but for places and things "3 and C are generally is used with inanimate nouns which take the preposition B, whereas C is used with DOunS used. which take H:l.
"3
QHa HlIe-r ropoJt, QHa u,ae-r "3 rOpon. QHa u,acr 118 JleKUHIO. QHa HlIeT C nCKUHH.
She's going to town. She's coming from town. She's going to the lecture. She's coming from the lecture.
Notes I. The preposition c bas a variant fonn co, used before certain consonant clusters:
QHa HlIcr 00 CJt)0K6w.
Bo3bMH KapaHJ1am 00
CTOna!
She's coming from work. Take the pencil from the table!
184
U'SSON9
01'
OTO,
3. All prepositions are pronounced as a unit with the word that follows. Prepositions OT and "3, like most short prepositions, are normally pronounced withoul a stress: OT Hero [a~ivoJ. H:J ropo,tta [izg6r.x1.~J. When preposition c precedes a word beginning with another C, it is pronounced without a break as a long [s): c co6paHHII [ssabcl.Q.j~].
_ _ _ _ _ the exam.
_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ dinner. the meeting. the lecture. work. school. before before before before before the the the the the lesson. concert. exam. meeting. lecture.
_ _ _ _ _ _ paOOThL
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ WX01lbl.
Jl,nJl
Y'llfTeJlbHIHl,hI.
Who is this for? For mc. For you. For him. For her. For them. For you. For us. For the professor. For the teacher. napiSa. Where does he live? He lives opposite the _ _ _ _ _ _ the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the _ _ _ _ _ _ the _ _ _ _ _ _ the _ _ _ _ _ _ the _ _ _ _ _ _ the _ _ _ _ _ _ the park. theater. restaurant. dormitory. post office. school. factory. library.
LESSON
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ TeATpa.
----
<l>36p",,".
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6H6JlHoreKH.
185
rJlC OH" :ltCHBy,.? - 0H" :lIO-lBYT 6K0110 napKa. _ _ _ _ _ _ whpa. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ pccrop"<a. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ JaB6Jla.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 06Ul"""""".
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 06'111>1.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ lllK6mL
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4la6pH.lCl1. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 61i611lioreICIi.
KiK HaC'IeT XJ100a? _ _ _ _ 60pma ? _____ '1.i:ll:? _ _ _ _ _ MOJIOxa ? _ _ _ _ pw6b1? _____ K3.lUli? _____ ceneIlIC" ?
Where do they Jive? They live near the park. _ _ _ _ _ the theater. _ _ _ _ _ the restaurant. _ _ _ _ _ the plant. _ _ _ _ _ the dormitory. _ _ _ _ _ the post office. _ _ _ _ _ the school. _ _ _ _ _ the factory. _ _ _ _ _ the library. How about ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ _____ bread? borsch? tea? milk? fish? kasha? herring?
REPETITION DRILL
Repeat the given models, noting that aU six preposillons (n6cJJe, Jl,O, Mil, DpOTIIB, 010:000, and HaC'lfi) require the genitive form of the noun or pronoun following.
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
I. When did you see her, after the concert? No, before the concert. T: Kor,lU\ Bb! ee BMenH, o6cJIe ICoHuepTa? s: HiT,,lJ.o ICOlmepn. T: Kor.na BN ee BH,aeJtH, n6c.n:e neKUIiH? s: HiT, Jl,O Jle.a.u.. (nacne pa60Thl, nacne co6paHJUI, DOCIle lllJ:OJlhl, nacne ypon, nacne 06e,a,a, nOCJle CJlj':*:6b1) 3. Where did you wait, in the restaurant? No, on the corner near the restaurant. T: rAe BM:lK.ltA.mt, B peCTOp3.ne? s: HiT, ua ymy OKMO pecropaua. T: rJl,e Bbl~, B 6u6.nHonl:e? s: Hth, ua yrJrj 61.."000 6H6Ju1oTetcM. (na DO<rTe, BnaplCe, Ha .a6pHIe, Bropco-. BeTe, oa 3aBoJl,e, B UlXone)
2. Where did she wait for him, at the club? No, opposite the club. T: rIle OHa er6 :lK,UaJla, B iClIy6e? s: HiT, DpOTIIB KJlj6a. T: rIle OHa er6 :lKAana, B 6H6nHo-rel:e? s: HiT, npOTHB 6M6.rulonOOl. (Ha .a6pHKe, B 06ute:lDfTHH, Ha 3aBOAe, Ha nO<rre, B pecropaHe, B ayJtHTOpKH, Bna60paTopHH, B Uly6e) 4. Do you Jive near the park? Just opposite the park. T: BbI :lk"&eTe 6ICono napKa? s: Kale pal opOnm "apKa. T: BhI:lkH.BeTe 6Kono 1ll1:6Jlb1? s: Ku pal np6nm UlKMw. (OI:ono JaBo.na, oll:ono' Uly6a, 01:0.110 ropcoBeTa, Ol[ono 6H6JIHOTeDl, oKono pecTopaHa, oKono 06uteJlOITHJl, OKono WiTpa)
T: Kor.nA 6H 3BoIilln,,uo o6e.na? s: HiT, n6cIIe ooeJ],8. (Ao neKlUUf, .no pa6011>l, AO ICoHuepTa, AO ypDl:a, .no l(JIy6a, .ao CJlY:lK6b1, .ao
lIII:OJlbl)
5. When did he Ctl/l, before the meeting? No, after the meeting. T: Kor.aa 6H 3BOHKn,.nO co6p3HJUI? s: HiT, OOcne co6paHIUI.
186
LESSON 9
RESPONSE DRILLS
I. Where is he? We won't go without him. T: fae JlCe ou? s: Mw 6eJ Hero He uoii./leM. T: fae *e MpH-ita? s: Mw 6eJ I1pMHw He uoii~M. (OHH, KHpHJlJ1, OHa, Cawa, Oner)
rae OH?
K)'nKnK ll..JJ1I Henl.
s: MY no
fAe HHHa? s: MY no Kymin. ll..JJ1I HJOo.I. (aHa, KHpHJlJ1, ESreHMM, Anex<::ees, OHM, Mapwr I1sauoBua)
pW6w? T: 3ACcb M6:no XynHTb xneG. s: Kite YacYT xJle6a? (cene.IJ.XY, MOJJOkO, 'laM, cnoBapb, aTnac, xapry, pY'!Xy,CTon)
KaK HaC,,"
s:
office. 71te post office is over there, opposite the theater. T: Tearp BOil raM, npantB nO'IThl. S: no'lT1l ItOH "riM, npOTU Teli:Tpa.
T: JIa60paTopHJI BOU TaM, nponfB aYJUITOpHH. S: AY.lUlTOpMlI BON TiM. UpOTHB na60paTopHH. SH6nHoTeka BOlt raM, OpoTHB pecropilHa. 06ute*HTHe BOH TaM, npoTHB llIKOJlhl. lllKona BOH nlM, nponm 33.soaa. napK BOH TaM, npoTHB 4Ja6pHKH. Mara3HII Bon raM, npoTHB reaTpa.
s:
MbI GeJ re6li lie nou.a.cM. OHa 6eJ HHX lie nOi1,neT. Obi 6eJ lIac lie Iloiiucre. .sf 6e3 nero He 1l0H.uY.
Unlike most of the shorter prepositions, which are ordinarily pronounced with no stress, the prepositions o.-eno, npOTU, n6cne, and Hac..e-r are pronounced with stress. Although weaker than the stress of the word following, they serve to maintain the [0] vowel quality, which in the unstressed prepositions .10 and OT is reduced to [a] or [~]. Note, however, that if the speaker wishes to point up a contrast, even the shorter prepositions may be pronounced with a stress:
Were you there after the concert? No, before the concert.
LfS')ON 9 187
MO'lb
and
CMO'lb
IMPERFECTIVE PRESENT
R MOry
6n
Mhl
OTKPbITh OKHO.
Tbl MO"'CWh
MOlKeT
MO:lKCM
_
_
_
Bbl M6Jkcre
Onu M6ryr
IMPERFECTIVE PAST
6n fie
OHa HC Moma
OHHHcMornu
6"
He CMCI)ICCT
Mbl He
CM6)KCM
8bI He CM6"'CTe
ORH He cMoryT
I won't be able to go to the meeting. You }Von't be able _ He won't be able _ We won't be able _ You won't be able _ They won't be able _
PERFECTIVE PAST
__
He was unable to go to the club. She was unable _ They were unable _
REPETITION DRILL
Repeat the above models, observing particularly the replacement of the stem consonant r by l in the second and third persons singular and in the first and second persons plural. Note also the pattern of stress shift in both past and non-past forms .
SUBSTITUTION DRILLS
s:
Ji. 9
KapallJlawa.
(Olla,
2. 1 won't be able to get into the.building without a key. T: beJ KJIIO<[a R ue CMOry sOHni. B 3.naHHe. s: DeJ KJUO...a Ii He CMOf)' Bonii B J.Il.8JUle.
(Tbl, MbI, BbI, OH, $I, Olla, OIlU)
S: Myl lie CMor .Il.OCTan. Ko4e. (jxeaywKH, 011, Cawa, OHa, )Kella,
HDaHOB].f<[, CTy.neHTKH, BbI)
188
LESSON
QUESTiON-ANSWER DRILL
Were you at the concert, Nina? No, I couldn't go. T: H"Ha, Bbi 6WlH Ha KOIlu,epre? s: Her, Ii He CMorJla DOwn T: CAwa, ThI 6bvi ua x:ollu,epre? s: Ha, Ii He CMOr 110m.
RESPONSE DRILLS
He Morj
nom 8 KJly6.
T: Tw renepb 3aHllT.
s: Tw
3. I don't have a pencil. I can't write. T: Y MeHJi Her KapaH.Uawa. s: A lie MOrj IIHc8.Tb. T: Y Rac HeT x:apaH.Uawa. s: Rbi lie MO::eTe 1DIClin.. (y Hee, y HHX, Y Te6S1, Y Hero, y MeIDl,
y HHX)
4. My sister was sick. She couldn't work. T: Moli cecTp3. 6bU1a 6onbHa. S: OHa' He Monui pa60T8Tb. T: Moli MYJK 6bvi 66neR. s: OH ue MOr paOOTaTb. (:llCeHa H c:ecTpa, Mali 6paT, MOlt oCcTpbl, sax-rep, y60pLUKLJ.a)
5. She doesn't have a room. She simply can't get a room. T: Y Hee Her XOMHaTbi. s: QHa HIlKaK He MO..eT IlOJIY"IHn. KOMHaT)'.
T: Y MeHJi H6 KOMHaTbl. s: 9 HIlKax He MOrj llOJJ}"flfn. KOMHaT)'. (y Hac, y BHX, Y re6S1, y Rac, y Hmw:, Y MeIDl)
DISCUSSION
Only a small nwnher of Russian verbs have infinitives ending in -"110. All belong to the first conjugation, and all have basic stems ending in r or K. SO far we have encountered only MOIfh (imperfective) and CMO"llo (perfective) can, to be able. In the present-future of MQoo,. and CMO"IIo, the basic r of the stem is replaced by .. in the second and third pe~ons singular and in the first and second persons plural.
Compare with
Ji Mary
OHM
MOryr
Note tbat the stress is on the ending only in the first person singular: Morj, CMOfj; otherwise it falls on the 0 of the stem: e.g., MO::euIb, CMOllCeon., and so forth.
LESSON
189
In the past tense, the suffix JI does not appear in the masculine form, but does appear elsewhere. Ii li
li li
(Tl~,
Note that in the past tense the stress is on the ending. where there is an ending vowel.
Dbi
Did you already know about it? No, I didn't know. No, _ Have you already sent the letter? Yes, I already sent it. yes, _ Where did you work? I worked in a factory.
- Aa, y*e
jJ:
nocnana.
8b1 y.e noo6eJ],31IH? - Her, ~ emc lie o6e.uan. - Her, ~ ew.c He o6e.naJla. Dbl y:e nOCMOTpeJlH ec KOMllaTy? - He-r, ~ cw.e lie CMOTpeJl. - HeT, ~ cwe He CMOTpCJla. DbI CJlyrn31lH nCIUlHH B yaHaepcHTeTe?
Aa,
cnyrn31l.
JI
~ ~
REPETITION DRILL
Repeat the above models, noting that often (but not always) a past imperfective verb is used in a negative answer to a question using a perfective verb.
SUBSTITUTION DRILLS
I. Grant studied Russian at the university_ T: rp3.HT ruin PYCCKHH ~3b1K B }'HHoepCHTeTe. s: rpJiHT Y'f1U PYCCKHH RJblK B YJDIBep-
cKTtTe.
(Bbl, MM,
neHTM, KHplUlJl, .neBywKH,
2. He was asking where this building was. T: 6H cnpArnHBan, me 3TO mauHe. S: OR cnpituHaan, r.ne no 3roimre. (aHa, MY, 8.JJa.nHMHp, OpnoB, Marna, OHII)
190
LESSON 9
3. Orlov left your dictionary at my place. T: Opn60 ocn\alln aaw CJI0aapb Y MeHl1. s: Opnoa OC"riOHJI aam CJJOBliPb y Melui. (01111, Y'I"TeJ]b, .neoyrnKIl, OJUl, Carnal 5. I waitedfor you for a long time. T: A .n6nro BAc s: A ,llOnro sac ")lan. (Mbl, 011, Olla, OUII, Cawa, BJIaJUlMHp, .n.eayrnltll)
4. I wrote a letter home yesterday. T: A 8'1epa llanHclJl f11ICbMOllOM6ii. s: A o'lepa IlallHCU IIHCLMO llOMOi. (Mhl, EoreHIlH, Mawa, .n.eaywKH, )leB, SOPHC, 01111) 6. I already 8ubmitted an application for a room. T:.s1 'fA{e no.n.an 33JlBneUHe lIa K6MHaTy.1 s: R )'*f: rtOJlaJI 3aRBJlem.e tUl KOMHary. o;OPIIC, HuHa, OHII, OH, Bbl, MOM .upyr,
M",)
*.na.n.
1. She took the atlas from the library. T: alia 83JUla. ATnac H3 6H6JlHoreKII. s: OKli a3w llTJlac "3 6M6JlHOrit..,.. (MbI, Oil, HHHa, KllpHJIJ1, 01111)
T:
She wrote a composition. T: Olla xoroa lIanHcaTh co'UUlel:lHe. S: ONa NaDHcana CO"OlHeuHe. T: Oua xorena Kynrn nnaThe. S: OHli Kymlna ollline. (pllaTb pe3ynbTaThI, on:pbJn. OIrno. .nOCTaTb MaTepllaJI, nocMoTpeTh em pa60Ty, nllTh '1au) 3. They can buy the present. They bought the present. T: Oil" M6ryr KynHTb nO)lapOl's: OHR Kymtmf no,napoK.
2. He forgot to open the window. He opened the window. T: OH 336w on:PbtTb 0~1I0.
S: OK OTKpWn ~H6. T: On 336bui HanHcaTb CO'lMHeHlle. S: OH HaJDIcan CO~HHe. (cnpocHTb y Onera, OCTaBHTb y He(: no.uapoK, nOCJlaTb IlHCLMO, B3J1Tb CJlQBapL, ~ynHTb xnOO, .uOCTaTb Marepll3J1)
T: OIUJ: M6ryr cnpocHTb y BJI3.D.HMltpa. s: Ollii cnpocHJIH y BJla,QHMHpa. (3aMonaHTb CJI00e'lKO, nony'l"Tb KHJ.lTIl 1t3 MOCKllbl, 3TO c,nenaTl" nQCJl3Th mlcbMo)
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
A y*e IJOCMOTpina.
S: R y:e DOCM<rJ1tin.
cawa, n:1 lie XO"lCWb noo6e.uaTh B CTonoBoH? OnLra, He XO'lemb noo6C.naTb B CTonoaOH? CeMeH, Tht lie XO'lCWb KynHTb ICApTy KHTb? OJUl, ru He XO'leWb KynHn. dpry K>mI>o?
rn
I The masculine and plural romu have two possibk st.resses: 116.:uu (or JIO~) and suess on the last syllable only: 8OJlIJIi.
116~ (or
LESSON 9
191
2. Nina, have you already had dinner? No, I haven't yet had dinner. T: HltHa, ,,;, YJKe noo6e.o.aIla? s: HiT, eme He o6eAaJla. T: Komi, ThI: yx.:c noo6tnan? s: HeT, ewe He 06eaa1l.
"pUHa, ThJ }')ICC CnpOCltlla 06 :hOM? CeMeR, Tbt }')ICe cnpocl-in 06 3TOM? 6ml, ThI: }')ICe nOCMorpe.na en) paoory? 60pHC, Tbi }')ICt nOCMOrptn ern paoory? MKJ1a, n.i }')Kt nOJtYMana 06 :hOM? Blla.ztHMHP, n.i yx.:e nOJtYMaIl 06 iTOM?
4TEHl1E 11 nl1ChM6
~~~od~.~~17
~
c c C:r.
~,~, ~.J&
40WuY
ta,
~ ~ ~,
~~." ()::d
~,
ott-
f. <JU,f{k
~, '1W"
"" fU-
4W
~
(}f/-
+fA-
~ ~.m.cr~ .'!iiM- ~ ~, .
uU:
192
i' -
~ ~ ~? 31'h<r
Y fU'I.(r
fUiit-
~.
- 81~, ~
LESSON 9
~. -~ ~ ~.
>liU..
HeT, O)KHJt3eM H3 c!]e.ll,ytOmcH uencne. - A KaK H3C'iCT "J.1CTOpKH KwraSl"? "J..fCTOPWI KHTa.JI" Y Hac ecTb. BoT OH3. - A CKaJlCHTe. Kapra Espollbl y sac TOJKC eCTh? - )la, ceHlf3C npHHecy.
Y Bae CCTb'" -
eccp."
rAe
nell'
nowen
AOMOH. -
PaJBe
OH
Ja6b1n, 'fTO y
Hac
ceH'I3C 3K3aMcn? -
HaBcpHO
336b1J].
Mawa, oOOn
rOTOS? -
Eme
HCT. -
.sI
)'Xc
f13
rOJlo.o.CH. -
nO.ll,O)l(AH, nO:lK3JlyHcra,
It pbl6a.
MKHYTJCY.
Kama eute
He rOTOS3. -
'ITO
eme
o6c.ll? -
Bopm
py'lKy? -
rYMe? ~ Aa, Tom.KO 'ITO 6b1J13. - Tbl He 3a6blJ13 KymiTh BOT, .o.0C3,a3! 3a6w1I3. ~ A 'ITO :no B Kopo6KC? - nO.o.apoK WISt Tc6S1. BHAHWb,
06 3TOM 11 HC 3a6bJJ13.
It
orypUbl. -
It BHJIKH? -
Ka)KCTCJl,
J1a,
B lHlJ,HKC
nCT.
B IllKaepy
TO)l(C He BH)Ky. -
Tor.ua
nOCMOTp" Ha nOJIKe. -
J.1
~N9
193
LESSON
10
cy666Ta [sub6t~] B cy600ry [fsub6tu] 6yAYT (fut of 6wTb) niHllbI (sg nHeu) 8 cy666ry 6yAYT niHUbi.
.nOMa cu,nen. (II) li CH:y, ouH Cil.wrr BpeMJI (n) Becb (m), Bcli (I), B<::e (0) Tw Bee ep(:MJI Cu,n"Wh .nOMa. 31itta, Bee BpeMII CKJUtwb AOMa.
n:.
ph
Ha :lTOT p:b
.sf m06mo
TaHlleBaTh.
195
a. TW, BJlII,/lHMKp K
together all together Let's all go together! Let's all go together: you and I, Vladimir and Oleg! Do you know Oleg1 Slightly (/it. a little).
HeMH6ro,
>1 ero
HeMHoro 3HIDo. KyPc Ha OJJ,HOM KYpc:e Mbi: Ha O,ll,HOM KyPce. 3HaKoM Miulo Mbi: Mana 3HaKOMhl. Mw Ha 0J:ul0M" Kypce, HO M8JJO 3HaKOMbI.
napeHb (m) (pI napH") 8oJ10,!l,lll roBOpH'r, 'fT0 OH XOpOUlHH mipetlL, TOBapHlU no KOMHaTe Omi TOBaplllUH no Ko."IHaTe,
'-ITo
BC'tep (pi Be'{epa) Bc'{epoM cerOJJ.Hj/ BC'IepoM TbI llllnaeUib cerolUtll Be..epoM?
evening(s) in the evening this evening What are you doing this evening? film, picture, mQvie
!PHnhM
BO"Ha
w"'
peace; world I'm going to the movie War and Peace. They say it's good.
M"P A H.!ti" Ha
rOBOpfl, xopOlUHii.
196
LESSON 10
SUPPLEMENT
C HHM
c IItH~
8b1 8b1
C
Heil 3I1aKOMLoI?
C HHMll
HRM" 3H3K6Mbl? n03HaK6MHTb (pfv II) JI n03HaKOMJIIO, OllR n03HaKOMJlT .sf BaC n03HaK6MJ11O c neH. clO.na
C
6H
ItJle-r
CIO.na.
with him Are you acquainted with him? with her Are you acquainted with her? with them Are you acquainted with them? to introduce, acquaint I'll introduce, they'll introduce I'U introduce you to her. here, over [here}, this way, in this direction He's coming over (here]. to name I'll name, they'll name Name the days of the week! Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
ope"a
'leTBepr miTliHLl<l
cy666Ta
(sub6t~J
BOCKpecCHbC
TbI
3HHa
~in~
Ii fj6 vreljl' ji<liS d6m, j paj<l6m fsub6tu lldup j Vel j spajibo j lam fjigda lak sku!n, j
dii j n6 naet;)t
2 Her, cnacH60.
TaM BCer.na
TflK CKy"lHO!
KaTH 3 Aa,
H6 Ha :hOT pa3
cas (
6YJJ.yr
3HHa
TaHUbI. I
budut Hinci 1 tanci i el, drug6j, <lei, j I,neival ja lublu j paj<l6m f vljlej\i j
jii
.,
---
Ii vlaQirpir i ajek j
ti
I I
alcg,l znaji~ i
Note llult Russians consider Monday tbe Iirst day of the week and Sunday tbe last. Thi$ i$ rdIcctod in (be names: n6ptUU< (from nop6i ~rond), ~ (from 'leT1lipn.li./ouT/h). and ~ (from .Jrrwifi!'").
LESSON 10
197
3UHa
6 HeMuOro.
Qimnog::l !
Mw Ha OAHOM KyPce,
HO ManO 3HUOMbl.) KaTX
mi nOJadnom
ktir~i !
no rnal:J znakonll !
va1~::1 g::lvarit
7 BonoJVI r080pHT,
'iTO OH XOPOWHH napeHb. j OH" TOBapHIUH no kOMHaTe.
I
L
3uHa
8 YBH.o.HM.
Tax 3Ha't.HT, B Cy600Ty? Bo CKOJlbKO?
uyi 4im I
tagzoa~it fsubOtu !
KaTX
9 B
AeB~Tb.
I !
~ivodQ::I yetir::lm!
J1
NOTES
Tam.... is ordinarily used in the plural unless a specific type of dance is referred
to:
Compare with
2
In Russian it is correct and not at all impolite to start with oneself in referring to a group:
nOiiJJ,CM Bee BMecre: Ii, N, BnamfMKp H OJIl~;'-.
Russians do not put a comma aner the next to the last item in a series if the conjunction H precedes the last item. If the H is omitted, then the comma must be used: Ii, ThI, BmV1I6f1IP. Oner. In the expression Ha onum. KYpce. the noun Kjpc is used to mean class year (comparable to such terms as freshman or S()phomore). Kjpc can also mean course, as in KyPC HcrOPHH history course.
J
Bo.rrOLUI is a nickname for BJlaMMHp. Similarly, KaT'll is short for EK8repma. and 3ICHa for 3MH8.MAa.
, The word mipeub boy, lad, or fellow was formerly restricted to a country or working-class boy. Since World War 11 its usage has been extepded to refer to any young man.
Oner
.aYMDeT
noiiTH
B KHHO
movies, cinema to the movies, at the movies Oleg is thinking of going to the movies.
198
LESSON 10
'Hl1'inb (I)
Ii
41'0 1'bl
'I1lTllcwb?
to read I read, they read Whal are you reading? What are you reading, history?
Eugene Onegin I'm reading Eugene Onegin.
verses, poetry You don't say! Poetry! I'm reading War and Peace. Well, I'm reading War and Peace now. novel that novel, this novel I love that novel. it, him many times I've read it many times. a film is playing (or showing) There's an American film showing at the movies. Incidentally, there's an American film showing at the movies. Incidentally, you know, tbere's an American film showing at the movies. Incidentally, you know the American film War and Peace is showing at the movies.
I want very much to see it. Yes, I know. I want very much to see it.
.st
poMan
31'01'
poMaU
POM,".
A mo6.'nO 31'01'
MII6rQ plb
)1: MH6ro
lI.neT iPlinbM B KIIHO H.neT aMepllXaucKHH iPlinbM. KcT3.TII, e KHIlO lflJ.eT 3MepHK3.IlCKIIM iPlinbM. KCTaTH, JHaeWb, e lomo lflJ.eT 3MepHK3HCKH"iPKnbM" KcTiiTIl, Jltaam., B ..1100 ltlI,eT
8r.tepHKauCKHii Cllim.M
.Bowa II MMp
IIOCMOTpe-rb.
Kor.n3.
1i:
tomorrow evening, tomorrow night Zina's going tomorrow evening. I heard Zina was going tomorrow evening. ['11 go tomorrow. too. Really? Tben I'll go tomorrow, too.
A To",e
lla?
LESSON 10
199
SUPPLEMENT
C~HTaTh (I) ~itat]
~itaju, C~'IT3.IO, C~'ITaIOT
Ritlijut)
OWl"
ADa
to count, consider I count. they count from one to ten Count from one to tcn! one
two
Tpli
~eTbipe
three
fOUT
min
five
wccn
ceMb saceMb
'" seven
eight mne ten
Sbi noe.neTe?
.neSlITb .necRTb
"'c
Bo
CK6111>KO
B 'lac. B JlB3..
B .nessrn". B .necATb.
hour, o'clock, one o'clock At what time will you go? At one [o'clock]. At two. At three. At four. At five. At six. At seven. At eight. At nine. At ten.
"RHO
O. -
Ollcr
B.
3n,p3BCT8yit:, OJler!
O. 2 Her,
EBreHHJI OuenlHa. I
B.
vot kilk
Sli~i 1
I I
o.
4.st mo6mo
:hOT pOMaH.
10
B.
kShl\i zDajis!
f\inc ilia' I
arpirikans~ij
film
.vajna i Jllir
O.
6 ,llA,
3l1alo. >1 O'leHb xO'ly ero nocMoTpeTb.
B.
O.
8 3aBTpa
RrIH
B.
nOClle33BTpa.
9.st CJlbIllJan,
'ITO 3H:Ha H,neT 3aBTpa Be'lepOM.
O. 10,llA?
Torna si TO}l(e noi:t,ny 3aBTpa.
NOTES
1 (<.EBnlmlii OllerHHH is Alexander Push kin's (1799-1837) famous novel in verse, written during the 1820's. Note that titles of books, movies, plays, and so forth are declined in Russian unless preceded by the nouns book, movie, play, and so forth.
Compare with
Ji Ji
I'm reading War and Peace. I'm reading the novel War and Peace.
Do you know _____ _____ ______ ______ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ Do you know _____ _____ _____ _____
Oleg? Evgeny? Kirill? Tsarapkin? Alexeev? Lev? the secretary? Kotya? Volodya? Galya? Nina? Maria? Irina Petrovna?
_ _ _ _ CArny?
_ _ _ _ Kamo? _____ BOJlO)lIO?
_ _ _ _ rinlO? _ _ _ _ HHHy? _ _ _ _ MapHlO?
- - - - c - Sasha? ,
LESSON 10
20J
_ _ _ _ upo4J<coopa Opn6sa
_ _ _ _ EBreulUl
_
_
_
_
_ _ _ _ Mapmo
_ _ _ Hm.y _ _ _ ramo
_
_ _
_ _ _ _ I1p>iHy nOTJ)6'Hy
4. YT6 Dbl 'fUT3.eTe?
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Boris Mikhailovich Vladimir _ _~ Professor Orlov Evgeny the secretary Teacher Smirnov Kolya Volodya Sasha Maria Nina Galya Irina Petrovna
_ _ _ _
~
_
_
_ _ _ _ _
POM8..H.
CTHxH.
tEBreHIUI OHt~nlHa t. c60puca fOJJ.YH6Ba . cA6KTOpa )KHB3.ro . eBoHHj Ii Mlip .
5.
Poetry. Eugene Onegin. Boris Godunov. Doctor Zhivago. War and Peace. Anna Karenina. History. Geography. I'm very fond of tea. _ _ _ _ _ bo=h. _ _ _ _~ bread. _ _ _ _ _ nUlk. _ _ _ _ _ _ cucumbers. _ _ _ _ _ ",hi. _ _ _ _ _ kasha.
_ _ _ _ _ fish.
. ____ orypu w
_ _ _ mHo
_ _ _ Kamy. _ _ _ pbl6y.
____ ceJlC,llKy.
_ _ _ _ _ _ berring. Next week I'll be in Moscow. _ _ _ you'll be _ _ _ _ ho'll be _ _ _ _ wo'll be _ _ _ _ you'lI be _ _ _ _ thoy'll be _ _
I'll be reading Eugene Onegin. You'll be _ Ho'll be _ Wo'li be _ Vou'll be _ Thoy'li be _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6H
6y~OT
__
7.
Mw
Bw
6y~=_~
_
_
OUM 6YAyr
202
LESSON
10
8.
.s1 111061110 TaHUeaaTb. Tbi JII06HWb _ _~ QHa m06HT _ MhI 1II06HM _ Bbi: 1II06H"re _ Omi JlJ06lIT _ .s1 see
Tbi 6H MbI BbI Qmi
apeMjI CmKY.noMa.
CH.ltHlllh_.
I love to dance. You love _ _. She loves _ _ . Welove _ _ . You love _ _. They love __ .
I sit (or stay) home all the time. You sit (or stay) _ He sits (or stays) _ We sit (or stay) _ _ You sit (or stay) They sit (or stay) _ I'll see him this evening. You'll see _ She'll see _ _ We'll see You'll see _ _ They'll see I aJways see her at the theater. Vou _ """ _
9.
_ _ _ _
.1t
Bcer,n3. TbI:
ee BU:lKY B -rea-rpe.
BH.n.mub _ _. BH..rtm_ Bm.HM _
6H
Mhl Bbl Onu
BHJurre
ali.wrr
_
_
_ _
_ _
12.
Kj"n.llT
_ _
BbiOCTMHTe
Omi OCTaBlIT
14.
_
_
I'll leave the briefcase at the club. You'll leave _ He'll leave _ We'll leave _ You'll leave _ They'll leave _ I'll ask Lev about it. You'll ask _ _ He'll ask _ We'll ask You'U askL-_ _ They'll ask _ What day is today? Today is Sunday. _ _ _ Monday. _ _ _ Tuesday. _ _ _ Wednesday.
.st cnpowy 06 .:hOM y nbBa. TbI: cnp6cHwb _ OR cnp6cm_ Mbi: cnp6cHM _ Bbi cnp6c1tTe _ Qmi cnp6c1lT _
.a,eHb?
Cero).{H1I: BOC"peceHbC.
_ _ _ _ _ nOHc).{el1bIUlK.
_____ STOPH"".
_ _ _ _ cpe).{a.
LESSON 10
203
_ _ _ _ mrnUUla.
CerOAHSI "leToepr.
_ _ _ _ cy666Ta.
16. nOH.aCM
B BOClCpeceHbC B
Today is Thursday_ _ _ _ Friday. _ _ _ Saturday. IC./IY6. Let's go to thc club on _ _ _ _ _ _ _ on on _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ on _ _ _ _ _ _ _ on _ on on _ She stayed home all _______ all _ all _ all _ all _ all _ _ _ _ _ _ all Sunday. Monday. Tuesday. Wednesday. Thursday. Friday. Saturday.
_ _ _ B nOHC.llenbHllX _ _"
__ see ne-ro
_ _ BCK>
Bee YrPo
3RMy
HClltJlIO
_
_ _
"
__ octO
__ Bee OpeMSI
[~],
[z], [C],
Some consonants occur without soft or hard counterparts. Three consonants are aJways pronounced hard: ~], [il, and [c]. Three are always pronounced soft: [~], ~], and (j]. A. Hard consonant (SJ Usual Cyrillic spelling
tu;
also
jk,
tub,
or )Ie".
[~]
Ua ,IBoII
[maW]
The Russian consonant (S] is always hard. It differs from the corresponding English sound (usually spelled sh in words like shop, crwh, and bush) in that the tip of the tongue is curled slightly up and back, and the sound is made farther back in the mouth.
Sound Drill: Practice the Russian examples illustrating (S], imitating your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can. Remember that even when Cyrillic e, M, and .. are written after ru, they ace still pronounced hard.
204 LESSON 10
B.
Hard consonant [fl Usual Cyrillic spelling *; sometimes *lo. Note the pronunciation of hard [ll in the following:
[final
[naslut~;]
lKeua
Ha CJTYc6e
wife at work
Russian [ll is a hard consonant formed with the tongue in the same position as for ~], but it is pronounced voiced. It is similar to the English .r in leisure and pleasure, except that the Russian sound is made with the tip of the tongue curled up and baek and is produced farther back in the mouth. (Russian [ll is articulated in approximately the same position in the mouth as American Engljsh r.) Sound Drill: Practice the Russian examples illustrating [i], imitating your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can. Remember that even when Cyrillic e, e, and" are written after )1\, they arc still pronounced hard.
C.
It.
['Ioc]
arypubl aTilt
The Russian sound [c] is like the Is in English cats. and in the foreign-derived words tsetse and lsar. The tip of the tongue touches the gum ridge behind the upper teeth. It is always pronounced hard. Sound Drill: Practice the Russian examples illustrating eel, imitating your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can. Remember that even when Cyrillic e and H are written after It, they are still pronounced hard.
D.
'lb.
[~l
in the following:
[napOttu]
(Ie;..] [6CiQ]
Russian [l:] is formed much like English ch in cheap or chin, but without the puff of breath which occur.; with English ch in the above words. Sound Drill: Practice the Russian examples illustrating [l:], as well as Ihe paired sets contrasting (l:) and soft (tJ, imitating your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can. Remember that even when Cyrillic a, 0, and yare written after It. they are still pronounced soft.
LESSON 10 205
E.
sometimes
Il.lL
or
C'I
(rarely
iK)],L).
[~]
in the following:
[bMt]
[nascot] Uascik] (Ri!Co]
oopw lIaC'leT
Jiu.r.J.l'K
nJiUla
The Russian sound represented by [scI is pronounced either as a long soft lS] or as a soft {~] followed by a [el, also soft. It ~ounds something like the sch in English mischief, pronounced rapidly with sh instead of s. The sound [sc] is considered soft in the Russian sound system and has no hard counterpart. Sound Drill: Practice the Russian examples illustrating long soft [~cJ, imitating your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can. Remember that even when Cyrillic a and yare written after Ill, they are still pronounced soft. F. Soft consonant U]1 Note the pronunciation of soft U] in the following:
UaJ
[mojl [d';lsyida(lj';l] [angin';ljJ
MOi1
I my
.0:0 CBHJl:aHH.II
al-lI'lIHoi1
Russian UJ is pronounced much like the English y in you and boy, except that the Russian sound is made with the tongue much tenser and more elevated, particularly after a vowel. Russian U] is considered a soft consonant and has no hard counterpart. Sound Drill: Practice the Russian examples illustrating instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can.
OJ,
imitating your
6H 3,o:ecb.
ArtCKceeB y ce6}j.
BJla.o:m.mp y TeJIe$oHa.
, In the Cyrillic writing system, the consonant sound is ordinarily expressed by the separate letter ii after a vowel only when there is no vowel immediately following. i.e., at the end of a word or just before another consonant: r.toii fm6jJ. "Tp6iiKa [tr6jk:l]. It is most often tJl:pn:ssed through usc of the soft-series vowel letters, particularly at the beginning of a word or between vowels: Ii [j<i). 111010 [maju].
206
LI.'SSON I 0
all B
B,imm B WKa~lY. Olll) 8 Mara3HlIC. A.TJlaC Jloporoli. MOCK&e. nOH.n.Y nOCMoTpIO. B6T pecTOpaH. B'lcpa 6bui: KOm.-CpT.
The forks are in the cupboard. She's al Ihe slore. T'hc atlas is expensive. He's in Moscow. I'll go take a look. Here's the restaurant. Yesterday therc was a concert. We have borscb. She's sick now. Tbe custodian stood at the door. We've already had dinner. He's in Moscow now. I have a small favor to ask. She works at a factory. Pm coming from work. Put in a good word for me. Thanks very much. We're old friends, after all. I haven't seen you in a long time. She has bought a dress again. He's completely well now. We drank tea awhile ago. Nina stood in line a long time. One has to wail so long. Alexeev works there, after all.
all
all
B. Review of questions with falling contours (question-word questions). KTO TAM? KTO cnpaWIlSaeT? f.ae B3XTep? rIJ.C KHOcK? \.ITO :lTo? KYlla H,lJ,eWb? 3a'lCM cneWHTh? KaK HHHa? Who's there? Who's calling? Where's the custodian? Where's a newsstand? What's that? Where arc you going? What's the hurry? How's Nina? Where was she? Who was standing there" What's that in the cupboard" Whom did you go to see? What were you doing? Who's that talking? Where are they hurrying to? Where are you coming from? What's your burry? Who was he asking about? What's for dioner today? What did Kozlov write about? Where are you going in such a hurry? What are you doing now?
r.uC owi 6bJJJa? KTO TaM CTO,jJl? 4TO 3TO B WKa<py? Y Koro Rbi 6b1J1H? 4TO Bbi .ae.na..rlH? KTO 3TO rORopJiT? Ky.aa omi CneWaT? Orkj.aa abl: H,llere? ]a "eM Te6C cnewHn. ? KOM OH cnp<lluHBa.Jl? 4TO cerO.a1lJl: ua 06e.a? 'IeM HaDHcan K03Jloa?
LESSON 10
2fY7
What's that in the corner there? Where did you get that? How about dinner now? Wbere did you get that? From whom did you learn that? What do you need these notebooks for? Where's OUf chancellor slanding? How did your lesson go? How about an atlas then?
What did you see there? Whom did you see there?
_ _ _ _ _ ",60 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .r6 _ _
_ _ _ _ ee
_ _ _ _ _ HX
_
_
R
_____ 8a. _ _
__
CnpocJhe em, ttftlt npoHTH
~ee
_____ Ha.--
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ us.
_ you. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ them.
filM.
lix
He CMOTpH
H3
_
nero!
Ask him bow to get to GUM. _h.r _ _ them _ Don't look at him (or it)! _~ ber (or it)! _ _ _ _ _ tbem! Put in a good word for me! _ _ _ _ _ _ _ for him! _ _ _ _ _ _ _ for her! _ for us! _ for them!
CJ10BelfXo!
_
_ _
REPETITION DRILL
Repeat the above models, noting that the accusative is like the genitive for all personal pronouns and KYO, but that 'ITO has an accusative like the nominative. Note also that afier prepositions the third person pronouns are Hen>, Hee, and mix; otherwise they are erG, ee, and Hx.
STRUCTURE REPLACEMENT DRILL
Ask Ivan NikoJoellich [to cornel to the phone. Ask him [to come] to ,he phone. T: nonpocJhe MBalia HH.K011aCBH'la k TeJlel6uy. s: nOnpocMTe en> " TeJle4l6trY.
208 LESSON 10
T: nonpociITe rwJO IC TenecP6Hy. s: noopoaiTe ee II: Tene+6tY. (saXTcpa, BonoJUO, HHHy, Mapmo nCTPORHy, EBreHWI, Kano, 3HHy, neTpa, HHko11ajl)
QUESTiON-ANSWER DRILL
{Bawe nepo, Baw 110)4(, Barna kHHT'3, BaWH TeTpa.nKH, BaUJH CJJOBapH, Bama pa60Ta, Barn aTnac, Baw nopTlj)e.nb, Bame co'(HHe"He, BautH KlIK>'II1)
s:
H: ee 3a6blJ1 ,nOMa,
RESPONSE DRILLS
1. Ah, there you are! We've been expecting you for a long time. T: A, BOT BY! s: MY DC AaBHO otllJ.Uie.'K. T: A, BOT ThI! s: MW n6li lUl8HO O*Kl1aeM,
(OHa, OHM, KoJUl, y60pll(HU3., }"IHTeJIh CeMeHoB, HHHa, 01lbra nellJOBua, neB HHXHTH'I)
nnaThe.
S:
s: r.ne RW ee JlocriJOt ?
.naw,
orypl..(bl, Pbl6a, KlUtfM, nOPTlj)e.nb,
TeTpa.AH, C1IoBapb)
4. Zina isn't ready yet. Wait for her. T: 3Hua ewe He rOTOBa.
S: no,ll,O:JU4 ee,
s: g ee BKAeJI.
(TbI, 011, BbI, OHH, HmonaH, TBO" cCcTpbl,
T: R Cute He rOTOB. s: no,/l,O:llC)Ut Memi. (MbI, Oner H 3HHa, 6paT, OHa, cecTpa, OHI1, TBOR *ella, on, TBOR M)')K)
Oil TYr.
s:
Mw ero o~eM.
TYr.
s: TbI: ee :J1I8etUb ?
(l1plllla, KOJ1Jl, K03110B, MOll 6paT, MOll cecTpa, MOil 6paTLR, MOll ceCTpb.l)
T: Y'{llTeJlbHHLU>J ewe IICT. s: Mbi ee o*HAAeM. (IIX, Komi, HHKOJla.sr, nponaSWHll,hl, ero, npoq,eccopa, CeMcHoa3 Hero )Kenbl)
8. We saw the factory.
Mw 8H.D.eJIli 3aB6J.1,.
qTO BbI: BJiAeJlH?
s:
Barny
ee
6pa:ra, 6H6nHOTeKY,
Y'llITeJISI,
DISCUSSION
The accusative of personal pronouns and ICTO has tbe same fonn as tbe genitive. Tbe accusative of 'ITO, however, is like the nominative.
LfSSON
10
209
NOM
MelUi
Tbl
OH,
OliO
OHa
M';'
Dbl
ami
H6
'iTO
ACC
-..6.
era
(Hero)
ee (Hee)
lIac
. .0
OX
(nux)
Kor6
.w
The alternate fonns. Hero, Hee, and HHX, are used only with prepositions: nOCMOT'pIi Ha Hero! Look at him! Ja.\fOllBNTe 3a Nee ClJO&e'IKO! Put in a good word for her!
Boris.
Vladimir. Professor Orlov. Evgcoy. Nikolay. Kolya. Volodya. Sasba. Irina. Maria. Lyubov.
Tea.
Milk.. A map of China. Fish. Herring. A notebook.
Where did he go? To class. To a concert. To the club. To the park.
B Kny6.
B napl(. Ha co6paHue.
B 06lUe)lOtTllc.
Ha cPA6pHKy. B wKony.
B 6H6JlHOrelCy.
To To To To
B na60paT6pHIO. Ha neICllHJO.
210
LESSON 10
Bo BTOpHHK. B cpCA)'. B 'leTBepr. B ruhHHUY. B cy666Ty. oeCb ll,eHb. BeCb se'lep. Bee YTPo. Bee JIeTO. BCJO 3HMY. BCJO seeny. BCJO Ocelli... BCJO He.t\e.mo.
On On On On On
Tuesday. Wednesday. Thursday. Friday. Saturday. all all all all all all all all day. evening. morning. summer. winter. spring. autumn. week.
.si 6y.o:y y uHX ______ _____ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______
REPETITION DRILL
I'll be at their place ________ _______ ________ ________ _______ ________ _______
Repeat the given models, noting that the accusative singular is like the nominative singular except for: I. Animate cyon-nouns, which use the genitive singular endings. 2. )Kwa-nouns. which have the endings -y and -10 in ~he accusative singular.
(Oleg) T: (Oner)
Do you know Oleg? Bb"13HaeTe OJlera? s: By 3UaeTC OJlera? T: (np.ccop OpJlOB) (Bbi) ?
S: Bb"I 3l1ac..-e npocflCc-
(HUKOJlall. Y'lHTeJIb, CeMeHos, ero ceCTpa, aMcpmcaHeu rpaHT, CallIa, CTY,lI.CHT K03J10B, EBrcllHH, ero TOBapHlU, ccKperapb)
oopa
RESPONSE DRILLS
Opm~oa?
1. We have no bread. I bought bread today. T: Y ",ic BeT XJIe6a. s: cero.ll:JUI KymiJI XJlOO. T: Y Hac HeT 'laR. S: cerONul KymiJI "laM. (neT pbl6bI, neT MOJIOK3, HeT K<><Pe, HeT ceJ1e)J)(H, nCT aTJlaca, HeT CJlOBapR, HeT KapTh! EBpOIIhI)
a a
2. There's Professor OrJov over there. I know Professor Or/ov. T: BOH TaM upcxpeccop OpnOB. s: lH1bo npocflCccopa OpmlB8. T: BOH TaM JII060Bb neTpOBlla. s: a llflbo Jbo668b neTp08ny. (BoJlO)])l, KypO'lIOtH, DOPUC MHxaiirIoBH'l, I1pmla J1BaHosna, Komi, ero ccKpeTapb)
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
2. Was the exam on Monday? No, on Tuesday. T: 3JOaMeH 6bu1 8 lIOHeJl:e.nbHHK? S: HliT, 80 BTOpUHK. T: 3K3aMeH 6bIJI ao BT6plillK? s: HeT, B cpeJJ.Y. (s cpeJt.y, II 'leTBepr, a nRTHHUY)
LESSON
10
211
RESPONSE DRILLS
I. Where's the park? I want to go to the park. T: rjJ,e mipx? 5: A xo'fj IIOiiTH mlpK. T: rjJ,e 06me"'HTHe? s: A XO'fY nom B06ll.le:t(H-rKC. (rYM, 111Kona, <pa6pHKa, Kny6, 60IlhWOH 3an, 6H6J1HOTeKa)
2. Maybe Kalya heard about that. Ask Katya. T: M6lKeT 6hm. Kan ClIbnuana 06 nOM. s: CopoctiTe KaTlO. T: Mo",eT 6b.lTb ]JeD ClIbiwan 06 nOM. s: CnpocH-rc JIbB8.. (1110608b nCTpoBHa, EBrellllH, npo<Peccop KYPO'lKIIH, ITeTP Hoanoolf'l, ero TOOaplDlt no "OMHaTe, OJUl, }"urreJlb CeMeHoo)
4. Over there is the unil'ersity.
3. Nina and Katya were there. I saw only Katya. T: TaM 6WlH HUlIa If KaTR. s: A BN.a.eJJ TOnbKO KaTlO. T: TaM 6bIJlH Opnoo H KYPO'lKIUI. 5: A BHJJ.eJJ TOJlbKO KYpo'IKHlIa. (Bonon)! " OJler, 6paT " cecTpa, Onjl II HIIKOJlaii, CTy,D,CH1' If CTy,D,ellTxa, y60ptUIILta If Daxrep, M}'JIC If ",eRa)
DISCUSSION
rye already seen the university. T: BOil T3.M ymmepcmtt. S: y:e BliJJ.eJJ )'HHBcpclITer. T: BOil TllM 06tUooITlte. s: y*e BH.ueJJ 06ute*H-rKe. (nO'lTa, na60paTopltjl, ,ll,Bepb, 3jJ,3HHe 6116J1l1ore,,". ee "OMlla1"4, KX aymfTOpIDI, Mara3HH)
a a
Only ito:eHa-nouns and animate CTM-nouns have accusatives which differ from the nominative. Animate CToJl-nouns have accusatives exactly like their genitives. )Kella-nouns have accusatives ending in -y (for nominatives ending in -a) and -10 (for nominatives ending in -H).
NOUN ENDINGS IN TIIB ACCUSATIVE SINGULAR
cron-nouns Inanimate (same as nominative) CTOJI nopTcj>Cnb KapaHnaw Animate (same as genitive) K03J100ft Mf,oKa YKpaUHUft jlxYra
n~pa
*eHa-DOUns
-y and -10
OKIIO ,D,eJlo
rYM
TaneU <pKtlbM KHTaH yroJi
Mo
nepO
co6pilHile CO'lHHeHHe ru"hbC neHRe
hnac
)KellY ceCTpY 3URY y66putllltY K6.ntO rantO nejJ,e.ntO Kano Bon6,/l,1O I1CTOPiltO
A few It(eua-nouns with the stress on the ending in tbe nominative singular shift the stress back to the stem in the accusative singular. Compare 3tl\ta with 3N.\f)' winter, cpeLtli with cpeJJ.Y Wednesday. and llOCKa with lJ.OcKy board.
212
LESSON 10
Summary remarks. The accusative functions primarily to indicate thc goal of a verbal action, i.e., the direct object of a transitive verb. Used in conjunction with such prepositions as a and tla, it indicates the goal to which the action is directed. . The accusative is also frequently used in expressions of timc, where it may occur either with or without a preposition, for example, B Cy660Ty, Ila hOT pa3, acw 3H:My. When used without a preposition, it indicates the complete span of time encompassed by the activity.
Second conjugation verbs with a stem consonant change in the first person singular present-future
Obi
~aBH6 3~CCb
)la,
Bee
Have you been sitting here long? Yes, I've been silting here all morning. Will you see Nina tomorrow? Yes, I will. Ask him lO the phone. O.K., I'll do it right away. Ask Kurochkin about that. I'll ask him tomorrow. What are you going to buy at GUM? I'll buy a present for Nina. Do you Ii ke tea? Yes, I'm very fond of it. Where will you leave the key? I'll leave it in the drawcr. Will you introduce me? Yes, I will.
- st
- >1
-
r.uc
- st
- .nil,
REPETITION DRILL
Repeat the above models, noting that there arc two types of change which may take place in the first person singular of second conjugation verbs: 1. Replacement of the final stem consonant by an automatic alternatc (compare Thl BH.nHIUh, Oil BH~RT with Ii B"IKY). 2. The addition of a soft if (compare ThJ Jll00llmb, Oil JJ1001lT with Ii JII06nw). SUBSTITUTION DRILLS
l. You sir home all the time. T: Thl BCe Bp(:MH CH.uJ.lWh nOMa. s: Tw ace apeMSI CH.uH1Uh .uOMa. (oHa, MW, BW, OIIH, KaTH, R, MOR )l(eHa, oalilll 6paThR)
2. Zina loves
to
dance.
T: 3lfHa JII0611T TaHlI,eB3.Th. s: lAlla mooHT T3I11tellliTl>. (MhI ace, Ham" CTYAeHTKlI, H, BbI, 1bI, 3Ta JJ,csylllKa, nell' II MlUIa, g)
>1
LESSON 10
213
6. I'll ask him for the key. T:.st nonpowy y lIero KJ110'l.
s:
it
(TbI,
OHU,
MbI, BbI,
1'1,
HBaIl,
OHa, Hawll
CTy.neHThI)
Mw :J8BTpa
KrUMM XJlOO.
JI,
(1'1, ThI, BbI, Olla, :liI, OIlH, on, 1I, MbI, BbI, TbI, :liI)
KaTJI, JI,
TbI, 8M,
Oncr,
ACO)'lUKH, Bono.nJl)
I. Whom did you ask about this? Whom will you ask about this ? T: Koro Tha cnpocJ.in 06 :hOM? s: KorO tW cnp6cJuu.. 06 :JTOM? T: Koro Bbi cnpocJ.inH 06 :}TOM? s: Koro sw cnpOcJrre 06 nOM? (Mbf, OHIl, Sf, Olla, OH)
2. [left the dictionary on his desk. I'll/eave the dictiOffOry on his desk.
T:
s: it OCT8B./UO CJlOsaPb y Hero H8 crone. T: DHa OCT<lBuna CJlOBapb y Hero lIa CTOJIe. s: OHa ocniBHT CJlodp.. y Hero fill CTOJIi. (MbI, ORlI, KaT5I, BbI, EBreHHH, ThI, SI,
CTy.neHT, aMepHXaHeu)
s: Od
T:
KylDlT
MaTepttU
H8 KocnbM.
.st
4. ZinG used to ~;it home all (he lime. Zina sits at home all the time. T: 31illa Bee BpCMJI cltQena ll,OMa. s: lNHa Bee BpeMlf CHJ(Ify aOMa. T: Bbi see BpeMSI CltQenH .nOMa.
s: BbI ace Bpe~UI eH.whe .nOMa. (SI, OHa, 3TII CTy.nellTh.l, l'bl, OHM,
Mbl, 011)
(MOH 6paT,
Sf, Olm,
6. They often used to see Oleg. They often see Oleg. T: Oil" '1aCTo 8H.neJIll Onera. s: Omi 'uino 1IN.1.urT Onera. T: Jt '13.cro BH..neJT Onemo . s: it 'facro luhky OJlera. (011, CTy,ll,eIlTlCa, 3HlIa, MbI, HallIH ,lI,eByrnKH, 8bl, Tbl, }I)
DISCUSSION
Second conjugation verbs undergo a stem change in the first person singular present-future if their stem ends in .n, T, e, 1, 6, n, B, 4t, or M. J. Denlals.n, T, e, and J are automatically replaced by tbeir palatal alternates lie, "I, W, and '" respectively, and the first person singular ending is spelled -yo 2. Labials 6, n, B, l), and M add a sort n before the first person singular ending -10.
214
LE'iSON
10
GROUP I
INFINITIVE BHae...., CllpocHTb JII06Wrb KynWrb
GROUP 2
OCT8BHTb 1I03t1RKOMHTh
fO see
to ask
10 love
(ipfv) JIIo6mo m061tlUb m0611T m06HM JII06"Te JIIo6JIT
10 buy
to leave
(0 introduce
(;pry)
(pry)
cnpowy
cnp6cltlUb cnp6cuT cnp6cHM cnp6cwre cnpocJIT
(pry)
"ywuo KynltlUb Ky""T KymlM Ky""Te IylUlT
(pry)
ocraMIO OCT:umWb OCd.BlIT OCT<umM OCTaaHTe
(pry)
1I0311a"OMJIIO II03I1aKOM"Wb n03HaKoMHT n03l1axO/lotHM 003HaxOMJITe n03HaKOMJIT
so
2 3
PC
I
2 3
BIUtMT
ocnIBn
Note thaf fhe change in Sfem OCClirs only in fhe firsf person singular.
If the stress is on the last syllable of the infinitive, it will fall on the ending of the first person singular, but win often shift back ODe syllable in all other forms of the present-future. Compare c:npoam., cnpowj with copOaunb, copOarr. mpOca.\t. cupOarre, cop6cwT. If the stress of the infinitive falls on a syllable other than the last, it will remain on Jhat same syllable in all forms, for example,
OC"T1iBHTb, OCTlhtJllO, OCTUIIIllb, ocniSMT, ocnisH.\t, ocriBMTe, OCTisaT.
In the past tense, the stress is consistently on the same syllable as in the infinitive, for el(ample, men., SHD.e.rr, BK.rte.rra, ali.ne.oo, ltIi.ae.mt; mo6Hn., mo6H.rr, nlO6Ma, m06K.rto, nI06MM.
.sl GYAY TaM B cy660Ty. TbJ 6Y.l.tCWb _ 611 6Y.l.teT _ Mbl GY.uCM _ Bbl 6YJleTe _ Oil" 6yayr _
YTO Dbl 6Y.l.tere Aena..-h?
- Mw
6YAeM pa6oT3Tb.
What will you be doing? We'll be working, What will you be doing? I'll be reading or I'll read. What will Oleg be doing? He'll be writing letters. Wbat will they be doing? They'lI be dancing. What shall we do? We'll drink tea.
LESSON to 215
- 611
-
6yn;cT
n"can. ""CbMa.
YTO Oil"
REPETITION DRILL
Repeal the given models, noting that the future of 6Wb may be used alone (in Ihe sense of will or shal/ be) or in combination with imperfective infinitives to form the imperfective future. Remember that the future forms of 6Lrn. can never be combined with perfective infinitives.
QUESTIONANSWER DRILLS
1. Will you be home this evening? No, I won't. T: Bbi 6Yll,eu: JIOMa cerOll,lIJi BeLjepoM? s: Hh, lie 6yll,y.
T: Oller 6Yll,eT ll,OMa cerOll,lISl BC'lCpOM?
Tw
s: .D.a. 6YJJ.Y
T: CeKpenlpb 6Y/teT paooT3Tb JaUTpa?
s: )la, 6Y,uer.
(Jl"3
CTyJJ.ellTKa,
TOOapHl1tll, aaXTep)
3. What are you going to do, drink tea? Yes, we're going to drink tea. T: 4TO Bw 6YHere HenaTb, min. 'faii? s: .D.a, MW 6y,ueM min. 'tliii. T: 4T1J aM 6Y.aeTe .aenaTb, TaHUea3TL?
roaopHTL
Jt
2. I didn't think about that. I won't think about that. T: Jt 06 jTOM ue .nYMaJI. s: It 06 :hOM He 6YJJ.Y JJ.YMan. T: Bw 06 nOM lie JIyManH.
s;
3. We drank tea. We'l/ drink tea. T: Mw mimi 'taii. s: Mw 6Y.aeM min 'faM. T: Tw min '1aii. s: Tw 6Y,ueun. min. 'Iii.
(OHM, abl, alia, OIl, JI, M)')K H ",ella. MOil cecTp3, Moii TOOapHllt, CTyHclITbI, 3TOT nape"b)
216
~N
10
QUESTIONANSWER IJRILLS
s: .lla, 6j.ny,
T: Olla GY.neT TaH1l,eaaTb? s: 6y,a,eT.
s:
,l(a.
3TH
YXpaHHlUtI,
napeHlt)
TBO~
R IJIfT3.IO .BOHuY
/l.Utpt.
Bbl,
MOH
2. Whol were you doing? Whol will you be doing? T: 4T6 BbI .nenanH? S: lfT6 .bI 6j.nen Ae.nan.? T: 4TO SbI IlHcA.nH? s: 'ho Rbi 6jAeTe utlc8n., ('lHTan". rIOKynanH. mum. cnpaWHSaJIH)
Bbl, c-rYJICH*
s: 3Htta 6j.neT Ha l'iHQax. T: Olll' lIa T3Hl\ax. s: 011" 6Yl.yr Iia TIlHltQX. (Hawil napmt, ~, MhJ., BOITO./VI Hero
TKII, OH)
Toaapmu)
T: Bbl
Gbl1H1
GHGlIHOTeKC.
~,
s: Bw 6j.nen B
3TOT
LPSSON 10
217
DISCUSSION
As in the past tense, the imperfective and perfective aspects are sharply contrasted in the future. The imperfective future is used to describe future activity not specifieally marked off in time, or activity expected to occur more than once in the future. Thus the focus is on the activity as a process or recurring phenomenon. Th.is type of future is formed by means of the future of 6brrb plus the imperfective infinitive. The perfective future, on the other hand, describes future activity of a more concrete, realizable nature. It focuses on the completion or accomplishment of the activity, and it concerns itself more with the result than the process. It is a simple form, structurally like the present tense and employing the sa":le personal endings as the present tense.
EXAMPLES
tPFY l-1JT
PFV FUT
R nO.IIYMatO 06 :hOM.
Mbl 'lTO-HH6ym, 6Y.o:eM .o:enaTh. Mbl '1TO-HH6y.o:b cllenaeM. QRK 6Yll)'T Mooro cnpaUlltaaTb. QIlIf cnpocslT 06 :hOM.
I'll be thinking about it. I'll think about it or I'll think it over.
IPFY FlIT
PFV l--UT
We'll [be] doling] something. We'll do something or We'll get someth.ing done. They'll ask a lot of questions. They'll ask about that.
IPFY FUT
PFV FUT
In short, the imperfective aspect emphasizes the "doing," whereas the perfective emphasizes "gctting the thing done."
'HlUt CfOAA.
6" 3Jl,Ccb.
REPETITION DRILL
Repeat the given models, noting that the distinction between "directional" and "Ioeational" concepts in Russian is observed both in the adverbs and in the ease system.
218 LESSON JO
T: (miplC) T: (miplC)
"
s:
8 uapK.
(MaraJI1Il)
BM cncwiITe?
KYDa OH nowful?
r.ut saw
MY.?
Cae
QHa
Tcnepb?
A nou.rtY B Manl.3lt.tI.
Mhi cneWHnH lIa pa66Ty. A ocni.SJ.IJI ceO" nopT<pt:nb nOMa.
nOHAeM B 6H6nMoRICY.
On
cneWHn ua o6en.
S: Ky,a,a?
KHIIO. OIl" 6Y.nyr T3nUeBan, B KnY6e.
0K Ja6hln
R .nYM3K> nOHTi'f B
Obi cnpocHTe B Mara3HHe tla yrny. KJlto'lH tla JaBOne. .s1 cncwliJI lIa no'ny. MLI lVJ,eM Ila TaKUbI. CTy,nCHTbl cculfac tla 3K3aMeUaX.
I. He's here.
2. I'm at tlork.
l'm on my way to work. T: A tla pa66re.
s: A
HJJ.Y
Ha pa61hy.
T: .s1: Ha ypOKe.
s: A HJJY"8 yp6K.
(Ha JaBODe, lIa nOlfTe, ua nCXLtHH, tla co6paHHH, Ha cnyx6e, Ha JIOaMCtlC, tla 06eDe)
3. He's going to town. He's been in town. T: 0" H.O.CT B rOpoA. s: 0" 6biJi B ,'6poJl,e.
T: Oli H.O.eT B Mara3"H.
s:
0" 6hui
JHTHe)
Mara3Hue.
L.ESSON
10
219
RESPONSE DRILLS
I. He's already been downtown. Fm going downtown flOW. T: 6n YJKC 6bJJl B ropo,Lte. s: TeuepL Ii H~ B ropo,D;. T: 611 YJKc 6hW Ha pa66Te. s: TeuepL Ii HJti' ua pa60T)'. (a 6H6mfOTeKe, Ha 3aBO,lJ,C, H3 ypOKe, B llIXOJle, n3 3K33MCHC, B 06me:lKHTHI1, B rYMe, n3 co6paHHH)
I'm going to the library. T: R 3a6bJJI nop-repeJlh B 6H6JlHOTCKe. s: H HAY 8 6H6J1HOTeKY. T: R 3a6hlJl nOpnfK:Jlb B ymmepcHTbe. S: H HAY 8 ymmepcHTeT. (B UlKOJIe, B rYMe, BMara3HHe, B o6me:lKHTHI1, Jl,OMa, 8 ropcOBeTe)
T:
3. Its time to go to school. Well, here we are at school already. T: nopa HJtTlI B lllXOJlY. s: Hy sOT, MY p>e B UlKOJte.
S:
nopa H.ilTIl H3 pa66Ty. MbI y'lKe U3 pa66-re. (B 6H6J1HOTeKY, B )'lIHBepcHTeT, B Ma raJHII, Ha CllYJK6y, Ha no'lTY)
Hy BOT,
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILL
Was he at home? Yes, but where were you? T: 6R 6bJJl ,D;6M3 ? s: )],8, a r JJ,e Rbi 6W1IH? T: 6R cnewH.f1 Ha o6e.ll? s: )],8, a KYAli w.i coemliJIH? 611 6w.n B KHRD?
611
DISCUSSION
The distinction between where to and where at is observed both in the adverbs (KyJJ,a versus r.ue; .uoMoii versus .uoMa) and in the case system. For example, prepositions Band Ha musl be followed by the accusative if destination is involved and by the prepositional if only location is involved.
I. Ky.u8 question with destinational (where to) adverb or accusative case in the answer:
Where are you going [toJ1 Home[wardJ. To the club. To the post office. To school. To work.
2. ritC question with locationaJ (where at) adverb or prepositional case in the answer:
rAe BW 6WM? - nOMa. - B K,rry6e. ~ Ha no'JTC. - B lllKOJle. - Ha CJI)IJK6e.
Where were you? At home. At the club. At the post office. At school. At work.
220
LESSON
10
KEY QUESTION
TYPE! OF VERB
TYPE! OF ADVERB
WORD
KYJl8
deslinational
nOMoD, TY.Q3,
accusative
Ita no'tTy, 8 UlIony
CJOAA
rue
locational
JJ.oMa, T3M, JJJ.6cJ,. Ha
4TEHI1E H nl1ChM0
- tT~
.fiu.I- fa
HA--
~ (' -~ ~ ~ ..flu ~
rJirm- .mr-
.w.I{. ('
-.1t--
~ ~.
LESSON
10
221
r4
r.vur ~? -~, t-
-~ ~ ~ t ~ ?aftun- ~.-no-CM-
~ ~
Cfuw! Xa--
'1diur
m.a-.u.-~?
4CQA(.
~ ~ ,,~
+nM<M-t.
~:' -
.j)om.
~2_~. y~
~1"F~.
- 3wut-, ~ ~ l ::ffiur ..<W<i: ~ ct..u..-~ ~. A ffA-- ~..u..~. -~ ~! ~ +<J.~_ -0<>-, ~ -.. ~ -t.<UUiu.. t -1CM.I<D:
t.urr=
Aa,
H SI Y)l(C noo6en3Jl. -
'HO 6b1JlO
ccrO,lUUI Ha
o6e.a:? Haocpuo,
HO 60JlbWe neT. -
Kny6, B Inmo. -
A 31'0
no
AMCpHKH. -
.ll.a,
Mbi '13CTO
Lla.
O'fCHb.
nellb 6blJ1 B'l'epa? B'Iepa 6blJ1 BTOP"HK. - A KaKoH neHb 6yneT 3aBTpa? 6yneT 'l'eTBepr. - A nOCJleJ3BTpa? - nOCJIe3aBTpa 6YAeT n$lTHHll.a.
222
LESSON 10
R XO'fy noiint a KIlHO. R cnpOCll1l3, 'ITO 1111eT a KI1110 11 y3llan3, 'fTO H,O,eT (,BOHH3 H
MHp)). 51 Y)f(e IHllIeJIa 3TOT <pHnbM. MO)f(eT 6hITb nOH'nt 0 Kny6? TaM, HaoepHo, 6ynYT TaHUbl. B'Iepa 113 neKlllt11 npoepeccop Opnoa O'feHb mlTepecliO rooopl1n 0 Ilaponax CCCP: o }IKyTaX H rpyJI1Hax. Ha cnenYlOweH Henene OH 6yneT rOaOpl1Tb 06 YKpaI1H1l3X. Oner YJKe CJlbIWa.n ero MHoro paJ, a ~ TonbKO OAHH paJ.
Y K03J1ooa u ero Toaapuwa B '1eTSepr 3K3aMeHbl. OHI1 aee YTPO CI1Ael1l1 B 6u6Jl110TeKe. Ceii'lac OHI1 I1AYT B pecTOpaH. nOCJle o6eAa OHH omlTb noii.a.yr a 6H6JlI10TeKy. R cnpocHJI TOBaplfwa. rAe MO)f(HO .QOCTaTb aMepuKanCKIfH CJl0Bapb Be6cTepa. Oil He
31fan. Mbi cnpoClflll1 8 611611HOTeKe, HO TaM TaKoro CJl08ap~ He 6b1110. Tor.Qa Mbi cnpocH11H 8 M31-a3HHe Ha yrny, HO TaM TO>Ke He 6blno. Ii npoAaBUlHu.a He JllaJla, rJ:l,e ero MO:;KHO KynHTb. HHKonaii H raJI}l secb AeHb CHJJ,enH 8 6H6J1HOTeKe. OHH 6blJ1H O'lellb rOnOAlfbL OIiH XOTeJlH noo6eAaTb B CT011080ii, HO TaM 6WI1 T011bKO 60PUl " Kawa. TorAa HIiKonaij H raJlJ1 nownH B pecTopaH.
I..ESSON I0
223
LESSON
11
B KHHO
kind, good Good evening. . Good evening, Zina. Wbat are you doing here? Oleg! Wbat are you doing here? picture tbjs (or that or the) picture I want to see this picture. I, too, want to see the picture. well, why Why, I want to see the picture, too.
ll,enaeTe?
Is that so!
xo.ultTb (11) XO)Ky, XOlVlT Dw miKor.aa He xo.uHTe 8 KI1HO. A II .ayMaJI3, 'fTO 8b1 II11Kor.ll.3 lie x01UlTe
8 KIIIIO.
to go, attcnd I go, they go You ncver go to the movies. BUI I thought you never went to the movies. As you see, I do.
A BaC SCTpeTHJI.
y.na'f3 BOT y.na'fa J.1 sOT yaha -
eac BC'I"piTIIJl.
.aeHb.
Obi Me.lli aliLJ,KTe KlhtcJ:u,Ui
to meet, encounter I'll meet, thcy'll meet I met you. luck, good luck what luck, what a lucky break And what a lucky break-I've met you. each, every You see me every day. Why is it a lucky brC'dk? You see me every day. Yes, but in class.
nO'IeMy ywi'la?
)leMb.
11a,
110 H3
)allJITUJlX.
225
to talk (a bit), have a talk I'll have a talk, they'll have a talk one can't talk, you can't talk (lit, you won', talk) You can't talk there, Yes, but [only] in class, You can't [reallyJ talk there. And what is it you want to talk about? many things, lots of things About a lot of things. oneself (ren pron) about oneself about you, about myself for example For example, about you, about myself. to succeed, manage, make it I'll manage, they'll manage We won't succeed or We won't be able to. there's no time We won't be able to [because] there isn't time. to open I'm opening, they're opening They're opening the doors already. We won't be able to [because] there isn't time. They're opening the doors already.
'!el\ol
Muoroe
o MHOroM.
ce6.li o ce6e
o sac,
ce6e HallpllMep
0
ycnhb (prv I) ycnc.o, ycneloT He ycneeM. BpeMCHH HeT He ycneeM, BpeMeHH HiT.
OTKPblB3Tb (I) oTKpblBafO, OTKpblRalOT
He ycneeM,
OpeMCHM .reT.
Y*e ll8kptr
on:pW8HJOT.
SUPPLEMENT
(0
1I0<tb1O
IlrpaTb Bh.i Hrpae-re Bh.illrpaeTe Bbi IIrpaere Bbl IIrpaeTe Bbl IIrpaeTC
BeCHa
TenIlHC?
XOKKeii?
[fxa~ejl
to come late, to be late I come late, they come late You always come late. to be late I'll be late, they'll be late f'm late, I was late Excuse me for being late. night at night quiet, calm, serene Good night! to play (a game) Do you play cards? Do you play tennis? Do you play soccer? Do you play baseball? Do you play hockey? spring Will you be there all spring? in spring
, C_Oiaoi - - . like --0 xopOmcro, is in the ptive case. This is usual wilh fareo.vells and wishes for bapplncss..
226
LESSON
II
BeCIIOH Mbl 'laCTO I1rpaeM B TCHHHC, nCTO Bbl 6Y.aeTC nlM BCe mho? JICTOM )1CTOM Mbl 'Iac-ro HrpaeM B 6eHc66ll. JIlM6H 31lMOii Mbl '1aCTO .lrpaeM B XOKKCH.
6ceHblO 6ceHblO MW '1aCTO IlrpaeM B 4JyroOll.
In spring we often play tennis. summer Will you be there all summer? in summer In summer we often play baseball. in winter In winter we often play hockey. in autumn In autumn we often play soccer. soon They'll soon have maps in the store.
B KHHO
Oner 3MH3 Oner 3HH3 Oner 3MHa Oller 3uHa Oner )l;06PbtH se'l.ep. 3m.3!
.ll.e.naeTe?
sac
BCTpeTHJI.
He
norOBopUWb.
8 A
sac,
eeoc. J
NOTES
Note that in a subordinate clause, Russians usc the present tense if the present tense is really meant. Compare the English, / thought you neyer weill to the mOYies, where a past tense verb went is required because it is preceded by a past tense verb rhought in the main clause. The Russian past tense is only used to describe events in the past that no longer occur in the present. sI .aYM8J18, 'ITO Rbi HHKorJUi lie XO,AHJIH B KHUll would mean / thought you Neyer used to go (or had gone) to the movie.!>'. Activities begun in the past and continuing in the present require the present tense in Russian. For example:
I
Have you been living here long? I've been working here since fall.
XO.ruh'b differs from IIl(lli in that it describes the activity of going in general terms, to go or to at/end, whereas H,LtTIi is more specific and means to be going or to be on one"s way
Compare with
~ XO)Ky
ua c06pil.nHg,
.H
It,nJ Ha c06paHHe.
I go to the meetings (I attend meetings). I'm going to a meeting (I'm on my way to a meeting).
LESSON II 227
With such adverbs as "aCTO, peAKO, HHKorna, and NHOrJIJi, the verb XO,rofn. is normally used: BY ..aCTO xO./DfTe B napK? Do you often go to the park? ) Note that the reflexive personal pronoun ce6e (rather than ~) must be used here since the subject of the sentence and the object of the preposition 0 are the same:
..sf He XO'ly roaopkTl,
0
ce6e.
The single form ce6e can refer to any of the personal pronouns:
Om1 AYMaeT
She thinks only of herself. They think onJy of themselves. You think only of yourseJf{or yourselves).
Ce6i has no nominative form. It is usually cited. in the accusative-genitive form 6li.
4 U one is late to a motion-picture performance, be win not be allowed to enter while the picture is being shown; nor is it customary to leave before the picture is over. If this were done at a play, it would be considered uncultured HeKyJlbTYPHO.
, nOcne
KHHO
Hi
well, how about it? to like (iii. to appeal to) Well, how about it? Did you like it? such, so, like that I haven't seen any pictures like that before. Very much. I haven't seen any pictures like that before. Neither have I or Same here.
>1 TaKMX kapTHH Cute He BHnena. OtteHb. A nlllaD. t.-apnlH eme He BH.neJ1a.
TOJlCTO" (gen sg TOJlCToro) nOHHMlUtHe .sf ue o:ll7Knan nur::oro nOHHM:iHH. ToncrOro. )t He O~ OT aMepMriHues TaK6ro
00flJt\t&an TOJICTOro.
HrpATb (I) KTO Hrpan HaT3.wy? HM$l (gen and prep sg HMeHH, nom and ace pI HMella, gen pi HMeH) ..sf 336buta HMJI. A ... ,6 KJ1nin Harimy? A 386W.'1a liM. ,
Tolstoy understanding I didn't expect such understanding of Tolstoy. I didn't expect such understanding of Tolstoy from the Americans. to play Who played. Natasha? name, first name I forgot the name or I've forgotten the name. But who played. Natasha? I forgot the name.
, The verb ~ is a rdkxive verb which is typically U5ICd in constructions requirin, lbc dative case. The form ..pUa.'JOQ, is neu!cr put. lense, and it may be literally traMlatq;:l as if ap~/td Of if moth Q !a'ltN'obk impression.
228
LESSON II
nbMIIHTb (II)
to remember I remember, they remember I don't remember her name either. to pronounce, say I'll pronounce, they'll pronounce one can't pronounce, you can't pronounce (lit. you won't pronounce) They have Dames you can't pronounce.
pyCCKHX
lie BblTOBOPHWb
y tuIx H.\teH3 He SblroBopHllth.
Americans can't pronounce Russian names. Americans probably can't pronounce Russian names either. Probably.
HMeH.
HaSepHO.
BbI '1aCTO xo,zU:lTe B KHHO KnK 8 Kny6 '1 C"a"'IiTe, SLI lIaCTO X6~HTe 8 KHlfO HnH B
8
KHlIO .. aCTO,
Knj6?
Do you often go to the movies or to tbe club? Tell me, do you often go to the movies or to the club?
To the movies, often; but to the club, no. to dances, to a dance unless maybe Unless maybe to a dance. Then you like to dance?
B KJly6 -
HeT.
Ha T3.HUbl
PliJBe
Xol"liTe uorn
cy666ry?
lHli'fMT,
~orosoptimtc ...
to agree, come to an understanding we've agreed. it's agreed, it's a date Then irs a date.
SUPPLEMENT
laMHnKSI KfIK BaWa $aMHnHSI ? - MoA laMHlIHSI neTpon. Kb Bawe HMSI? - Moe HM1l neTp. HMlI H 6T'fecTBO Kb Barne H:WI H OT'IecTBO 71 -Moe HM}I H OT'lecTBO nihp l1BaHOBH'I.
last name, family name What's your last name? My last name is Petrov. What's your first name? My first name is Pyotr. first name and patronymic What are your first name and patronymic? My first name and patronymic are Pyotr Ivanovich. to call I call, they call What's your name? (Lil. What do they call you?) My name is Boris Petrovich Orlov.
LESSON 11
229
nOCJIe 1<""0
OJlt~r
I Hi dK?
2 OlfeHb.
OOHpaeKJIOCb 1 1
3uHa
Oner 3
3HH3
Jt TO:llCe.
TaKOra
nOHHMaHHx
TOJlCTOro. 2
Oner 5 >t
3HHa
Ollef
3HIla
n6MIDO_ Y
6 A
aMepUK3HUbi.
Hasepuo,
pyCCKHX
HMeR
He
MOryT
Bb.J.fOBOPHTb.'
..a.CTO
KJly6 -
RCT.
Oller
3uHa 10 C
NOTES
I The verb HpaSJITbCJI (perfective nOHpaBMTt.C1iI) is the usual word for to like and expresses a milder apprecialion Ihan mo6MT... which means both to like and to fOlie. In connection with something experienced for the first lime, upaBKT1>CJI, noupaBHTbeJI must be used: Hr, OOapSBHJlOCl.? Well, did you /ike it? JIJo6Hn. describes a stronger, more deep-seated emotion or attitude: A mo6.'UO nuuesan. rm lJery fond of dancing. In the sense of 10 love, only JD06Iin, can be used.
1JIeB TOJJC'I"6H (1828-1910) is one of the major figures in Russian literature. His long novel 8oiiHa H MHP~) Wor and Peace was wriuen in the early 1860's. Notice that TOJ]CTOM is adjectival in its declension, e.g., TOJlcrOl"O (gen sg).
The noun HMJI, like BpeMiI and a handful of other Russian nouns with the nominative cnding in --Mil, is neuter. H~IH usually applies to the first name, but is sometimes used in reference to both first and last names, especially when speaking of prominent personalities. In asking a person's name, the adverb KaK is used:
J
KaK BaWe HMJI? KaK Ballle HMJI H OT'fecTBO? KaK BaWa $aMHJnuI? KaK er6 30BYT?
4
What's your first name? What are your first name and patronymic? What's your last name? What's his name?
Note that Russians use the perfective past of certain verbs when, in corresponding situations, tbe present tense is more common in English:
I forget her name or I've forgouen.... I'm late (fit. I came late). Excuse me. I'm tired or I've become tired.
'The second person singular perfective future without the pronoun TbI IS often used in negative constroctions in Russian to make a general or impersonal statement. In English this is normally expressed by you can', or one can't:
230
LESSON
11
You can't talk at lectures. They have names you can't pronounce.
, PyCCKKM is the only name for a nationality that can serve as both adjective and noun in Russian:
6"
6H
Remember that none of the words referring to nationalities is capitalized in Russian: PYCCI\HM, aMepHKiuCKHi, aMcpHKaHeu, aurmfliCI\HH. Only the names of countries are capitalized: COBeTCI\HH Colin Soviet Union, AMepHKa, AurnHJll, POCCHli.
_____ CTonos.
_ _ _ _ aBT66yCOB.
_ _ _ KJIYOOB.
_____ 3aBOAOB.
_ _ _ _ _ aTnacoB.
_ _ _ _ _ c1ubs
_ _ _ _ _ plants _ _ _ _ _ _ atlases
We don't have any _______ _______ ______ ________ _______
_
_ _
_ _ _ melt
_ _ _ _ cnoBapeH.
_ _ _ _ TeTpfuJ.Ci'i.
There are no pictures here. _ _ _ _ booh _ _ ____ _____ _____ _____ _____ maps _ _ Schools ~ libraries __ teachers __ faetories_.
_ _ _ ..apT. _ _ _ _ ll1KOn.
_ _ _ _ 6U6.rntoTeK. _ _ _ _ yqHrem.BUu..
_ _ _ <j>36pHI.
4. TAM He 6hUIO lCOp660x:.
_ _ _ _ _ 001101'.
_ _ _ _ _ A0c6I:.
_ _ _ _ _ BKnOK.
_ _ _ _ _ nO:lKeiC. _ _ _ _ _ 'laweK.
There weren't any boxes there. _ _ _ _ _ _ shelves _ _ _ _ _ _ _ blackboards _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ forks _ _ _ _ _ _ _ spoons _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cups _
LESSON II
231
TaM He 6blno pY<reK. _ _ _ _ _ OKOII. _ _ _ _ _ miceM. 5. Y "Ult lie 6blno neKI.l.ItH. ______ ay-aHTopltii. ________ na60paTOpKfi. _ _ _ _ _ 33HliTHH. _______ co6paHIlH.
______ o6l.UC)l(HTHii.
_ _
They didn't have any lectures. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ auditoriums. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ laboratories. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ classes. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ meetings. _________ dormitories. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ compositions. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ applications. Did No, Did No, Did No, Did No, Did No, Did No, Did No, Did No, Did No, Did No. Did No, Did No, Did No, Did No, Did No, you buy a suit? I dido't buy a suit. you buy a present? I didn't buy a present. you buy tea ? I didn't buy tea. yo.u buy herring? I didn't buy herring. you buy a map? I didn't buy a map. you buy a notebook '1 I didn't buy a notebook. you buy milk? I didn't buy milk. you get I didn't you get I didn't you get I didn't you get I didn't you get I didn't you get I didn't you gct r didn't you get I didn't the get the get the get the get the get the get the gct the get cupboards? the cupboards. atlases? the atlases. books '1 the books. pictures? the pictures. boxes? thc boxes. briefcases '1 the brief~ases. dictionaries? the dictionaries. notebooks? the notebooks.
-- Her, li He a:yrni.n Jt::ocnOMa. 8b1 Kymi.nlt no-aapox'1 - Htr, li He a:ymi.n nOJlapn. 8b1 a:yrni.nH 'faH'1 - Htr, li He lCynHJI 'fb. 8b1 XynKnH cene.a.a:y'1 - Htr, Ii He KynHn ce.ne,llm. 8b1 a:ynKnH dpry'1 - Her, Ii He 1CynH.n xaPThl. 8bi Kynlinlt Te"r'p3.J.u. '1 -- Htr, Ii lie 1CynH.n TeTp:\.AH. 8b1 KynHnH MonoKo'1 - Htr, Ii He Kynlin Monad.
7. 8b1 -aoeTinH wKa41bi? - HeT, Ii lie Jlocn\..n wKa$>B. 8w JlOCn\JlH hnacbl? - Her, Ji lie .aocT3..n aTnaCOB. 8w JlOCTMH KHHrH'1 - HeT, li lie .aOCTM KHHr. Bbl .aOCT{um KapniubI? - HeT, Ii He JlOCTan Kapnf:H. Bbl .aOCTanJI Kop06KH? - Htr, R He JlOCTM Iwp66oK. Dbl LlOCTanli nopT4Jemt'1 - Htr, li lie .nOCTM nopTtPCneH. Dbl -aOCTMH cnOBapU? - Htr, Ii He .nocn\..n cnoBapeH. 8bi .nOCTfUlH TeTp3..aH'1 - Htr, li He .aocn\..n TC"T'p3.neH.
8. R He BH:lkY UO:lka.
_ _ _ noP"1l>6>K.
_ _ _ _ cnosapli:. _ _ _ _ iTnaca.
______ nJfCbMa.
232
U!SSON 11
---_
10.
....
_ _ _ _ _ 100.
Mw XlteM Ow )l[J],eR
0 .... lKJlYr -
I'm waiting for Professor OrlOY. You're waiting focr _ He's waiting for _ We're waiting for _ You're waiting for _ They're waiting for _
II.
To:. __ nOJ],O)KJl.eWb.
Olla __ nOJJ,O)f()leT. Mbl __ nOJ],O)KJl.eM.
Do:. __ nOJ],olK,ll,ere.
OIlH __ noJJ,oJK,AYr.
12.
I'll wait for him. You'll wait __. She'll wait _ _. We'll wait _ _. You'll wait __. They'll waiL...-.
_
. _
Ow
_
_
OIiH npHHecYr
J'II bring [in] the mail. I You'll bring [in] __. He'll bring (in] _ _ . We'll bring [in] _ _. You'll bring [in] __. They'll bring (in] __
I won'l ha ye time to write letters. You won't have lime _ He won't have time _ We won'l bave lime _ You won't have time _ They won't have time _ I open the windows every day. Youo~n __ She o~ns _ We open _ You o~n _ They open _
13.
OH
Mw Ow
_ _
_
14.
Jt
.neHb.
_
_
TbJ: OncPblOaeWh OHa OTKpbleaeT MbJ OncpblOaeM Dbl oTKpbloaere OUH OnpblB3.lOT
15. KaK oAme m.u..?
_ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ Galioa. _ _ _ _ _ Maria.
What's your last name? My lasl name is Petrov. _ _ _ _ _ _ Petrova.
_ _ _ _ _ _ Orlov.
LESSON II
233
My last name is Orlova. _ _ _ _ _ _ Kurochkin. _ _ _ _ _ _ Kurochk.ina. What are your first name and patronymic? My first name and patronymic are Pyotr Nikiticb. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Vladimir Ivanovich. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Zinaida Pctravna. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ irina Mikhailovna. Good Good Good Good _ morning, Zina! afternoon, Zioa 1 evening, Zina! night, Zina!
18. LI;o6poe
trPo, 3liHa! Jl,06PhIH Jl,eHh. 3HHa! Jl,06PhlH Be'fep, 3HHa! CnOKOHHOH nO'!H, 3Hlla!
BecHOH
In winter we often play cards. Inspring~ _ In autumn we rarely play cards. _ In summer
K<iPTbJ. _
In Russian, however. double consonants are heard not only across word boundaries, but also within words. Compare [a-tt<i1JjJ aT TanH from Tanya [ann:}] Anna Anna with [atAlJ.i] OT AnH from Anya [ivan:}]I1Bana of Ivan
Double consonants occur in Russian mainly at tbe point where a prefix or preposition joins the rest of the word. but they may also occur at other places within a word (e.g., [anna]). Note, bowever. that not every written sequence of two identical letters necessarily indicates a double consonant in pronunciation. Russians tend to pronounce many double letter sequences with a single consonant, especially in foreign-derived words. Thus, Ilpo4JecCOP and cy660l"a contain only single consonants in pronunciation. Usage varies in this respect. Many Russians pronounce rp,Yrma with a single [p], tbough orthographic handbooks prescribe [pp]. In rapid speech double consonants often tend to be replaced by single consonants. Sound Drill: Practice the Russian examples illustrating the contrast between double and single consonants, imitating your instructor (or the tape) as accurately as you can. Be sure to pronounce the double consonants as long consonants, without a break in the middle.
234
LESSON II
Oil :mecb"
B6m:OB y ce6li.,
QHa 8 r6po.ne?
A.TJl8C .aopor6H?
OHl1 H8 co6paHHH?
0mi
CTy)];eIITK8?
ObI ):l;p,Y3bli?
ABT66yc y;Ke ".neT?
Ta.M 6blllO HHTepeeHO"
Is she in town" Is Vladimir at work., Are the spoons in the drawer? Is the atlas expensive? Are they at a meeting? Is she a student? Are you friends?
Is the bus coming already? Was it interesting there? Are you going home? Did he go to the store '! Were you sick? Do you work at the gorsovet? Do you have history now'! Is the borsch ready yet? Are the spoons already on the table? Have you already eaten dinner? Do you know him? Are you hurrying to tbe bus '! Is comrade Alexeev in? Is he in Moscow now'! Do they know him? Have you heard about her? Is she working now?
Rbi paoomere B ropcooe-re? Y Te6Ji TenepI. HCTOPIUI '"1 1?6pUl, )"ICe rOTo8?
nOXICH }?KC H8
CTOne"
Tw era 3HacUIb?
DbI cnenurre II8 aBro6yc? TOBapHlJ.( A.n.cKceee y ce6li?
Did she buy the material? Is Irina sick again? Do they have a room? Did tbey attend classes? Did she get hold of the dictionary? Did the students find out about it '] Has Oleg been ill long? Are your exams today? Was Sasha in school?
LESSON II
235
Omi )'lKe Kymi.na CJI0oaPb? 6nbnl neTpaOHa Omf1-b 6onbHa? MapHR HBaHOOHa 6b1na B rYMe? Y J.1BaHa H'o.:UIOOWla ecTh KaMHan? Bbi o'lepa CJIYwaIIH KOHllePT 1 Reo y.Ke nonY'lHn filICbM61 Oner y*e .naOHa ooneH? CT)'.neHThI }')Ke y:manH 06 nOM? OHa y>i<e no.nana Jannelme?
Has she already bought the dictionary? Is Olga Petrovna sick again? Was Maria Ivano\'na at GUM? Does Ivan Ivanovich have a room? Did you lislen to the concert yesterday? Has Lev already received the letter? Has Oleg been ill a long time now? Did tbe students already find out about it? Has she already submitted an application?
TRANSFORMATION DRILLS
Change the following emphatic statements (with rising-falling contours) to questions (with risingfalling contours on a higher pitch level). MflJTa ollliTb 3.!leCb! OHit 6btmt 0 MOCKoe! Y lice eCTb KaMHaTa! Kanl KynIi.na MaTcpllaJl! 311Ha acerJJ.a .nOMa! HHHa}')kC nOD,a.rta Ja$lB.tleUlle! SpaT Y'l'e nOCJ1M nHCbMO! TODapKl.U. B6.tlKOB omiTb OOJJeH! 6KHa y HHX ocer.aa JanepThl! Cecrpa pee nOJJY'lHna nHCbMO! Tbi BOJbMemb 3TH KHJl:rH! M iUIa omiTb Jtlecb?
OIUJ 6b"11l11 D MOCKBC? Y nee CcTI> K6MHaTa?
Karl'! Kymina MareplJa.tl? 3ltlla Bcema .uoMa? HHHa Y'l'e nOtlana JaJlBneHlle? Iipar )')tie nOCJ1an ~"CbMO? TOBapllw B6nKOD omiTb GOneH? 6Kua y H(IX acer.na 3anepTbl? CecTpa )')tie nOJIY'lHna nHcbM6? Tbi B03bMemb 3nl: KHHrH?
236
LESSON
II
EXAMPLES
Mltl'li (ipfv)
to
be going
SINGULAR
1
2
Kill'
HJJ,ernb
""",
HJ{eM
pa66Ta1O
pa66TaCUIb
3
PLURAL
(-"'J
paOOTaCT
pa66racM
I 2 3
-eM (-eM)
-en: (-CTe)
-YT
UJlCTe
u.ajT
or -lOT
pa66TaeTe pa60TaJOT
Note that the second person singular ending is conventionally spelled with a final-I. even though w is always pronounced hard.
MODElS
- J1 HH'icro He JJ.MlUO.
Bbi er6 31UieTe? -)la, ]Hi><>. o 'JeM Bbr aiMaeTc?
rOBopth?
Hch,
c!U~J1aeTe?
- ..st
- .st
- .st
'fJIT'liJO CTKXH.
What are you doing? I'm not doing anything. Do you know him? Yes, I do. What are you thinking about? I'm thinking about the exams. Do you understand what he's talking about? No, I don't. When will you do this? I'll get it done tomorrow. What are you buying? I'm buying ma.terial for a suit. When will you find out about it? I'll find out the day after tomorrow. What are you reading? I'm reading poetry. Where are you eating dinner today? I'm eating dinner in the dining hall. You won't make the bus on time.
Yes, I will.
Bbl KI'paere B -reHHHC? - .Ll.a, Krp3.IO. Bbl He ouol.n;3.ere Ha KOHUepT? - Hb, He OUOl.n;alO. Bbi 'faCTO OU3.lJU>lB3ere Ha paooTy? - Her, HIHlKor.n;a He OmbJn,lBlUO.
Do you play tennis? Yes, I do. Won't you be late for the concert? No, I won't be late. Are you often late to work? No, I'm never late.
Will you be going to the theater tomorrow? No, I'll go the day after. Will you drop in at the library? Yes, I'll drop by there after classes. Whom are you waiting for? I'm waiting for Dleg. Are you going to go into the house? No, I'm not. Will you wait for me here? Yes, I will. Will you bring your dictionary? Yes, I will. Will you take these books? Yes, I will. Where do you live? I live across from the park .
Repeat the given models, noting the two types of verb patterns.
SUBSTITUTION DRILLS I
I. I don', know.
Ji He 3HalO.
Bbi He 3HaCTC.
(Mbl, Tbl, MHlIa, CTYACHTbl, BbI,
$I,
aaxTCp)
2. She's rarely late to work. Omi pe,llKO Ona3/lblsaeT Ha pa66Ty. Bhi pe.aKo Ona3;:u.J.OaCre na pa66ry. (Tbl, Mbl, OUH, H. MItJla, BbI, TbI) 4. You won't make it to the bus on time. Bhi ue ycneere lIa aBT66yc. 00 He ycn6eT ua aBT66yc. (H, 01lH, TbI, oua, Mbl, rami, ahl, De'll)
3. Won't you be late to the concert? Tbi He on03.n:aellIb Ha KOHUepT? 8LI ue on03Af!.ere Ha Koun:epT? Mbl, aHa, OUH, Tbl, l'I, Barn 6paT, BallIli .n;PyJbH) 5. In the afternoon we play cards. n6cJJe oGe.na MW HrpaeM B KaPTbI. IToCJle o6eAa oilli HrpalOl' B dpTbl. (H, BbI, ee .n;PY3bH, Thl, CTy.ll:CHTbI, MOH CCCTpa, MbI)
I Henceforth the drills will appear without the labels T (for teacher) and S (for student). In SubslilUtion Drills, the word 10 be replaced will be indicated by boldface type in the models; in all other drills, the student"s response appears in boldface.
238
LESSON 11
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
2. When will you go home? I'm already on my way. Kor.na ThI: nOKn.CWb JJ.oMoii?
0"
'DmieT
IDICLMO.
JI )'>Ke ..,yo
)"IHTemi,
Korn! 00 nOH.aeT nOM6ii? 6" )')ICe ll,11,h. (OHH. Bbl. aHa, CTyneuTbi. npoJlaBWHua, :rrn .neByuIDI. y60PUUfUa)
3. Where is your application? rll bring it right away. rt~e TBce 3aJIBJleHHe? $I ceii-tac uptrnecy.
r.ue ee 3<U1BIleHue?
Omi ceiNac Dpnuech. (Barne, ox. era. ee, HX,
TBoe)
I. I waited a little. rll wait a little. R ueMHoro no.no"'Jl.an. $I HeMJiOro DOJJ.~. Om} ueMuoro nOJloC,nan3. OHa aeMBOro OOJlO*JliT. (Ml.l. au. 11>1. OHU, BbI, npoclJeccop, CTy.neHTbl. cecrpa. )"IIITeJUi) 3. I'm on my way to a lecture. rll go to a lecture. . R H.LtY Ha neJ(Q.HlO. $I noiiAj ua llel\l.lHlO. 011 lJ,JJ.eT Ha nenuuo.
00 DOHner Ha neKIIHfO.
(Mhl. aHa, Thl,
2. What were you buying? What are you buying? liTO ThI nOKymin?
'fro DOKyIIliewL? 'fTO oua DO"YIIana?
n:.
lITo oua DOKy08eT? (Bbl. OU. OHII, MbI. Y'fHTeJlb. npo4)eccopa. Y'fHTe.RbHHua)
OHJI,
Bbl, H it
Moli
TOBapHllt,
y'UITCJTb)
SUBSTITUTION DRILLS
L I'll bring coffee right away. Jl ceM..3C nplfHecY le6cpc:. )KeH8 ceii..ac npHHe<:eT Ie (6paT. OHU. MbI. HHHa H Kan-)
RESPONSE DRILLS
2. I'll wail/or him on the corner. Jl noJJ.o~ ero ua yrJrj. M.:i nOJJ.OJKACM era Ha yrnY. (MOM 6paT, pe6'1T3. TLI, 51, aHa, BJla,llHMHP, BbI, MbI)
I. I have to buy a couple 0/ things. I'll drop in this store. R nOJDKeH KOe-'fTO KynHTb. Jl :Jaw B :nOT Mara3Ku.
.nOJDKeH,
51 nOJDI:Ha)
LESSON II 239
2. J live near Ihe park. Da you /i}'e near Ihe park loo?
o<lpKa.
3. We'/I11link about it. Will you think about it loo? MbJ no.a.jMaeM 06 3TOM. Bw TOOKe ooJJ;YMaen 06 )YOM? MbI DO,QO)l(J],eM Ha yrnY. Bw Thee DOoollr:JliITe Ha ymy? MbI npuuecCM nO.a8pKu. MbI noli.a.eM It KHH6. Mhl B03bMeM TeTpaD.H. MhJ: BOli.a.CM B K6MHaTy. Mhl 3ali.a.cM B 6~16JJJIOTeKY.
DISCUSSION
According to the pattern of their presentfuture endings, most first conjugation verbs drilled and discussed SO far fall into two groups: I. Those like 1t..Itlli, with the written presentfuture stem ending in a consonant, to which the stressed endings -y, -eon., -n-, -eM, -he, -tr are added: JICll-y, )lC.lJ.-euu., I.A-er, Q-eM, JIC.D.-e-re, JKll-:fr. The stem consonant is hard before the endings of the first person singular and the third person plural, but is soft before the other endings. Compare [fdij I, [Mutl with [f~6SJ, [tc16tl, [fQom], [fQ6ti]. Other verbs which pattern similarly are nOHTH, BOHTH, no.noHTH, nOAOJlCllaTb, npHuecTH, B3ATb, )lCHTb. Note that in contrast with thc prcsent-future, the infinitive-past tense stem of the verbs in this group may be considerably differcnt. Compare )KHTb, )KHJJ with )KIlBy, JKlfBeUlb; and B3An., B3AJI with B03bMY, B03bMeWb. 2. Those likc pa6OTaTh, with the written present-future stcm ending in a vowel, to which the unstressed endings -JO, -eun., -eT, -eM, -eTe, -JOT are added: 'IHrl-tO, 'UtT3.-eun., 'Iuti-CT, '!uti-eM, '!uT3.-eTe, '!un-toT'! Other verbs which pattern similarly are .aYMan., no.ajMan., 3HaTb, y.JHaTb, .ne.nan., c.nenaTb, nOlcynaTb, 06e.aan., noo!5enan., nOIIHMaTb, CJIjrnaTb, CDpalllHBan., mr:u..a:aTb.
_ _ _ _ _ _ npocj>e<:copOB.
_ _ _ _ _ _ CTon6B. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ XUQcKOB.
_ _ _ _ _ tables _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ newsstands_. _ _ _ _ _ _ atlases _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ presents _ _.
___--==:------ nO.a8pKoB.
_______ 3.TnaCOB.
'In struCluralterms. the prescnt-future stern ofsueh verbs aClually ends in the consonant sowuJ lil, which, as we know, is not written wilh an independenl symbol when it occurs between vowels. The soft-series vowel letters of the endings thus oonlain not only the ending, but also the final consonanl of the present-future stem, e.g., (~itflj-. ~it:l.j_u, ~iu'lj-utl. The imperative of verbs of this type is the one form in which the [jJ of the stem is represented by a separate IClIer in Cyrillic (-I), e.g., 'IHTiI! 'IHT{UiTe! cn~wHaaii! cnpAtuHBdTc!
240
LESSON
II
Tbt Mano asepeH. _ _ _ _ O'fepe:.aeH. _ _ _ _ Te'Tp8.a,eH. Tax MHoro .aen! _ _ _ _ enos! _ _ _ _ KUHr! _ _ _ _ KapnfH! _ _ _ _ KOMHaT! TaM MHoro OkOH. _ _ _ _ nHceM.
Y Meml HeT ____ ____ ____
_ _ _ oecrep.
Y HaC Be 6bV1o JIelCLl,HH. _ _ _ _ _ _ JIa60paTopHH. _ _ _ _ _ _ aYJJ.HropHii.
forks. shelves. spoons. pens. sisters. lectures. laboratories. auditoriums. meetings. donnitories. classes.
_ _ _ _ _ co6pAHJril.
_ _ _ _ _ 06mCJKHTHH.
______ 3aHkrHH.
TYPICAL ENDINGS FOR NOUNS IN TKB GENITIVE PLURAL (Endings are based on the plural stem) crOJInouns HARD STEMS -oB
SOFT STEMS
OIQtO-nouns (zero)
*ett8-nouns
.aaepbnouns
-eM
-M
AM
-.
(zero)
or -b
-eii
CTOJIOB cry.aeHTOB aTJIaCOB ypOlCOB npo<j>eccopOo lUUO'Iei TosapHIDeii HOJKei npan.namei uopnp6lei enoBapeii
ee"
K"lfT . JJ.cByweK cecrep Kop660K
neKtJ.Hi HCTOpKi na6opaTopHi ay.auTopKi lIe.ae.m.
ttl'pAAoi
cn6.
OiC08 miceM
U!SSON II
241
Notes I. Most crOn-nouns ending in a hard consonant take the ending -OB in the genitive plural. Those ending in :.10:. lU, Of a sort consonant other than ii. take the ending -cii. 2. All J:tBkpb-nouns take the ending -eM in the genitive plural. 3. Most 0 ....0- and loKetlli-nouns have a zero ending in the genitive plural. In structural tcnns this usually makes their genitive plural fonn idcntical with their plural stem: loKCH, 1aUiJ', h.-apniH, .lle.'f, 1I.',1CH. The stem may be slightly modified, however, in two ways: a. A vowel may be inserted between the last two consonants of the stem as in OKOH (stem Oh:B-), CT)'.llem-OK (stem CT)'.llttrrK-), .lleBywet>: (stem ne8YWX-), and ~P (stern cecTp-). b. If the stem ends in the sound lJ], orthographic conventions require that it be written i: cOOpAuHii (stem [sabraqij-J), .rteKluDi (stern nekcij-J). If the stem ends in a soft consonant other than OJ, '4, or UI, the symbol L must be written to indicate the basic softness of the stem final consonant: HC.lI.em. (stem [Qic;lel-l).
CUED SUBSTITUTION DRILLS
1. (atlases) And how about the atlases? (hnacbl) A K3.K UaC'ICT 3.TJI3COB? (CfonbI) AKaI' lIaC"le-r CTon6B?
(poMaHhI, 3K33MeUbI, CTl-IXW, lUll.llKH, ypoKH, lj>IDIbMbl, lUKalj>bl, KOCTJOMbI)
2. (pencils) The students have 110 pencils. (KapaHnawH) Y CTYJleHT08 HeT KapaunawM. (HO)l(H) y CTY.1I.CHTOB NeT IID:lKCii. (KJIlOlfH, CJI08apH, DOpnPenW, TCTpa,ttH, Kapau,llawil, 1I0:lKH)
(teachers)
From whom did she hear it? From the teachers. (Y'lHTeJUi) Or KOro OHa no c.ru:rwana? Or Y'fIITenei. (npoJlaslQ.liIn.l) Or KOro OHa no c.sudwaJIa? Or OPOJlll8untn.
(HX
:lKCHLl, ero ceCTpLl, y60PUtilUbI, 336'1npolj>eccopa, CTyncuTLI, Y'lHTeJlbHHUbI, Y'lHTeJIJi, CTYJleHTlClI, aMepHKaHJ;H)
HIIULI,
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
rAe KJlIO'lH?
lJticL "h IUlIO'Ieii.
rAe HO)l(~?
3.nea, oCT HO_eN. (KapalIJllUUH, CO'lHUCIIIUI, KHIITH, CJI0napH, TeTpaJlH, IIHCbMa, 8ID1KII, no:acm)
2. Were there any maps there? No, there weren't any maps there. TaM 6blJUI KapTbl? HCT, TaM ..aPT He 6L1J1o. TaM 6b1JUt TeTp3.J:J;u? MeT. T8M Tlrrpa.a.eN HC 6L1J10. (noJllm, KOp06KH, Jle8yuJnt. KHHrH, KapTHHLI, 8HI1KH, nQ)l(kH, OKHa, IlIlCLMa)
3. Do you have any pencils? Ne, we don't have any pencils. KapaIlJlall.llf y sac ten.? Hh. K8paHJlame:ii Y HaC un. ATnaChi y sac ten.? anaCOB y dc nf:r. (Terpa.LlU, non.kH, poMaHbI, CTHXH,
"h.
enD-
242
LFS'iON
II
Tile teachers were at our house. We were at the teachers'. Y':IlfTeJlJi 6burn Y mlc. My 6WIM Y Y':IHTeJICii. CTy.aeHTbl 6btnlf Y Hac. M";' 6LvtH YCTYACtrroB. (npo4leccopa, ero cicTpbl, y60pll.lHUbl, HX *eHbI, npoJJ.3BlUHULl, cryJJ.eHTl:H,}"UITC1IbIIHl.lbI, aMepKI8.lUCII, ceXpeTapH)
INTEGRATION DRILL
We don't ha.'C a dnrmitory. We dnn't have any dnrmitories. Y HaC lIer 06UlexHnu!.
Y Hac IteT 06w;eDnDi. Y HaC Her co6p8.HIDI. Y Hac tth co6piuHii. (nekUHM, ypoxa, 3.8T06yca, JattJlTHH, CTO 113., Y'uheJIJI, xapTbl, CO'l.HHeHJUI, J:OMHaTbl, IUUO'la, UIKa~, PY'lxu)
STRUCTURE REPLACEMENT DRILL
These are dresses. These are sisters. These are the sisters' dresses. 3TO nminH. :no Cecrpbl. :).'0 IUUiTbll cecrep. 3TO nopTeJ>C.nl-f. 3TO opO<Pcccopa. :)TO noPT~" nP04leccopOa. 3TO TCTJXi,o.H. 3TO CTy,neUTbI. 3TO KHHrlf. 3TO Y':!HTeJJJi. 3TO K6MHaTl>l. 3TO npOJ1aawHUbI. 3TO IUlIO'l". 3TO y66pUlHUbI. 3TO KapaHA3uui:. 3TO Y':!H.Te.n:bHHUbI.
Here are the bookcases. There are a lot of bookcases here. B6T 06nxl1.
lAceb MlIOro DonoK.
B6T MaraJHHhI.
3ACeb Mlloro Mara3HHoB.
(1I0)fC11,
OKHa,
3nalllUl,
llBepH,
06ut~HTJUI,
XOMHaTbl)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ n6)fCKH.
We have to buy atlases. _ _ _ _ _ _ briefcases. _ _ _ _ _ _ notebooks. _ _ _ _ _ _ pencils. _ _ _ _ _ _ spoons. _ _ _ _ _ _ forks. _ _ _ _ _ _ pen points. _ _ _ _ _ _ chairs. _ _ _ _ _ _ dresses. Did you see lheir students? _______ professors? _ _ _ _ _ _ friends? _______ teacbers? _ _ _ _ _ _ girl students? _ _ _ _ _ _ sisters?
REPETITION DRILL
Repeat the given models, noting that where the direct object is inanimate, the accusative form is like the nominative, but where the direct object is animate, the accusative form is like the genjtive.
LESSON II
243
.QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
RESPONSE DRILLS
2. Look, there go the students! I see students every day. nOCMOrpH, TaM HJtjT CT)',[lCHTb.l,
a BH*Y cryJl.etrTOB K8*JU>1H Jl.CHb. nOCMOrpH, TaM HJ.tYT np01J,aBlltHUbl. BM:*Y npoJta8ll.u1Q ..a*Jl.bIH ,lleHb. (Y'l.HTeJISI, ee cecrpbl, HX )I(CUbI, Y'fH"TeJJbllHD;b.l, ,neByrnKH, ceKpeT8pH, CTy.a.eHTKH)
2. Where did you see the factory? Where did you see the factories?
r.ne Bbl BH.u;eJlH rpa6puKy1 r.a.e BbI BHJJ.eJIH iPa6pHKH? r.ne Bbl BH.u;eJlH CTYACHrcl.1 rAe Bbi BHJJ.eJIH cry.a:euTOB? (asTo6yc, olfepeJIb, Kapnmy, CTyAeHTXY, .a.eB}'IllKy, n~pa, ero cecTpy, ero TOBapHIU8, Jla60paTopHlO. P}"fKy,
oaxT~pa)
ero
a a
244
l..ESSON
II
I, Singular a. Inanimate C1'OJl-[Iouns and all OICHo- and ,1I;BCpb-nOuns have accusative singular fonns exactly likc the nominative singular: CTon, 'tail, OKItO, nmlTbe, nSepb, Jho66ob, MaTb mother. b. Animate croll-nouns borrow the genitive singular endings (-8, -II) for the accusative singular: TOSapHIl..{8, Bna,uHMI:fp8, CTYneHTa, Hmon3.ll, )"lHTeJUI, napllJl, c. Only )lieHa-nouns have endings in the accusative singular distinct from tbose of the nominative or genitive singular (-y, -to); these are used for both animate and inanimate nouns: )Kelty, ICllliry, ceCTpj, ramo, HC1'6pl:fJO, Komo, neKUI:fJO.
noun~ have accusative plural fonns exactly like tbe nominative plural: CTOnhI:, cnooapH, KltJim, neKuKH. 6Klta. CO'fHHeHIDl, .nsepl:f. b. All animate nouns have accusative plural fonns exactly like the genitive plural: cryneHTOo, Y'fHTeJleH, *elt, npo<peocopOo, cecrep, TOB3.pllli.{eH, MaTepeH mothers.
JaaTpa
yp6Ka,
There won't be a lesson tomorrow. _ _ _ _ _ _ any lessons _ _ _ _ _ _ a lecture _ _ _ _ _ _ any lectures _ _ _ _ _ _ a meeting _ _ _ _ _ _ any meetings
_ _ _ _ _
REPETITION DRilL
Repeat the given models, noting that the genitive is requjrcd in future He 6Y,ll;eT constructions.
STRUCTURE REPLACEMENT DRILLS
B'tepa Y HaC He 6b1no neKu,HH. 3aB'rp8 y !lac He 6y;:urr JleKWUI. (co6paH.JHI, 3aHJ1THI1, ypoKa, 3K3aMCHa, 3K3aMeH08, co6panIDi)
1. Will there be bread in the store? No, there won't be any bread.
a MarC13li"c 6Y.aCT XJIe6? He 6Y,ll;eT. a Mara:U1ue 6YAeT MonOKO? HCT, Monod He 6jneT. (cene.aKa, 'fait, pbl6a, HO*H, Te"I"pa.ll;H)
HCT, xJle6a
2. But will Zina be there? No, Zina won't be there. A 3i1Ha riM 6Y.aeT? HeT, 3HHw riM He 6Y,ll;eT.
A Oner T3.M 6Y.aCT? HeT, OJler. riM He 6jneT. (HX x:eHbl, ee 6paT, npo4)eccopa, K03JIOO, AnCKceeO, )"HTeJUI, BaXTep, .aCOywt;:H, ce~TaPb, ero TooapHUlH, CTYneHTnl)
LESSON 11
245
DISCUSSION
Just as neT and ue 6I.J1IO are accompanied by the genitive in the present and past, so, too, He 6Y,ll,eT is accompanied by the genitive in tbe future to indicate a missing thing or person. Compare tbe affirmative and negative sentences below, noting that the nominative subject in the affirmative examples is replaced by the genitive in the corresponding negative examples and that the negative He 6yneT (like He 6w.oo of the past tense) is a fixed form.
AFFIRMAnON
NEGATIVE
JleKUIDI_
We won't
ha~'e
a lecture tQmorrow.
Hm: JaeTpa
6YJl.yr ypOKH.
.....
lie
BKaeJIH.
_ _ _
_
_ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cel:peTapeH.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ enos.
We don't know all the students yet. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ girls _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~ custodians _ _ _ _ _~ ~ ~ _ teachers _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ coeds _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ secretaries _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ wo,ds _ _
REPETITION DRILL
Repeat the given models, noting that after negated verbs the direct object is in the genitive case.
246
LESSON
II
I. I like novels. I do,,', like novels. .sf JIIo6mO poMailW. A He 1I106mb poMiHo8. .sf JIIo6mb XHMHIQ. g He 1II061uo XHMKM. (CTHXJt, oceHb, oeCHY, 3HMY, reorpa41lllO,
cPH31tKy, lIHTepaTypy)
2. Why is she opening the door? Why doesn't she open the door?
nOl(eMY oua OncpblBaeT .lUJCpb? nO'feMy OHII He OTI\PbJ:B8eT ).lBipH? nOl(eMY OHa OTXpblOaeT OKH6? no'leMj oua He 0'TKpbJ8aeT oKHJi? (611:Ha, jlU-lHK, KOp06KH, xlIHry, aTJJaC,
.ltBepH, TeTpa.tlb. TeTpa.o.H)
QUESTlONANSWER DRILLS
I. Did he get the books ? No, he didn't get the books. 61t .oocri.n JrHJirH? HiT, OH He /.lOC1"iJJ KHiir. 6H .oocri.n VIIQ'IIf:? HiT, ON He ./I;OC"fiJJ KJDO-reii. (TeTpaJ.:tb, CJlOOapH, XOCTJOM, TeTp3J(lt, OH.n1rn, HOXH, nO:llCXH, XOpo6XH,
xapaHJlaum)
2. Did you buy the suit? No, I didn't buy the suit.
Tw K:yrnina lI:ocnOM?
He ICynHn.S l'ocnOMS. Tbi xynHna MaTepHan? HlIT, j He ICymina MSTep.uina. (aTnac, nopTlenb, lUIan.e. P)"lXY. l(ali,
j
HiT,
Kapau.naUJ, KaPT}')
Bbi BH.neJUt er6 TeTp3.n.h? HiT, j en) Terpi.nH He aMJJ.eJI. (nlHnt, ICoMlIaT)'. poMaa. novrle.nb.
KBapTHpy, xapTHHy, XapTHHbl)
3. Did you see his dictionary? No, I didn't see his dictionary.
BMJJ.eJI.
RESPONSE DRILL
She probably forgot his name. No, she didn't forge' his name.
OHa, HaBeplJO, 3a6bUla er6 "M~. HCT, Olla He 3aOWJJa ero HMetIJI, OHa, t1aOCpHO, 336bUla JCJJIQni. HCT, Ollli lie 3aGbtJJa KJJIO'feii. (nepo, py'IKy, no.oapoK, KJlJOl(, ero .oeHb pO:lKJI,CIlIIII, ero lj)aMHJJHIQ, ero OTl(ecTaO)
DISCUSSION
Although, according to strict grammatical rules, the direct object of negated verbs should be in the genitive case, there are some exceptions. The most common of these are: I. In informal spoken Russian tbe accusative singular of "'ella-nouns is often used instead of the expected genitive:
Ne "HTliJt i11' ICHHr)' (or A He........an :hoii KIIHne) I haven't read this book.
2. If (he negated verb is followed by an infinitive, the accusative is often used instead of the expected genitive:
A Ne Morj 0TKpbm. OKHO (or A He Morj OTKpLtn. OKHa) I can't open the window.
LESSON II 247
PLURAL
Masculilie
NOM
Neuter
Feminine ;,..
;Ty
:hoii
:lTOT
inanimtlte :IToT animate noro
;TO
3TU
inanimate 3TH
animate
3THX
ACC
[e~Y;)l
3TO
[et~Y;)
GIlN
:horo
(06)
3THX
PREP
3TOM
:hOH
;TUX
MODElS
3TOT CJIOaapb fie
MOH.
This notebook _ These notebooks aren'l mine. Do you see ____ _____ ____ Take __ __ __ __ that student? that coed '1 lhose students '1 those coeds?
_ _ _ _ nux CTyJl.eRTOB?
_ _ _ _ _ 3THlt CTYJleIiTOK?
_~_
___ ny TeTpA,m.!
_ _ _ nH CTHxH!
this novel! this book ! this Jeller! this notebook! these verses!
this noveL this book. this letter. this notebook. these verses.
_ _ _ :ITo. TeTp<i.Q>I.
_ _ _ _ 3TKx CTHx6e.
.st ue c:.rrhnnan 06 nOM poMaue. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3TOH IGlifre. _ _ _ _ _ _ 3TOM .nene. _ _ _ _ _ _ 3TOH np6cb6e. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3THX CTHXax.
REPETITION DRILL
I haven't heard about this novel. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ this book. _________ this affair. _ _ _ _ _ _ _~_ this request. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ these verses.
Repeat the given models, noting particularly that genitive endings are used for the animate masculine accusative in the singular and for all animate accusatives in the plural.
248
LESSON
II
RESPONSE ORILLS
OUTS.
Her, iTa k-6MHaTa He Hawa. 86T Harna .n.oePb. Hk, iTa He Haw.
_pi>
umK)
3. FIt see you on Friday. This Friday? }l BaC )'BIDtcy B minrnny. o iTy oKntH1O'?
STRUCTURE REPL .... CEMENT DRILLS
>1
B
nOT 'Ie'TBipr?
(0 Cy660Ty, B nOlle,ll,em.HHX, 0
cpeJJ.Y,
BOCKpe<:eHbC, 00 OTOpllHK)
J. This is my table. This lable is mine. 3T0 MO" cyon. :nOT mil M6H.
3T0 Mali KOM.laTa. 3Ta h.-oMHaTa M(Hi. (MOR IIOpT<PeJU.., MaR KUHnt, MOJI KapTa, Moe nepo, MOH KJUO'iH, Moe CO'iHUeUHC, MOJI .D.BePb)
2. This is my table. My table is Ihis one here. 3TO rotO" crOn. MOR crOJI BOT nOT.
3TO Mali KOMuaTa. Moli KOMHaTa BOT na. (MOH nopTepe.nb, MOH KHlfrlf, MOJI KapTa, MOlt KJIIO'ilf, Moe OKHO, MOIl ,UBCpb)
I. These dictionaries are [available) ;n the library. This diclionary is [available] in the library. 3Tu CJI0BapH ten. B 6lt6J1uOTcKe. 3TOT CJlOB8pb kn. B 6H6!1HOTeKe.
3TH poMaUbl 3TOT poMall
2. What did you find out from Ihese students? What did }"Ou find out from this student ? 4T6 ThI: y:man OT 3THX CTY,ll,eHToB?
lho
LITO TbI y:man OT nux nIXXPeccOpOB? L(TO n.i pliU OT noro npo+kcopa?
(y'lHTene", y6oPLUHQ, napueH, Y'iIlTeJlhHHll, ncayweK, CTY,ll,eIlTOK)
3. Have you already seen these pictllres? Have you already seen this piclure?
BbI Y"A<C BHneJIU 3TH Kapnrnbl?
aMepHlo.-&uua?
Bt:I
We were lalking about Ihe lecture. We were talking about this (or Ihal) lecture.
Mbi rOBop,iJlll 0 JleKQHlf.
MbI rOBOpHmt 063Tnace. MY rOBOpKnM 06 :JTOM aT!lace. (06 ypoKax, 0 KapTC, 0 KlIY6c, 0 c06paHlfH, o KOlIl..\epTe, 0 kypcax, 0 lPHJlbMaX, 0 KapTilnax)
Mw
rOBopliJJH 06
:hOH
JleKU"H.
LESSON I J
249
DISCUSSION
It is important to note the difference between the unchanging introductory iTo (see Lesson 5) and the declinable demonstrative iTOT, iTa, iTO, :h.... Note the following, which are complete sentences; the voice drops at the end of each:
~TO KOMUaTa. ~TO nepO.
Compare them with the following, which are not sentences; in speech the voice level is sustained:
in KOMHaTa :lTO nepO
Whereas unchanging iTo is independent of the other elements in the sentence, the demonstrative
trOT must agree in number, gender, and case with its noun referent. Note tbe following:
::ITo 6buT He M61i cnoBapb. 3TOT CJlOBapb own tie Mon.
It wasn't my dictionary.
In the first case:iTO is independent; 6bv1 and M6H are masculine to agree with CJlOBapb. In the second case :iTOT, 6':".11, and M6ii are all masculine to agree with c.'10Bapb.
4TEHl1E 11 nl1CbM6
~.
~
250
~U-~HAZ~~.~
rz.o.c.d.
~ ~ ~ ~
~.~~~~~
LfSSON
II
rami Bee BpeM.R CH.llHT .nOMa. B lUly6e Bcer.na TOJlbKO T3RUbi. 3 TaHu.eaaTb oua He JII06HT. B KHHO OHa TO)l(e lie XOJJ,HT. Om\ .naaHO all.nCJl3 aee 3TH 4lKJlbMbl. roaoplh, .,TO CKOPO 6Y.neT Jt)lTH aMcpHKaHCKKH lPHJlbM. 3-r0 .npyr6c .ne.no. Torna raJlH He 6yneT CHJJ,erb .nOMa. OHa noit.rleT nOCMOTpeTb :iTOT lPKJ1bM. OJ1er 'IHTaeT (EareHH}! OHerHHa)), a BJ13lUI~mp (BOHHy H MKp~~. OJler TO)l(e <{HTan ((BoHHy H MllP~). H .a.a)l(c MHoro pi3. 80J10,0)1 H OJ1er -
H OJ1er H3 O,lI,nOM KypCC, HO MaJ10 3H3KOMbl: TOJIbKO (3npaaCTByHTe}~ u .ao CBHnaHH}!. Ho a cy660Ty omi nYMalOT Bee BMeCTe nouni H8 TaHUbl. Ky.ua Dbl cnelllHTc, raJ1}!?
B 6H6nHoTeKy. }1 Bcerna XO:lKY Ty.na nOCJle JlCKU,HU. nO'lcMy :lKC Ii BaC HHKor.na TaM He BH.a.CJI? He 3HaJO. ..st .,HTaJO 0 3TOH 6H6mtOTCKC d)l(nblH .a.CHb. J.1 Ii TO)l(C. r.a.c Obi JII06HTC cH,QeTb ?
CIVKY Bcer.a.a y OKHa. Tcnepb 6yny 3HaTh.
- ..st
- ..st
KyJJ,a Obi HneTe T3.K n03llllo? cncmY B 06Il.tCJKHTHC. TaM 6ynYT Bee HaWH pe6lha. A 'ITO BbI 6YJlcre TaM nenaTb ? J.1rpaTb B KilpTbi. HO'lblO? !la, TaM MO)l(HO HrpaTb TOJlbKO HO'lbJO.
LESSON II
251
LESSON
12
My
DOnYrtHKH
-OBI
6""""
sort
soft car, first-class car First-class car, berth eight is here.
'60..... CoSCM v,
,n;a. )JlpaBCTByii're.
HcdTh (I), HmY, ~ BOT HU(j caM! MtcTO. npoBOwoIK!
BepXH"H.-~R.-ee
Yes. Hello. to look fo'r, seek I'm just looking for my seat. Conductor!
HHJKIIHH.
-~~,
-ee
, Nouns wilh shifting stress or other unpredictable features in lbe dedension an: JiYell in foUl" fonns: nomimauYe singular puYe $ingular, nominauYe piunJ, and gcuitiYe pinnal.
253
tickct window, box office, cash register But I asked for a lower at the ticket window. to sleep [it's] uncomfortable, [it's] inconvenient upstairs, on top, in the upper It's uncomfortable sleeping in an upper. mistake, error It's probably a mistake. compartment, sleeping compartment I also have a berth in this compartment. Wait a minute! It's probably a mistake. I have a berth in this compartment, too. to be surprised Don't be surprised! to go (by vehicle), ride, travel in one compartment They travel in the same compartment. woman
man
HcynooHo HaBepxy HaBepxy cniTL uey.nooHo. ouni6Ka ~o. HaBcpHo, owH6lia. "yne (indeclinable n) [kupe] Y Me",i Tt)Jke Mec-rO 8 :iTOM kyne. nOllO_.nNTe!:fl-O. Ha8eplIO. OllUf6Ka. Y Metttl TOle MCcTO 8 nOM t..-yne.
Y):{HBmtTbCJI (I)
He YJlKBJItlMTecb!
C3JlHTb
B OllHOM Kyne
OHii lhAltT
OllnoM
kyne.
",cHuUfHa MYJK<tHHa
Kyne.
ImuWn~]
y HaC
Y
Hlic
;e;:eullUUIbI
H M}'*'lltHW
t:UlIlT B OllHOM
"roe
noexan. (pfv I), nDe.ny, noe.nyr Mb.l 8 onHOM "yue nOelleM.
C 8cUlII
Women and men travel in the same sleeping compartment. in our country, in our society (/il. by us) In our country women and men travel in the same sleeping compartment. You don't say! to go (by vehicle), ride, travel We'll travel in the same compartment. with you you and I Will you and I travel in the same compartment? Then you mean you and I will travel in the same compartment? Yes. And wherc is it you're going? To Moscow. And you?
So am I.
MbJ:
Ba.\.1U
Mbl
Tali:
c BaM" B OIlHOM
3Ha<tKT.
"yne noeneM?
O)I,IIOM Kyne
MhI c
8aMH B
1I0c.neM?
,lI,li, A Bbi Kywi e.nne?
B MOCK8r,.a 8b1?
SUPPLEMENT
CTOHTb (II), CT()IIT, CTOwr
CKOJlbkO
CTOUT
6HJ1CT
MockBy?
)KeenUM
B )KecTKOM
aaron aarone
to cost, be (in price) How much is a ticket to Moscow? hard car, second-class car in (or on) the second-class car
254
LESSON 12
Y MCHli Y
n6e3J],. -a; noe3J],a. -OB 113 n0e3J],e Dbi e.rteTe lIa n0e3J],e? BHH3y rJ],e saUJa KOMMan. nasepxy nJlantTe B Kacce!
HJIII
B1l1l3Y?
3annaTirn. (pfv n) Dbi )')Ke 3annaniml? lUIaTHTb (or 3anJlaTHTb) 33 (plus ace) C,,{)JlbKO Bb.! 3afUlaTium 3a 6IlJlCTf.ol?
CTaHI.l.HJI
Ila
CTalll.l.Hll
fla CTanl.lIllO
nOe3J],
CTOUT
lIa CTaHl.lIlIt.
I have a seat in tbe second-class car. in (or on) tbe first-class car I have a seal in tbe first-class car. train on the train, by train Are you going on the train? downstairs, below Where's your room, upstairs or downstairs? to pay Pay at the ticket window! to pay Did you already pay? to pay for How much did you pay for the tickets? station at the station to the station The train is in the station.
MLI:
DOnjPfHKH
r. - roo
n. _ npoSO.ltHHK: l
n.
rp.
BOceMb
3,llecb.
6, Kor6
r.
n.
r.
fp.
r.
M}')K'IHHbl C3J1)1T
O,ItH6M KynC.
rp. 8 4T6 8hz rOBOpHTe! TaK 3Ha'lHT, MI:d C BaM" 8 OJUl0tv! Kyoe noelleM?
r.
r.
.[la. A Jt
II
NOTES
LESSON 12
255
2 Like all nouns ending in -auKK, ....pncllanH:H loses -HH in the plural, and has the special nominative plural ending -c: . . pS*D,aHc. The stcm thus ends in sort [Q.] in the nominative plural, but in hard [nJ elsewhere in the plural: MHo....o rpa*Jf.aH, 0 rp3.*Jt auax . Although the American student or tourist in the Soviet Union may hear the word rpa*JI.aHHH used by train and streetcar conductors, bus drivers, and policemen, he should not u.se it himself in addressing Soviet citizens. Under no circumstances should he use roCDO.rom or rocnO)K3.. The best way to get the attention of a stranger is by saying K3SHHlITe, upocniTe, or cKa)Klfic, nO)K8J1yikra. Altbough the student probably will not use the terms himself, he may hear himself addressed as MOJloll,oii qeJIOIU~K or, in the case of a girl, lI,eSytDK3. J The so-called soft car MJD-KHii aarOn consists of fIrst-dass compartments with soft seats; each compartment accommodating four persons. Compartments in the hard car ...ecnnrii aaron have hard scats; each compartment seats six persons and sleeps four. In selling tickets, no attempt is made to separate men from women in sleeping cars, and the American tourist may be surprised to find he is sharing a sleeping car on a Russian train with one or more persons of the opposite sex. The verbs e3l1,HTh and exan. describe going by vehicle or some means other than on foot. t3lnITb is used for the generaJ (multidirectional) activity and exan. for the specific (unidirectional) activity. In this respect tbey parallel XO.lUTI. and H,!01I exactly.
Compare
MhJ 'ul.cro
MbI
'IaCTO
e3;:J;HM
We often go to Kiev. We often go to the park. We're on our way to Kiev. We're on our way to the park.
with
MOCKBe
molj>ep
a)J:MHHHCTj>hop HOCHJIhU,J:HK HOCHJ1hWHK!
Gan'nK
nOJIy'lHTh (pfv n), nOJI)"I)\, nOJ1fqaT flOJIy'lHTC M6H 6anbK, noxMyitc'ra.
KBHTllnuu.ll 86T KBHT{UU{H.ll.
lIo...aJlyiCTa. BOT
KBMT3J1IlHII.
driver (of car) clerk, administrator porter Porter! luggage, baggage to receive, get, Get my luggage, please. receipt, claim check Here's the claim check. Porter! Get my luggage, please. Here's the claim check. Right away. Where will you wait? waiting, wait, expectation waiting room In the waiting room. thing Here are your things. kopeck thirty Thirty kopecks, please.
Jiul OIKJlltallH.ll
3ane O'kH,I],aHHJI.
BeWh (I) (gen pi BeWeR) BOT milllH BemH. KoneRKa (gen pi KoneeK) Tj>H.lI.n:an. [trit~\l TpH.JutaTh KoneeK, nOlKiulyHCTa.
256
LESSON
12
.sf
BAM J(y.a.a?
Ba.o,( Ky,lla?
rocnhtH1l3 B f"OCTJftrllllY Y KpalIna
where do you want to go? Where to? hotel To the Hotel Ukraine. to arrive (by vehicle) [we've] arrived, here we are from you; you owe ruble Here we are. That'll be one ruble. My name is Grant. hotel room, number, issue small to order, make a reservation I ordered a small room. deluxe class I ordered a small room, deluxe class. a single, for one I ordered a small single room, deluxe class. story, floor on the fifth lloor Your room is on the fifth floor. convenience, comfort [It has] all the conveniences. bathroom toilet, lavatory water hot water All the conveniences: bath, lavatory, hot water. on the right, to the right elevator The elevator is to the right. excellent, tine Fine.
csac
n~XaJlH.
Mmi
4t..'W.Iin.R rpm.
HOMep, -a; HOMepa, - 00
.sf .sf
lIe6onbw6it 3aKa3aTb (prv I), 3aKa:lKY, 3aKIDKYT )3Ka33..n He60Jlbw6it 116Mep. molCc 3aKa3An ne60Jlbw6n H6Mep mOKC.
st
Bee YJl66CToa.
oaHHaS!
y66pllaS!
oOJJ,a rOpJl'laSl oo.na
Jl.+T
npeKpaCHO.
LESSON 12
257
SUPPLEMENT
11.whe "piMO.
BOo3.n
[vagzal] I
on foot I'll go on foot. on the left, to the left Where's the elevator? To the left. straight, straight ahead, directly Go straight ahead. station, terminal to the station in (or at) the station We sat in the station a long time. drive! go (by vehicle)! Drive to the Hotel Ukraine! going to Kiev . going to Tashkent. going to Kharkov. going to Vladivostok . going to Yalta. "I'm going to Odessa. convenient, comfortable They have a comfortable apartment. I'm I'm I'm I'm I'm
B
rp. Hoc. -
MOCKBe
rpaUT HocHJIhuVUC
ill""'. MM. -
illoq,ep MMHIUIC'rpaTop
KBMT.hll.lH~.
rp.
Hoc.
ri>.
Hoc. lDo4>.
3 B 3fUTe o"'H.a.aHH~.
4 BOT D3wn seWH. TpH.nU3Tb KoneeK. nOJIC3JIyHCTa. TaKcn! I
5 Jt nono:llCY eawH oeWH B 6ara)I(HHK. pa3pewHTe" BaM Ky.u.3"
rp.
6 B rocnt:HHI.1Y YKpaHH<\.
7 TIpHCXaJIH.
llJo4l.
C MC
py6nb.
, Compare 1t01Oi., with 8oK:Wl is a railway terminal or station buikfing. whereas ""-_ can refer to any station. Notioe that both require the prelX'Sition u; 011 BCTpCTIUl .eHy Ha a1lT(6)'CHoH crAHUHIl. He mel his wife at the bus sllcion. OH llCTpeTlUl .eHy HI Booille. He met his wife at the railway station.
m--.
258
LESSON 12
rp.
IO npeKpacHo.
Russians seldom check tbeir luggage or use the help of porters. Tipping is officially forbidden in tbe Soviet Union, but most foreigners are expected to tip hotel servants, waiters, and check-room attendants.
I
NOTES
Only mbKC guarantees hot water. At most hotels one gets only cold water, has no private bath, and has to share toilel facilities with otber guests on tbe same noor. This is typical not only in the Soviel Union, but common in European countries as weD.
2
- .st
-
Where are you going? To Moscow. I'm going to Moscow. To Leningrad. We're going to Leningrad. Then we're traveling companions. I'm on my way to Leningrad, too. We'll ride in the same compartment. Do you have an upper or a lower? An upper. A lower. The lower is better than the upper. It's uncomfortable sleeping in an upper. I asked for a lower at Ihe licket window. Where will you be waiting? In the waiting room. On the corner. Ncar the newsstand. At the hotel. AI Ihe slation. At the station (or railway terminal). I'll put your things on the table. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ on this chair. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ on the bookcase. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in the room.
LESSON 12 259
BepxHee. HH)Kllee. H H;.I(Hee nY'twe. '{eM sepxlIee. Hey.no6Ho cnarb nasepxy. - .sf s Kacce npocHn mbKHee.
KOMHUy.
.s1
in in in in
5. HOCHJJbmllK
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ B TaKC!'!.
_____________ BaBT<l6yc.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ B Yr0J(.
The porter will put your things in the luggage compartment. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in the taxi. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in the bus. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in the comer. Here's your receipt (or claim check). _ _ your ticket. _ _ your bathroom. _ _ your luggage. _ _ your seat (or ben h). _ _ your compartment. Here are your things. This is our _ _ our ___ our _ _ our ___ our train. botel. station. [hotel] room. room. my seat (or ben h). my [hotel) room. my compartment. a taxi.
_BAw 6am.
__ Bflwe Kyoe.
_
__ eawe MecrO.
MWH BCll.lIl.
>1
_ _ _ _ B3xTepa.
a newsstand. the conductor. a taxi driver. the clerk in charge. _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 porter. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the custodian. Where's tbe elevator? To the right. Go to the right. To the left. Go to the left. Go straight ahead. Where are you going'1 To Leningrad. To Moscow. To Kiev. To Odessa. To America. To the U.S.S.R. Where t01 To the Hotel Ukraine. To the station.
10.
r.ae mlqn 1
~
H;:l,IlTe npAMo.
- B Kitee. - B OACccy. - B AMcpHKY. - BCCCP. 12. BaM KY.aa? - B roenl fUlLly Y "palma:_ ~
Ha CT311Ll,1tIO.
260
LESSON 12
Ha
BOIOan.
B ylllfDepcUTCT. Ha nO'ITY.
B bonbwoii Tea:rp.
-8 rYM.
13. C.,onhKo CTOll",,: 611ne-r 8 MOCK8y1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 JleHHHrpAtt1 _________ 8 KiteD? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 80.l1eccy?
14.
To To To To To
the railway tenninal. the university. the poSI office. the Bolshoi Theater. GUM.
_ _ _ _ _ AO XapbXOBa. ______ 110 TaWKeffTa. ______ .110 Bml.l1HBOCToU. _ _ _ _ _ JJ.O RnTbl. _ _ _ _ _ AO OJIeccw.
15. Rbi 'iaCTO C3JI,HTe
B Mocxay1 _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 JleHHHrpAtt1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ B Kueo 1
I'm only going ______ _____ _____ ______ ______ _____ _____
as as as as as as as as
as as as as as as as as
_____ B
______ B
ilJlT}'?
Do you orten go to Moscow1 _ _ _ _ _ _ to Leningrad 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 Kiev1 _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 Yalta 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 Odessa? _______ to Vladivostok? How much does this cost 1 One ruble. Two rubles. Three rubles. Four rubles. Five rubles. Six rubles. Seven rubles. Eight rubles. Nine rubles. Ten rubles. How much do lowe? One kopeck. Two kopecks. Three kopecks. Four kopecks. Five kopecks. You owe six kopecks. ____ seven kopecks. _ _ _ eight kopecks. _ _ _ nine kopecks. _ _ _ ten kopecks.
18. C sac ween. KonecK. _ _ <:eMb xoneeK. _ _ OOceMb xoneeK. _ _ .I1eORTb KonCeK. _ _ AbT!> "onCex.
LESSON 12
261
(spelled
'IIII,,lUll.
or nu).
[Iuc~ij]
JIY'iurnif
MJI<l,ll.lI.HlH
better
[mlac~ij]
younger
[xuc~ijJ
xYlUlItfil
mi..LtUJIi~
worse
(pac~jj]
[prasecsij] npOWC.LtUJHH gone [zablucsij] 3a611Y,!J;umH gone astray [za yatsij] 3aBJimuHiI wilted [cyecsij] UBCTundi bloomed
or ,l:('t).
nOfly-r'lI1K
C'lh'lHK
[gaCtik 1 ra3C'f'utK
newsboy [ral}eccik] paKeTtl:HK rocket technician [baleRik I 6aner'lHX ballet dancer [razyeccik] pa.3Be.ll'lHK scout
traveling companion
meter
[zdaccik] lessor
[~iccikl
c.allTlfHX
C",f'UIK
kind of cotton [ace6t] OT'Ih account, report [6Ccij] OT'iI.fii father's [bu[ecCik I 6yepeT'lHK lunch counter attendant
[zav6CCik]
3aB6.n;'1HK
C. Hard Cd!]. This combination occurs when a prefix ending in 1I or T combines with a root which begins with tbe voiced consonant *. It also occurs in foreign-derived words. widiaIC] nlW.lKaK jacket [d:his] JllKa3 jazz [dzut] lllKYr jute [dzemJ WKeM [padzarij] nOlllK3phill thin, haggard [adiili~l OT:lKJUIKw: from the dwellings [Odzil] OTIKHJl his time has passed [adiecJ oTIKe'lh anneal; glass, metal [Odiik] OTIKHr annealing Ia;prbajdianJ A3ep6aHJlidH Azerbaidzhan (S.S.R.)
jam
[padzecl nOlllKe'lh to set fire to ~zigalilJ nOWKltTaTeJlb inciter
D. Hard [tel This combination occurs very frequently, especially in the infinitive and third person singular and plural of verbs with the reflexive particle -CR. It is spelled TC, TIlC, Jlc, Tl.l, or .1m. [dvatC;)tl lIBa.u...an. twenty [tritC;)lJ TpHD....an. thirty [kanatci] KaH3,QUbI Canadians [liJ;letciJ TH6eT"'bl Tibetans
262
LESSON 12
[mitC:JJ to wash
[m6jit~]
MblThCJI
M6eTClt
MOK>TCl!
[.,ca)
finar6tciJ J.1Hop6.nUhJ foreigners [liQingr3otciJ neHHHrpa.nUbI people of Leningrad (bratci] 6p:iTubl brothers
oTUA
B:llt-
STEM
B03bM-
.
INFlNlTIVE
PAST
In order to manipulate the various forms of the Russian verb, it is essential to recognize certain broad rules of compatibility vis-a.-vis stcms and endings. I. Infinjtive and past tense endings begin with consonants (T and 11) and, in almost all verbs, are added to a form of the stem ending in a vowel: :lI'iJ-Th, ""-11. 2. Present-future endings begin with vowels and are added to a form of the stem cnding in a consonant: *,",,-y, *ltB-eun., :HB-jT.1
MODElS
Other
two~s{em
nOCJlan. (pfv) to send sl: )')ICe nocna..n ""CbM6. I already sent the letter. cKuan. (prv) to say, tell q T6 Db. CrU13iuHl? What did you say? :1JlI'83an. (prv) to order OHa 3aKa3a.na 6HJ1en". She ordered the tickets. HeriTh (ipfv) 10 look for Bw MeHJi: HcdJlH? Were you looking for me? Hapban. (prv) slice Oner y*e Hap6an XJle6. Oleg already sliced Ihe bread.
nHcbM6.
'0
I'll send the letter tomorrow. cKa*y. cKa*eun.. CK8.>YT Oil IIH':Ier6 lie CK8.)I(CT. He won', say anything. :laKa*y! 3aKa",eulh, 3aKa*YT Olla 3axa:JKeT 6HJ1eTbI. She'll order the lickets. MIQj. 1iuJeuu., IitqyT Dw "lUere paOOTy 7 Are you looking for work?
Ha~Y.Ha~.Ha~YT
[jJ.
LESSON 12
263
(ipfv) to write Mbl mlcl.Jm micbMa. We were writing letters. lIallHcaTh (pfv) to write Bbluanllca;H1 110MOn 7 Have you written home? ....liTh (ipfv) (0 Ii"e Bbi l1onro TAM. )l(KJUf? Did you live there long? Jlocran. (pry) to get Bbl11OCT3.Jrn 61lJleTbJ 7 Did you get the tickets? o,",pWn. (pfy) to apen BaXTep on::Pbm .lIlJCPh. The custodian opened the door. JaKpbm. (Pfy) to close Bw }'JKe JaKpbmH OKRa? Did you already close the wintkJws? 6brn. to be r11e Dbi 6brnll '! Where Mwe yau? Ja6brn (pry) to forget OHa 3a6buIa 0 co6paHHlt. She forgot aboUlthe meeting. miTh (ipfv) to drink BM }?K~ mum <tfiji? Ha~'e you had tea already? Taillteaan. (iprv) 10 dance Bbi' Mlloro Tau.u.eoaJm? Did you dance much? eXaTh (iprv) to be going
IlHca:n.
IIHmy, lIIimemb. mimYT Mbl mtWeM nHCbMa. We're writing letters. HauMmy, lIalllUlIernb. 11:ln..H:utYT Her, Ii 33,DllJa lIamllilY. No, I'll write tomorrow, ....HBy. ~8elllb. Jt:H8Yr Bbl ,aaBHo lAtcb )l(IlDere? Hal'e you lived here long? ,aocri.uy. AOC'riHetllb. ,aocrlillYT Oil l1OCT311eT 6I1JleTbl. He'll get the tickets. on...pc)Jo. Qn:pOewb, OTKpOlOT . Ba.nep OTKp6eT Deepb. The custodian will open the door.
Jaf\pOlO. JUpOewt.., Jaf\pOIOT
Her. Ii ceH't3C 33KpOlO. No, I'll do it now. 6yAY, 6Y.a.etllb, 6yAYT r,ae Dbi 6Y.a.ere nocne o6ella? Where will you be this afternoon?
Ja6yAY, u6yLlel.llb, u6Y.ayr Dbi: He 336Y..llere HaC?
You won't forget us, will you? IlbtO. n~1J.II>., UbtOT Obi n..ere K6tI>e? Do you drink coffee?
TalllcYlO, TaHQjeun., TaHLlYIOT
Bw TauuYere?
Do you dance?
elQ'. bern.., e.ayr
Mw eXMH B TawKenT.
Mw e11eM B TaWKeHT.
We're on Ollr way 10 Tashkent.
We were on our way to Tashkent. IIPMCxan. (pfv) to arrive OIlH y>Ke npHCXaJm. They've already arrived,
They'll arrive
Oil
Thursday.
SUIlSTITUTlQN DRILLS
s1 nllwy nllCbMo.
OIlH nHwyr nllchMo.
(Mbl, BbI, TbI, Oil, olla. R.
01111)
2. I'll wrile the leller. s1 "anuwy nJICbMO. OHli HanHweT nHchMo. (Mbl. OI:lH, Tbl. EerellllH. S1, Bbl. 01111) 4. I'm looking for a hOlel.
s1
s1
OncpOlO ,D.BCpll.
(npoeolUIIIK, Mbl,
ROCHJlhUlIIKII.
muj roCTliUIIUY. OHli HweT rOCTHIlIlUY. (Mbl, Tbl, 311Ha. DUll, BbI, <1>1IJ1Hnn)
wO<flCp)
264
LESSON
12
Oil
MHoro TaHLtYeT?
OM 1\tIlcko T1Ulueau?
(oHa, 01111, 011, ranK)
2. He forgot the keys. He'll forget the keys. Oil 336blJl KJlIQ'lH. 011 336YJJ.eT KJIIO'lIl. Tbt 336bl1l JUlIQ'lH. Tbi 3a6Y.iJ.ClUb KIUO'l",
(II, MbI, BbI,
alia)
Oil
sac HCX3.n.
a.
$I,
MloI)
011 Bic ......eT. .sf MC Hcxan. Bic HlQj. (01111, MbI, alia,
a.
AnCKCCCB,
H)
.sf
st
'fbi,
BomCOB)
I. Have you already sent the letter? No, 1'1/ send it tomorrow. Rbi )'JKC oOCllfuIH OHCbMO?
2. Have they already arrived? No, they'll arrive today. OH" )')Ke npHexanH?
HeT, OUR npHe.ayr cerO)lHSI. Baw Jlpyr)'JKc llpHexan?
(Oner, Tbl,
OJ{
.sf
OK UH'Iero lie CK8...CT. Bbl HII'lCr6 lie cd.:lICCTe. 8bi IIH'IerO lie cKalJi.'1H. OHa HH'lera IIC CK3.3a..na. MblIIH'lCr6 lie CKtt"'CM. Omi IIH'lcr6 UC Ck3.33n:H. .sf IIH'ICrO HC CXWKy. Tw JlH'lcr6 IIC cJC3.3a..n.
a.
LESSON 12
265
3. They closed the windows. They'lf close the windows. Qmi 3aKPblJIH 6Klla. OHM JaKpOJOT olma. My 3aKpOeM OKHa. MW 38KphmH OKII8.
11
3aKpMJI OKlla. Kh.ll' 3alCpblJIa OKHa. np060ltHJfKH 3aKpLlJUt OKHa. Bhl 3aKp6eTe OKHa.
llMepHKallu:eB, yKpaHuu:e6, TaHQeB. Remember that this is merely a spelling convention and thal is always pronowlced hard: [arpipkancif. ukrajincif, agurc6f].
II
2. Particular problems arise in forming the genitive plural of certain CTOn-- and oK1lo-nouns with stems ending in the consonant sound (j].
a. CTOJI-nouns ending in ii in the nominative singular take the genitive plural ending --es
(stressed: -CB).
NOM SG NOM PL
GEN PL
rep6" hero
"Ia" tea
repolt "Iau
repOCB "IaeB
b. Most CTOn- and oKRa-nouns which teoninate in unslressed -bH in the nominative plural take the ending -CB (retaining the preceding -b). Most are nouns with only their plural stems ending in U].
NOM PL
GEN PL
c. Those CTOJl~nOUns whose nominative plural terminates in stressed -bli: have a zero-ending genitive plural with e inserted before the final -ii. Here -ii is not an ending. strictly speaking. but the Cyrillic way of representing the stem consonant (j] after the inserted vowel.
NOM PL
GEN PL
M)'JKMi: AP)'3Mi:
CblHOBh~
M)'JKell
3. A few cron-nouns have zero-ending genitive plural foons which are identical with their nominative singular foons.
NOM SG
GEN PL
266
LESSON 12
4. A few other nouns, such as pe6th3 and rocno,Qa (plural of l'ocnO,lUttl), have a zero ending in the genitive plural. NOM PL
pc6liTa
GEN PL
pc6liT
rocn6,Q
~KH
5. (;ToJl-nouns ending in -tlHHH or -AHHII in the nominative singular lose the suffix plural and have a zero ending in the genitive plural.
in the
RESPONSE DRILL
I don't see any chaiTS. Where are the chairs? J1 He Blb"y CTjJlbCB. r.me crYJlloA ? J1 He Blbtcy aMepudlll.teB. r.me llMeptlKlimu.J? (yxpaHHUeB, rpy:HlH, pe6srr, nnaTheB, ncpbCB, ee 6paTbeB, HX M}')Keii, ero ,aPYJeii, OrypUOB)
(Georgians) Whom did you ask? The Georgians. (rpYJUHhI) Y Kor6 Bbr cnpaWHBaJIH? y rpptUt, (M}')KhJi) Y Kor6 Bbr cnpaWH.8anH? Y My.eii. (,QPYlbJt, 6panSl, pe6S1Ta, .ae8ywKH, yxpanHUb.I, aMcpHK3HUbl, naplfH, Y'llITCJUi)
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
I. Don't you have any dresses?
2. Where are the dresses? I don't see any dresses. r.ae nmiThJt? A He 8111)1(y lIJIanea. r.ue aMepHdHubI? A He 8111)1(y aMepHKlIIlu:eB. (CTyJTbJt, nepbSl, HX M}')I(bSl, ero .uPYJbR, rpY:IHHbI, pe6J1T3, orypUbI, ee 6paThR, yKpaHHUbl) 4. Do they have dictionaries? No, they don't have any dictionaries. Y HID: CcTh CllOBapu? HtITl y uHX uer CJloaapeii. Y nux OCTh ncpMI? UtIT, y HNx Db I.ePbe8. (crynbSl, nnaTb~, 6paTbR, nopTenH, 80)1(11, Kapau.aaWH, APYJMI, orypllbl)
.3. Can one get chairs there? No, there are no chairs there. n.M M6)1(lIo ,D,OCTan crYJlhJl? HtIT, T8.1\4 HtIT crym.eB. TaM M6)1(HO ,QOCTaTh nePl.Jl? HtIT, y mix "tIT nepbC8. (nJlaTbJt, orypUbI, CTyJlbJt, nCpbJl)
LESSON 121ft?
Hx 6p3.TbJl 6wIH y HaC. M":': 6LmH y H:x 6pan.eB. fix M}')lCbli 6b1nH Y HaC. M":': 6bLrni Y Kx My*eii. (HX HP}'3bJl, rpy:mHbI, pe6J1Ta,
aMCpllKaH-
TRANSLATION DRILL
I. There are no pens here. 2. There are no chairs in the dormitory. 3. There are no Americans in the dormitory. 4. There are no Ukrainians in the dormitory. 5. There are no Georgians in the dormitory. 6. There are no dresses at GUM. 7. He has no brothers. 8. He has no friends. 9. The fellows have lots of time. 10. The husbands have no time. 11. I've read War alld Peace many times. 12. We were at [our] friends'. 13. We were at our brothers' (places).
_ _ '1'H _ _.
___ 'h= __
_ _ 'leThlJ'e-.
3TO CTOHT
_ _ _ four _ _ This costs two kopecks. _ _ _ lhrce _ _ _ _ _ four _ _ A ticket costs five rubles.
_ _ _ _ s;x _ _.
_ seven __. _ _ _ _ _ cight __. ______ nine _ _.
_ _ _ _ _ ten _ _.
B6ceMb _ _.
_ _ _ _ HeBRTb _ _ _ _ _ necRTb __
REPETITION DRILL
Repeat the given models, noting that tbe genitive singular is required aficr .llB8, .;me, ..-pH, and '1eTh1pe; and the genitive plural for min, on up. Note also that ABe replaces HJUi with all feminine nouns. Compare .;me cecTpL71, ABC TeTpallH with Hoi py6mi, Hoi CJi008.
268 LESSON 12
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
One ruble. CKOJThKO 31'0 CTOHT? OltKu py6J1L. CKonbKo :ho n08T? )(Ba py6J1H.
3. How many notebooks do you have? I have one notebook. CKOJThKO y BaC TeTpaneii? Y MellH O./Uill. TeTp8,D.L. C"onbKo y BaC KHHr? Y MettH JlBe KJlHnt. (6paThea, CJloaapeit, py'leK, KOMllaT, KapaunaUleij, nepbea, aIUlOK, nO:lKeK)
5. How many days
wj//
2. How much do lowe? One kopeck. CKOJILKO c Memi? O./Ula KOlleiiKa. CKOJlbKO C Memi?
)(Be KoneiD.'"H.
4. How much did you pay for it? One ruble, two kopecks. I CKOJJbKO 8bI 3alUiaTiUTH 3a :ho? OllKn py6Jlb ):tHe KoneKKH. CKOJ1bKO ahl 3annaT"J18 3a 3TO? ,lI,Ba py6J1H TPH KOuCHKH.
you be in Moscow?
Only two days. CKOJIbKO .nile" Bb"r 6Y.ne-re a MocKBe? TOJILKO JtB9. ./Um. CKonbKo .uneu ahl 6Y.ne-re a MocKBe? TOJlbKO TpH JUtH.
6. How many weeks wj//you be in the U.S.S.R.? Two weeks. CKOJ1bIW HeaeJlL 8M 6Y.nc-re a CCCP?
)(Be HCaeJlH.
DISCUSSION
The number one differs from the other numbers in that it is treated as a modifier with separate forms for each gender: O)];HII py6JTb, oAIIl'i Koue.iKa, O./UIO CJroao. The other numbers when used in nominative and accusative constructions are accompanied by thc genitive case: genitive singular for 2, 3, 4; and genitive plural for 5 and up. There is a special fer.ninine form for two: ABe; masculine and neuter nouns require.a.sa. It is important to remember that compounds such as 21, 22, 31, 32, 101, and 102 require the noun form to agree with the last element of the compound only: TpH.llUaTh OnHIl py6.'lb 3/ rubles, TpH.llUaTh ~ KOUeHKII 32 kopecks, TpKJ:J;u:aTb TpH CTyltelITa 33 students.
UNIDIRECTIONAL
LESSON
12
269
MULTIDIREC1'lONAL
A 'iacTO xO)l(Y IJ napK. A 'lac1'O e3)1(y a Moclmy. R 'iaCTO XOD.Hll B napK. R 'iac1'O lb,nllll a MocKaY.
UNIDlRECTIONAL
INFlNInVE PRESENT
HJ1YT
PAST
MULTIDlRECTJONAL
JNFlNInVE
eJJlHTlo
to go (by vehicle)
PRESENT
PAST
REPETITION
DRILL
Repeat the given models, noting that H,D,TIi and exaTb describe motion in process or intended motion. Contrast them with XOtufft, and e:uum., which describe repeated motion, Le., motion in more than one direction. In addition, remember that HlITIi and XO)lHn. ordinarily indicate going on foot, while exan. and e3JU[l'1> indjcate going by means of some vehicle.
SUBSTITUTION DRILLS
I. She oJten goes to cOl/certs. Qua 'itiCTO X6.lUIT Ha KOHUCpThI. C'Ty.LtCHThI 'iaCTO X6.nRT Ha KOHUepThI. (Mbl, sr, TbJ, Bbl, 01U1, HaTaIUa, CTy.neIlTlm) 3. I oJten go 10 Kiev.
2. She's on her
~ay
to a concert.
Kl-iea.
Bbl,
4. Zina and Philip (Ire on their way 10 Moscow. 3HHa H l1tHJlHlm e,ll,yr B MOCKBy.
Db! e.ne1'e
31'a
CTY.l1CIlTKII,
I.
rm on my way to school.
I go to school. A ~ a wxony.
270
LESSON 12
3. Were you on your way to the park? Did you go to the park? BbI' W1II1 B napK?
Obi Tbi
XOARJlM B
4. Were you on your way Did you go to Kiell? ObI exam1 B K{lce?
Ow
e3J];HJlH B
10
Kiell?
mipK?
KHes?
Tw WM B napK?
XOARJI B wi~?
QHa eXaJla B KHcB? OHa bANna 8 Kllcs? (lbi cxan, OHH CXaJlH, DommB exan, crynCuTlm exanH, Tbl exana)
Mbi re61i
BH..ue.n1l B
a8T06yce.
Tw exan B ropo,a?
Mw sac BH..ue.rnt B aBTo6yce. Ow eXaJDI ropo,a! (ee, ero, mlil, BaC, HX)
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
2. I saw you yesterday near the park. Were you on your way to the park! B'Iepa Ii BaC BH.a.CJ1 OKOJTO napKa. Bw UIJIii 8 oipK?
B'IepA Ii ero BK.aeJJ okono napKa. Oil wen 8 wipK! (IIX, ee, Te61i1, Bac, ero)
fll,e rn 6bm 8 cy666ry YrPoM? A xoJl.lin 6M6JUKrreK)'. r,ae OHa 6bU1a 8 cy666ry YrPoM? OHa xoroilla 6M6mIOTeKy. rne Bbl, Kan, 6blJUt B cy666T)' YrPoM? rne Bbl, Oner, 6bl/lH B cy666Ty YrPoM? rne lbl, HpHHa, 6wJTa B cy666Ty YrPoM? file OU" 6bIJUt B cy666Ty YrPoM? fll,e 6H 6bln B cy666Ty :iTpoM? fll,e BbI' 6bulH B cy666Ty YTPOM?
3. Do you walk to work? No, I go by bus. Ow xOJufTe Ita paooTy neWKOM? HeT, Ii h*y 118 8ST66ycc.
fne ru 6bm Ha np6wnoH "enene? st b,1UlJJ 8 XapbK08. file rn6blna Ha np6wJToii Hell,enc? A lh,lUlJla 8 XapblCOB. fne BbI, Oner, 6.bLnH Ha np6WJTOH uenene? fne BbI, 3HHa, 6wnH ua np6WJTOH HCll,ene? fne OHH 6wIH Ha np6WJTOH ue.nene? f.ne Ou 6bLn ua np6wnoH UCll,ene? fAe OHa 6bU1a Ha np6mnoH HeAene?
4. Are you going to the theater by cab? No, we're going on/oat.
Omi x6nR"r lIa pa66Ty newKOM? Her, 0118 e:t./I.KT "8 8BT66yce. (Olla, TItI, 8aw 6paT, 8awa ceCTpa, OHH,
....
Bw elleTC 8 TcaTp 113 TaKCH? HeT, MY lI.l1.eM netuKOM. Thl e,neUJb 8 Tea'rp ua TaKcli? Her, , HJJ;Y netuKOM. (aHa, 011.11, EBremdf, MbI, Tbl, KaTjI)
DISCUSSION
Mostnonprefixed, motion verbs have an added feature not found in other verbs: a double set of imperfectives used to distinguish between unidirectional motion and multidirectional motion. The unidirectional imperfectives describe a single, one-way trip to a specific destination. It may refer to an action that is (or was) in process or to one intended in the near future.
on my way to the park now. going to the movies tomorrow. on my way to Moscow. going to Moscow lomorrow.
LESSON 12 271
The multidirectional imperfectives describe movement in marc than onc direction or unspecified as to destination. This may include one or more round trips, or movement in several directions.
>1 He JIIo6mo xO,l],liTb. A xO,l],liJl R napK. A C3AIUI R KlieR. A 'faCTO eJ:lKY R KlieR.
I don't likc to walk. I went to the park (and returned). I went to Kiev (and returned). I onen go to Kiev.
In addition to the distinction between unidirectional and multidirectional movement, Russian also distinguishes between movement under one's own power (1IJtfli, xoroino) and movement by means of somc conveyance (ban., bavn.). While the verbs exan. and b,!IHTb are limited 10 the description of a person's travel by conveyance, the movement of the conveyance itself is usually described by means of IUfni or xoJUin,.
Compare 86T HJJ.eT aBTo6yc. 3TOT nOeJ,ll "l!eT B KlieB. noe3,lla cerOJllul lie XOJUlT.
Here comes the bus. This lrain goes to Kiev. Trains aren't running today. I'm going to Kiev. We went on the tram.
wilh
A ClJ.Y B Kliee.
Mw
eJl~IUlI1
lIa nOe311e.
There's a good picture showing at the movies. It's raining. (It was raining.) It's snowing. (It was snowing.) That suit becomes you.
The verbs XO.n.Hn. and elJl.HTl> have perfectives which are very rarely used: noxoroin. to do a bit of walking and ooe:JAMTh to do a bit of riding. The most frequently used perfectives are fanned from IUIl"Ii and exaTb: nom and noexan.. These perfectives describe the accomplishment of setting out for one's destination with nothing said about the return.
611
6H noexan
He went to the store or He set off for the store. He went to Moscow or He set off for Moscow.
Now note the use of the imperfective past of xOAKn. and elltKTb. which in similar situations, tell us that the person went and returned.
He went lo the store (and is already back). He went to Moscow (and is already back).
c - - - - - roPO,ll
3TO KpacliBoe OKH6.
That's a lovely suit. _ _ _ _ _ city. That's a lovely _____ That's a lovely _____ window. donnitory. picture. room.
_ _ _ _ _ 0611.1exH-rne.
3ro ICpacliBaJI Kapniua. -;ICOMHau. 3,-0 KpacHBLIe sewH. _ _ _ _ _ ,llOMa.
272
LESSON
12
____ .,.-3TO
)],oporo~.
XOp6WH~.
nJlaTbe CTapoe.
_ _ _ _ )],opor6e. .,.-xopOwee.
3TH
This dress is old. _____ expensivc . _ _ _ good. This book is old. _____ expensive. _ _ _ _ good. These books are old. _ _ _ _ _ _ expensive. _ _ _ _ _ good. What a large house! ___ RIce ! What a large building! ___ nice ! Wbat a large apartment! ___ nice ! Wbat large pictures! _ _ nice ! Where's the large hall? _ _ the large auditorium? _ _ the large dormitory? Where are the large restaurants? This is the second lesson. ___ the second lecture. ___ the second meeting.
I have an old dictionary.
c06paHHe.
_ _ an old nOlebook. _ _ an old dress. We're old friends. The borsch is hot. _ _ _ _ good.
lUH ropJi'lllc.
_ XOp6WIlC.
The lower floor is occupied. The lower apartment is occupied. The lower berth is occupied. The lower Doors are occupied.
LfSSON
12
273
REPETITION DRILL
Repeat the given models, noting the pattern of adjective endings. Observe that the stress may be consistently on the endings (as in 6<mbUlOii, ....(je, -aH, -He) or on the stem (as in XOpOUlHii, -ee, -aK, -He), but that there is no shifting of stress within the various forms of a particular adjective. Soft-stem adjectives always have their stress on the stem.
EXPANSION DRILLS
I. Where are the factories? Where are the large factories? rne $3.5pmm? Cae 60JIbwHe ~a6pHKM? r.ne ManmfH? 6oJlbUloii Mar83HH? (reaTp, cnoBap.., JIa60paToplUl, 05me)f{lfflie, OlCHO, O'lepeJl.h, CTaHlJ)Uf, IIOlK, wxa4>, lCHHO, napK, 4>a6pHK8, llJ.J.J;HK, pecTopan, 6H6JUfoTeKa)
2. Here are the boys. Here are the Russian boys. B6T mipHH.
86T pyCCKHC mipllH.
n.e
BOT JteayuIKa. BOT pYCCKav .a.eBymKa. (yqlITCJUi, CJIOBapb, KapTa, 4>illTbM, pOMaH, lCH.HrH, 4>a6pHKa)
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILL
Baw B-arOH :lKecTKHH H.rrH wirKHii? KBapnipa M8.JJeHbKa~ 601lbWaH? <I:lH1IbM ItHTepeCHhlii "1IH CKy'lHblH? KOMllaTbI M3.JIeHbKlte Wilt 60JlbWHC? CTUH.I.(IfR 60JlbWU~ Hm'! M3.JICHbKaH?
wm
HlhKuee.
OryPuhl xOpOllme HJIH Moxlie?
STRUCTURE REPLACEMENT DRILLS
274
LESSON 12
DISCUSSION
Russian adjectives follow a fairly simple pattern of endings in the spoken language. Because of the peculiarities of the spelling system, however, they appear complicated in writing. For con venience we group them according to their last stem consonant as hard stems, sofl stems, and mixed stems. 1. Hard stems are those with stems ending in any hard consonant except ut, ~, ", r, or x: 6oJlbllOii, "pacNBblii, CTapblii. 2. Soft stems are those with stems ending in soft II: IlH~IIKii. BCpXHKii. 3. Mixed stems are those with stems ending in ", r, x, ut, ~, 't, and m: ~ecr"Kii, npyl"OH. 6oJJbwOii. l-opli'IHii.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Masculine
(-wi) . BTOpOii ICpacHBwi
~ii
Neuter
Feminine
-oe
BTOpOe ICpaCHBoe
-aa
BTopia ICpaCHB8SI
-"e
BTO~C
HARD
STEMS
ICpaCHBblC
-He
SOFT
STEMS
-Hit
-ee
"H)Kllce
-a.
HH:lICHaSi
HH:lICIlKH
IIIhkllHC
I. Stems ending
inK,I',x
MIXED
~ii
-oe
Jlpyr6e ManeHbKoe
Jlpynia Muneubkaa
-"
-He
STEMS
----- ----- - - - - -He -OC (-ee) 60JlbWOe ropsi'lee 60nblll8H mpsi'l311 60JlbWHe ropH'lHe
..
.lJ.pyni:c MalleHhkKC
Mixed stems ending in ,,) r, and x follow the same basic patlern of endings as hard stems, except that, instead of -Wi (m) and -ble (PI), the endings are -HH and -He respectively; the preceding K, r, or x is automatically softened. Compare KpacHBloIii, KpacHBblc with M8.rJCHbKHii, ManeHbKHc. Hard stems have the masculine ending -Oii if stressed, but -lolii if unstressed. Compare BTopOii, MOJJOJlOH with crapblii, KpacMBblii. Mixed stems ending in lU and )I( have the masculine and neuter endings -oii and -Oe if stressed, but -ttii and -ee if unstressed. Compare 6oJJblllOii, OOnbutOe with xOpOlllHii, xop6wee. Note that some adjectives function as nouns and that some surnames are adjectival in form; CTOJJOeall (for CToJloeasi .. 6MHan), aiuHu (for eaHHasI KO~HaTa), TOJJCToii, j(OCToeBCKHii. The sur name for Miss or Mrs. Tolstoy is TOJJCTaa and for Miss or Mrs. Dostoevsky, j(OCToeBCKlUiI. In the plural the Tolstoys are To.IICTWe and the Dostoevskys j(OCToeBCJ,."MC.
LESSON 12
Z75
4TEHHE H nHCbMO
, ~/~~2
-~, ~.
-:Jnw kaa
-~. ~ ~ I<:a:-~~,
-$h
~~,2_~j/~ec?7U-
~~IU/~"~~
(L.~~ $k=~.2-~,
r=~' fAa-~~~
.M?U-Z_~ ~,-:bw~~~
IU/
-~, ~/~--k~~
~
~.2 -
,2-.0z,..a- C~ ~
~.-.fZ~~~,
::no
-
evJ
2a,
~
Moli lPaMHnHR
}l3 AMepHKH.
Z-c0a,~.
rpaEIT.
pall.
- .st
~
Cue
aawa KOMHan?
BOT 3Aecb, Hanp{mo. TaK MbI: TooapuU{H no KOMHaTe! BOT yn3.'1a: Ji KaK paJ y'ty aurmiitcKHH Sl3bIK.
~ CK3)1(HTe, Obi
276
12
llo>KaJlyficTa, B03bMIfTe )))HI MeHli BoHuy H MHpll. Xopow6. Ho Bbl, Kf!.:+::eTC.sI, HeJl<lBHO <UtT3JlI1 :hOT pOMaH? j],a, 1'10 TaKHe Demit uaao 'iIofTaTb MHcro pa3.
HOCHJ1bUlHK. B03bM~fTe. nO:lK3.JTyHcT3,
Moli 6ara)l(,
B03bMHTe
10 KoneeK.
DaHill'!
D.fl, ".
rOBop~, XOp6WHH.
- >1
-
e.ny 80 Bna.nlIBOCTOK. KalKeTCSI, MhI nOIlYr't.HKH? .[la, 1'10 TOJ1bKO ltO MOCKBb.. >1 eAY B MOCKOy. CKOJlbKO apeMeH" exaTb .no MOCK8bJ?
Wec-rb '"IaCoD. A CKOJlbKO OT MOCKBbI lt~ Bn3AHBOCTOKa?
CCMb AIltHi,
KCl)KeTCJl.
Ii
eCTb rOCTlhml.l;a
LESSON
13
Be'lepHHH, -lUI; -ee, -He l{HT,Urre Be'lepHJOJO MOCkBY'. ra3C'ra nocoBCTosan. (prv I), nOCOBeT}'lO, -eWb, -JOT KaKyJO ralhy BbI MHe nocoseryeTe 'lHTan. ? H3BCcTHe t&boocnul (pi) npaB.n.a HMHa, KaKylO raJiTy Bhr Mae nocoBiTyc-re
"lHTan. fIpu.n.Y, dh~?
evening Read the Evening Moscow. newspaper to advise What paper would you advise me to read? news, news report Izvestia (name of newspaper) Pravda (name of newspaper) Nina, which newspaper would you advise me to read, Pravda (orJ Izvestia? No, rcad the Evening Moscow. notice, announcement, declaration theater, theatrical It has theater notices. happening, occurrence, accident, event, incident It has theater notices and [local] events. the same everywhere news, novelty The news is the same in all of them (iiI. everywhere). It has theater notices and local events, and the news is the same in all of them. private, personal wanl ads, private ads You don't have want ads. to sell
Her,
06bllBJlCHHe TeaTpaJlbHblA TaM TeaTpanbllbiC 06bHsncHHH. npoHClllCCTBHC TaM TeaTpanbllble 06bllSJlCHH}I, npoHcwCCTBH}I. T6T )KC, Ta JKe, T6 JKe, Te JKe Be3J.J.C 11680CTb (f) H6socnl se3.nC TC )Ke.
TlliM Te8rpa.'1hIfhlC 061>llBJJeulUl, npoHCUJttTllltK,
HOBOCTH
BeJJ.J.e n .e.
'1aCTllblH [~asnij] 'laCTHWe 06bHBJlCHH}I Y sac lib '1aCTHblX 06bHBJleHHH. npo.nasan. (I), npoJ.J.a.o, -eWb, -lin
people Just how do people sell their things? Tell me, since you don't have wanl ads, bow do people sell their things?
nOllep;KaHHblH
nonepa>aHHble BtIltH?
[pac;lerf:mij]
secondhand Secondhand things? commission stores (statemanaged secondhand stores) In commission stores. flea market, secondhand market In commission stores or at the flea market. acquaintances, friends through, across, by way of, in Through friends. simple, simply In commission stores, at the fica market, 'or simply through friends. Oh, so that's it! advertisement, advertising You have so few advertisements. to notice I've noticed you have very few advertisements. by the way, while we're on the subject By the way, I've noticed you have very few ads. magazine, journal You have very few ads, even in magazines. Dgof/yok (name or Soviet magazine-lit. small light) You have so few ads, even in magazines, for example, in Ogonyok. sketch, essay, feature story Ihe U.S.A. Did you read the feature story on the U.S.A? last, latest in the last issue In the last issue there was a feature story on the U.S.A. Did you read it?
KOMHCCHOHHble Mara3HUbl B KOMHceOHHhJX Mara3Hllax. TOJlKYttKa B KOMHCCHOHHblX lum Ha TOJlKy'lKax. 3HaKOMhFe (acc, gen, and prep pi 3l1aKoMhlx) 'Jepe3 (plus ace)1 4epe3 311aKoMLlx. npocToii (adv np6cm) 8 KOMHceItOlfflblX, nil TOJJKy'IKC, HJlH
npOcTO "Icpe3 JHllK'OMhlX.
Ax,
BOT
OuO -no!
pelUl3Ma Y .mc M3.JJO pelUlaM. JaMenrn. (pfv II), JaMe'ly, :laMeTlfWh, -'IT .st :laMe-run, 'ITO y sac Mana pelUlaM. M6K.ny npO"IHM MC*Jl.Y npO'OL\t, Ii laMent!I, ...ro y aac Ma.TJO peKnaM.
O'lepK
COCJl.IlHCHllbJe WT3.TbI AMepHK) [e&Al or [Ha} Bbi '1HT3..Jrn O'lepK 0 CruA" nocnellHHii!-J1.,-ee,-He B nOCJ1eJI.ReM nOMepe 8 nOCne/lllCM. HOMepe 6bL'I OoiepK
o cmA. Bbi 'fII"rinH?
1 The: preposition 'Iepn is pronounced eitbcr with a ~al: stress on the: firsl syllable or without stlU$ allOgetoor. It has too meaning in only in time upressi.ons: ~ "i<: in an hour.
280
LESSON
13
l(MTllJI. A our 0':'- 113m :.KYPIl3.Jl .Al\.tcplII\a. JII3.eTe? TPYllllO (adj TpYllHbIH)
I did. But do you know our magazine America? hard, difficult Yes, but it's hard to get hold of it. not (negative particle), no maHer no matter at which newsstand you ask answer sold out No matter al what newsstand you ask, it's always the same answer: 'They're sold out." strange That's strange. embassy to get, get hold of I can get them at our embassy. Listen, I can get them at our embassy.
crp3.HIIO (adj crp3.HHblii) CrpaHIIO. nocOnbCTOo llOCTaB3.Tb (I), llOCTafO, --ern\>, -fOT R MOry .aocraB3.Tb HX 8 H3.WCM noconbCTBe. OrYlUaiiTe, Ii MOt-y D.0CT3aan. Kx B
HalUeM
nocOJ1bCTBe.
ROT xop0ut6!
Good!
~Yr
(pfv B311Tb)
'lTo Bbl Mile COOe,-yCTC? npo'lllTaTl> (pfv) RW)')ICe npo'lIlTaml raJe-ry? nerKII" nox~ijl nen,o [lixk6] He T3.K nerKO JJOCT3.Tb )f(ypml.n 'lenOBCK (pi mOllll)
(~epHKa}).
611
XOp6WHH 'lCnOUeK.
Rbi 3HaeTe :iTOro Mono,n6ro 'lenOoeKa'1 ynlfLt8 ~ BOT nO'lTa 'lepe3 YnllLty.
to advise What would you advise me '1 to read (through), to finish reading Have you finished reading the newspaper? easy, light easy, easily It's not so easy to get hold of the magazine America. person, human being, man He's a nice person. She's a nice person. radio Let's listen to the radio. new What's new? young Do you know this young man'1 street There's the post office across the street.
LESSON 13
281
J. -
JH1IHnn
H. -
HIlHa
npaB,lly, 113Becnub,1 1
<1>.
H.
<1>.
H.
3 Xopomo. A CKa:lKHTe, BOT Y sac Hh 'IaCTHblX 06'hRBneHHH, KaK :lKe mO,llH npO,ll8KH CBOH BemH 1
4 nOJJ.ep:lKaHHblc? B KOMHCCHOHBblX, Ha TonKy'lKe,
wm
<1>.
Ax, eOT OHO 'ITO! Me:lKJJ.Y np6'1HM, if 3aMeTJUl, 'ITO y Bac Mano peKnaM. 4 ,[J;<bKc B :lKypHanax, HanpHMep B OroHbKe. S
H.
<1>.
6 JI,a. TaK BW )'IKe 3HaKOMbJ c OroHbKoMll 1 KCTchH, B nOCJIettHeM H6Mepe 6hln O'lepK 0 CIlIA, 8';1 LJHTMH?'
H.
<1>.
8 JI,a, HO cro TpyttHO JJ.oc-rnTb. B KaKoM KH6cKe HH cnp6cHlllb, BcerJJ.a OMH oTBer:
9 Crp:iHHO. CnyrnaATe, if
MOry
I1pb/.la>1 Prawla (Truth) and J'(3aecrn Izvestia (News) are the two largest Soviet newspapers; the first is the official party newspaper and the second is the official government newspaper. Each issue is usually made up of four pages, limited to national and international items of political significance. Note that J.hlSic'rsm is plural: >t no 'IJI'Ti;r d138kTJurx.
I
2 llBeotepKIUI MOCKluh used to be the only paper in the Soviet Union that published local news items, including accidents. There is also a comparable newspaper in Leningrad called (<Be'lepIIHH JleHHHrp8;:v>.
TOJlJI:Y'lKM are establishments where practically any secondhand item can be bought or sold. They are frowned on by the government and are frequently closed down or moved to the outskirts of town- to discourage people from patronizing them. KOMHCCM6ton.Ie MBnl3NuY are government-supported secondhand stores where people may buy and scU used things. A seller m~t wait to receive his money until the item bas actually been sold.
3
The Soviet government is now doing a little more advertising of commodities than it did before World War II, using radio, posters. and occasionally even neon signs. Announcements on radio and television tell what goods have come into the slate stores. In addition, bulletin boards have been installed in display windows; on these boards, individuals can post announcements of things for sale.
, (0r0HeK is a popular weekly illustrated magazine whose contents range
from articles on national and international themes to fiction, verse, art reproductions, and crossword puzzles.
282
LESSON
13
cwA (Coe.lUfJleHHWe
WTliTw
people and [~a] by others. Some speakers say 06 cwA [abdka] and others o cwA [a.u3.]. Like CCCP this abbreviation is not declined: B cwA, B CCCP. The basic rule for abbreviations is that they are not declined unless they contain a medial vowel: compare 06 CCCP with 0 cYMe.
1 AMepKKb is an illustrated magazine with articles on life in the U.S.; it is printed in Russian and distributed in the Soviet Union by the U.S. Department of State. Soviet officials allow only a limited number to be sold, often returning large quantities to the American embassy, supposedly unsold. A very limited number of newsstands in the large cities are allowed to sell AMepllKs, and, when the word gets around that a new issue has arrived, friends of the clerks who distribute and sell it usually buy up the few available copies. Secondhand copies sell readily in used-book stores.
nOC.,JJjwaeM
nJlBcTliHKH
no.npYra
BW eme He B..me.'lH MoHX OO.IIPyr.
phonograph record to listen [toJ leI's listen to records. girl friend (of a girl) You haven't seen my girl friends yet. to drop in, stop by, call on Let's drop in at the donnitory. Want to drop in at the dormitory and I'll introduce you '! With great pleasure or I'd like to very mucb.
33.ii'ni (pfv I), :saHnY, -crnb, -y-r (past 33.wCn, 33.w.na, -0, -If) 3aH..iJ.eM B 06meJKUTHe. XOTIn-e, JJtiiJJ.eM B 06ute-.... Mnte, IIOJH8KOMJIJO ?
nponycK (pI -a, -60) nan (pfv irreg) (past Aan, -3, -6, -H; fut
,ll}lM, ,!J;arnh, nitCT, .ua,ruIM, .na,ll,HTe,
Mile
But will they give me a pass" Of course. music [some] tea to drink, to finisb drinking We'll drink some tea and listen to music. record player We have a record player. comer
red
KOHC<uto.
MY3b1Ka
(special gen) 8bmHTh (pfv I), BbUIbIO, BblfJbeWb, BWnbe.\t 'taJQ, Mj:J.WKy DOCJJjwaCM.
'13010
-lOT
npoHrpWBaTeJlb (m)
HaC
ecn, npoHrpblBaTeJlb.
recreation room
LESSON 13
283
Y mic
Jlpofil'pblBaTCJfb. fipeK'pacuo.
In our recreation room therc's a record player. Fine. song folk, popular There probably are Russian folk songs there? singer (m) singer (f) performance performed by Yes, lots, and performed by the best men and women singers, I'm fond of your folk songs. black, dark eyes I'm so fond of your folk songs, for example, "Dark Eyes." love song (semi classical) Why, that's an old love song. to sing no longer which, what, that Why, that's an old love song that's no longer sung. really? you don't say? Really? to hear melody, tune In America that tune may often be heard. No kidding? jazz, popular music We love your jazz. By the way, we love your jazz. but it's hard to get records. I'll bring some; I have a lot of them.
DeBeU (gen and acc sg nCHua; nom pi neBubl, gen and acc pi neaUDa) neallua HCnOJIHCHHe B I1cnOJlHeHrm
1I.a, MHoro, II B IICnO}lIIellllll JlY<fIlIHX nCBuOB II neBK",
R mo6mo BawH
'lePHhtH
H3po.nHbJe necHH.
.0'111
'Iepllwe to
pOM{mc
.D.a :ho
lla
nOKn,
IleY)l{emi? Hey",eJfH?
(pfv II) (like CJThJW3Tb) MeJlO,l{HS! Y Hac B AMepHKe .try MCJJO,il.JtJO "IaCTO
YCJTbJW3Th
MO:lKlIO ycJTbImaTb.
1I.a IIY?
ill,,"'
MbJ mo6HM BaW
SUPPLEMENT
6eJlhtH
cHlUfH
284 LESSON 13
rOJly66J1
3e.nCHbtH
)l{eJlTblH
light blue green yellow color what color, of what color What color is your suit? Dark blue. tasty, good (tasting), delicious Want a cup of good coffee?
eye
JIOCnYUJaCM nnaCTHHKH
H. H.
HlfH3
<1>. -
Cl>HlIftnn
<1>.
H.
<1>.
H.
<1>.
H.
J1:
<1>.
H.
:hy
",\eTO
M6)KHO
YCJIhIWaTb.
JUOGHM Balli
<1>. 10
NOTES
J1:
npuRecy, y MefiR HX Mlioro. lOne's pass or entry permit np6nyCK must be shown to the custodian on entering or moving out of a dormitory. Another pass is needed to enter a university library. Also, foreign students must request a special permit for traveling outside the city; this pennit must be shown when checking into a hotel.
2 Kpacuwii )TOJ.OK little red corner refers to the recreation room in dormitories, factories, schools, universities, and clubs throughout the U.S.S.R. Each recreation room has a portrait of Lenin and sometimes one of Marx, Khrushchev, and others, and the rooms are frequently painted red. KpJictu.rii originally meant beautiful, and in Orthodox tradition the KpacHwM )'ro.'l was the right-hand comer of the room where icons or holy pictures were hung.
LESSON I 3 285
J The term poMliHc is derived from French; in Russian it describes a certain type of love lyric, set to music. Such well-known poets and composers as nYrnKHH and lfaHKOSCKHH have helped to create them. POMliHc also refers to popular gypsy songs lIbIJ'UCKHe poMliHcw., but is not used in the English sense of romance. The word for romance is poMliH (which also means novel [book]).
Russians are inclined to call any Western popular music ,roa.:b. Foreign music has a special appeal to Russians, especially to those of the younger generation, and they are willing to pay high black market prices for foreign records.
J
Red.
Light blue. Dark blue. What newspaper are you reading? _ _ book ? What magazine _ _ novel What letter _ _ notice What verses _ _ lessons What are you talking about? About our club. _ _ _ _ department. _ _ _ _ essay. _ _ _ _ embassy. What did she find out about? Aboul your room. _____ aparlment. _ _ _ _ success (or good luck). _ _ _ _ mistake.. _ _ _ _ group. Don't forget about our ________ ________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ________ exams. lectures. records. record players. radios. passes. lhings. receipts. ? ?
Ku6ii Xypll:l.n
7
? ?
_ _ _ _ _ OttepKe.
_ _ _ _ _ IlOCOJJbCToe.
_ _ _ _ _ _ p3JxHO.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ nponyclCax. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Bewax. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ KBHT'3.HU,HJIX.
286
LESSON 13
There aren't any theater ads in Pravda. _ _ _ _ _ _ private _ There aren't any intcresting ads in Izvestia. _ _ _ _ _ such _ They'll arrive next Friday. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Saturday. _ _ _ _ _ _ Wednesday.
I'll arrive next Tuesday. _ _ _ _ _ Thursday. _ _ _ _ _ Monday. We'll arrive next Sunday.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cy666ry.
I've never seen pictures like that before. _ people . ______ advertisements . _ factorics _ _ _ _ _ _ newsstands _ _ dances _
I'm looking for a small box. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cupboard. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ table. _ _ _ _ _ _ a small shelf. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ room. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ hotel. _____ some small boxes. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ glasses. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ spoons.
9. .sf HmY He601lbWOH RW,HK. - - - - - - ",.'<j>. ________ CTOJ1. _ _ He6oJlhwylO ________ ________ ___ uc60JIhwHe nOJlkY. kOMuaTY rocniHHuy. Kop66KH.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ CTaKiHbI.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ J10jKKH.
We were in a large lecture hall. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ apartment. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ room. ____ in a large lown. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ dormitory. _ _ _ _ _ _ hall. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ restaurant. _ _ _ _ _ _ building. Isn't there another _ _ _ _ _~ ______ -conductor here? porter ? saleslady _ _ ? teacher (f)-?
You'll soon meet other professors. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ people. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ secretaries. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ drivers. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Americans. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Ukrainians. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Russians.
LESSON 13
11r7
13. MO>lnlo 'UnaTb'? - XOpOlllO, '1HTil.lhe! _ _ _ mtc..1Tb? __ IHtWHTC! _ _ _ rODOp"Tb? __ rosopine 1 _ _ _ cnpocHTb? __ cnpocine!
-, ? _ _ _ lIr!JTb.
~,, _ _ lI'vuHTe.
__ pa66TaHTe!
__ cnjrnaHTc! _ _ nem!
__ "miTe.I
Is it all right to read? O.K. go abead! ____ I ______ wrile? _ _ _ _ _ talk? _ _ _ _ _ ask? _ _ _ _ _ play? _ _ _ _ _ work? ______ Iisten" _ _ _ _ _ drink? _ _ _ _ _ sing? _ _ _ _ _ open tbe window? _ _ _ _ _ _ close the door? You didn't see my brother? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ friend? ______ our driver? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ guide (or conductor)? _ _ _ _ _ my brothers? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ friends? ______ our professors? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ friends (or comrades)? He was at my sister's place. _ _ _ _ _ girJ friend's _ ____ our teacher's _ _ ______ American woman's You were standing near your coach. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ house. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ baggage. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ dormitory. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ your door. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ hotel. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ laboratory. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ your pictures. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ maps. I'm not asleep. He's not asleep. We're not asleep. They're not asleep. You're nol asleep. You're nOI asleep.
6pan.ea? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ npy.Jiii?
_ _ _ _ _ MOH:x
0n 6bul
_______ aMcpllkCl.HKH.
16. Obi CTOJimt OKano cooero BarOHa. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,u,6Ma.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6arIDKa.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 06WC)l(ltTlt.ll.
________ CBoeH
,llBepH.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ roCTliHHUbl.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ JJa60pan)pIlH.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ CBO"X KapT"H.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ KapT.
17. .s1liC enmb.
8w
He cmiTe.
3aMeTHT.
lie
JaMeTHT.
Obi
Mbl _ _
IIC JaMeTHTc.
lie JaMeTHM.
.sf
Tbi
6H
lie JaMe'ly.
He 3aMCTHlUb.
He won't notice a Ihing. She won'l notice _ You won'l notice _ We won't notice _ I won't notice _ You won'l notice _ I'll introduce you 10 her. He'll introduce _ They'll introduce _ We'll introduce _
OH"
Mbi 288
LESSON
I3
Jly'lumx neouOo. _
.
6H
ycJIbuuHT
Mbi' yCJIbunHM
You'll hear one of the best singers. You'll hear _ He'll hear _ We'll hear _
>1 ycm;,wy
QHn yc.nhlwaT _
I'll he.,.
They'll hear I'll get your things right away. He'll get _ They'll get _ _ We'll get You'll get _ You'll get _
_
_
Oil __
T" __
_ _ _ _ _
S
22. OH nOJlO:lKHT saw 6ani:lK .s1 nonoxY Mbl 110nOJKHM Omi nOJlO:lKaT lUo4>ep nOJlO:lKHT
23.
Taxcn. _ _ _ _
He'll put your baggage in the taxi I'll put _ We'll pul _ They'll put _ The driver wiU put _
B" __ T" __
A
A J3STpa
M" __ nOCMOTpHM
,'II see the picture tomorrow. We'll see _ Zina will see _
You'll see They'll see You'll see
_ _
_
B" __ noroeopliTe
We'll have a talk with her about it. I'll have _ You'll have _ You'll have _ _ He'll have They'll have .
[rl
[tp] TJ'H three ("'Iii) TpCTuH
third
(rl
[brak] [brat]
marnage brother
[gran
count
rpaq,
[pravdo] truth
[pr6~]
(gnls)
load
'Pi>
[Zi'Qijo]
sight
3ptHHe
request
[mn]
liar
oPYH
[spda)
cpe";
[vrae]
epa'l physician
log
[8ftK) sin
rpCK
LESSON 13
2119
[francus] !ppaHl,Y3 Frenchman ldrukJ JI.pyr friend [dram:.) JI.p3.Ma drnma [trildn<l) TPYJI.HO difficult [trojb) ..-p6iiKa troika [uaook] 3pa<foJ: pupil of eye [srazu] cplny immediately
[p[iyet] npHBCT greetings [pram.) npRMo straight [V{eql:'J Bpf:MjI time [vral ) sPAA into line [f[igal] <j>penlT frigate [drevQij) ,D,pf:BlUtH ancient [d[imall ,D,peMaTb to doze
{gral) rpR3b dirt [kr ts].] Kpee.nO armchair [kril6J KPbUIO wmg (xr.im) XpaM temple [k[ik) kPiU: shout [xre n ) xpt" horseradish
[rtull
pry-rh quicksilver
[rvanij] lorn
psaHblH
nO;tC3.JJyHCTa, 3aX0.uH. n O;K3.JJyHCTa,. 3axome. CMOTPH, SOT MeT HHHa. CMOTpHTe, SOT 'tlleT HHua. nO,LlO)K,D,H! nO.llOiK,D,HTe! nO" rp6M'Ie! n6H're rp6M'Ie! HapeiKb orYPUbl! Hape)KbTe orypUbl! HamtWH :ho! HanmWfTe 3TO 1 He nHwlt! He mnUHTe! OncpOH OkHO! OncpOHTe OKHO! He OncpblB<1H OkHa! He oncphlBaHTe OkHa! Ta.H.UyH!
TaH~j:jTe!
Come in, please. Come in, please. Look, there goes (or here comes) Nina. Look, there goes (or here comes) Nina. Wait a bit! Wait 3 bit! Sing louder! Sing louder! Cut the cucumbers! Cut the cucumbers! Write it! Write it! Don't write! Don't write! Open the window! Open the window! Don't open the window! Don't open the window! Dance! Dance! Don't drink! Don't drink! Go home! Go home!
290
LfSSON
13
Second person imperatives are based on the present-future stem, which can best be found by dropping the endings -YT, -toT, -aT, and -fIT from the third person plural. The familiar-singular imperative ends in -II, -i, or -b; the plural-polite imperative is fonned by adding unstressed -Te to the basic familiar-singular fonn. Of the three variants, only -N is a true ending; -ii and -b are properly part of the stem itself: -ii is written to show that the stem ends in the consonant sound .Lil, and -b is written to show that the finaJ stem consonant is soft.
I. Imperatives in -ii. Most verbs with an imperative in -it have a vowel preceding the written ending of the present-future. Their true stems, however, end in (j), spelled i in the imperative.
IMPERATIVE
[dumaj-ut] llyMa-JOT [~itaj-ut] 'lHTa-JOT [tancuj-ut] Tanuj-loT [staj-at] Cl'O-slT no-fbT [paj-utl YllHBnJi-fOTCSI (u4i vlaj-utC")l lmperatives based on the stem
The position of stress in the first person singular prescnt-future plays a key role in determining whether the imperative wil be in -H or -b.
-N.
2. Imperatives in -b and
a. If the first person singular ending is slressed, a stressed -H is added to the third plural stem.
THIltD PERSON
FIRST PERSON
SINGuu.R
PLUllAL
b. If the first person singular ending is unstressed, the impera~ve is spelled with - .., which is a sign that the preceding consonant is pronounced soft (if possible).
THIRD PERSON PLURAL
FDtST PERSON
SINGULAR
IMPERATIVE
o="e-rb
HapC)l(1o
LESSON 13
291
However, if the stem ends in a cluster of consonants, an unstressed -. is added: 86MB-lIT, oOMHIO; the imperative is uOMHB, An unstressed -" may also occur in imperatives from perfective verbs which have the stressed prefix BY-: aWrollOpIIT, aWroaoPIO; the imperative is BWroaopil (like rollOpM except for the stress).
NOle on aspect: Although imperatives from both aspects may be used in affirmative commands, oaly imperfective imperatives are ordinarily used in negative commands.
CnpocH ero! KynH :iTnac! Ask him! Buy the atlas! Write to me! Open the window! He He He He cnpalllHe&H ero! nOICynU hnaca! nHlllH MHe! Don't Don't Don'l Don't ask him! buy an atlas! write to me! open the window!
HanmnH MOe!
OTKpOH"re OICHO!
onpblsaihe OKHa!
Read verses I
CTHxH! LfKTaiiTe CTNXH! n6i{ rp6M'Ie! noiiTe I']t6wre! KYOH hnac! liy,ll;b JJ:6Ma!
l.( HTaH
nOJJ:O)l(JI,H Memi!
~OCTaHb
I. /'/1 do it. Do it! A ClienafO .no. ClI.enai no! Jt CTOK> ua ymY. CrOii U3 yrnj! Jt y:mafO 06 :hOM. Jt Hrp<\fO B reHHHC. Jt oo,nyMafO 06 :nOM, .sf 'iHT:llo CTHxH.
A OTXp6fO .!tBipb.
OTxpOii ,rmepb!
XOKKeH.
Jt
.st
292
RESPONSE DRILLS
1. I'm drinking tea. You drink too! Jt "btO '1a". 11 n:. 08i! Jt onpOlO OICHO. 11 n:. OTKpC.lii! Jt nrT3.1O CTHXH. Jt 1l0~aJO 06 3TOM. Jt He J\YMatO 06 30aMeHe. Jt He nOKyniuo TaXHx BeLUe". Jt CTOtO B O'lepe.nH. Jl CDp3.wKBaJO, KorA! He JHaro.
3. You walk so much. Don't walk so much! Tbi Tal' MHoro XOAHWb. He xorot riK MH6ro! Ow TAl: MIIoro xo.wrre. He xoroi'n riK MHCko! Tw n\K MHOro mhueWb. Obi nil, MHOro mhueTe. Tw rl.x MIIoro rOBopHwb. Bbi rl.x MHoro rOBopiiTe.
4. Are you dnncing again? Don't do any more dnncillg! Tw omiTb TaHItyellll> ? He TaHllYi 6Om.we! BbI orniTb nHQjeTe'1 He TlUl1.lYiTe 6OJu.me! TbI oruiTb n..eWb'1 Ow orum. m.CTe'1 Tw orum. cnpAnnmaemb? Dw orum. CDpanmsaeTe'1 Tbi orniTb nDeWb? Obi omiTE. noCTe'1
I. Are you going to leave the dictionary at home? Leave the dictionary at home! Thl ocn'lBHwb CJIOBapb .a;6Ma '! Ocrbb CJlOaapb .aoMa! Tw Hap6Kewb orypubl'!
Ha~ orypttbf! TbI .nOCTaHelIIb a.TJlac'! Tbi ~nntlh MeHJi: Ha ymy? Thi Ja6YAeIDb ee? Tbi 6Y.n:eUIh roTOB?
2. Are you going to open the window? Open the window! Ohl oTKp6ere altHO '1 OncpOiiTe OImO! Tbi KymUlIb nmlTbe'1 Kymi MiThe! Tw noitnernb ':S Mara:um? Bw HanHmHTe nHCbMo? Tbi n0nYMaewb 06 :hOM'1 Bw npHHedTe bJlac? Tbi no.n:o:x.:.aeun. 6pATa" Bbi noA.n:eTe Ha IOunepT?
" ...... TBOe IIMJI.
"._ ....':. _.
3. Are you going to meet us on the comer? Meel tIS on the corner! Bbi BC'TpCnrre HaC Ha yrJlY? 8cTpen.Te Hic a8 yrJJji ! Tbi CKa:lKeWb TRoe HMJI'1
Ow .llocT8.Hen: VUOouI?
TbI nOCMOTplllilb iTOT <pH:.m.M" Obi l:yrnlTe MOJlOKO'1 Obi Ja6Y.neTe 06 nOM?
LESSON
13
293
QUESTlONANSWER DRILL
2. Buy a dictionary!
Don'l buy a diclionary!
Kynll: CJTOBapb! He ooKyniii cnoBapli!
He nOKymiiiTe "till!
OOCMOTPH:re B OKHO! C,aena"Te ;ho! CnpocHTe 06 :hOM! OOAyMaihe 06 3TOM!
KHHry! He CMcrrpH B KIlIiry! . Ham-fUll! CO'lHHeHlfe! OTKp6" ,aacph! Cnpocl! era! 110AjMait 03HMC!
B
OOCMOTPH
RESPONSE DRILLS
You play, too! M.hz urpaeM B dpTbl. H aW .....,iiiTe! MbI: He .uYMaeM 06 :hOM.
J.1 a... He njMaiTe! Mbi '1HT3.eM poMaubi. Mba: 6y,aeM T3.M. Mba: TaHuyeM K3.:lKJ).b.l" Be'lep. MbI He nheM. Mba: He "oeM.
1. If the present-future stem ends in the sound UJ, or (in spelling tenus) if the endings of the presentfuture are immediately preceded by a vowcl letler or b, the imperative is spelled with ii; lIohcynaii! (stem [p:lkupaj-]. first person singular DOKymito). Note that the stress occasionally shifts back to the stem (compare CT6ii! CToiiTe! with CTOW). Verbs like mfn.., with h directly before their present-future endings, have an inserted vowel in their stem; nei, Bhmeti (stem [gj-I, first person singular OhiO).
2. If the presentfuture stem ends in any otber consonant (but not a cluster), and if the stem is stressed in the first person singular, the imperative is spelled with -h, as in u6y.flh! (first person singular :sa6YAY). The -b must be written, even though the consonant is one that cannot be soft, as in nape-ACh!
3. If the presentfuture stem ends in a consonant cluster, even though the stress is on the stem in the first person singular present-future, the ending -It is added for the imperative, as in n6Mm1! (first person singular nOMHlo).
294
LESSON 13
4. If the present-future stem ends in a consonant and the first person singular ending is stressed, the imperative ending is -H, as in rOBOpH! (first person singular rOBopiO) and w! (first person singular HlIY).
5. Perfective verbs with tbe stressed prefix aW- form tbeir imperative in the same way as the imperative of tbe vcrb thcy derive from, for example, BWueii! (compare ueti!), BbaTOBOpR! (compare rOBOpli I). Bblpe;llCb! (compare pe:l>! cut! Hape:tl.! slicel).
a new suit.
a new radio. a new record. some neW records. a good briefcase. a good radio. a good room. some good records.
HWY __ __ ___
Jt
Rbi 3H3CTe 3Toro MOJlO,llOro 'lCJIoun? _ _ _ _ 311' MOJlO.o;yro .a.CBywXy? _ _ _ _ 3THX MOJlO..a.WX JlIO.a.eH? Rbi moGHTe )].OCToeBCI:Oro? _ _ _ _ TonCl"6ro? _ _ _ _ pyccxHe poMiHY? _____ TaxHe CTHxH? _ _ _ _ cri.pble poM3HCbl?
Do you know this young man? _ _ _ _ _ this young lady? _ _ _ _ _ these young people?
Are you fond of Dostoevsky? _ _ _ _ _ _ Tolstoy? _ _ _ _ _ _ Russian novels? _ _ _ _ _ _ such verses? _ _ _ _ _ _ old love songs? I don't like ____ ____ ____ ____ Dostoevsky. Tolstoy. Russian novels. such verses. old love songs.
Want a cup of delicious coffee? _ _ _ _ _ gooo ? _ _ _ _ _ hot ? They don't have a good club. _ _ _ _ _--'dormitory. _ _ _ _ _ _ a good library. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Iaboratory. _ _ _ _ _ _ any good theaters. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ parks. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ restaurants. We were talking about that ________ _ _ _ _ _ _ about that _ new building. b;g _ new dormitory. I"'ge _
L.fSSON
Y HI.fx HeT xop6wero KJlyGa. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 06We::KTH}I. _ _ _ _ xop6weA 6H6J1HOTeXH. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Jla60paT6pHH. _ _ _ _ XOp6WHX Tea:rpo8. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ napxo8. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ pecTopAHoe.
Mbi r080pKnH 06 nOM HoeoM JAMHH. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6oJlbwOM_. _ _ _ _ _ 06 3TOM R080M 06we::HTJiH. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 60JlbwoM _
13
295
We were talking about that new hotel. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ large __ _ _ _ _ _ _ about these new storts. _ _ Iarge _ _
~
issue of Pravda. exam. meeting. Iesson. book. work. news. news reports.
Mbl rOBopHM 0 ero nocne,nHeH KHHre. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ pa66Te. ______ 0 nOCJIeJIHI1X HOBOCTlix. ___________ HJBeCHHlX.
We're talking about his latest ___________ _ _ _ _ _ about the latest _____________
SINGULAR PLlIlW.
Masculine inanimate Mono,n6H CTapbfH CHIIHH .llpyr6" PYCCKH" 6onbwo" XOpOUlH" animate Mono,naro criporo cHHero ,npyr6ro pyccKoro 6onbworo xop6wero
Neuter
Feminine inanimate MonoJJ.bie cripble cHHHe ,npyrue pyccKHe 60nbUlHe xOpOwlle animate MOJlO.lIblx CTapblx CHHI1X .n:pyntx PYCCKHX 60nbUlHx xop6umx
Mono,n6e
CTapoc
MOJlO.llYJO
crap>""
CHHIOIO .n:PyrYJO PYCCKyJO 60JlbWyJO xop6wyJO
ACC
GEN
Mono,n6ro criporo cKHero llPyroro pyccKoro 6onbworo xop6wero o o o o o o o MOJlOJJ.OM cn'ipoM cHHcM JIpyr6M PYccKOM 6onbw6M xop6weM
PREP
I. The endings of adjectives modifying masculine and neuter nouns are distinct from each other only in the nominative and accusative singular; in all the otber cases, they sbare tbe same endings. 2. Only adjectives modifying feminine nouns have endings in the accusative singular which are always distinct from those used in the nominative singular: -ytO and -1010 (1I0Byto, JIPyryto, 6o.1lblUYJo.
nOCJTeAHIOIO, BepxlUOlO).
296
LESSON 13
3. Adjectives modifying neuter and inanimate masculine nouns have the same endings in the accusative singular as in the nominative singular. Those adjectives modifying animate masculine nouDS in the accusative singuJar have the same endings as in tbe genitive singular. Note that r in the endings -oro and -ern is pronounced [v]. 4. In the plural, adjectives modifying inanimate nouns use nominative plural endings; those modifying animate nouns use genitive plural endings.
RESPONSE DRILLS
2. You didn't happen to see the new record? I'm looking for the new record. Obi He BUneJlH H6aOH lVIaCTUHICJi?
g
" npoain 6om.unie. ~ &70p66xa ManeHhx:u!. 3TOT aTnac ManeobKHH. 3Ta n6IJ.:a ManeHbJ:aJI. 3TOT ul.lc:al ManeHbKHH. ~ n6nxa ManCHbkaJI. 3Ta kapTa ManeHbKax.
g HJJ.Q'
EXPANSION DRILL
Do you know that girl? Do you know that lovely girl? Db!: 3HaeTe 3Ty ,D,eaywxy?
BY :mien :iTy KpacJiBytO ,D,esywKy? Db!: 3uaen: noro DapHJI? By wen troro Kp8cHBoro rniptUI? (ny necHlO, 3Ty :lKeHlLVtHy, noro CT)'.neHTa, 3TO MCCTO. 3TY aMepHxaHKy, ny MeJIO,QHfD, 3TOT ropo.n)
What color is this book? Green. (3eneHblH) Kax6ro uatra :ITa KHHra? 3eJtbtoro. (6em..J:ii) KuMo 3Ta kHHra ? Iienoro. (kpaCm.Uf, xe.nn..ii. cHll.Hii. rony60K,
(green)
u.ae-ra
'1epHNif)
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
I. Where's the American singer? The American singer isn't here yet. Cne aMepHX3HCKHH DeBen? AMepNriucKoro oeBna aue lib. rae aMCPHk3HCI[:u! DeBKU,a?
AMepRmCKOiii DeBKnw Cllle Ilk. r,Qe H6BblH )"I1ITe.m.? r,D,e H6aaJI )"flfreJIbHHua? r.ne CTApblH wc:xIX=p? r,Qe ae'ieplUlJl. ra3eTa? CO,e nocne.QmlH n6Mcp :lKypHa..na?
2. Are the new students here? I don't see the new students.
H6Bble CTy,D,eUTbi 3.necb? Jt ue BrDKy uOBWX cry.r.etrroB. nO,D,ep)f(aHllble aeLUJt 3.a.ecb? 11 He BUy uo.nep:8JlHbIX semeii. Be'lepHHe ra.Jen.i 3,Q0Cb ? MonoJ:Ibl:e mO,D,H 3,D,ecb? )KenTble 'iamkH 3neCb? H61lhle :lKypHa..n.bl 3,D,CCb? CTapLIC rrnacruHKH 3,ll,Cch? 60nbWUC CTllK{U1.bl 3.l1ech? USSON 13 297
There was a lovely picture there. There were many lovely pictures there.
TaM 6hU1a KpaCHBaJI Kapnina.
TaM 6b'm0 npocT6e 1IJ13Tbe. TAM 6buJ '{epHhlii KocnOM. TaM 6bu10 8000e 06meJICHTlle. TaM 6bu10 HIITepeenoe 06"bJlBJIeHHe. TaM 6bu1a HOB<UI peKJIAMa.
TaM
6w
ue60IIbrnoH rndl.
8w ltopOrnHe CTY,lJ,eU'n>l.
,lJ,Jlli XOpOUIHX Cl'Y,lJ,CHTOB iTo lie TPYJJ;HO.
Obi xOpOrnaSl CTy.L{eHTK3.
8w ltopOrnH" a).1.MIUIHCTp<lTOp.
8bi ltopOrn<UI )"fHTenbHHua.
HeT, 0 HOBbIX.
611 cnparnHBaII 0 crlpoH lUIaCTHHJCe 1
2. Are you talking about the small lecture hall? No, about the large one. Db! rOBopm 0 M3JleUbl:OH aYAHTOpHH? Hh, o6oJn,wOi.
8b1: rOBopihe 0 ManenbKOH 6"6J1Hon:Ke 1
HeT, 0 BOBOH.
(0 crapoM poMaHce, 0 CTaphlX necHj/X, o crapo" pa60Te, 0 CTapoM CO'{HHeIIHH, o CTapoM 3aJ1Sne1lHH, 0 CTaphlX TaflU3x)
Hh,
6oJI1.w6i.
(0 ManeHbKOM wKa<!>e, 0 ManeHbl(OM 06mC)l(HTHH, 0 ManeHbKOH na60paTOp"H, o ManenbKOM llOMe, 0 MaJleHbKOH oWll6xe, 0 ManeHbKQM JaJlC, 0 ManellbKOM Mara3HHe)
RE,SPONSE DRILLS
I. Here's the recreation room. They're waiting for us in the recreation room.
BOT KpaCHhIH.yronOK.
2. Have you seen the new building? Everyone's been talking about the new building.
8hz BH,neJUl HOSoe 3.uallHe 1
0 .... uac
Qu.
HaC
~ B Kp8CHOM
yrOJl..e.
(HOBoe 06mexHTHe, crap3JI ay,llHTOplUl, bom.woH TeaTp, aMepHnHcKoe nocoJlb CTOO, HOB3JI oapTllpa)
298
LESSON 13
SINGULAR PLURAL
. Masculine
NOM
Neuter
Feminine
-<Ul,
-oe, -ee
-xx
-ble. -He
ACC
GEN
-YIO,
-fOfO
-oil,-eH
PREP
-OM, -eM
-bfX. -HX
Note: The letter r in the endings -oro and -era is pronounced [v).
REMARKS ON mE DISTRIBUTION OF ENDINGS IN
~
The declension of 'leu and the possessive modifiers: nominative, accusative, genitive, and prepositional cases
MODELS
novel are you reading? composition are you reading? book are you reading? verses are you reading?
LESSON 13
299
011 OCTaaHJI CBOH CJI0Bapb Jt6Ma. _ _ _ _ _ CROIO KinIry _ _ _ _ _ _ CBOC CO'lltHeHI1C _ _ _ _ _ _ CBOH nHCbMa _
MbI B'lepa 6bUUf y TBoero 6pfrra. _ _ _ _ _ _ y oawero _ _ _ _ _ _ _ y TBoeH cec:rpbi. _ _ _ _ _ _ Y BaWeH _ _ _ _ _ _ _ y TBOH-X Jtpy.reH. _ _ _ _ _ _ Y aawux _
at at at at at at
brother's place yesterday. brother's place _ sister's place _ sister's place _ ffiend~' place _ friends' place _ city. dormitofy. apartment. pictures.
You still haven't seen OUf _________ OUf _________ OUf _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ our We were talk.ing about _ ________ _ _________ _ ________ _
your house. yOUf _ your application. yOUf . your request. your _ your books. YOUf _
Do you know my brother? BOT lU{eT MOH 6pAT. Bw lHaeTe Moen> 6piTa? BM H,ll,er MOJi cecTp3.
2. Here's your briefcase. Youforgol your briefcase again. BOT Balli nopnt,eJlb. Bw: omin. u6Wm ca6ii DOpT~. BOT oawa 1I:HH:ra. BLi ouin. Ja6LvDr cao.o KHIiry. (Bawe 33JlBJlCUHe, Baw" BClltU, Barna ra3eTa, Baw ::acypHaJI. Baw" OJIaCTHHkH. Barna KBHTaIfUUJI, Barn 6HJleT)
3. Take my notebook. No, lhanks, I'll take my own. BOJbMH MOIO TeTpA.zu,. HeT, cnacii60. Jt BOJbMy caolO. BoJbMH Moe p3..nHO.
300
I.fSSON
I3
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
caoe JaJlBJletute?
HeT, Biwe.
Rbi 'lHT3.eTt CRee CO'illlleHHe? HeT, lUilue. (CRee nHCLoMO, CROll CTIIXH, CROlO pa60ry, CBOH O'lepK, CBOW KflHl'y)
kapTIIHe, 0 '{beM CO'{HliellHH, 0 l.JbHX Remax, 0 'lbnx )l(ypllaIlax, 0 '{bC:M 6JtJJcre, o '1beli npocb6e)
EXPANSION DRILL
You haven't seen the cilY yet. You haven't seen our city yet.
BbI eme He RH.aem.f r6po.D:a. Rw eme He BH.D:eJlH Hamen) ropana.
Bbi eWe He BH.neJIH UapTHpbt. Rbi eutc He BH.aeJl?l HaWeii KBapnlpLI. (.a.6Ma, 06we)f(IITIUl, Kapnrn, KOMlIaTbl, ROKJana, yllilBepclITeT3, WKOllbl)
I was talking about your novel. $( tmTM BAw poMbo st roBOplin 0 BJiwCM pame. $( '1ltT3Jl RaWII CTHXfl. Jl rOBOpHJl 0 BlituHx CTHx8.X. (Bawy pa60Ty, Barne COlllHelllle, Baw O'lepK, Bamy KHHry, Bame JaJlBneHHe, RawH pa60Thl)
SINGUl.AJt. PLURAL
Masculine
'1eli M6H, 1"86", CROit HaW, BaW
Neuter
"!be MOe, TRaC, ceee name, Rarne
Feminine
'IbR MOR, TBOJi, CBoli mlllia, BaWa 'IbtO MOJO, TBo.tO, CBOtO Hamy, aAwy 'IbH MOH, TBOIf, cROIf Hallill, BaW"
NOM
ACC
(like nom)
GEN
PREP
LESSON 13
JOI
DISCUSSION Possessive adjectives all belong to the soft declension, with endings in the oblique cases (genitive. prepositional, dative, and instrumental) like those of the soft-stem adjectives. Note thal, except for Ham and aam, which have their stress consistently on the stem, the possessive modifiers all have ending stress. The reflexive possessive ca6ii, awe, CBO'i, CaoH one's own declines exactly like MON and nOH. Rarely used in the nominative, it may substitute for Moii, TRoii, Ham, or Uw in those situations where subject and possessor are the same.
I gave you my briefcase. We're talking about our friend. You gave me your book. You gave me my book. It is only when the subject is in the third person that CRoii plays a distinctive role. It differs in meaning from ero, eti, and MX, the unchanging third person possessives.
nopT~b. Mw rooopuM 0 HaweM (caoeM) lIPYre. Bw MHe lIan" Bimy (C80tO) mHry. Bw Mile lIanH MOJO KllHry.
011
3a6hlJI
ero nopnl>enb.
He forgot his (own) briefcase. He forgot his (someone' else's) briefcase. Zina was reading her (own) book. Zina was reading her (someone else's) book. They were talking about their (own) friends. They were talking about their (other's) friends.
Possessive modifiers are often omitted when it is clear from the context that the possessor and the subject are the same: A 6ban y 6pan (or y MoerO 6pin) I was at my brother's place.
PRESENT-FUTURE
ENDINGS
"J'OC'ITb
(ipfv) to ask npowy np6cHwb np6cIlT npOcHM 'npOcHTe
llpOcJlT
SG
-10
or -y
2
3
PC I
-~b
-MY -MM
2
3
SUBSTITUTION DRILLS
1. You never go
OHM
10
the movies.
Bw HHXor,na He XO.ltHTe B XHHO. HHlCorAA HC X6,1],J1T H KHtlO. (Mltl. 'I, ona, Thl, ero .aPY3bJl, MOW T08apllUl no kOMllaTe, Obl) LESSON 13
HaTawa. CTY.lleUTbl,
see)
302
3. Site alwoys asks 'hat 'he windows be opened. Omi ocer/l3 np6cuT OTlepblOaTh Olena. Ollli: ocer.na np6c$lT OTlCpbJOaTh olena. (H, Bbl, 3ulla, Mbl, TbI, )"fHTenb, eelCpeTapb, )"flhenbHHUbI) 5. Comrade Alexeev. often goes to Kiev. TOBapHlJJ AJleKteeB 'laCTO C:JlUIT 0 Klieo. ~'I1t npo80AHJOOi 'laCTO C3.lU1T 0 Klieo. (MbI, OUH, .If, Bbl, TbI, 3Ta :lKeHlltHHa) 7. Volodya talks a lot at meetings. Bono.cur Muoro roOOpHT Ha co6pAHH.llX. ~ CT)'.rtetrrw MHoro rooop.1i:T Ha C06p3.HHSIX. (TbI, BbI, .If, Haw oaXTep, Mbt oee)
STRUCTURE REPLACEMENT DRILLS
4. I'll phone home tomorrow. 3uoTpa Ii n03001llO 1l0MO. 3aOTpa MbI n0300llHM .I10MOii. (aHa, Bbl, OIlH, OJler, Mbl, $I) 6. I don't remember her name. sl He nOMKIO ee "MeIlH. Tbi He nOMHIUUb ee "MeHH. (OHU, BbI, CTy.neHTbI, MbI, $I)
1. Irina war looking out lhe window. Irina is looking out the window. HpHHa CMOTpCna 8 OICHO. "pHHa CMOTpHT B OuO. 8bi CMO",enH 0 okub. 8bi OU)Tptrre S 0"'"110. (CTy.nCHTbI, .If, MbI, Tbl, Kon.lf)
QUESTlONANSWER DRILLS
2. We often used to stand in line. We often stand in line. Mhi 'laCTO CTOMH B O'lepe.rw.
Mbi 'IaCTO crOli\t 8 o'lepe1Uf. A 'laCTO craM B 6'lcpe.nH.
.sl:
'IaCTO (BbI,
crow
We're not asleep, either. .sl eute He cumb, a abl, pe6liTa? Mbi To*e He CIlIOf. .$I ell.\e He cnnJO, a 31'01' napeHb? Oil TO*e lie ann. A eute lie cnmo, a Tbl, KomI? .sl eute lie cnmo, a O,,? .sl ClUe He cumo, a Tbl? .sl Cute lie CnJIIO, a Obi, 1'OOapHIl.\H? .sl eute ue CllJ1lb, a 3TH mbAI1? .sl elUe lie cnmo, a :iTOT rp:oKJJ,aHl{H? A ewe lie cnmb, a HaWH nonjT'lHKH? .s'f ewe lie cnJ1JO, a BbI, .ncaywxH?
2. She pays tlery little for her room, how about you? I also pay very little. OHa Malia nnaTHT 3a KOMllaTY. a Obi? H:Ii MallO Ma'ly. aHa Mana nml.THT 3a KOMHaTy, a ee CCCTpa?
... OHa ManO nJiaTHT
(a ThJ; a :)Ta nCEiI1ua; a :lTIf 3aOt llUlll.hl; a 3TOT rocnOAHII; a :ITa aMepuxallKa; a Bbl, pe6.Ta)
4. Will you permit that? 3. When are you going to see that film? Of course we will. We'll see it tomorrow. 8w pa3peWliTe 3TO? Kor.na Obi IlOCMOTpHTe 3TOT 4JIiJlbM? Mbi nOCMOTpMM en) 3aS"rpa. KOHl:'IHO, MW pa3pewHM. Pe6,)Ta pa3peWaT :iTO? Kor.na neael! l'IOCMOTpHT 31'01' 4JH:.rrbM? KOIle..HO, OHH pa3petUaT. OH IlOCMOTpttT er6 3aBTpa. (TUOII no.npyru, neBHua, TbI, BonO/lH H (eeKpeTapb, HX 6paTbSl, 3Ta aMepHKaHKa, ncTp, TOOH TooapHW no KOMllaTe, TbI, On. H ranjl, Bama )"f1rreJ1bllHua, Moil eelCpeTapb, BbI, 3Ta /leBywlCa) 6paT, ero CCCTpa, Toaapllw U,apanKItH)
LfSSON 13
303
She oughl to receive a leiter SOOIl. She'll receive a leiter soon. ami cK6po nOJDICHa nOJIY"Hrb nochMo. Oua cKapo nOJlYIIHT "HCIoMa.
Bbl CKOpO nOJDKHbl nOJIY."HTh nochMo.
(6paTbH, aMcpHKallKa, TbI, Y'IllTCJIhllliLlbl, SE, rplDKnaHHH CCMCHOB, lTiI aMCpmCaHI..lbI, MbI,
npo$eccop)
Tw MeUM CJIb1I11HUlh?
Dbl MCHJI BCTpe1'H1'C?
H ce BCTpC'fY lIa
BOK)Ue.
I. I won't (be able 10J hear the custodian. The custodian won't [be able to] hear me.
Aile yCJlblUly aaXTCpa.
3a
IIHX.
Cecrphl
MetiS
lie YCJIblW3T.
H 3anJla<fj 38 nero.
(Te6.l1, 3HHy, pe6S1T, Hee, MefUl, Hac, aac, K03J10Ba, HlIX, HOIIYT'fHKOB, l1'oro 'ICJJOBeKa)
J. Will you study the Russian language? I'm already .~tudying Russian.
Dbl 6yncTc y'fHTh pycCKJ.:lii }I)bIX?
2. Where will you put the records? 1'1/ put them on Ihe table. Kyna abl ItOJIO)KliTe nnaCTHHKlf? H 1I0JlOiKY Hx 113 crOJl.
Kyna Y"ilTCJIh nOJIO)KHT DJJaCTHHKH?
'On y"m::e
Oil
1I0J1allalT
Hx
118
crOJl.
TaoSE nonpyra, aMcpHKaHCKII" ncaeu, aMcpHKa~CKHC nCBLlhl, :)Ta aMepHKaHKa, 3TH aMcpHxalmbl)
DISCUSSION
I. Comparison between the present-future endings offirst and second conjugation verbs.
Verbs of thc second conjugation have thc vowcls -H- and -9- (or -a-) in their present-future cndings as compared with -0- (or -e-) and -10- (or -y-) for vcrbs of the first conjugation.
304
LESSON
I3
FIRST OONJUGATION
:malO
IlltY
JlIliWJb H,UeWb
JHaer H,UeT
JHaeM H,neM
Jllaere MeTe
Jm'uar
(. ,nd 00)
(e and y)
HlIYT
SECOND CONJUG....TION CTOIQ CJIblWy CTOMWb CJIblWMWb CTOIiT CJIblllIHT CToHM CJIblUIHM CToliTe CJIbUUMTe
CTon
CJIb1WaT
(M and R) (H and .)
2. A/Jernation of stems in the present-future of second conjugation verbs. Alternation of the final stem consonant occurs only in the first person singular. There are two types:
.lJ.,
CT)
TYPE 2 (Stems ending in n, 6, B, ., M) Compare JlJ06HTh, JU0611T with l1tOO.rnb Compare octiBHTb, OCTUn with ocni.1lI0 Compare maTh, mJIT with Q1JIIQ Compare n03Hax6MHTh, n03Hax6MSlT with n03Hax6fl,vllo
Compare cnpocHTb, cnp6cMT with cnpomy Compare BHJJ.eTh, BWT with IlH:y
.
Compare BCTpCTHTh, IlCl'pCTMT with BCTp4!:'Iy Compare 3aXOllHTb, 33.X6,lV1T with 33.Xo..y
3. The present-fwure stem versus the inFmitive-past stem. In second conjugation verbs the endings of the infinitive and past are consistently added to a form of the stem which ends in a vowel. This vowel is automatically dropped before the endings of the prescnt-future. INFINITIVE-PAST
CMOTpC~Tb
PRESENT-FUTURE
-11,-11a,-)1H rOBopM-Th -11, -11a, 11H 4. Stress pallerns in the present-future. The same three basic stress patterns that are found in first conjugation verbs are also found in second conjugation verbs: a. Stress consistently falls on the ending: rOBop.o, rOBopHwb, rOBopHT, roBOpHM, rOBOpHTe, rOBopliT. b. Stress consistently falls on the stem: 8C'T]X'Iy, BCTpCrHWb, BCTperHT, BCTpC:nrM, BCTptTHTe, BCTI>eTJIT. c. Stress falls on the ending in the first person singular, but shifts back to the stem in all other forms: npowy, np6cHlUb, np6cHT, np6cHM, np6cHTc. np6cSlT.
LESSON 13 305
'lTEHI1E 11 nl1CbMO
rfuul Kyrnina HX Ha TOJ1~e. CerO.ltWi ee nOJI.pYnt nOH..lJYr B KpaCHblH yrOJlOK, r.ne ecn. npOHrphlBaTeJ1b. ORU 6y.nyr
AMepHKl1HCKHe nnaCniHxH O"!eHb TpYJI.HO JI.OCTaBaTb. TclM CJlywaTb My3blKy TaHUeBaTb. raJHf npHHeCe-r CDOH ROBbie nnacniHKH.
306
LR'iSON
13
3HaeWb, Oller, }! BCTpeTHJI eerOJJ.HSl. KaTio. fJIe? B 6H6J1HOTeKe? Her, B KpacHoM yronKe. ItIHTepecHo, OHa HH'JerO He cnpauJH83JIa 060 MHe? HeT, omi, KaK Bcer.na., rOBOpH.n:a TonbKo 0 ce6e. rJpaBJJ.a, OHa nYM3eT H rOBopHT ocerJJ.a TonbKO 0 eeoc. OHa " :lKHOCT TonbKO llJIJi ce6Ji. Ka:lKeTCSl.. BaW" pe6siTa mo6siT Hawy 3MepHK3.HcKyfO My3blKy? ,[{a, J],:lK3.3 MbI O'leHb m06HM. TonbKo nJl3CTltHKH JJ.ociaTb TPY.lJ.HO. A Ji O'leHb mo6mo BaWH HapOJJ.Hble Me.nO.nHH H Y'KC K)'nHlI MHoro nnaCTuHoK. I1HTepecHo, KaKHe. XOTihe nocnywaTb? ,ll,a, KOHe'fHo.
- Xopowo, sf npHHeey "X ceroJJ.HS!: Be'lepOM. ECJut xOTHTe, R npHHeey H COOH 3MepHdHcKHe.
.st
- 4TO TbI, Oner? 8eJJ.b ero xopowo 3HaJO, 3TO HHIConaii neTp6o. 311paeCTByH. KOJlS!: ! - A, ranS!:, npHBer! 4TO TbI Tyr Y Hac .o.enaeWb? -,ll,a BOT xO'ly nOCMOTpeTb BaW KpaCHblH yroJlOK. Oller rOBopHT, 'ITO y sac XOPOWHH npOHrpblOaTeJlb H HOBble nllaCTHHKH. - OTnH'IHO. CeH'IaC 6YlleM cJlywaTb My3blKy H TaHUeOaTb. HHHa XO'feT 'fHTaTb IKypHaJl I\AMepHKa, HO OHiI He 3l1aeT, rne ero 1l0CTaTb. KorJJ:a aHa CnpaWHBaeT 0 KHeCKe, CH Bcer.ua OTOe'laIOT. 'ITO OH pacnpO.uaH . nOCT3W :hOT )KypllaJl y 3HaKOMoro aMcpHKaHua rpaHTa, HO R He XO'fY eH rOBOpHTh 06 :hOM.
.st
.st
307
LESSON
14
Ha T8Huax
to be tired (or exhausted), to get tired I'm tired or I'm exhausted. ooh!ugh! Ooh, I'm exhausted! hoI Irs so hot! Ooh, I'm exhausted! It's so hot!
.sf
. y",.
~,
Yep. y""""
>KapKO (adj )l(apKHH) TaK )l(apKO! yCT'liJt.a! TiA .lipKa!
sr
OT.aOXHy-n, (pfv I), OTllOXHY, -elllb, OT.aOXHCM! ,nasaTb (I), .aalO, -emb, -101' .nasan! -Te! (imper)
.l{asaiiTe OT1l0XHCIU!
CB060JUlbIli
-y-r
to rest, have a rest Let's rest! or We'll rest! to give, let give! let's! Let's have a rest! free. unoccupied, vacant Over there are some empty chairs. then again, but then, however But then again, where are Kalya and Volodya? toward, to to them, fot them to them, to see them, to their place Let's go see them! or Let's go join them! maybe, perhaps Maybe we should join them? to suggest, projX)SC, offer something I wanted to suggest something to you. Yes, I'm listening.
K (or KO) (plus dat) HM (or H1tM) (dat of oHa) II: HliM nOH.aCM K HHM! MO)KeT (full form Mo",eT 6bm.)
!la. Jl CJTYWaJO.
J09
to go over, go across to switch to "Tbl," start using the familiar form of address Let's switch to "Tbl." We're already good friends after all. agreed, agreeable Fine, I'm willing. ThaI's wonderful. to drink, have a drink it's necessary to drink, we have to drink We must drink to that! although even if only, at .Jeast lemonade We must drink to that, even if only some lemonade. Wanl to? Not "Obi," "rn." (Lit. Not "xoTlITe," but "xo'{ewb.") to forget Don't forget we're using "TW." Not "BW," "TW." Don't forget we're using '"TW" now. to get used to, to be used to, to become accustomed to
I'm not used to it yet. Excuse mc, I'm not used to it yet.
BOT II IlpeKpaCIIO!
HhIUJ.fTb (pfv I), BbITlhlO, OhlUbeWI>, BblUbfOT nau.o BblUIlTb ]a :ho lIa.ll.o BbInIlTh! XOTJI XOTJl 6hl JlIlMona.n
3a 31'0 llaJl:O BMIlHTh, XOnl 6b1 JJHMOlla,D,a.
Xonhe?
He XOTl1:TC, a xO'{ewb. 3a6bloaTb (I), 3a6blBoo, --eWb, -101' He 3a6hloaii, '{TO MW Ha (rbI. He xonrre). a XO'tCUIh, He Ja6b1Baii, IfTO MY 118 <<1"W, npmn:IKH}'Tb (pfv I), nplfBwKHy, --eWh, -yr (past npHBblK, npHBbrKna, -<>. -Il) 5i erne He npIlBhlK. H1Blllllt, Ii el..Lle lie llpHBbIK.
6yh
nOiineM B 6ylj)eT.
SUPPLEMENT
.nBOp Ha Jl:BOpe CerO.nIBI Ha .ll.BOpe O'{Cllb )l(apKo. CBC)I(O Ha }].Bope CBC)I(O. norOlla KaKajj CerO/l,Hl'l nor6.ll.a? TeIlJlO (adj TCnJlbIH) CcrO.u.IHI TcmlO. CcrO.nHl'l TenJlal'l noro.na. xono.nHo (adj XOJlO.nHblif) CcrO.nIDl x6J10.ll.1I0. CerO.nHSI XOIIOll,Hasr noro.na. OTJIblXaTh (I), OTJl:hlX{UO, --eWb, -lOT 8M OTJIbIXaeTe?
yard, backyard, courtyard outside, outdoors, out; in the yard It's very hot out today. cool, chilly It's cool outdoors or [t's chilly OuL weather What's the weather today? warm It's wann today. The weather is wann today. cold It's cold today. The weather is cold today. 10 rest, relax, vacation Are you resting?
310
LESSON 14
npeJlJlaraTb (I), IlpeJlJlan\.1o, -ellIb, -lOT 4TO Bb! l1pC.ltllaraeTC? ncpeXOJU'lTb (II) (like XO.niITb)
3JlCCb MO:lKHO nepexOJlliTb
npHB~I'lKa
ymn-lY?
nJlOXOH
3TO MOxaR npHBbl'lKa.
10 suggest, propose, ofTer What are you suggesting? 10 go across, go ovcr Is it all right to cross the street here? habit That's a strange habit. bad, poor That's a bad habit.
HaTllHUax
3URa
I
YlP, ycnlna!
Tak )l(apKo!!
BOH TciM CBOOO,llHhlC
CljnbSl:.
MO)KeT nOH,neM k HUM?
BnpO'IeM, r.ne
Kin" H BOJlo.lUl?
Oner 4
3HHa 5
)la, x CJlYwaH>.
}'IKe xop6wHe .nP)'3bX.
Oner
3UR3
7 Xopowo. x cornacHa.
BOT H npeKpaCHO! 3a :ho Ha.no BblUHTb, XOTX 6bJ JlHMOJl3Jla. 2 XOTHTe? XOTHTC, 3 (<xO'lCWb.
Oner 8
3HII3
9 He
He
Oller 10
NOTES
B 6y<J>C"r.
1 Both )KapKHH and ropsioorii mean hOI, but ordinarily they are not interchangeable. In reference to weather, climate, and room temperature, only lfi"apKuii is used, for example, KaKOH )KapKHii .!I.eH.. 1 What a hot day! rOpK'IKH, on the otber hand, must be used in referring to objects or things that are hot, for example, "Opli'l8H BO,lJ,3 hot water.
Note that the genitive form JlHMOIIlI,lJ,8 is used herc. Nouns denoling divisible mailer are used in the genitive case to indicate a portion of the whole amount, i.e., some. For example, compare >1 BblUHJI M01l0K8 I drank some milk with ji BblllltJl MOJlOKO I drank up the milk, i.e., all the milk. The word JfHMOIUlll. is used by some Russians not only for lemonade, but for almost al)Y soft drink.
l
) In this conversation we find two more cxamples of past tense vcrbs in Russian, both perfective, where present tense constructions are used in English:
Yep,
YCTina!
npllBbiK.
.R eute He
As used here, 6y~ is a snack bar or food countcr with very limited fare, mostly cold. Although Khrushchev prohibited the sale of alcoholic beverages in snack bars, it is sometimes possible to obtain beer there. The word is also used to describe a cupboard or sideboard where dishes, utensils, table linens, snacks, and beverages arc kept.
LESSON 14 311
H ....p a
B UJaXMaTbI
(pI only) Hrpa H rpa B waxMaTbl. 3a CTonOM KaJKCTC~, 31'0 Kal'~ Ii BonoAli
WaXMaTbJ
Ja
311113,
CMOTJlII: .d.lKe-rCH.
:ho
KliTH
cTon6M. H BoJloJUI
13 CTOJIOM.
01U1:
chess, chessboard, chess set game, play, playing A game of chess. at the table I guess that's Katya and Volodya at the table. Look, Zina, I guess that's Katya and Volodya at the table. they're playing chess Yes, they're playing chess. Let's go join them 1
HrpatOl'
WaxMaTbl
n:.
Katya, I didn't eyen know you play[edJ. and how! And how! checkmate to me, for me She beat me (Iii. gave me checkmate). two times, twice She beat me twice. No kidding! That I've got to see! to sit down, take a seat instead of, in place of You'd better sit down in my place, Qleg. I've had enough, I've had it I've already had enough. to play, playa game two together why not playa game Why don't you two playa game together? Well, why don't you two boys playa game together? you'l1 be bored to be afraid I'm afraid you'd be bored. that's an idea, I wouldn't mind, perhaps That's an idea. Bul I'm afraid you'd be bored. That's an idea. But I'm afraid you girls would be bored.
Mile (dat of Ii) QHa Aaml MHe Mh. ,nBa pa3a Omi )lBli pala lt3.na Mile Mar.
J(a Hy! 31'0 if ,nOJllKell nOCMO~Tb.
ca.nHTheH (II), caJKYCb, ca.nil:rnbe~, -liTeH
BMOCTO MeHti.
,noa6J1hHO
C MeHM
y'lKi .ltOBOJJbIlO.
a,UaOeM nO'lcMy 6bl He CblrpaTh nO'-lCMy 6bl BaM B,ltBoCM He Chll'phb? A no<teMY 61.1 sliM, pe6liTa, BJtBoeM He
CblrpaTb?
CKy'lHO 60JiTbCH (II) [bajatC<)], 60K>Cb, 60I1WbCH, -Ji:rc~ EOJOCb, 'lTO BaM 6YAeT CKy'lHO. nOJKanyu nOJKil..rIyi-i. T6nbKO 6010Cb, 'ITO mlM 6y,neT
BaM 6YlleT
CKy'IHO.
312
L~N
14
BOJJJ.YX CBe)K"H lIa Cae)KHH BOJAYX BblHTH (pfv I), Bbdl.IlY, Bblit/leUlb, -YT (pasl BblUleJI, Bblluna, -0, -H) Bblit.lleM Ha Cae)KHH B03.llYX. Mw 8WiD.eM HeMnOro fta caellClrii B03J1YX.
air fresh, cool OUI into fresh air to go out, get off (a vehicle), come out We'lI go out into the fresh air. We'll go out for a bit of fresh air. Want to. Zina? all right, O.K.
O.K.
Mw
XO'felUJ>, 3MHa?
na.auo
Jliluto.
nplIXOJlHTb (II) (like XOAHTb) HaM (dal pI of Mbl) n PIIXO.llHTe K HaM. K6H'iIlTb (pfv n), K6H'Iy, -1IU1b, -aT
A BbI
nptlxoDJiTe
to come, arrive to us, for us Come see us or Come join us. to finish And you come joip us when you've finished.
SUPPLEMENT
to finish When do you finish working? or When are you through working? from one's house, from home There's a letter for you from home. to go out, come out, get off (a vehicle) He rarely goes out of the house. to come, arrive When will you come to see us? II seems your train has arrived. to walk (for pleasure), stroll Do you oftcn stroll in the park? to go for a stroll, go for a walk Let's go for a walk (or stroll).
Ifrpa B WaXMaTLI
3. - 3HHa
O. -Oner
B. - Bml./lliMHp K. - KilTS(
It
O.
:ho Kanl
Bono.nS!
Ja
CTonoM.
3.
O.
LF.SSON 14
313
B.
K.
J1y'lwe Tbl,
OJler,
O.
Chess has traditionally been a very popular game with Russians of all ages.
The Soviet government prides itself on having tbe best chess players in the world.
As a result of winning only second place at an internationaJ chess tournament, the government took measures to insure a crop of future champions by introducing a course in chess playing in Russian secondary schools.
l Notice that English often uses the present or even the pasl tense after when, whereas Russian more accurately uses the future:
npltxoJJkre
KOH"tMTe.
HaM, Kor.wi 8W
Come join us when you finish (or when you've finished-lit. when you 'shall have finished).
_______ 8
______ B
"'YT66n. TellHltc.
6eHc66Jl.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ B XOKKeH.
let's playa game of cards. _ _ _ _ _ _ of chess. _ _ _ _ _ _ of soccer. _______ of tennis. _ _ _ _ _ _ of baseball. _ _ _ _ _ _ of hockey. Let's take a break or Let's rest a while. __ switch to "Thl." __ go to the movies. __ drink to tbat or Let's drink a toast to that. __ go get some fresh air. __ have a game of chess. __ go join the otbers or Let's go see them. __ go to tbe snack bar.
I had something I wanted to suggest ______________ _ _
2. ,uaoaihe
OT!J.OXHCM.
nepeH.n.eM t1a Tbl. _ _ _ nOH,neM B KHIIl,). _ _ _ BbmbeM 3a 3TO. _ _ _ Bb.lH.neM Ha CBe:mH B03JlYX.
_ _ _ cblrpaeM B waxMaTbI.
3.
lfT6-ro
npe,lUloJkUTh.
_ _ HM
to to to to
to us.
314
LESSON 14
I1M
EMy
_
~_
. - - - - - 5. Mue Hy>Kell
1I00blH 3TJ1aC. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CJlOOapb. _ _ _ _ _ _ ccKpeTapb. Mile lI)')Klta HOBaM npoJt3BuU1U3. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ KOMHaTa. _ _ _ _ _ _ pY':lKa.
_ _
_
_
_ _ _ _ pen.
_ _ _ _ _ notebook. I need a new radio.
_ _ _ _ _ _ TCrpiutb.
Moe HjJKHO "OBoe pa;mo. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ nepO. MHe HYJlCHbl 1I00bl:e nrrpA,Iul. ________ nOJIXH. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CljJlbll.
_ _ _ _ pen 1J>oin'J.
I need new notebooks. _ _ _ _ shelves. _ _ _ _ _ chairs.
6. Moe XOJlOJtIIO. __ >KapKO. __ CKy'lIlO. BaM lie XOJlO)1HO? ___ )KapKO? ___ CKy':lHO?
7. KAK Ha )l8ope? - Ha .llBOpe ltopowo. _ _ _ _ _ Tenno. _ _ _ _ _ xono.lloo. _ _ _ _ _ ::dp"o. _ _ _ _ _ CBe>Ko.
_ho'_. _chilly _
_ _ _ _ _ _ ""0....
________
_~
_ _ _ _ hot _ _
There's a letter for you from _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ from _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ from _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ from _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ from _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ from _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ from
USSON 14
315
II.
_eH _ eMY
6H
Ji
_ _
__he'
_ _ him
__
_
_
_Ha.M
___ _ u'
_
you
__
______ u,_
_______ you. _ _ _ _ _ _ her. _________ thcm. He came back home or Hc's come home. When will you be through working 1 ___ will he be ? ___ will thcy be ? ___ will we be ? ___ will you be ? ___ will I be ? Are you just about finished eating dinner? Is he finished ? Are you finished ? Are they finished ? I'm just about finished eating dinncr. We're finished _ She's finished _ She gives English lessons. They give _ We give _ I give _ Do you give Russian lessons? Does he give ? Do you give ? They'll give him a pass. You'll give _ We'll give ~ You'll give _ She'll give _ I'll give _ I'll let you know. He'll let _ We'll let _ They'll let _ Will you let mc know? Will you let ?
-,-
_ _ _ _ _ KHCH. K HHM.
14. Rbi YJl<C KOH<Jaere 06c,naTb? 6H __ KOH'faeT ? T';' KOll'faeWb ? OnH _KOI:l<Ja.IOT 1 R }')KC KOH'falO o6ellaTb. Mbl_ KOH'laeM _ OH<l-KOH'faeT _
IS. OHa. ,naeT ypOKH aHrmrnCKOro jl3hIK3.. Om! llaHlT _ llaeM _
Mw
R AlOO
_
? ?
611 .n:aeT
Tbl ,naeillb 16. OH" eMy lla.n:yT npOnycK. Rbi _ _ ,naJUITe __ Mbl __ lla.rlUM __ Tbl ,n3mb _ aHa __ lIUCT _ R _ _ naM _
17.
OUU -.n:a.rlY"r
lEiSON 14
18. Kor.na kOIl'lHWb, Thl ueMlioro OTJl.OXllewb? ___ KOII... HTe, Obi OT.QoxHere? Kor.Qa KOH"'y, Ii HeMuoro OT.QOXHy. ___ Kon....HT, 01150 _ _ oT.QoxHeT. _ _ KOH"'HM, Mbl _ _ OT.QOXHeM. ___ koH...aT, OHIt _ _ OTllOXHYr.
When __ When __ __ __
you finish, will you rest a bit? you finish, will you rest __ 1 I finish, I'll rest a bit. she finishes, she'll rest _ we finish, we'll rest _ they finish, they'll rest _
I vacation in Yalta. we vacation _ _" you vacation _ _ they vacation _ _ you vacation _ _" Khrushchev vacations __"
19. J1eToM Ii OTJJ.blXOO B AnTe. ___ Mbl OT.Q.blXaeM __ " ___ ru OT.Q.blx8eWb_" ___ OHH OT.Q.blX3JoT_" ___ BbJ OT.Q.blx8en: __" ___ Xp)'lUeB OT.QblxaeT _ _"
During the summer ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ She's already used _ _ _ _ _ _---'_ _ _
20.
__ K
npHBbll(JJa.
_
_
_ _ K HHM __ k
BaM Te6C
_
_
_ _ 1(0 MliC
_ _ I(
to to to to to to
(gorpJ ,op6 hump (jtrpJ cep6 Se,b (bMJ 66pT shipboard (mart] MapT March [sgirt] COltPT alcohol, spirits [,pM] cnopT sport (tOrt] TOpT cake
[/!6rtJ '1epT devil (i>Ci'kJ O'lepK sketch, outline (p...kJ napK park [yerx] .epK peak [syerx] CBCPX above [mor~] MOpjK walrus (marlJ Mapw march
[fau) $lpe fan" (touJ TOpe torso [leurs) KyPc com", [to,~ TOP! peat [ger~ HCpO nerve [norm] HOpM of nonns (~ornJ ,nCPH turf
Note: Although the writing system does not indicate it, the P preceding a soft consonant is pronounced soft.
(skarn] grief cKop6b
[yelO sep<j>b
shipyard
([enJ
[SIJlcIlJ CMCpTb
death
oce-rp
[vmitrl inside
BH~b
The dative of KTO, 'ITO, the personal pronouns, aDd the reflexive personal pronoun coo';
NOM
>ITO
"OMy
"0
"IeMj
Mile
ThI
Te6e
OH,Oll6
OHa
..,;,
HAM
...
aaM
OIlH
(no nom)
OAT
(HeMy)
'MY
eM (HeM)
....
(HHM)
ce6t
Notes
1. The altcmate third person fonns, the pronoun: K neMy, K ncil, and K "HM.
IICM)',
2. The dative reflcxive personal pronoun to (or for) oneself has no nominative. It is used when thc subject and indirect object are the same: >1 KynHn ce6C nnacnttt.KY. (I bought a record
ceoe
for "iyse!f.)
MODELS
$i
XOTCn
saM
"ITO-TO Ck:uaTb.
_
_ _ _ CMY
_ _ Te6e
- - - - him - - _ you _
_ _ eii
_
011
~_HM
_
_
_ _ _ _ _ he< _ them
_ us
_
_
_
xo-re.n
_ _ _ 113M
3J8
l.ESSON 14
_ _ _ _ _ _ 1 E01
_ _ _ _ _ _ ? HM?
Who is that letter for? Me? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ? You? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ? Us? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ? You? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 Him? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ? Her? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ? Them?
I'll come nnd see you on Saturday. _ _ _ _ _ him _
_ _ _ _ _ you _ _ _ _ _ hcr . .
.sf
K BaM
np'llY
II
cy666Ty.
.
_ K HeMy
_ K Te6e
_K He"
_ K HH.'I.t
.
.
.sf Kynnw
BaM
:hy nnaCTIlHKY.
_ _
_
_ _ _ cc6e _ _ _ T06e
_ _ _ OMY
_ _ him
__hcr
_
_
- - eO - - - _ _ _ HM _
Qmi KYnHT ce6e _ _ _ To6e
_ _ _ MHe
~
_ _ lhem
UOBbI"
nOPTienb. _
_ _
_ _ _ me
_ _ _ us
_
_
_ _ HaM
(you) To whom did 1M teadler say that? To you. (BhI) KOMY Y'lHTeJlb 3TO CJn13an? BaM. (Ji) KoMj Y'lHTeJlb :iTo CKa.3an?
MIU~.
RESPONSE DRILLS
I. Oh, you're here already! rll bring you Ihe paper. A.x, Bbl }')Ke 3.o;6<:b! R npHllecy BaM l'ueTY. Ax, aHa }')Ke 3.o;Ccb! A npHHecy eii ra3hy.
(Tbl, all, OIlR, raJUl, peKTOp)
2. I don't know his house number. He doesn't want '0 tell me, Ji. He 3HaK> 1I0Mepa ero .o;OMa,
LESSON 14
319
6p.a:ra
~ ~
H.JtY
Ie:
..eM.
"'l
5. He hasn't been to your place yet. He'l! come to see you.
011 y Bl'tc Cute
011 IIpHlih
II:
He
fibl1l.
BaM
011 Y IIHIt eute He 6b1Jl. OK lIptt,!],eT I' 118M, (y Hac, y HcC, Y HHIt, Y Te6ll, y MClIll, Y Hcro, y Bac, y MCH.lI, Y Hac)
cM9
OO.aaPOIC.
iii
DOllapolI:.
On
2. He'll bring her Sflme lemonade. She'll bring him some lemonade. Oil npHHecer eH J1IlMoHliJIa. Oua nptUfecN e.\1Y J1HMOUW. A npHllecY cit J1HMOlla,na. Oua DpHHeeer Mlle JlHMOUliJJ,II.
(Mbl npHllecCM, Obi npllileeeTe, OHII UpHnCCYT, lbl IlpHHCCelllb, all I1pHHeeer)
KynHJlH)
.st
On
MIMi IDICLM6.
I'm so-hot.
We're-.
Eii
HM _
320
LESSON 14
MHe 6y'UCT
HaM
CKy'H-lO.
EMy
E"
HM
HaM
.
.
_
I'll be bored. We'll be_. He'll be_. She'll be_. They'll be_.
I was cold. Wewere _ Hewa5 _ Shewas _ Thcywere _ _
M He 6bulO X0J10ltHO.
EMy
E"
HM
_
_
_
BaM ClleWI1Tb 1
____ u, _ _- ?
_ _ _ YOUf _ _ ?
_ _ reM
A MIll~ _ HaM
MO)l(II0 nocMoTpCTb 1
May I look 1 or Is it O.K. for me to look 1 .__ we_10r us l' I was happy there or I felt good there. or He _ He I'm thirsty or I feel like having a drink. _ We're __ or We
H;M
min. _
REPETITION DRILL
Repeal the above models, noting that the person who is involved in each instance is expressed by the dative case in Russian.
(f)
Who's thirsty?
Jam.
(11)
(olla)
KoMY Mile,
XO"l.CTCli nl1Th?
KOMy
XO'fCTCli IlI1Tb 1
Eo,
(Bbl, ThI, all, MhI, OHM, SI, Olla, Bbl, Mhl)
RESPO!'l'SE DRILLS
Mw 6jltCM TaHUCBaTb.
BiM 6ylteT Ckj'IHO. (SI, OH, ThI, ona, OH", OH, BbI, SI)
He
2. He went home. He was bored. 0H nowen AOMOii. MY 6wo CI.:ylfHO. aHa nowna .nOMO". I!ii 6bI00 a.y"lllO.
(OUIt, ThI, BbI, MhI, SI, 011, Tbl, olla)
LESSON 14
32J
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
2. Why are you ill such a hurry? It's time for me to go home. nO'ieMy Thl n\K cnewHllIh?
MHe nopa .uOMOH. nO'leMy OH nlK cnewlh? EMy nopa .nOMOH.
(olla, ami, BbI, TbI, OH, aHa, BM)
STRUCTURE REPLACEMENT DRILL
Du
du
XO'lCT
Y311aTb pe3ynbTaTbJ.
(Mh!,
EMy HaM
(OHM, Tbl,
MHe)
RESPONSE DRILLS
I. I was at Ihe flea market. I found il interesting there. $I 6hln ua TOJlKf'!Ke. Mile TiM 6wJIO KlITepeclIo.
QH 6hW lIa TonKy'lKe.
HaM iKapKO. dH .uoJlro TaHL\eaan. EMy iKapKO. (H, OIlH, TbI, OlIa, BbI, MM, H)
61:1
X6'leT '1HTaTb.
MY
(olla,
on, SI)
In impersonal constructions the dative case is used to identify the person affected or involved in the situation. Such dative constructions are especially common in conjunction with infinitives or shorl-form neuter adjectives ending in -0. in the past and future, the neuter verb forms 6bl.'l0 and 6j.1J.eT are used. They usuaUy precede the infinitive or short-fonn neuter adjective.
322
LFSSON 14
Te6C TaM He 6YlleT IIHTepeCHO. EMy nopa 6bUlO HJJ.Tli. MHe 6blJ10 XOJlOllHO. HaM 6YlleT XOJlOllHO.
We'll be cold.
Tbe dative personal referent may be omitted for a more general statement. )KapKo. It's hot. nopa llllTH. It's time to be going. M6:lKIiO nocMoTpen.? Is it all right to look? KaK H1rrepecHo! How interesting!
Mile lIy..cen arJlae. MHe Hy..ceH 6bJJI arJlae. Mne lIy..ceH 6YlleT 3TJJae. Mile lI}':lKn3 K3PTa EBp6nbl. Mile IIY:lKIHl. 6wmi Kitp'ra EBpOnhl. MHe lI}':lKm'1 6YllCT KftpTa EBpOnbl. Milt Hy*1I0 p3Jrno. Mile lIY:lKHO 6blJIO paaHo. Mile n:;.110 6yoneT panna. Mile lI)')KJlbI lUUO'tli. ' Mile 1IY"'lIb1 6bulH KJlIO'tH. Mile II}':lKHbl 6yonYT KJlIO'tH .
REPETITION DRILL
I need an atlas. I needed an alias. I'll need an atlas. I need a map of Europe. I needed a map of Europe. I'll need a map of Europe.
I need a radio. I needed a radio. I'll need a radio.
I need keys.
Repeat the above models. noting the pattern in the present, past. and future .
CUED QUESTlONANSWER DRILLS
I, (I)
Who needs an atlas? J need an atlas. (li) KoMj nY-"CH aTJlae? Mile Ily*etl iTJlac, (Mbl) KOMy H)0Kell :1TJlac? HaM ttY*eu aTJJaC, (oHa, Oil. Mbl. Tbl. OHA, }I, oHa, TbI)
2. (chess set)
What does he need? He needs a chess set. (w3XMaTbl) 4TO eMY HjJKIIO? EMy HY'...H";' WaXM8Tb1. (1I6:lK) 4T6 eMY ny,.cllo?
3. (cupboard) What will we need? We'lf need a cupboard. (wd$) 4T6 HaM 6yoneT uY*"no? HaM 6YlleT HY*eu WKa. (n6JlKa) t.h6 113M 6yoneT HY":lK1I0? HliM 6Y/.teT IIY*Ha 1I0JIKB, (KJllO'HI, npOHrpblBaTeJlb, ,,1138eCTH}I. lIOaoe MecTO, :lKypllan (,OrOHeK", l(Be'lepIIRli MOCKBa, waXMaTbf)
4. (secretary)
Whom did she need? She needed the (or a) secretary. (ceKpeT3.Pb) KTO eM 6bU1 HjJKeH? Eii 6Lan uy",eu KpeTapb' (y66pulI1u.a) KT6 eH. 6bln lIy"reH? ii 6bfJla Hy"'IUii yOOputH118, (peKTOp, npOllaBlttHL(a, TOBapUlli BonKoB, y'lHTeJlbllHu,a, Bax:rep, HaTawa H 3ulIa, npoleccop OpJlOB)
, Some speakers stress the first syllable of lbe plural form: Ilf*xw.
!...ESSON 14
323
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
I. What dictionary does he need? He needs Ihis olle. KaKoii CJIOBflPb eM)i Hy*"ell? EMy "~eH BOT nOT. KaKOH xypuan eMY uyxeH? EMy Hy..-etI BOT nOT. (nona, poMaH, nepo, IOlHra, CTyn,
T""""'")
2. Are Ihere any cups here? I need a cup. Ty,- OCTb '1amKH'1 MHi Hy:tma '1lirnKa. Ty,- ten. CTari.m.l 1 Mue Hyi:eH CTah.-aH. (nO)l(KH, H01l:H, BHJlKH, KapaH}l3..UjH, nepb$l, llOCKH. Te'1"p<lJJ.H)
RESPONSE DRILLS
I. Here are some pencils. We don't need pencils. 8M KapaHJlamH. HaM KapaH,lI,llUIH He IIY*llbI. 8M nponycd.. HaM npouycd He IIYjt;HhI. (cnOBapb, KBHTanUHSI, KJUO'lll, Jlll$T, TaKcH, TeJIe$oll, HOClUlblUHXH, Kexpe) 3. Where can one get pencils? She needs pencils. rlle MO:lKHO ,llocniTb Kap3llJl.auui? ii Hy:HW ...-apaHJI.auui. rlle MO::trnO llocniTh H6.1 ii nj;eH 00-.. (nepbR, MaTepHaJJ. xopo6.:y, CTOJl. TeTPa.o.H, nonxy, CJ10Bapb, orypJJ;bl) 5. The children got [hold of] some pencils. They needed pencils. Pe6m llOCTanH ICap3HltamH. HM IIY*uw 6W.n.. Kapa",lI,aIUH. Pe6liTa J1OCT3.Jm crYnbH. 11M UY*HW 6biJlH CTYnMIL. (cTon, nomy, KU"!"", CJlOaapb, TeTpa,llil, HCTOplUO KHTaSl, KapTy AMepKlO:l)
DISCUSSION
2. Oleg doesn'l have an aI/as. Does he rea//y need an atlas? Y Onera HeT 3TlIaca. PaJSe eMY lIy*eu liT.[lac? y OJlt~:ra HeT ATnaCOB.
PbBe eMf H)'jI'uLI liTJlaCbl?
(HeT TeTpa.o.eH, ReT CJIoaapeii, !leT nponyCKa, HeT nepa, HeT KnlolfeH, HeT CTona, lIeT nom:u)
4. Where did you get paper? I'll need paper. rlle Rbi llOCT8.rrn 6)'Mary'1 Mile Hyt.Ha 6YAeT 6YMara. Cue Rbi llOCTIuIH xapTy E8p6nbl? MHe H)"IOIi 6YAeT Kapn Eep6rn..l. (CTOII. xapaHllaI11H, nOJay, nponYCK, 6HJ1eTb1, ropJl'l)'lO 80.ny, MOIlOICO) 6. He had no key. He needed a key. Y Hero He 6b1J10 VHO'la. EMy uy>KClI 6WlJ KmO'i. Y Hero He 6bUlO np6nycKa. EMf lIy*eH 6L,(jJ IlpOUYCK. (py6I1J1. Konefum. 6HneTa, TCTpa.nCH, paJU-lO. CTaxana)
Hy*eu, uy-ALB8, Hy*HO, and uy~ are the short forms of the long.fonn adjective HjJKuLIi necessary. Tbey are used in constructions where the dative indicates the person in need and the nominative indicates the thing needed: MRe Hy:IIlJIa K3pTa. (I need a map.-Lit. To me a map is necessary.) In the past tense the appropriate form of 6Wn, 6wJ'lli, 6Lmo, or 6Wmt is used in agreement with the short-form adjective and the nOlln indicating the thing needed. EMy Hy*Ua 6wJla x3pTa. EM)i HylKeH 6W.n wa<Pep. EMy HY*uLI 6Li1.'IH liw.mm. He needed a map. He needed a driver. He needed some boxes.
324
LESSON
14
In the future, the appropriate fonn of 6Y.ZleT (for singular) or 6yJJ.YT (for plural) is used with the shortform adjective.
Moe Ily*llli 6YJJ.:eT KapTa. Moe IIY*HY 6yJQ'T KapTbl. Moe HylKllO 6YJJ.:eT nepO.
nan. (perfective)
,a,asan,,a,asana,JJ.:asano,nasanH
.an
He nan
.ana
He JJ.ana
.llano He nano
....
He nanK
[Qoo'~J
!Qed,IJ
PRPS
[QidalllJ
[Qed,I,)
FliT
IMPER
MODEL')
He used to give Russian lessons. She used to give _ We used to give _ I give English lessons. You give _ He gives _ We give __ You give _ They give _
..s1 .na,o yp6KH aHfmiifcl<OrO R3h1Ka. Tbl .uaeWh _ 6.1 naeT ~_ Mbl .uaeM _ 8w naere ~ _ QHJ.I JlalOT _ ..s1 6yny naBaTb ypOKIl pyccKoro H3blK3.. Tbl 6Y.lleWb _
Mbl 6YlleM 8bi 6yneTe OH" 6yJlYT
6H6~eT----------------_
_
I'll be giving Russian lessons. You'll be giving _ He'll be giving _ We'll be giving _ You'll be giving __ They'll be giving __
Don't give them so much water! Don't give !
I...fSSON 14
325
0"
MHe nan KJlIOni. Ou Mile fie ,na.J1 KJlIO'teH. Om\ MHe Aa..n:a KJlIO'tH. Olla MHe He na..n:a KJlIO'teif. On" MHe .nann KJlIO'f". Omi MHe He nann KJIIO'IeH.
He ga ve me the keys. He didn't give me the keys. She ga ve me the keys. She didn't give me the keys. They gave me the keys. They didn't give me the keys.
I'll give him five rubles. You'll give _ She'll give _ _ We'll give You'll give _ They'll give _
M" __ ~aWiM
8 .. __ """"'"
QU" __ ~"'*
__
_ _
~
Repeat the above models, noting that the perfective verb .win has an irregular future. Note also that the imperfective verb .IllIsan. has a present tense based on an alternate form of the stem without
-118-.
.st
Jt J1.aJO ypOKH.
OH 6Y.l1eT naBaTh yp6KH. Ott )l8iIT yp6KH. (MOll ToaapHum, MOJl no.npyra, Mbl, 3TOT Y'lHTCJ1b, Th!, $I, 3TH llcaywKH, BbI, MOH
~pyr)
'0
4. She gave him ten rubles. She'lI give him ten rubles.
OHa llaJlll eMy nCcJlTb py6ncH. Olla ,!laCT eMy ,aeCRTb py6mHi. .st eMY .necJl.Th py6neH. B: .naM eM)' lI.CcJm. py6ncii. (Jl. .a.ana, Mbf 011" lI.anU, Bbf nann, Tbl .nana, npo4Jeccop CeMeHoB aMepHXaHUbl nanK)
na..n
nan",
nan,
5. She'll gille him the tickelS. She gave him the tickets.
Olla nacr eMY 6HJleTbi. OHa JJ.aJli eMj 6KJleTW. 326 LESSON 14
The teacher didn"t let him talk. YlilfTenb Aan eMf rooopiITb. YlutTe.m. ue Aall e..... y rOBOpHTL. OHa AaJla CM}' rOBopHlb. Omi He Aalla eMy rooopm" (OpnOB, Mbl, AeBywK3, Y'tHTeJUl, GpaT, ceCTpa, Oner, :lKella)
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILL
7. f placed all ad in the paper. I'll place an ad in the paper. .H .nan 06b1IBJ1eIlHC 0 n13eTy.
R, 31'3.
:lKeHllUlHa,
Does Kozlov hal'e the atlas? No, he gave if to me. ATnae y K03JI6oa? Hh, 0" JI.i;t ero Mtfi. ATnae y HHx? HeT, OHM AM.. er6 MMe" (y KonH, y HeC, Y HpHHbl, Y Hero,
y )"IHTeJlbIlHl.U>l, Y Y'lKTe1leH, Y ra.mt)
He has a dictionary. He'll give them the dictionary. Y Her6 ecn. CJlOOapb. OM HM rolcr CJt08apb" Y MeHJi ecn. CJlOOapb. jj: liM .rtI:M CJloBlipb. . (y Hac, y Hee, y TeGR, YMeM, y oac, y tutX, Y Hero, y Hac)
DISCUSSION
Thc perfective verb .win. has an irregular future whicb must be memorized: .wiM, A8lUL, .rtI:cr, AaJDiM, AaJUfTe, Aa$. Its imperative is .wUi! .wiiin! Its imperfective counterpart AWn. has a present tense based on the stem [daj-J: AaJO, Aaeuu., .Il.1Ie-r, 1I.1ItM, Alle-re. AIIKtT. The other forms of Aaa8n., including the past tense, infinitive, and imperative are based on lhe longer stem [dava-]: lI.ad.rl, lI.wn., .aaw. All verbs with infinitives ending in -ll8an. follow this same pattern, for example, Ilpo.ll.W..... to sell, Y3uaaan. to recognize, C03HaBaTL to realize.
):laaall 1l0H.neM
):laBaihe nOH)leM
BhdilJ.CM HeMu6ro AaBlHi BhlH..nCM )],ae3iiTe BbliW,eM lIa
! !
CBe:lKHH S63.nyX! !
_
Let's go to the club on Salurday! Let's go ! Let's go ! Let's go out and gel a bit of fresh air! ! Let's go out Lei's go out _ Let's drop in on them! Let's drop in ! Let's drop in _ Let's take a break! or Let's rest a bit! Let's take ! or Let's rest __ I Let's take ! or Let's rest __ !
LESSON 14 327
laHJi.eM
HHM!
JlaOa"
}lad" OTD.OXHeM!
llaoaHTe 1
norOBopHM 06 3TOM Jlene! AaBaH TIOrOBOpHM 1 AaBaihe noroBopHM _ _ ! CbJrpaeM B rnaxMaThll AaBaH CblrpaeM _ _ , AaBaiiTe CbJrpaeM ~,
Let's talk a bit about this matter! Let's talk ! Let's talk _ Let's playa game of chess! Let's play ! Let's play _
REPr:TlTION DRILL
Repeat the above models, noting that either the first person plural perfective verb alone, or tbe verb combined with Jl8Baii (familiar) or Jl8BaiiTe (pluralpoJite) can be used. ,lI,aBaii(Te) makes tbe suggestion more tentative and is somewhat comparable to English How aboul it? or What do you say?
Let's go 10 the park! Mbl nOHJleM B miplC. nOH.tJ.CM B napK! Mbl nO).lO:lKJlCM OK01l0 KHocKa. nO}.{O*Jl,CM OK01l0 KHocKa! Mbl 3a6y,ueM 06 ::ITOM. Mw 3ai1;:l,cM B 6yepcT. Mhl nocMoTpliM B CJIoaape. Mbl KyflHM 3TOT MaTepHa.rr. Mbl oCTaBuM eMy KJIIO'lH. Mbl 1l0H,UCM B KHHO. 3. Let's buy Ihem a present! Let's buy Ihem a presenl, how ahoul it? KYlH1M HM nOJlapOK! )laB~H KyUMM 11M DOJlapoK. noroBopHM 06 :hOM! )luaH 1I0rOBOpM.\f 06 jTOM. nOH,neM OTJlOXHeM! KOH'IlfM .iTy pa66Ty! npHHeceM cTon! npO'lHT3.eM 06'bSlBnClIlle! 3ai.fJIcM B KOMHCCllOHHblH MaraJifH! OCTaBHM 3TOT pa3roaop!
QUESTION-A-NSWER DRILLS
2. We bought a dictionary: Let's buy a dictionary! Mbl Kynwm C1I0aapb. KYIIHM C11oBaph! Mbl no,ayMamt 06 nOM. nOJQ'MaeM 06 nOM! Mbl OTKpbum OKHO. Mw chlrpiU'm a waxMaThl. Mw norOaOpHlIIl 06 nOM Jlene. Mbl npeJl1l0:llUUrn: eM)! paooTy. Mbl nOJlO)l(.n;iU'Ul na yr1lY. Mbl OCTaBHJlH KJllOLJH lIa CT01le. Mbl BWTIlUm 1IItMOHaJla. 4. I want 10 go to the theMer. How about (us) going to the theater? R xO'ly nOHTIl: B TeaTp. )laBliiiTe nOHncM B naT)). .H xO'ly OTJlOXHYrh. ,lJ,aBaiiTe 01JlOXIICM. ..R XOLJy BWHTIt lIa Cae:lKItH B63,lJ,yx. R XO'ly cnpocHTh 06 :hOM. $i xO'ly nOllO:lK,uaTb. 5i. XO'ly noronopHTh. $i XO'ly noHTI't Ha T3.HIl,hI. $i XO'ly 3aHTH Il :ho 3,lJ,aHHe.
I. Well, how ahoul the movies, shall we go? O.K., let's go! Hy, KilK HaOICT KUHO, nofu!cM'1
J1a,lUlo, DOii,nCM!
Hy, KaK HaCLJCT KRHrlf, KYnHM'1 J1wo, KYIIHM! Hy, dK HaC'ICT 06e,ua, n006eJlaeM? 318
LESSON
llaC'ICT O'lepKa, lIaml:WeM? HaC'ICT 'last, BbDIheM? lIaC'lCT pa66ThI, KOH'lItM? HaC'IeT nnac-l'HHOK, nOCJlywaCM? HaC'lC'r 6HJ1eTOa, B03bMCM'1 HaC'IC1' KocnOMOB, 3aK3:lKeM?
14
2. Wanl 10 go to the club Smurday? O.K., let's go! XOTlhe nOHTli e cy666Ty e K.ny6?
Xopow6. ,1X8Baii"re no~eM! XOTilTe HeMIl6ro OT/lOXHYTh? Xopow6. Jl.a.aiiTe OT,1XOXHeM!
RESPONSE DRILLS
XOTI1Te CHell norOBoplfTb? XOTilTe JaHn! K IIlfM? XOTihe cblrpATb 0 waxMaThI? XOTiITe 3aMOnollTb Ja HlfX CJIooe'll(o? XOTilTe nocMoTTh ;hOT qlllnbM? XOTiITe OOHTIf 8 Jan?
I. Let's take a cab! O.K., let's! ,UaBaiiTe BOJbMeM TaKCH. Xopowo, BOlJoMeM! ,UaeAihe nepeilueM Ita fbi. Xop0w6. uepei.neM! AaBaHTe nanHweM eMy nltCbMo. ,l:lasaHTe nO,1XOJK1leM aBTooyca. AadHTe OTliomeM B napl(e. ,Ua8aJrre 3aK3XeM 6u.neTbl. ,l:laeAi'iTe nocnywaeM pyocKHe neeHu. ,l:laBairre nofweM noo6e.naeM. llaeaHTe BbinbeM n"MOHana.
R .nOn:ell
noexaTh
KHeB.
R .aOmKen
Jt
A JailnY
DISCUSSION
. Most suggestions that include the speaker are expressed using the perfective form of the verb. The basic fonn is the subjectless first person pluml verb. In informal spoken Russian, however, AaBaN or .nUBaii:"re oflen precedes the first person plural form: .aUdH for addressing and .naeaiITe for addressing Obi. Use of JJ,uBaH or .nuBaiITe. only adds an informal lone, but makes the suggestion more tentative and open to discussion. It is some what comparable to English suggestions prefaced by: What [do Y01~J say we ... ? How about (us) ... ? Why d01l'1 we . .. ?
n:.
The unstressed suffix -Te may also be added to the first person plural form of a few verbs, mostly verbs of motion. It makes the suggestion more formal and polite. Let's go to the movies! or Shall we go to the movies '! Let's go OUI for some fresh air! or Shall we go out for some fresh air'!
The subjectless first person plural of a very few imperfective verbs may also be used in making suggestions: HlleM, eJJ,eM let's be on our way! let's go!
I...SSON 14
329
-0
6H
Bbl
cnOKoih-lblH 'feJIOBeK.
6H CnOKOHHO
31'0
HCnpaBJ.il1bHO OTBeUUlH.
I1x np6cTo
nHeaTh.
Era
CKy'lHO 'HITaTh.
He's a quiet person. He works quietly. This is an incorrect answer. You answered incorrectly. These are uncomfortable chairs. It's uncomfortable sitting on them. These are simple words. They're simple to write. This is a difficult game. It's difficult to play it. This is a boring novel. It's boring reading it. This is an expensive thing. It costs a lot (lit. dearly). This is an easy language. It's easy to learn. He's a good student. He works well.
Repeat the given models, noting that short-fonn neuter adjectives and adverbs may be fonned by dropping the long~fonn adjective endings and adding -0. Observe thai sometimes the stress may differ. Compare xOpOUIKii with xopomo, and nnoxoii with DJIOXO
6H On
du "pOCTO )K~fBeT.
On np<lCToii
MHe
TaM nnoxo.
330
LESSON
14
0"
011
OTJUi'lllbIH CeKpeTapb.
OTJUi'lllO
pa60Tatt.
ceKpeTapb.
HeIlJlOXOH,
0"
;KOp6WHH
OK xopoUJ6 paOOTaeT.
npeKpaCHbJH, XOPOWHH, OTnH'llfblH)
(WIO;KOH,
TalC
rtlIOXO,
TalC CK)"iHO,
Tal(
IIHTepecHO)
aeno.
::no
'1THI1E 11 nl1CbMQ
LESSON 14
331
~ ~." ~ ~
'W?'UJ
/
~ ~
e.i'
/-U
~
00"<:-
~.
Bc'!epOM HUlla 11
a celt'iac HM IIa.aO
OTltoXHYn.
BOT all"
B3.1iJIlI
EA,
MaT.
K3.:lKeTCH, CKy'lHO,
HHKonaH rOJ1o.Qcu. eMy .n3BHO nopa HATH 06eA3Tb, HO Hana KOH'UITb paoory. EM)'
TPYJlHO
KOH'IHTb
BMecre
pa60TaJIH. a
ceroaH$(
ee HeT.
BOT noca.aa!
OJ](~r
$I
Ii
CK333.n. 'fTO XHTpOO 66ncu. OH D03BOKHJI CKa.3a.na, 'ITO 0" Y:lKe BDOJlHe 3110POO H
norOBopHTb 0
If
pa60TC.
HHlla lie O)l{Ull:ana J.lCTpCTUTh K03n6Ba B Kny6e. OHa He 3u3na, <{TO OR 'laCTO XOll:HT Ty.na. EH HIHepecHo, <no 6R TaM .nenaeT. M6)1{eT 6blTb nber? Her, KOUC<{1:I0. B KJ1y6e He nbloT. TaM HrpalOT B WaXManl, c.rrYwalOT MYJbIKY, mlOr.aa TaHl~YIOT. K03n6B rOBopHT CU, <{TO <faCTO urpaeT B WaXMaTbi BOU TaM, 33 :hUM CTonOM. OR cnpamUBaeT. He XO<{eT JllI 3URa nOCMOTpe-rb, K3K OR u TOBapKl.lt 6Y.nyr HrpaTh. Ho OHa rOBopliT, <fTO CH 6Y.neT CKy<fHO, OHa He m-pae-r H He nOHHMaeT :hOH urpbi. He X6<feTCH cero.nHJ( 06e.naTh .nOMa. A Ii KaK pa3 Xon~J1 npe.nnOlKHTb Te6c nOrlTH B pCCTopaH. C y.nOBOJ1bCTBueM. B KaK6"? 3.necb Ha yrny CcTb xopomHit. 5i 311a10. 5i TaM pa3 6blJla. TaK nOHll:eM Tyn;a, XopOWo? Xopow6.
LESSON 14
332
XOlfCWb.
flOH/.J;eM BMCCTe
Hy)f(1I0
B 6H6mwTcKy?
B3ll:Tb ?
Y Me.lli ecTb 3TOT pOM3H. XOlfeWb, ll: Te6e .aaM? A TeGe 6" He H)0KCH? HCT, it era y>Ke 'I"Tan.
Bbl y>Ke CK33amt peKTOpy 060 MHe?
He-..,
cme He rOBOpHn.
51
BaM K3)1(eTCSl, 'ITO TaK 6yneT Jly..we? .R Hy 'ITO Obi! Ou 6'1CHb npOCToH Ii MHJIb.lH BaM lie CKy'lHO CHJJ,erb Bee BpeMS! nOMa?
BMecre.
nOH,QCMTe!
Ha, Sl cnyw3JO
He
My3b1Ky.
mb6HTe
CHACTb
BOT
T3.K, c.nYW3Tb
A T:l1.K
-
MOry.
BaM
.
ere .aaM?
-CnacH60.
-
n;. JIYMaClllb 0 neTpOac? HI1KOnae MIl" Onere? fi er6 ItMeIHt He 3HllJO. BHlIcna TonbKO JlBa pba. Y Hero CHHHe rna3a.
nlIlSl, 'ITO
.R
~ Mory Te6~ n03HaKoMHTb. TOJIbKO 60tOCb, 'ITO Te6e 6Y.neT C miM CKy'lHO. 6H
3TO HHTepecHO. n03HaKOMb ",ie, nO)KanyHcTa. Xopom6. I1HTepeCHO CMOTpCTb, KaK OHH HrpalOT, npas.na? Bbl 3HaeTe :hy Hrpy, OOT aaM H IIHTepCCHO, a R UII'lero IIC nOHHMlho, II MHC CKy'lHO. Tormi nO'leMy 61,1 DaM He B35fTb )I{ypHaJ1? BOT nOCJlC,lJ,JrJ.JH HOMep ((OrOHbKa,),
xOTHTe? - CnacH60, ~ C y.uOBOJlbCTBIICM nocMOTpK), TaM, KCTthH, eCTb O'lepK 06 AMcpHKe. CMOTp.tTe. BOT npOBO.l\HHK. CKalKHTe eMY CeH'lac. n pOBO.uHHK! .$I npOCHJla 0 Kacce ,lJ,3.Tb Mfle HH)Kllee MOCTO. HaBepx.Y MHe Ho BaM ,lJ,aJIH sepx.Hee, H Ji trnllero He MOri c.nCJIaTb. MO)KeT 6b1Tb, :hOT rpaJKlI,aHHH
HeylI,06HO CnaTb. MO)f(eT cmiTb naBepxY. - KOnC"IHO, MOri. MHHyTKy, ~ CeH"IaC B03bMY caolt DemH. BOT, nO)f(anyHCTa. CnacH60.
LESSON 14
333
LESSON
15
(pi
only)
noeJleM
vacation on (or for) a vacation, to spend a vacation Let's go to our place on our vacation. plan; map (of city) What plans do you have for vacation? for the time being, meanwhile, while not ... any, none at alJ None at all for the time being.
And what plans do you have?
nOli:a "Hli:SKHx.
A Y Bae
li:ali:MC MaULl?
MbJ c 6paTOM eJDJIM K powrremlM 8 KonX03. 06bl'IHblJ'l (ad v 06bl'lHO) Mbi C 6p:iTOM 06W'IIIO lb,D,IIM K powhe.11HM 8
KO.""C)).
parents We go to see our parents. kolkhoz, collective farm, village We go to the kolkhoz to see our parents. my brother and I My brother and I go to the kolkhoz to see our parents. usual, usually My brother and I usually go to the kolkhoz to see our parents. from here, hence kilometer.. threefifths of a mile fifty It's fifty kilometers from here. to invite We thought of inviting you. far, far away. distant Fifty kilometers is a long way off, Thanks, but fifty kilometers is a long way off.
335
:)ro mrTb,D,eriT
OTCtO,1ta.
Mt:.:
Jl.YMa.'1H BaC
npHrnacHn..
KHJlOMapoB
-.iTo
pa3peWCHI1C
MIIl~
He HaJIYr pnpeUleHHR.
pennissiom, authorization, permit They won't give me a pennit. (it's) impossible, one can't, one must not foreigner (It's] impossible for foreigners to travel freely. about, to (different places), in, via, along, around, through, up and down country Foreigners can't travel about the country freely. I forgot that foreigners can't travel about the country freely. too bad, pity, sorry Yes, it's really too bad ~r I'm very sorry.
I haven't seen your kolkhozes yet. After all, I haven't seen your kolkhozes yet.
Henb3H HHOCTpaHell, -Hna HH0CTp3truaM HeJlb3li c8066HIIO cbHKTh. no (plus dat) CTpaH3, -&I:; CTpaHbI, CTpAH
HIIOCTpiHnaM HeJlb3JTcB066,llHO
"'.,,.
)l,li,
O"tCHL
.anI>.
snapshot, picture
I have a lot of snapshots. I have a lot of snapshots of our
Y
Y
MeHli
Hawero kOJlX033.
noc.'JywaiTe, y MetUi
DOKa.J3.Tb (pfv XoniTe, DOKDt:y?
ecn. MHOro
(like
CKa33.Tb)
kolkhoz. Listen, I have a lot of snapshots of our kolkhoz. to show I'll show (them to you if] you like (/it. You want, I'll show). Yes, please do.
0,
colored, in color some, certain Oh, some are even in color! to take off, take (a picture) oneself Did you take them yourself? apparatus, camera Yes, I have a new camera. Zorky (name of camera) Yes, I have a new Zorky camera .
-6,
CaM"
Bhi
C8MH CUIIManH?
.annapaT y MeHM HOBblH annaph. 36pKHH .lI.i, y MetUI HOIWii annapliT ..:J6p1\HH.,
Ali,
336
LffiSON
15
SUPPLEMENT
B nOpMKe Bce B nopwe? 6mbKHH (adv 6mbKo) 6mhKo OT BbI :lKHBhe COBCCM 6mbKo OT uac. Hc.aaneK6 Mi:d )KHSeM He.na..neK6 OT r6po.na. npHrnawaTb (I) OHii 06b1\(HO nPHrJlaWaK>T Memi K ce6e Ha kaHHK)'JIhI. MIiJui, -Ii; -H, MHJ1b C1c6nbKo MHnb OTCtOJ13. .nO BOK3a.na? OTT)'Aa Ck6nbKO kHnOMCTpoB OTT)'Aa .ao M OCKBbl?
in order, all right, O.K. Is everything all right? near, close close to, near You live quite close to us. close, near, not far We live close to (or not far from) town. to invite They usually invite me to their place for vacation. mile How many miles is it from here to the station? from there How many kilometers is it from there to Moscow?
r.-r"""
l1>. -
l1>Hminn
r.
<1>.
2 nod
HHKaKHx. A y sac?
r.
<1>.
r.
<1>.
5i.
5i.
r. 7
<1>.
8 )],a, nO)f(anyMCTa.
6,
r.
LESSON 15
337
Exchange students in the U.S.S.R. can travel within a thirty-kilometer radius from the city where they live; to travel farther, they must apply for a special permit. It is unlikely that such a pennit would be granted to visit a collective fann.
1
The Zorky is a Gennanmade camera and is very popular in the U.S.S.R. In Russian 36p... " means sharp-sighted or vigilant. "
J
n0K33bJ8aTb (I)
.KA
8M 661.1tHH BH.n. none, -H; DOnj,-eH 8M 06W;HH BM,!:{: TjT nonl1.
KOnx03RblH
86T 66uurif BH,u: TjT kMXOJHbiC nMI1. oJepo, -a; 03epa, o3i:p nee, -a; neea, -OB B.a.amt Ty-r nomi, a BJJ;aJ1" nee H 63epo.
Bu.neH, BHJl,H3., Bu.nHO, BH)])IbI
B.nami BH.D.Hbl
JIee H
6Jepo.
BOT MILlHM BHit: TyT uoml:, a 8,lI,ami Btl):I.Ilbr nee H oJepo. H363., -bl; H36h1, Ib6 A BOT mima H:wa.
to show Galya shows Philip snapshots. general, over-all, common view, aspect Here's an over-all view. field Here's an over-all view: over here are the fields. kolkhoz, collective fann (adj) Here's an over-all view: over here are the kolkhoz fields. lake forest, wood{s) in the distance Over here are tbe fields, and in the distance the woods and the lake. visible, can be seen I n the distance the woods and the lake can be seen. Here's an over-all view: over here are fields and in the distance you can see the woods and the lake. village bouse, hut, cottage, farmhouse And here is our house. wooden, made of wood Ob, made of wood 1 And what's that in the street 1
:ho
Y
konOlleu, ICO",OAeQ.
-Jlll.3
BO,llOnpoBO.a.
338
oenp6, -a; oenpa, ne.nep oe.npaMI-I IIOCHTb (n), IIOWy, U6cI-lWb, -SIT Haao BOay HocHTl. Oe,/l,pHMH.
pail, bucket by (or in) pails, in (or by) buckets to carry We have to carry water in buckets or Water has to be carried in buckets. to imagine, envisage, picture otherwise, differently I imagined the kolkhoz would be different. You know, I imagined the kolkhoz would be different. stone, brick You probably thought the houses would be brick, didn't you? electricity, lights You probably thought the houses would be brick and {that] there'd be electricity, didn't you? to build, construct They're building houses now. They're building houses now for farmers.
I read in Ogonyok the kind of houses
ce6e
KOJlxch,
Ai.?
crpOHn. (II), CTpCUO, -HWb, -SIT Tenepb CTpOKT AOMa. Tenepb CTpOSlT AOMa J])UI
KOJlX03HIIKOB.
.$I '1HTan B
tbey're building now for farmers. Yes, I remember reading in Ogonyok [about] the kind of houses tbey're building now for fanners. Oh yes, I know. tourist That's the kind they show to tourists. Oh yes, lknow. That's the kind they show to tourists. family Here is our whole family. Here is our whole family at the table. photograph, picture And in this picture our whole family is at the table. . to be hanging, to hang icon, holy picture I see you have icons hanging. God to believe, trust to believe in. have faith in Do you really believe in God? My brother and I don't believe.
L.E.SSON 15
J],a,
A,3HaJO.
TypHCT "aKHe nod3blBa'OT TypHCTaM. A. 311I1.0, TaKHe n0K83b1BaIOT rypHCTaM.
ceMbR, -H; cCMbU, ceMe~ BOT BCH u:iwa ceMbJl:. BM TYT BCli nawa ccMbli 3a CTOJl6M.
Gor, -a
aepHn. (II) (plus dat) sepHTb B (plus ace) P8Jae ow aepMTe R 1i6ra? MW C6paTOM
He
aepllM.
339
OTl:U, OTU3
father mother one who believes, believer Father and mother are the believen; in our family. church Father and mother go to church. Do you have a church there? Then you do have a church there? village neighboring, next There is one in the next village. Therc is one, only [it is] not in ours, but in the neighboring village.
It was opened after the war.
ceJlO,
coce~HHil,-~~, -ee,-He Ecrb B coce~HeM ce.ne. &rb, TOJJbKO lie y HaC, a B CoceJUlCM CeJTe.
SUPPLEMENT
~opora
.uopora He O'lCHb xopowaH. Haw ~OM o"eHb 6mhKo OT ~oporH. BbI 3HaeTe ~opory K03epy? [fO ~op6re no ~opore llICn KaK6il-To '1CJlOBeK. no Aop6re AOMOil li KynHJI ra3ery. HaM [fO Aopore Kb<ercH, HaM [fO Aopore. nocTpoHTb (prv II) (like crpOHTb) 3~ecb CKOpO [fOCTpOn HOBbIe ~oMa. [fOBepHTb (prv II) (plus dat) nOBepbTe Mile, Oil XOPOllIHI1 '1CJlOBeK. coreA, -a; coreAH, --en l OHH HaWn coceAH. coceAKa Hawa coce~Ka [fPHHeCJIa HaM :ho. "epa Bepa s (plus ace) Y Hero ner SePbl B ce6li. KOJlX031HfUa Moli M3.Tb KOJIX03ffil.lI,a.
road, way, route Thc road isn't very good. Our house is very close to the road. Do you know the way to the lake? along the road, on the way A man was walking along the road. On my way home I bought a paper. we're going the same way Looks like we're going the same way. to build They'll soon build new houses here. to believe Believe me, he's a good man. neighbor They're our neighbors. neighbor (f) Our neighbor brought us this. faith, confidence faith in, confidence in He has no faith (or confidence) in himself. collective-farm worker (0 My mother is a collective-farm worker.
I Note that the final stem consonant of coce}l neighbor, which is hard throughout the singular, becomes soft in the plural. Compare the singular: cocb, eeeeil,ll lsa~t, SlI~6<bJ with the plural: coceJtH, CI>Cl!Aeii, 0 coceJlllx, coce}lll.'ol [saij&,li, sa~ij, asa~eq'Jx. saijCq'Jm].
340
LFSSON 15
<lI. -
<lIHJl"""
r.
$.
BOT 06UlH" BfuJ.: TjT KOnX03HhJe 1I0mi, a BLl,amf BHLl,Hb! nee H oJepo. A BOT Helwa "36a.
f.
(1).
r.
<1>.
JI)I}I
KOJlX03HHKOB. l
r.
(1).
3HaK>. TakHe nOd3b1BaIOT TYPHCTaM. A Ha 3TOM 4>6TO acH HaWa ceMb.R 3a cTonoM.
A,
r.
(1).
Her, Mbl c
10 T6.K y BaC
r.
NOTES
I In Russian cities there was running water (at least cold) even before the Revolution; however, it is still nonexistent in rural areas.
l Electric lights are usually not found in rural Russia. Note that the term ....aMetIHWii.literally stone, refers to all nonwooden buildings, Le., brick, stone, stucco, and so forth.
In some villages, two-family and multi-family houses have been erected under Khrushchev's program to modernize the villages.
l
Russians usually use lhe word lfM)ro (short for CluiMOK, in reference to snapshots of people.
4toro~a4lH.),
rather than
, The noun uCpKOBL (I) church has a sort final ~tem consonant except in certain plural cases where a hard [v) occurs. Compare the nominative plural ItCpKBH [cerkyi] with the prepositional 0 ItqlKBix [acirkvax] and with the dative ttep08.\4 [cirh.im]. , Ce.'l6 is a large village. Characteristically it had a church in pre-Revolution times, but this is not necessarily true today.
LESSON 15
341
---=",e!
- - MY><y! _ _ _ OTloi! _ _ 6phy!
_ _ _ MarepH!
_ _ _ c&:TpaM!
Say hello to your wife. _______ sister. _ _ _ _ _ _ husband. _ _ _ _ _ _ father. _______ brother. _______ mother. _ _ _ _ _ _ parents. _ _ _ _ _ _ friends. _ _ _ _ _ _ brothers. _______ sisters.
___ OT""
_ _ _~ HKKOJlaK> _ _
_ _ _ cecrpC
_ _ _ _ M3.TepH
_ _ _ _ .D:P)'3bHM
_
_
_
_ _ _ _ po,a,l-fTenJlM _ _,
_ _ _ _ TypuCTaM
Show Philip the snapshots. _ _ Nikolay _ _ _ Father _ _ _ Sister _ _ _ Mother _ _ _ your parents _ _ _ your friends _ _ _ the tourists _
On my vacation I usually go to see my parents. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ friends. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ brother. ________________ sister. And I go ___ ___ ___ to to to to tbe kolkhoz. the viUage. Kiev. Odessa. to to to to to to Grant. the professor. the teacher. the tourists. Zina. the teacher.
=TpC,
6""".
li
b:l'y B KOJlX03.
___ B
ce.n:6.
O.lleccy.
_ _ _ BKHeB.
___ B
npo<peccopy,
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ Y'lHTeJ110.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ TypHCTaM.
_ _ _ _ _ _ 3Hlle. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 'lIb'eJlbIll1ue .
Give these pictures _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ They won't give _____ _ _ _ _
ranc
HHKomuo
_
_
_
_ _
_
u,
_
_
_ _ _ _ PlUlip
I need more sleep. _ Oleg needs _ The students need _ My husband needs _ _,
~naneeds
342
LESSON 15
C3JUITb
00 CCCP. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 00
CTpaHe.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 00 KKTiJo.
Foreigners can't travel about freely in the U.S.S.R. _____________ in the country. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in China. We walked all around _______ _______ _______ __________ __________ __________ the park. the field. the woods. the kolkhoz. the city. the village. the station.
_ _ _ _ no r6poJlY.
_ _ _ _ no
oeJJY.
_ee __
_ _ B8C
*a..nb.
_
__ HX _ _
__ Te6li _
em
_ _ _ _ ct>wllfnoa.
_ _ _~ KOnx03HIUCOB.
10. Y mix utT sePbl 8 ce6li.
______ B
I feel sorry for him.. _ _ _ _ _ her. _ you_ _______ them. _ you_ _______ Zina. _ _ _ _ _ KolyB. _ _ _ _ Philip_ _______ the coUective farmers. They have no faith ______ ______ ______ in in in in themselves. this thing. people. man. the vacation? tomorrow? Sunday? this Saturday? this week? this evening?
;ho .Ileno.
_ _ _ _ _ _ 8 JlIOJleii.
_ _ _ _ _ _ B 'teJlO&eICa.
____________________ Ha 3TOT
Be'tep?
What are your plans ______________________ _______ _______ _________ ______________________ My parents live ________ ______ ______
12. Po.rUtTeJlU *HB:fT .a.aneK6 OT MOCKBbJ. _________________ He.a.aneK6 OT MOCKBbJ. _________________ 6mt3kO OT MOCKBbJ. ___________ nllTb.a.ecliT XIUIOMCTpoB
oTClO.a.a. ___________________ ,UaneK6 oTclOJla. ______----- He,ll3nekO oTclO.lla.
a long way from Moscow. Dot far from Moscow. close to Moscow. fifty kilometers from here.
_ _ _ _ _ _ a long way from here. _ _ _ _ _ _ not far away from here. We've covered (or walked) a mile. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ about a mile. ______________ two miles. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ three miles. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ five miles.
'Nate that. occasionally takes the stress (rom the noun: It6
IIOJPO
l.ESSON IS
343
about a kilometer. about a kilometer. two kilometers. four kilometers. five kilometers.
_ _ mna
The road goes to the lake. _ _ _ went _ The bus is going to the kolkhoz. _ _ _ was gomg _ _ _ _ arrived at _ Let's play cards. ____ chess. ____ soccer. _ _ _ baseball. ~ tennis. _ _ _ hockey. We'd better DOt play cards. _ _ _ _ _ _ chess. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ socce. _ _ _ _ _ _ baseball. ________ tennis.
_ _ _ _ _ _ hockey.
_ _ men
_ _ _ UpHWCn. _ _.
16. ,llaB1l.iITe HrpaTb 8 dpTbt.
HrpATb B KiJ.PThJ.
__________ B
_______ _________
__________ B __________ B
xOKKeA.
_ _ xaASIT.
___ HrpaK>T.
People don't sit like tbal _ _ _ _ talk _____ dance __ _ _ _ _ walk _ _ _ _ _ _ play _ _
19. llBepH YJKe OTKPblB3K>T. _____ 3aKpbI8UK>T. Y:lKe BhIXO.D)fT H3 uepKBH. n ponycxoB 60nbwe lie llatOT. TaKHx pOMaHOB 60nbwe fie mlw)'T. Ero CTHXOB 66mwe He 'lHTaIOT.
They're opening tbe doors already. They're closing _ People arc coming out of church already. Passes are no longer being given. They don't write such novels anymore. People don't read his poetry anymore. Tourists usuaUy take pictures or our farms. _ _ _ _ of our lakes. _____ of our stone houses. _____ or our buts. _ _ _~_of our woodeD churches. _____ of our woodeD cburch. _____ of our Russian villages. _____ of our collective farmers. _____ of our collective-farm womeo.
KOma3b1.
_ _ _ _ HarnK i06bl.
344
LESSON
15
21. Ha :hOM $lTO MOJ:! ceMbR. _ _ _ _ _ MOM OTell,. _ _ _ _ _ MOlt POJlHTenH. _ _ _ _ _ MaR MaTI.. _ _ _ _ _ MaR _ _ _ _ _ MOM coceJl. _ _ _ _ _ MOH coceJlH. _ _ _ _ _ HaUJH Konx03HHXH.
cocem:a.
family is in this picture. father is _ parents are _ mother is _ My ncigbbo, (I) ;,_ _~ My neighbor is _ My neighbors are _ _~ Our collective farmers are
My My My My
m
[mletnij] milky
MnelfHblH
blank
blisb]
close
blud~]
6mbKo
[vlellJ .nC3Tb
to crawl into
[kla~U
(pIAnJ
plan
[plox~
nna.
J nnoxo
nm:m,
KllRcn.
to curse
{mlat~ij]
it's bad
MJlaauntH
(pHIJ
younger
to be swimming
UJ
in initial position.
n6a
n~n:;l]
I1b,nHHa I1bHa
ice Ooe
Una]
1I~1i1J
O~uJ
ofOax
IIvAJ llbBa
of Lev
nbCTlin.
JlbutY
to Oaner
I Oanee
IIda] nbilA
of ice
liar
sense
[rubl] pY6Jl1.. ruble
[karai>ll
ship
Kopa6I1b
[v6pll
outcry
eonm,
01 immediately
[stolpr CTon6 post [dolkJ .nOnf duty [pOls] non3 he crawled [volk] e6nK
wolf
I'6lk] WenK
silk
(pulsJ nYIIbC
pulse
[pOlkJ
nOIlK
[allJ
alto
AnbT
regiment
[;oleJ )KeJ1lfb
bile
[ku[l] KynbT
cull [fall] cPanblllb falsehood
[vals]
waltz
ml.lIbC
LESSON 15
34S
<DHnHnny Hjxen npilnycK. Bna.nHMHpy _ EBreHIUO " HHltona.o " K6nc "
Mawc
HpHHe Maplhf npHHecH OTl.~ CTaJl:3.u _ _ 6paTY
_ _ _ _ aMCpHK:3I1Lt)'
_
_ _
BOttbi.
Philip needs a pass. Vladimir _ Evgeny _ Nikolay _ Kolya _ Masha _ lrina _ Maria _ Bring __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Father a glass of water. Brother _ the American (m) _ _ tbe teacher _ the secrelary _ the teacher _ the American (f) _ _" Nina _ Maria _
_
~_"
_ _ _ _ " IdpTe.
Come (or go) to the telephone. _ _ _ _ _ to the lable. Come (or go) over to the cupboard. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to the window. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to the blackboard. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to the door. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to the map. He lectures ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ on on on on on on on music. mathematics. literature. physics. chemistry. history. geography.
0"
__coeds
_ __ singers _ _ _ singers (0 _ _ _ teachers _ _ _ fathers _ _ _ mothers _ _ _ parents _ _ _ teachers _ _ _ secretaries
_
_
_ _
_ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ MarepJiM
_ _ _ _ po.QJiTeru<M _ _ _ _ Y'IIHemiM _ _ _ _ cekpeTapliM
_
_ _ _
346
LESSON 15
no no no no no
On Mondays I'm always home. On Tuesdays _ On Wednesdays _ On Thursdays _ On Fridays _ On Saturdays _ On Sundays _
SINGULAR
-y, -to
-e
-"
..waepb-nouns, lICtluii-nouns ending in-KII, lOtti-nouns
-y
CTony 6p,hy KOJ1Jouy re.nelOHY OTuj To8ApHlJJ.Y
KJlJO'Iji
-H>
-e
<KeHe
-"
llUep" MATepll O'lCpe)l1l HCTOpHIl 1JekUU" Map"'" liMeHH opeMeHII
ce.""e
HaTarne Kone
rane
.neoytUke npollaorn.HUe
MOcry
oKKj
PLURAL
-aM
-AM
'I
and ll.l
Soft stems
-aM
-AM
YJllaM ropollI.M rocnimw.llM .llf:oymnM pe6RTaM <KeHaM cecrp3M OkHllM CTomiM KapT8M TOoapllUl,aM
co6paHH.""
YUlTe.nr.. O'lCPeJti.""
llecHRM
LESSON 15
347
REPETITION DRILLS
Repeat the given models, noting thc pattern of endings for nouns in the dative case.
CUED QUESTIONANSWER DRILL.S
I. (Vladimir)
Who needs tickets? Vladimir:. (B1IanHMup) KoM}' Hy;Knbl 6HJ1eThl? BJlSrolMHpy. (.ueayuJKu) KOMy H)')KHhI 6HJ1eTbI?
2. (Zina)
(3I1Ha)
Who are you selling your camera to? To Zina. KOMy abl npo.naeTC Bam arrnapaT?
3HIIC. (EareHUH) KOMy BbI npo.nae-rc Bam annaph? EarClIHIO. (nJXXPeccop Opnoa, ralllJ, aMepl1KaHen, y'lHTCJlh, .upy3b.1l., Toaaprnu, HmcOJlaH, Mapllil)
3. ifriends)
Who did you call on? Friends. (,uPY3bll) K KOMy Dbl 3aXOJIHlIlI? K ~PY3LliM. (pO,uHTCJIH) K KOMy Dbl 3axo,uHJUl? K porolTeJllIM. (npoct>eccop Opnoa, aMepmcaHKa, y'lIfTCJlb, 311Ha, CTy.nCHThI, amI, aMepllXaHIJ;W, rpaHT)
K IDKlhy.
(AMepI1Ka, y.a3.'l.lf, Espona, npocb6bt, pa6ol:a, KlfTaH)
RESPONSE DRIL.L.S
Bring Masha a glass of water. Mawa X6'1CT m1Tb. npHliecH Marne CTadu ao.a.W:. OTtU XO'lCT ruITb. npHuecH omy CTad" Bo.nLi. '(cccrpa, Oller, CCKpeTapb, UCBI1Ua, Toaapl1lU CeMeHoB, nCBen, rocno.nHH rpaHT) 3. Doesn't Philip have a permit? Give Philip a permit. y '1>llllHnna HCT pa3pernenllil? )l.aiin c])HJDirrny pa3perncllHe!
QUESTION-ANSWER DRIL.L.S
2. Oleg is asking where the lake is. Tell Oleg where the lake is. OJler CnparnHBaeT, rne 03CpO. ClmiKHTe OJlery, r.ae <hepo. Y4:HTeJ1b cnparnlfaaeT, r.ne 03epo. CKaiKHTe y<tH-reJIlO, r,D,e o3epo. (ee no.npyra, CTy.neHThI, ero ,upyr, ero )KCHa, ero Toaapmu, raJl'l, cecrpbt)
Y KOllH HeT pa3pernellllil? JUne KOJle pa.lperneHHe! (aMcpHKallueB, rocnOJUfHa rpaHTa, aMcplfKaHKll, Y<lIITeJleH, K03noBa, 3I1Hb1)
No, Oleg would be bored there. Oner He npH1leT? Hb, OJICry 6y,D,eT TaM CKylfIIO. 3Hila He npl1.neT? HCT, 3ii:ue 6y,D,C'f TaM CKylfHO. (CTYIlCHTbI, ce no.npyra, I1X .npy3bll, cro 6paT, K0J111, npoq,eccop, aMCpI1KaHCU, ncaUl.l,a)
348
LFSSON
15
2. Does your frielld have your camera? Yes, I ga~'e it to my friend. Tao" annapAT y TOSapHma? )la, Ji er6 !lin TOB8pltIUY Tso" annapaT y ceCTpW? )la. li en~ win ceape, (APj"3eH, npo4>eccopa, ee nOJI.pyrH, TosapUma no KOMilaTe, aMepUXaHlJ,a, 3UHbI, 6para)
4. Is he a professor of music? Yes, he lectures on music. Oil npoleccop MYJblKH? Aa. 6tI 'lIITlieT JlCKUHIt no Mj3w..-e. 0" Ilpo<peccOp MareMaTHxH?
3. Did Nikolay buy WI alias? No, Nikolay 110 longer needs an atlas. HHKOJui" KynHn hnac? Her. HHKOJI.9.tO IiTnac y",e He Ry"'CU. 3HHa KynHna aTnac? HeT, 3Hue aTnac )')l'"e lie Hy.CU. (pe6J1Ta, npo4>eccop KYPO'tJrnH, orell" cecTpa, lHJIHnn, Y'fUTeJlbHUu.a)
(npo4>eccop 4lH3HKll, npoJeccop XllMHR, npo4>eccop reorpa41UH, npocf>eccop .JIHTepaT)'pbl, npocf>eccop HCTOpHH)
OH npu..aer a cpCJI,y.
08 06bruto Dptlx6JI.MT
flO
Cpe.!l,liM.
Singular I. Those CT6JJ- and Ot'HO-nouns taking ~a in the genitive singular take -y in the dative singular; those taking -11 in the genitive singular take -10 in the dative singular.
2. )Kcua- and ,/lBept.-nouns have identical fonns in the dative singular and the prepositional singular; so, too, do the nouns HMH and BpeM1l.
Plural Nouns taking -ax in the prepositional plural take -aM in the dative plural; tbose taking -HX in the prepositional plural take -HM in the dative plural. Stress
I. Stress in the dative singular is the same as that in the genitive and prepositional singular.
so
DAT
sa
I
I
I I I I I I I I
CTO.a
on.\
OKHa
ran.
*eHbl
ranH
ran.
JI.Bepu O'tepenH BpCMeHH
Ma-repu
ran.
,.,ePH o'lepe.!UI BptMeHH
MaTepU
,.,ePh
ABepH
6"1epe,llH
BpeMeHH
o'tepe.ltb
BoW'
MaTb I __________ L
MarepH
LESSON 15
349
2. Stress in the dative plural is the same as that in the prepositional plural.
1-------------------I
NOM PL
GI::"N PL
PREP PL
DAT
PL
I , I
~--------------------
CJlOD crOJIOD OTUOD OKOH or OKOH ,ll,ocOK )Ken cecrep DapKeH ,ll,Ilepeu O<iepelteH BpeMeH MaTepeii
PYx
rOJIOD
CJlODaX cromix OTUax OKHRX ,ll,OCKax )KeHaX cecrpax napRJix llBepiix O<iepe,wix BpeMeHax MaTepn PYKax rOJIoB<lx
CJlODaM crOJIaM OmaM OKHaM ,ll,OCKaM )KeHaM cecrpaM napIDiM llBepliM O<iepe,w:iM BpeMeHaM MaTepiiM
pyK!lM
rOnOBaM
~--------------------'---------------'
I1M
Eu - - - - _
_ _ _
1 need to go to the post office. He needs _ She needs _ _ They need You need _ , We need You need ,
I had to go to lhe library.
He
She They _
_
_
Eu
I1M
BaM HaM
_
_
_ _
you
We
_
_
Te6e - - - - - - - -
you
I'll have to go to He'll have She'll have They'll have _ _ You'll have _ _ We'll have You'll have _ _
_
my parents. his _ her _ their _ _, your _ _, our _ your _ _,
EMy
Eu
I1M
HaM Te6e
_
_
_
BaM- - - - - - -
REPETITION DRILL
Repeal the given models, noting that Hll.110 is typically used in infinitive constructions together with the dative.
350
LESSON
15
QUF.STION-ANSWER DRIL.L.S
2. Did the secretary often go to the village? Yes, he had to go there often. CeKpeTft.pf. 'laCTO eJ,JlIUl B celiO? as, eMf ..aCTO nbo wno TYJ],a ,hll,KTb. ne-rp 'laCTO eJlUlJI B ce.no?
.lla, e....y 'lacro HaAo 6wJlo TYAa hlUfTb. (CTYAeUTbl, Y'lHTeJlbUHua, TOBapltlU UapanKHH, Marna, OTeQ, ee .nP)'3bll, oecrpa)
ponHTeJIH,
ranH,6paT)
RESPONSE DRILLS
Orlov has got to meet her. P<bBC Opnoo eute lie JUaeT ramo? Op.11ooy IliAO C Heii 1I0JIISKOMHTbCH. Pa3DC BOJlCJ,llJI Cute lie JUaeT r<iJJJO?
2. Galyo heard there was on interesting movie playing. She'll have to see it. rami cnblrnana, 'ITO lfJteT lIuTepecHblH
(~IIJlbM.
BonoJl:c Hli)J,o
HeK
nOJIISK6MHTf.CH.
(Cawa, ero 6paT, ero ccC1'pa, lleByuJKH, 3Hlla, pc6l'lTa, TbI, OTCU.)
lIli.no 6YAeT
ero UOCMOTpeTb.
4.
My
EMy HllAo exaTb K po.wheJIl'lM. PO,llliTeJ1H MalllH 60JlbUW. f:ii H3.JJ.O eXaTb K poJ],MTeJUIM. (Ko3noBa, Oml, BaxTepa, HMKOJl:ul,
6HJIeTbi.
QUESTION-ANSWER DRIL.L
Why is Kolya in such a hurry? He has to make it to the post office in time. nO'IeMy KoJl.l'I rl.ro:: cneuJlh? EMy H8JJ.O ycuen. ua oO'I1"y. nO'IeMy OHH rl.J: cnewfI.T? "1'01 HSAO yene... Ha DO..-ry.
(Obl,
TBOM TOBapHlUH, ee
cecrpa,
3TH
Ap)'3bH,
I...mON 15
351
DISCUSSION
Ha.no is an unchanging form used chiefly with infinitives to ex.press an urgent need to perform some activity. The dative which usually accompanies lla.nO focuses on the person for whom the action is necessary. In the past tense Ha.aO is followed by 6';1110; in the future by 6Y,ll,eT.
EMy lI:i.'1o 6blJlO nolin!: B roPOJI. EMy lIiJlO 6Y.lleT noliTlf B rOpo.'1.
In colloquial Russian the infinitive is sometimes omilted. This is especially common with verbs of motion where (he destination is mentioned.
The combination He HiJIo is often used as a plea that the addressee no' do something. Infinitives used with He Hi.ao are always imperfective.
Don', talk about that. Is it all right to open the windows? No, don', (open the windows).
H8JJ.O
and the short-form neuter adjective Hy*HO are often interchangeable in infinitive He had to hurry. Hehad _ I've got to go to the post office. I've got _
EMy ny*1IO 6buio cnewHTb. EMf mino 6buio _ Mile UY.HO nOMTH Ha nOliT)'. Mile Hilto _
The past tense of the imperfective verb HIITH and its prefixed perfective derivatives
MODELS
th6 WilO B KHtlO ']
What was playing at the movies? An American film was playing. An American picture was playing. American films were playing. After the lecture he went home. _ _ _ _ _ _ she went __. _ _ _ _ _ _ they went _ . How did _ _ did _ _ did _ _ did the lesson go? the meeting go 1 the lecture go 1 the exams go?
611
Omi Mw
3awJlli
Oleg just stepped oul. Zina _ stepped out. The girls __ stepped out.
Repeat the above models, noting particularly tbat aU perfective verbs derived from Mll'TIi are pattemed alike in the past tense.
SUBSTITUTION DRILLS
I. I'm on my way to the station. J Wlls on my way to the station. .s1 UJJ.Y ua criHUIlIO.
A lUen
H8 C11lJtlUno.
011"
Jal1,lJ,y-r D 6H6J1HOTCKy. OMli :J8U1J11i B 6H6JIHOTeKy. (ThJ, Olla, Dbl, CTy.a.eHTbl, npoeccop, y'lHTemi, yHTenbHHU3, TBOH T08apHUlH)
2. Katya had to go out of the house. Karya went out of the house.
KaTe Ha,110 6bmo DblllTH H3 ,llOMy. Kin 8buunl Ih ,llOMy.
OTl~ Ha,110 6bmo SWHTH "J ,llOMy.
On~q
obu.uen HJ ,llOMy.
LESSON 15
353
3. I didn'l want to go Ol'er (0 him. I didn'l go over 10 him. A He xoTtn K HeM)' nOJ1oiiTu. Jl K HeM} He UOAOUJe.n.
Mbl He XOTClIH JC HeM)' n0J10iiTH. Mbi K He.",} He IJOJ1OlDJtli. (MaTh. OTell, cecT3.. 6paThJl .upyr, POJlHTeJtH, KOllJl, J1PY3bJl)
QUESTION-ANSWER ORILLS
I was 011 my way (0 the movies. Ky.ua Tbl cncUJ!.tll 8'1epa ae'lepoM? Jl well B KUIIO, KYJ1a oarna CCCTp8. cnernIDIa 8'1Cpa BC'fCPOM '/ Qua lWIa 8 KMHO, (Bbl, OH, OHM, THOJI )"IMTeJlbHHu,a, THOii TOBapHlQ neTpOB, CTYJ1eHThl, 3TOT napenb)
2. Will Ko/ya go 10 the post office? He has already gone. KonJl noii.ueT IIU n6'1Ty? On }"i'e nowen. Era :lKeHa noii.ner !fa n6'fTY? DlIli y.-i IJOUL'I8.. (on, HX y60pWuua, TBOH 6paTbJl, Jho60Bb ne"Jl>OBI.la, THOU TOBapHm)
She's walking along lhe street. She was walkillg a/ollg the streel. Olia HJleT no yJHfll,e. QHa wmi no YJtHlIe.
nOll.pYrH HJ1YT no Ynuuc. nOllp)'I'" nun'i 110 YJlHl.le. (MW, npo.uaBUlHl.la, Bbl, BonollJl, cCcTPW. OTen, MaTh, Qner)
DISCUSSION
10
em)
wen
(0 mni
(n)
All the prefixed perfective derivatives of HJtni have pasts built on these same forms. With the exception of BblWen:, BblUIJI8, BbnunO, and BbuwuI (from Bbliint to go out), whcre the stress is consistently drawn to the prefix BW-, the stress is always on the last syllable of the past tense fonn.
PAST
.
nOlllJllt: BOWmt: Jaw"" nplflUm'i: npolllllH no.nowmt: nepewllH
lNANTTIVE
go enter uiiTJi drop in npllkni come upoiini pass, go, go by, go through nOlloiin'i to go up to, approach nepcifni to go across, cross
nom BOrn
to to to to to
354
LESSON 15
AaaaitTe C~OTpen.
ClUiMKH.
_ _ _ Hrpan. 8 dpTbf.
_ _ _ CJlYm3Tb nn3cmHlm.
Let's look at snapshots! __ play cards! __ listen to records! __ eat dinner in the dining hall! __ drink tea! __ work together! __ sing some songs! Let's look at snapshots! __ play cards! __ listen to records! __ eat dinner in .the dining hall! __ drink lea! __ work together! __ sing some songs!
_ _ _ _ _ _ 0&;'O'31'b B CTonoBoH.
_ _ _ _ _ _ min. 'laM,
_ _ _ _ _ _ pa66TaTb uMcCTe.
_ _ _ _ _ _ nen. neelUl.
J],auaH're He 6Y.ueM 06 )TOM rOBOpI-fTb. ua era JleKUlfll.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ XODirrb
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ o6e.ll.aTb B CTonOooH.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ pa60Tan. no cy666TaM.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ OTXpbfa3Tb
OKon.
_ _ _ _ _ _ ry.n3.
CJIDITb.
talk about it! go 10 his lecture! eat dinner in the dining hall! work on Saturdays! open the windows! go there! work today. dance today. sleep outdoors today. go there anymore. play with them anymore. think about it anymore .
rynA
bAHTb.
R.EPETITION PRACTICE
Repeat the given models, noting the alternate ways in which suggestions that include the speaker and employ imperfective verbs may be expressed .
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
Xonhe
miTh 'l3.M?
HeT,
.uaJUi.iiTe He
(cnpawHBaTb
eMy 3BOHHTb,
OTBe'laTb)
O'fepeJJ.H. eMy
nen. nCCHIt)
LESSON 15
355
3. Do you want to work today? No, let's not work today. Bbl xonhe cer6.1UUl pa66T3Tl.?
Her. nY'IlUe He 6yJJ,eM ceroAIUI pa60TaTL. By XOnfTe cero,O,H,. Hrp3.Th B dpTbf? Her, .'Ij-uue He 6y,O,eM cerO.loul 1U"p3.n. B
4. Shall we read today? No, let's read IOmorrow instead. Mbl 6Y.nCM cer6AHjI 'l1tT3.Th?
HeT, Jly'llUe 6Y,/l,eM 'UlTan. 3a8Tpa. Mbi: 6Y.nCM cer61lu" cn9w3Th .lVku? Her, Jlruue 6YAeM cnjwan. 388Tpa.
()"tun. cnoaa, nHean. nHCbMO, HrpaTb B
ripTW?
(mtcaTh 3<U1BJleHHe, 'lltT3Th CTHXH, o6e.naTh B CTonOBOH, T3.Hu.eOaTh, coaTh
WaXMaThl,
HCKaTh pa60TY)
poM3HCbI)
RESPONSE DRILL
They're playing tennis. Let's play too! am! HrpaJOT 0 TeHHHc. J],aoaii To*e HrphL!
all"
'lHT3.IoT
:lICypHan.
DISCUSSION
In affirmative suggestions that include the speaker and use imperfective verbs, ,a,aDaR (or .llwifre) may be followed either by the infinitive alone or by 6YAe.\I plus tbe infinitive: )].aoaH 'lHrln. (or JJ.aoaii 6y,neM 'lHT3.Tb) Let's read! In negative suggestions employing imperfective verbs, 6YAeM cannot be omilled. JIy<tWe is often used instead of .Ilaali..i (,aaaUre): Aa.saH De 6YlleM 'lHT3.Tb (or JIY'wIe He 6y,a,eM 'lHT3.Tb) Let's
not read!
rODopliT, B'lepa 6btno co6p3HHe. MHe roOOPHJlH, 'ITO Il'lepa 6bIJ1O c06paHHe. Y)Ke oTKpLloaJOT .llBepll. 3.neCb npoJJ,aWT pbl6y. Cx6po OTKpOJOT .llBePli. MHe. He JJ,a.njT paJpewemt,.. TaKHC ./lOMa nori3L101U<lT T)'pHCTaM. Tenepb Cfl)OHT nOMa All" KonX03I1HKOO.
They say there was a meeting yestcrday. I was told there was a meeting yesterday. They're already opening the doors. Fish is sold here or They sell fish here. They'll soon open the doors. They won't give me a pass. That's the kind of houses they show tourists. Houses are now being built for the farmers .
am!
n0K33bl8aK>T 4>HnbMbl.
noK3.3L1B81()T
3JJ,ecL
eJlKnbMLI.
356
LESSON
I5
3. We'll close the doors. They'll soon close the doors or The doors will soon close. Mbi 3aKpOeM Jt.BCpu.
Ckopo
UKpOH>T
Mbi
3BOlUUI,
OTKpOeM
ltBipH. MepU.
npe,llJlol!KH./I)
CK6po OTICpOH>T .I:lUpK. Mw lIam11l1eM 06 nOM 8 ra.3tTe. Mbi paJpeWHM C3,/.{HTb 80 BJlallHBOCTOIt". Mw nOtcaJKeM ny npTHHy. Mw OTXpOeM co6phHe.
Mb.t
4. The administrator will gh'e us a room. They'll give us a room or We'll be gj~'en a room.
AzlMHUHCTpaTOp HaM ,/.{~kr 1I0Mep.
npuHeeeM oGe,1J,.
AzlMHlIHCTp:iTOp HaM
nod.xeT Tearp.
noexaTh.
A,1J,MHtlHCTphop lIaM nocoBlhyeT Ky.na
noHTH.
A,llMmmCTpaTOP naM 06 :hOM CKa*eT.
RESPONSE DRILL
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILL
Who sits like that? That's no way to sit! or People don't sit like that! KTo til( cHJUh? T aK He cHJJ.JiT!
KTO TaK
paooTaer?
TSK He
paOOTaJOT!
Willlhey gh'e you a pass '! They already did. Te6e na.aYr np6nycK? MHe y;ke AinK. Te6e HanHwyt" 06 nOM? Mae y;ke HllIIHCliJIH. Te6e p33pelllaT H3MemiTh HAUl?
Te6e OTaenlT H3 Il0c0JlbCTBa? Te6e n0380HJiT C paOOThl? Te6e nOKfuKyr CHHMKH? Te6e KynRT I'I0PT<PeJlb?
). I can'l sleep. They don't let me sleep. A lie MOrj cnaTL. MHe He ,/.{aJOT CUSTL, A He MOrj paOOTaTL. MHe He ,/.{atOT paOOnTL.
(nHeaTh, 'lHTaTL, CJlywan., ,l.{}'MaTL,
HrpaTL)
LESSON 15
357
DISCUSSION
The third person plural verb without a subject is used when the aClion is attributed to an indefinite group. The speaker either does not know the source of the action or finds it convenient not to mention the source, for example, if it is attributed to officials in power. Such constructions may be rendered variously in English, for example, rOBOpH-r flley say, people say, if'S said. Such constructions are often used where English would use the passive voice.
MHt~ rOBOpH.n:lf, 'ITO 3aBTpa 6YAeT 3K3aMeH.
I was told there'd be an exam tomorrow. The doors are being opened already. Russian is spoken here.
4TEHI1E H nHCbM6
358
LESSON 15
0 BaM? MHe Hy::HO nOCJTaTb p0Jl.HTeJUIM npourpblsaTellb. A p3..38C Y HHX B KOIlxo3e CcTh )JlelITpH'ieCTBo?
ECTb, 33'leM
.lla, OCTb.
.st
.a.30HO
:ho 6YlleT
XOp6W~H
KynHll.
AYMalO,
'ITO
- CKaJlGhe, HHKomHi, y BaC 8 KOJIX03e XOpOWHe H36bl? - ,ll,a, O'leHb xopOulHe. - Itt BO,lJ,Onpo8011 ecn, ? - Her, Bononpooo.na Her. Ho y HaC MHoro KOnO,llues H xop6wee o3epo. .l{a " mOA" H<\WH npH8buurn HOCHn. BO,lty, J.U.1 He TJlY.u.HO.
MHe CTpaHHO JTO
c.nhlwaTb. Y mic
AMepHKe
Bee
COOceM Hua.'fe.
- 6,
Ax
li 'lHTM, 110 He 3Uan, 'ITO :ho 06 .:hOM KOJlx63e. Aa, B 3nfX H68blX nOM3x, rOBop.li-r, 6Y.a.eT 3J1eKTpHP.JeCTBO H JJ.3.:lKe Jla uy? J.1 Bee y.a66cTBa? BaHHbl.e, y6opHble? 3Toro Ji He 3H,ho. A TeJle<Jx}n? He lJ,yMalO.
n3.,
BO.ltOnpoaon.
- 3HaeUJl., Oner. Ji Y'Ke npHBwK 3lJ,OCl.. B ropone, K 3neKTpii'lecTBy H panHo, a BOT npnexan HelJ,3.BHO B HAw lConx63 H - HH'IerO TaM He,-. CTpaHHO lJ,aJKe, KaK mo.aH MOfyr :lKHTl. 6e3 3THX yno6cTB! - A Be.o,l. Hd caM Tb >Kun, KOnIa .nOMa 6bl:n. - )la Ji )')Ke H He nOMHfO 06 :hOM - Tax naBUO :ho 6bJnO. - A BOT KOH'mwl. yHiIBepcHTer, MO)l(eT 6b!Tl. 6Y.aewl. B CB<>eM KonX03e pa66TaTl.. OmiT(, npHBblKHewh. - Her! $i B Konx63e pa60TaTh He 6Y.ay, He xO'ly. BnpO'leM, KOfAa ,j KOU'Iy, MO:lKeT 6blTh TaM y)l(e 6Y.aer :meKTpH'IeCTBO. - rami, nOMHHTe, Ji BaM noKA3hIBaJl CHlfMKH cj>a6pHKH. rAe pa60TaeT MO OTeU? - )la . ..s1 ce6e HHa'ie npe.llCTaBJlJina aMepHK8.IICKHe cj>a6pHKH. - Bb! lJ,3JKe, K3.:lKeTC}(, He nOBepHJlH MHe, nph.aa" - HeT. c1lHlumn. Ji BaM noeepKJIa, TOJlhKO Ji y)l(e npHBbIlma HHa'le .aYMaTh 06 AMepKKe. - A 3HaeTe, KOrll,3. Ji CfO/.la eX3Jl, Ji TOJKe Bee ce6e HHa'le npell,CT3BnJ:in. BaWH cryneHTbl y'IaT aHfmHicKKii: }(3bl:K? )l.a, H HeKOTopble }')ICe Rennoxo roBOpJiT. Bbi C HH:M:H p<l3Be He rOBopliJIH? rOBOpHn, HO no-pYCCJ:H. Tb :lKanh! Jt He 3Han, 'ITO Oml: rOBopJiT no-aHrmfHCKH. )la, a Ji leaK ph JJ.YMan cnpocHTh BaC, rOCnOll,HH rpaHT, Ka~ OHB rOBopJiT. 3aBTpa 3aHlJ,y K BaM H noroBoplO C HHMH.
-..st
LESSON 15
359
LESSON
16
CJly"laH
(s!utij)
[Qi~asnjj)
neC"IaCTIIl..IH
Hec"laCTHbIH CJly'laH
IOPKii HHKOJlllCSK'I,
il,aBHO
de He 8H):{CJI!
case, occasion, incident, event, chance unbappy, unfortunate accident, unfortunate incident Yury Nikolaevich, I haven't seen you for a long time! why, why is it, how come But why are you walking like tbat? You mean you haven't heard? leg, fool to break I broke my leg. to fall, fall down I fell and broke my leg.. almost, all but, nearly I almost broke my leg. I fell and almost broke my leg. good heavens! my goodness! my God! Oh for heaven's sake! to happen How in the world did it happen? to present, introduce to imagine Imagine! or Just imagine! stairway, stairs, ladder Imagine! It happened on the stairway.
'ITO 3TO
[!t6eI~)
TaK
A 'fT6
lTO
8W
NJIeTe?
Jt Jt Jt
(ace sg Hory) CJlOMaTb (pfv I), cnoMalO, -eWb, -lOT CJ]OMM eWe HOI)'. ynacn. (pfv I) (ful ynaJ,tj, --eWb, -iT; past yoan. -a, -0, -H)
HOra
J1: ymiJi
y-n,
Ax
-BHWb, -8RT
ce6e
ce6e!
3TO CJlY'HrnOCb Ha
JJCcTIUlue.
361
BHH3 BHH3 no JlCcTHHue .s1 WeJl Bmb no JlCCTHHue. BJlPyr H BJlpyr ynan .s1 wen Bmb no nccTlmue H BJlPyr ynan. npettCTWU,Te ewe, DIM POlD nO Hlimeit Jlk:Ttnme H BttPYr you,
down, downstairs down the stairs I was going down the stairs. suddenly, all of a sudden and suddenly fell I was going down the stairs and suddenly fell. Imagine! I was going down our stairs and suddenly fell. bad luck, misfortune, unhappiness What an unlucky break! really, indeed That was really an unlucky break! foolishness, stupidity, nonsense It was plain stupidity! sixteen years sixteen years I've been walking up and down those stairs for sixteen years. careful, carefully
HeC'laCTbe
[\li~casti~]
BOT lIeC'IaCThe! aeHCTBHTeJJbHO BOT, D:eHCTBHTCJlbHo, oec"laCTI.e! r.rrjnOCTb (f) npOCTO r.rrjnOCTb! IlleCTHaa.uaTb ~isnat<:;)n nt':T (gen pi of ro,ll, year) weCTHaa.uaTb mh lliecTHanuaTb nCr XOlKY no .:lTOH nCCTHHue.
OCTOp(nKHblii., OCTOPOlKHO
I've been walking up and down tbose stairs for sixteen years, always [being) so careful, and all of a sudden I fall! anyone, anybody, any' to anybody (lit. with anybody) It can happen to anybody. to consult, tum to, address Whom did you consult., or What doctor did you see'? Osipov. physician, doctor He's a good physician. not likable, not nice, not personable He's a good physician, but not a likable person.
Bdnlii co BCl1KHM
3ro co
BCtiKHM MO"'eT
CJlyaufn.CiI.
K OeHIlOBY,
BpAtl, -a; -H,-eH XOPOWHH Bpa'l.
HeCHMnaTlI'lHblH
6H
00
"IeJlOBeK
00
.ll.a
unfeeling, cold, impersonal (lil. without soul, heartless) a, an; kind of, some kind of He's kind of cold and unfeeling. soul, heart, feeling What's feeling got to do with it? specialist You need a specialist.
yrna
]8"1eM BaM JtYlUa?
362
LESSON 16
"ph,
BY upUlol,
J1
nOlCTOpaM!
SUPPLEMENT BO Bd:KOM CJIi'!ae Bo BCHKOM CJIY'fae, " B MocKBy He noeA)'. HaBCpx noll.D.eM 1(0 MHC HaBCpX. rnYnJ:.lH KaKb OHa rnynaJI! yMHWH QHa TaKlUI yMHaJI! CHMnanf'fHblH
On 6'ieHh CHMnaTlI'iHbIH
ron, -a
B
'ienOBCK.
3TOM rom'
r6.o. Ii ~x:y
8
Ph
>urry.
B 3TOM rom' Ii T)'M He noeA)'. MecHU B jTOM MecHue ABa pll.3a B MecHU Mb! C3AlWH
B
r6pan.
C.n. -
CeprCH nhnOBH'i
n3BHo
c.n.
IO.H.
c.n.
lOp""
3
HHKOmieBH'l:,
BAc HC
A 'iTO :ho
2 Bbi p!l3ee
He cnbtW3Jut
ee6e HOry.
Ax Tbl,
IO.H.
c.n.
IO.H.
5 BOT,
,neHCTBHTeJ1bHO, HeclfaCTbC!
6 np6cTo rnYnOCTb!
OCTopO:lKeH, 3
llIeCTR<Ur.u3Tb
TaK
B,npyr ynan!]
en.
LESSON 16
363
IO.H.
c.n.
66r God is one of the few Russian nouns with a vocative form: ooa;e! The expression liO",e MOii! is a stock phrase with its own special word order. It is not as strong as the English My God! but is rather like Good heavens! or My goodness! In Soviet publications. the word for God is written with a small initial letter.
2
The form neT, which functions as the genitive plural ofrolt"year with numbers and adverbs of quantity, is actually the genitive plural of nero summer. Compare oroffi rOA with Mllom ncr, wecmllAnaTb JleT. (Consider the poetic use of English summers as, for example, in "She was sixteen summers old.") The regular genitive plural form rOlloR is very rarely used. roJt also has alternate forms in the nominative plural: roJXbl and rOlla.
J
Although .lIYm3. literally means soul, it is often best translated as hearl, in the sense of empathy or sympathetic character. Note that the adjective oo~ is formed from 6e3 without and ,IQ'lUa.
'1YRCTBOBaTb
ce6J;J
(1)1
to feel How do you feel? by far, much, considerably Much better, doctor.
I have almost no trouble walking. (Lit. I
yM, -a
coiini: c yM8.
to go off, get off, come (or go) down mind. sense to go (or be) out of one's mind. to go
(or be) crazy
364
LESSON
16
.st
I told you to walk only about the room. half an hour per day, a day You can walk only half an hour a day. then
no K6MH8Te.
nOJl'taca B lU:Hb BaM MO)ICHO XO.nHTb TOJlbKO nOJ1'taca B Aellb.
T6
TO He 66nwue.
B
lIOJI'taca
JJ.eHb.
But I told you to walk only about the room and then not more than half aD hour a day. to become, get, grow, step
-JITCSI
CTaH08ltTbC1I (II) [st;)nayitQ] CTaH08JUOCb. CTaH6BHWbC1I. MHe CTaH68IfTC1I J1y..we. 'teM ... TeM ... 'teM oonbwe, TeM nY'twe
I'm getting better or I'm improving. the ... the ... the more the better The more I walk, the better I get. to seem It seemed to me I was improving.
Excuse me. doctor. but it seemed to me the more J walked. the more I improved.
4eM oonLwe li xox.:y, TeM nY'lwe Mile CT:rnOBIITCJI. Ka33.ThCJI (I) (past KaJa..nOCb. pres Kb.::eTCJI) MHe KaJ3..nOCb, liTO ,.tHe CTaHOBHTC1I nyllwe. "JBKmlTe. J1.0","TOp, KO MIle ..."8.3i.rI0Cb, "ITO ' 'tiM 66JJbl1Ie li xoo.i. TiM Jly"llUe Me craH08HTC$t. oGpaW3.TbC1I (I) [abrUtatc}]
to consult. tum to. address, go (or come) to Wby did you consult me? in general, at all Why did you [bother toJ consult me at all? to like, please, appeal to just as you please, exactly as you like ;f If you do just as you please, then why do you bother to consult me at all? to be angry, to be mad Don't be angry, doctor. exacl, precise; exaclly, precisely I'U do everything ex.actly as you say. Don't be angry. doctor; I'll do everything exactly as you say.
06pamalOCb, 06pamaelllLCJI, -K>TCJI 3alleM Dbi KO MHe 06pama..nHcb? BooGme 3a'teM Bb! Boo6me KO Mile 06paminHCb? "pa8IfTbC1I (n) [nrayit(;:;)} HpaamOCb. Hpa8HUlbCSI, -JlTC1I TaK, Kl1K 8aM HpaBIITC1I eCJJH ECJIH Bbi ,uenaeTe d.-. KSK aiM upaBH1'CH, TO 38'tCM Rbi Tor.n:a aoo6lQc KO Mile 06panuiJlHcb? ceP,lJ,(lTbCSI (II)
[~irQitc;)]
He Cep,lJ,UTCCb, .n:6KTop. T6'H1bIH; TO'tHO .sf 6YAY ,ae..naTb Bee TOIIHO TaK, K3.K 8b! CK3.JKe're. He Cep.wf"recb, ,lJ,OKTOp, tl 6yJJ.Y .llellan. BCe TO"fHO nK .-liK Rbi
c.-ai:eTe.
LeSSON 16
365
Hy,
xopornO. nOKa:lKMTe
~U1e
H6ry.
Lla. HtIlJlOXO.
Well. all right. Show me your leg. Yes, not bad. to ache, hurt, pain My leg (or foot) hurts. It's almost stopped hurting altogether.
6omiT.
Macca:lK ne.naTb Macca:lK no yrpa."f Hano )lenaTh no yrpaM Macca:lK. npo)lomK3Th (I) npoll.OJDKaiiTe JJ.e.IJBn no yrpaM MBCca:lK. Ma3L CO peuenT A B8M llaM HClBWii pCllcrrr HB M8Jl>. nOMOntTL (I) (plus dat) CnBcM60. ~ Mallo MHe 004CHb
nOMorI.eT.
massage to massage in the mornings, mornings You have to massage it in the mornings. to continue, keep on Continue massaging it in the mornings.
ointment, salve prescriplion, recipe rll give you a new prescription for ointment. to help Thanks. The ointment really helps me. When am I to come? or When should I come? When should I come again, on Wednesday?
cpe.QY!
end to go away, leave (by vehicle) No, I'm going away the end of this week. in five days in about five days I'm going away in about five days. to come back, return I'll return in about five days. earlier, before I'll return in about five days, not before. I'm going away the end of this week and will return in about five days, not before. to set, designate, appoint. assign to give an appointment, set a date I'll give you an appointment. Phone me in a week and I'll give you an appointment.
KOHeU, KOHua; -hi, -68 yel:an. (I) HtT, II yeJ}KafO 8 KOHut :iToii HeJJ.e.nH. 'Iepe] min. nHeH nHeH tlepeJ nliTb Jt yeJ:lK3fO nHe" 'Iepe) miTb. 8epHYrbCJI (pfv I) ['t'irnute;,] sepHyCb, BCpHCUlbCR, -y..CR Jt BepHYCb nHe" lItpel nliTh. p3nbwe Jt Bcpnycb .aHe" 'Iepe3 ruiTb, lie prou,we. A ye3:lKalO B KOHUe :hoii HC,tlenM H IIiCPHYCb JUlCM 'tepe3 min.,
He pl1.HblUe.
Jt
nOJBOHKTe
M
MeJlVlIO,
ii aiM
Ha3H8.-ry
n;nn.
U!SSONI6
SUPPLEMENT
xy)j(C j'j "IyBCTBylO ce6li ropi13,rto x)0i<c, .nOKTOp. paccepLUITbC~ (pfv II) (like cep,rtllTl,C5l) nO"leMy OH T<1.K lIa MCHli paccePJUIJlCli ? nOMO"lh (pfv I) (like MO"lh) (plus dat) 6H, HaBcpllo, BaM nOMO;.KeT. yt':xaTb (pfv I) (like t':xaTb) Korna OH yt':XaJl H3 MOCKBbl? j'j CKOPO yeflY BJIeHHHrp<iJ:l.. Ha'ianO 6H yt':XaJl B Ha "lane :hOH He.nt':mL B03Bpall.\aThCH (I) O'rel..l B03Bpall.u1eTcH 1l0MOH B WeCTh. n03)j(e OHll npl-lllyT n03)l(c. B KOHUt': KOUl.\OB [fkance kancof]
B KOHUt': KOHUOB, OH nOJl)"lllJl pa3pewt':UHe.
worse I feel much worse, doctor. to become angry, get mad Why did he become so angry with me? to help He'll probably help you. to go away, [eave (by vehicle) When did he leave Moscow? I'll soon leave for Leningrad. beginning, start He went away at the beginning of the week. to return, come (or go) back Father returns home at six. later, later on They'll come later. finally, in the end, in the long run, after all He finally got a permit.
o. -OCHOOB
IO.H. -lOpH" HJ.lKOnaCBH"I
O.
IO.H.
.H
o.
IO.H.
3 Bbl C yMa cowmi? .H :lKC BaM CKa3an XOAHTb TOJlhKO no KOMHaTC 'H:M nOJI'laca B ,LJ;eHb.
Ii
TO He 60JIbWe,
4 J.13BmufTe, Aonop, HO MHe Ka3aJlOCb, 'leM 60Jlbllle $I XO)KY, TeM Jly'lWC MHe cTanoBHTcSI. 5 ECJlH Bbl AeJIaCTC TaK, K3K B3M HpaBHTC~, TO 3a'leM Bbl Torw'i. Bo06me KO MHe 06pamarUiCb ?!
LESSON 16 J(,7
O.
FO.H. O. IO.H. O.
6 Hc ccp.n.tlTCCb, .o:OKTOp, H 6Y.o:y .o:enaTb BCe TO'lHO TaK, KaK Bbl CK3.JI(CTe.1
7 Hy, xopowo. nOKa)foiTe MHe Hory. )la, Hennoxo.
IO.H. 10 CnacH60. 3Ta M<l.3b MHe O'leHb nOMoraeT. Kor.o:a MHe npliHTH omiTb, B cpe.n.y?
O.
NOTES
I Although spa.. and ltOKTOp can sometimes be used interchangeably, only ,1J,OKTOp is used-as a form of address or with names: Y ltOKTOpa OCHDosa, "CKa*liTe, ,1J,OKTOP ..." Bpa.. and .lI.OKTOp apply to both men and women.
0" (OHa)
General practitioners are mostly women. as are the majority of dentists and oculists in the Soviet Union. the word order in the expression Me" otepe3 min. The placement of a numeral after the noun which it modifies serves to express approximation. Com pare .o:IU) .. ad two hours with ..aca ,D,Ba about two hours; ceii..ac BOcCMb ..acOB it's eight o'clock now with ceii'fac 'laCOB BOcCMb iI's aboul eight o'clock now; and B .o:eBATb ..acOB at nine with ..acoB B lteBATb around nine.
1 Note
2. Ka:lKeTCSI, Ji eH IIpaBJllOcb. ____ Mbl _ HpaBItMcSl. ____ 0" __ HpaBI1TC.II.. ____ Th. __ HpaBlillIbC.II.. ____ OHM _ HpaaSiTC.II.. _ _~_ Bbl _ HpaaHTecb.
3. OHa '!aCTO 3aXO.nHJla K COoeH coceltKe.
_________ _________ _________ ________ _________
likes me. likes us. likes him. lik-es you. likes them. likes you.
CBOHM COceltSiM. K COOCMy y'!lheJ1Jo. K COoeH cccrpe. K CBOMM 3HaKoMblM. K CBOCMy 6paTy. K camiM nOJJ.pYraM.
K
her neighbor. her neighbors. her teacher. her sister. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 00 her acquaintances. _ _ _ _ _ _ 00 her brother. _ _ _ _ _ _ 00 her girl friends.
368
LESSON
16
4.
a good physician. the Russian specialist. the new doctor. the American professor. private physician.
_____ 3
_ _ _ _ H6BOH
_ _ _ _ xOpOweii _ _
_ _
<
eawKM CTy.v;eHTaM.
CBOHM
MOU:M~
<
<
_
_
1I0BhlM
<
craPWM
<
aMeplU:aacrHM _. xop6WHM _
7. n03BOHHTe :hoii ",eHUlHHe.
_ _ _ _ .3TOMy <fe.noeekY. _____ 3THM mOJl)lM. _ _ _ _ 3TOMy Bpa<fY. _ _ _ _ trOH JIeBywKe. _____ 3TI1M M0110.o.b1M mO)J)lM.
Give this woman a call. __ this man __ these people __ this doctor __ this girl _-,-__ these young-people Don't Don't Don't Don't Don't Don't stand (or step) there! sit (down) there! be afraid! be angry! consult them! go back to them!
8. He CTaJJOBHTeCb Ty.v;a.! He C3JI.HTeCb TY.v;a! He ooHTecbl Hc cePJIHTecb! He 06palllaihe<:b KUtiM! He B03BpalllMiTecb It HKM!
9. Jj YJUlBJIlhOCb, 'ITO Bbl KHeMy06panUUlCb. OHa ylmBJIlicTCJI _ Mbl yJtHBJlliCMCJI _ _ OJlcr yJtHBJIIIe-rCJl 01111 yJIHBnliIOTcJl' _
Ie
lIeM)<
I'm surprised that you consulted him. She's surprisecl<1 _ We're surprised< _ _ Oleg is surprised'They're surprisoo _ You're not surprised that I consulLed him?
Rbi He YJIIIBJlliereCb
10. Kor.aa OHa BCp'iCTCJI? __---'Tbl eepuewbcll? .,-_--"Bbl eepHeTe<:b? R BePHYCb <fepeJ He.ne.nIO. 6u eepHCTCJI _ Omi eeplljTcJI'_
06paTll.nCll ? ?
You're not surprised'When will she be back? will you be back '1 _ _ will you be back '1 I'll be back in a week. He'll be back,-_ _ They'll be back'----_
_~
LESSON 16
369
II. OlUf acermi a03aparm'uOTCR a 'lac. Bw a03BpawaeTeCb_ _. J1 a03Dpaw<bOCb._ _ Tw B03DpautaeWbClL--. MM B03DpautaeMCX_ _. LloKTop_ B03BpalUaeTCX'---__
They always return at one. YOII retum _ 'return'-_ _ yo,au retum'-_ _ W, return _ _. The doctor returns Will you help me? Yes, I'U help you. Will he help you? Yes, he'll help me. Will they help us? Yes, they'll help us. Did he help you? Yes, he did. Did she help you? Yes, she did. Did they help you? Yes, lhey did. When's the best time for me ___________ ___________ __________ __________ ___________ ___________ to to to to to to to
12. BbI MHe nOMOJKeTe'1 - LIa, li B<iM nOMory. OH BaM nOMOJKeT? - LIa, OH ~1He nOMOJKeT. OHii HaM nOMoryr? - Lla, OHii HaM nOMoryr. 6u BaM nOMor? - LIa, nOMOL OHa BaM nOMorna? - LIa, nOMOrna. OHiI BaM nOMorml? - !la, nOMOfmi.
Where am I to (or should J) go? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ call? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ put this? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ drive to? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ look? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ write? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ enroll?
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ xopowo.
How do you feel? I don't feel well. I feel fine. _ _ beuer. _ _ much better.
_ _ worse.
_ _ much worse.
16
17. Killc nO-TBocMy, PC3YJlbTllThi xopowl1e? - Lla, nO-M6eMy, pe3yJlbT<lTbl O'ICHb xop6wMe. KaK no-aawcMy, pe3YJlbTaTbi xop6wHe? -lla, nO-MoeMy, pe3YJlbTaTbI O'leHb xop6wHe.
What do you think, are the results good? Yes, in my opinion, the results are very good. What do you think, are the results good? Yes, in my opinion, the results are very good.
a week.
two weeks. three _ _ four _ five _
'" - - -
c, and
qre first pronounced voiceless and then are voiced. The letter pronounced [g] [gbaru] K 6apy to the bar [gdomu] K .u6My La the house
K
A. The letter
pronounced [k] [kparu) K mipy to the steam [ktomu) K TOMy to the volume
K
The letter c pronounced [z] [zQit] C6HT knocked down [zOOr] c66p harvesting The letter pronounced [d] [adz3.ra] aT )Kapa from the heat [adgadaU oTra.n.aTb to guess
T
C. The letter
pronounced [t] [atsaraJ OT llIapa from the spherc [atkatiit] oTKaTaTb to roll off
and no
_ _ KMhepH. _ _ K po.uHTeJlHM.
to to to Lo to to
the my my my my my
doctor's. brother's place. sister's place. father's place. mother's place. parents' place.
I..ESSON
16
371
Go (Qr come) to the phone. to the table. ______ to the window. _ _ _ _ _ to the blackboard. _ _ _ _ _ up to the map. Come over here to me. _ _ _ _ _ _ to us. This has to be done ________ _______ ______ _______ _______ _______ by by by by by by by noon. evening. Tuesday. Wednesday. Friday. the end of the month. the beginning of the week. for for for for for for for for the the the the the the the the e'lam? lesson? lecture? work'? enms? classes? lectures? dinner?
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ I(
_______
_______ _______
o6C:JlY. BC'Iepy. 1(0 BT6pJrnl(y. K cpeJl.C. 1: ntnUfue. 1( IWHllY MCcJl:n.a. 1( Ha'lany HeJlCJm.
I(
Rbi: rOTOBbI K 3K3AMeHy? _ _ _ _ " ypOKy? _ _ _ _ _ I: JleKUHH? _ _ _ _ " pa66Te? _ _ _ _ _ k 3K3<iMeHaM? _____ K 3aHHTHJlM? _ _ _ _ K nCKlUUfM? _ _ _ _ K o6C:Jl.Y.
no no no no no Be'lepaM Mbl I'YJlHeM YTpaM BOCl:peceHbJlM cy666TaM cpeJlaM
B
Are you prepared (or ready) __________ ___________ ___________ __________ ___________ ___________ ___________ napKe. _ _ _ _
He XOJlI1 no napKy! ____ n6 Jlecy! ____ no ymll..laM! nOJllo! ____ no nomiM! _ _ _ _ ItO ceny! _ _ _ no r6poJl.Y! ~_ _ no Aop6re! ____ no ymme!
____ no
the park! the woods! the streets! the field! the fields! the village! the city! the road! the street!
6H '1IITaer JICKWIH no pyccKoii My3bll(e. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ no MaTeManuce. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 110 HCT6pHH CCCP. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ no reorpil4lHH. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ no PYCCKOH mrrepaljpe. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ no PYCCKOMy Jl3b1Kj.
Russian music. mathematics. the history of the U.S.S.R. geography. Russian literature. the Russian language.
372
LESSON 16
co-workers.
flea
cants.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of the libraries. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of the doctors.
REPETITION DRILL
Repeat the given models, noting tbe various usages of K and 00, both of which require the dative case.
I. On the right was the door. He weill over (or up) to the door. HanpaBo 6blna llBepb,
Oil Oil
2. On Wednesday we wenl to the movies, On Wednesdays we used 10 go to Ihe movies. 8 cpeny Mbl XOll,MH 0 KHHO. no cpe.aaM Mbi XO.a.HnH B KHIIO.
B tlcTBepr Mbt xOJ],wm a KHH6.
no <Je1'acpniM Mbi
XOJufJIH a
K,mO.
6y<j>eT) 3, I was at my brother's (place). I'm going 10 see my brolher. $I 6buJ y 6paTa.
st tIllY Ie 6paT)'.
$I 6bm y.aoKTopa.
st lillY K noKTOpy.
(y Opatla, y Y'l'ltTeJljl, Y 3HHbl. Y npyra. y aMepHKaHU3, y ceCTpbl, y rarut, y TooapHlUa, y nponaoUlHUhl. y HaTalllIl)
<JeTBcpni. :no 6yneT rOTOSO II': 'renepry-. (no nSlTHHUhl,,110 cy660Thl, no nOHeJJ,eJIbHHlCa, 1l,0 cpeJ1bI .uo OOCKpeceHbR. ll,O Ha<Jana CJIell,ytOUleH He.aenH. no )],HSI ero POJlCllCHIUI)
I Note that there is a slight dilfereooc bct~ xo!lli'n .. ,OOIITopbl and XOIUfn, 00 NHITopa..... The first is oeutral. 1010 /0 doctors; the second means to 10 from 0IIe' doctor 10 lUJOth.-r. /0 nDI to dijfm/ doclors.
LESSON 16
373
S. We have a Ru.ssian language lessQn. We hUi'e a lesson on the Russia" langULlge. Y HaC ypOK pyccKoro JlJblKa.
Y Hac ypOK no pyCCkOMy 1'13b1Kj. Y HaC ypOK HCTOpHH. Y Hac ypOK 00 HC'TOpHH.
(rcorpa$HH, XHMHH, lj)H3ltKH,
MaTcMaTKICH, HCTOpHl1
6. They entered the hall. They walked (or wandered) about Ihe hall.
OU" HOWn" B Jan. OHN XO,rulnH no :uiJJy.
Te8Tpy.
CCCP,
pyccKOH JIHTepaTypbl)
7. She loves flea markets. She loves to make the rounds of tire flea markets.
OHa mo6HT TOllKj'lKH. OHa mOOKT xOAwn. no TOJlKy.."aM.
OHa mb6HT MaraJHHbI. OHa .m06MT xo.wm. no Mara3HuaM. (6u6mfoTCKlt, lUly6bl, pecTopaubl, Tearph.l, KOIw:ePThJ)
(room)
Are they acquainted? Yes, they're roommates. ,ltJi. omi TOlUiplU1tH DO KOMHaTe.
(KYPC)
Olill JHaKOMh.l?
(yHHBepcHTeT,
Kypc)
DISCUSSION
1. K (1<0)
The preposition K always requires the dative. With motion verbs K must be used if the destination is a person. In this use it is the destinational opposite of the locationaJ preposition y.
rlle Bb! 6burH? - Y 6p:iTa. KYlia Bbf Hlle-re? - K fip.hy.
When the destination is a place or object, B or H:l plus the accusative is used if complete attainment of the goal is implied. However, K plus the dative may be used to describe movement toward the goal, i.e., Ijmited attainment of the goal.
oR
HllY
B napK.
I'm going to the park. I'm walking toward the park. Go into the house. Go up toward the bouse.
>1 :ho Clle.rraJO II: cy666re. >1 :iTo Clle.rratO ICO BTOPHHK:Y.
M bf ew:e He roTOBbl: K 3KJ3.MeHy. 4TO Tb! kynHn K <X>ellY?
374
LESSON 16
I'll come toward (or by) the end of the montb. Toward morning it gets cold. rll get it done by Saturday. I'll get it done by Tuesday.
In conjunction with nouns describing activities, K is used in the sense of for. We're not prepared for the exam yet. What did you buy for dinner?
2. no no is a preposll..lQn used mostly with the dative; it has many meanings, for example, over, a/mIg (the surface of), 10 (various goals), on, in. via, by, according 10, apiece, per person. Some of these are illuslrated below.
DO Be'lepaM,
no yrpar.t
no CpeJJ,3M no plutltO, no TCJtt$OHY JBOnUTb no Tent$OHy no HCTOPHH, no mnepaTjpe no npHBbI'lKe, no nnaHY, no omu6"e no necy, no noma, no ropoJJ;y no nOKTOpaM no MaraJUHaM no CTaKaHy, no 'IaWKe
[in the] evenings, [in tbe) mornings on Wednesdays by (or over) the radio, by phone to call on the phone on (the subject of) history, literature by habit, by plan, by mistake about tbe woods, field, city to one doctor after another to one store after another a glass apiece, a cup apiece
in in in in
The dative endings of 3TOT, 'lei, and the possessive pronoun modifiers
THE ENDINGS SINGULAR PLURAL
Feminine
-OM, -eii
-k"
KTO nOMOJKCT 3TOMY CTynellTy? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ naplllo? ______ 3TO" cTYJleHTKc? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ )I(eIlWHHe? ______ :)TKM CTynCHTaM? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ JlIODJlM?
nOJ80Hihe 3TOMy Bpa'iY. _ _ _ _ _ _ nolCTopy. _ _ _ _ _ _ 'ie.nO&eKY
_ _ _ _ _ _ )"IHTeJIIO.
Who will help this student? _ _ _ _ _ _ lad? ______ this girl student? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ woman? ______ these students? _ _ _ _ _ _ people? Give this (or that) physician a call. _ _ _ _ _ _ doctor
<
_ _ _ _ _ _ man
<
_ _ _
375
LeI's go to my friend's place. _ _ _ _ _ friend's _ _ brother's __ _ _ _ to my sister's _ _ _ _ _ _ mother's __ _ _ _ _ _ girl friend's _ _ _ to my parents' _ _ _ _ _ _ friends' _ _ _ _ _ _ friends' _ Give my regards to _ _______ _ _______ _
___ noti
_________ coce.nxe.
We're used to our professor. _ _ _ _ _ _ teacher. _ _ _ _ _ _ neighbor. _ to our teacher (I). _ _ _ _ _ _ neighbor (f). _ _ _ _ 10 our students. _ _ _ _ _ _ professors. _ neighbors. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ teachers.
2. Give the tourislS a pass! Give these tourists a pass! J],aifre TypHCTaM np6nycK! .aaiTt :hHM TYlNkraM up6nyc.d )l,ajiTe neBHue np6nycK! ){8iiTe noii neBHue np6nyCK! (HHOCTpauU,y, TypHCTy, aMepHKaHKe, CTy.aeHTy, Y'lHTemIM, npoJ.l.aBlUHuC) 4. I'm used to the teacher. I'm used to our teacher. R. npHBwK K)"IHTeJUo. Jl DpNBWx K HaWeMY y'Iirre.rno. R. npHBwK K)"fHTCJ1bHHlJ,e. Jl npHBLni: K' Haweii ylflheJlbHHUe. (K coce,/JJCaM, Kcoce.ay, Kooce.aSIM, Knp<xf>eccopy, KCTy,a,eHTaM, J: aMCPHKaIlLtY)
He xotui
DO nOMy DapKy!
He XO.u.H no ymm,e! He XO.rol no YJlHQe! (no nomlM, no .uop6re, no ropo,lQ', no ynHuaM, 06 noJUO, no necy)
mi
RESPONSE DRILLS
I. We came up (or went over) to her window. To whose window? Mbi no.uow.sut J: ee OICHY. K "tw:MY OKJIY? 376
LESSON
Mbi no.uOWJIH Kee llBCpRM. K 'lbll\f .uaepli:M? (.aeepH, CT)'ny, CTony, nOMe, WlCa<py,
IOMHaTe)
16
K 'ft>eMy 6pary?
Olla noexaJla
K
HX ceCl"pC.
K 'ft>eii cecrpi?
EXPANSION ORILLS
I. He bought his falher a present. He boughl a present for his (own) father.
0" Kynlin nOll.apoK OTuY_ 0" ..ymiJI IIOJuipo.. CB06ty onoi. 0" kynlin nOll.apoK c:ecrpe.
Ott ..ymiIr IlOna po.. cBOei
~.
(po.llHT~J1M, npyry. nonpyre, 6pary, TOBapltWY. :lICeile, )"IuTe.mo,
Jt
Jt
MoeMY CTOJIY.
MoeMy olt:llj.
Jt
Jt DOnowen
)"IHttJlbHHue)
STRUCTURE REPLACEMENT DRILLS
1. I returned lO my work.
Jt Jt
sepHynCJl
II;
MW BepHyJlHCb
Mw
H8.weMy o'lep"y.
(MOUM JalUlTHJlM, MOCMy poMaHy, Modi KlIllre, MoeMy CO'lHlleHJUO, MoeH npocb6e, MOCMy nnallY)
STRUCTURE REPLACEMENT I)RILL
(:noT npO<lx=ceop, 3TH TypliCThl, 3TOT ,!tOKTOp, 3Ta .aCBywKa, 3TOT HHocrpalleu, 3Ta ncoHua, 3TH cocellH, 3TOT neoell)
NOM
(m) (0)
.:hOT
;TO
'Iell 'Ilk
m\w
lIaWC HaweMy HaWa lIawei ttawH
HaWKM
OAT
NOM
3TOMy
....Mj
'1M] '1MiH
(f)
;Ta
OAT
NOM
:hOM
(pi)
ym
311tM
OAT
,.....
'IbH
TB"""
.aW"
saWHM
LESSON
16
[)ISCUSSION
The dative endings for ..eii, :hOT, and the possessive pronoun modifiers arc distributed as follows: 1. The masculine and neuter dative singular ending is -eM)' for all except :hOT and :i"ro, which take -OM)'. Compare MoeMj, BlitueMy, 'lLeMy with noM)'. 2. The feminine dative singular ending is --eli: for aU except iTa, which takes -oii. Compare MoeH, Bameii, ..!>iii with :iToii. 3. The dative plural ending for all these modifiers is -tBt: MoiiM, aaW"M, 'ILJiM, iTIlM. 1
Feminine
--oi, -eii
-blM,
-H.\t
MODELS
0" lie npHBbll' x 'lepHOM)' XJle6y. _ _ _ _ _ _ 6CnoM)' XJle6y. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ aMepUXaHCXOMY WK3Jy. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ XOJlOllHOMY 'l:Uo. _ _ _ _ _ _ 60JlbwoM}' r6pollY _ _ _ _ _ _ rOpR'leMy Monory. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Be'leplleMy 'laI<). _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CBC)KeMY B6JllYxy.
QlIa npHBblXJla x Taxoii paoo-re. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ pyccKoii milue. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Hoaoii K6MnaTe. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 60JlbllJoii xBapTl-ipe. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ropJi'leH mime. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Be'lcpneii pa66Te.
He's not used to black bread. _ _ _ _ _ _ whitc bread. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ American jazz. _ _ _ _ _ _ cold tea. _ _ _ _ _ _ tbe big city. _ _ _ _ _ hot milk. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ evening tea. _ _ _ _ _ _ fresh air. She's used to such work. _ _ _ _ _ Russian food. _ _ _ _ _ thc new room. _ _ _ _ _ a big apartment. _ _ _ _ hot food. _ _ _ _ _ evening work. We're used to beautiful things. ______ warm winters. ______ such applications. ______ such mistakes. ______ great conveniences. ______ small rooms. ______ fresh cucumbers. _ _ _ _ _ evening classes. _ _ _ _ _ difficult exams.
Mht np"BblXn" x xpacHBblM BeutliM. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ TenJIbIM 3HMaM. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ TaXHM Ja$lBJleHI1JIM. _ _ _~ TaxliM 01UH6xaM. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 60JlbllJiiM Yllo6cTBaM. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ManeHbXH.\t xOMHaTaM.
_ _ _ _ _ _ csc:HM OrypuaM.
__---.:===---J78
LfSSON 16
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ Be'lCpHH.\t JaHknuIM.
TPYllIlWM ~oflMeHaM.
, NOIe thaI in all cues inn shows a regular alternation of hard-stcm III in the singul3l" (iToT, nOl'o, nOJoly, iTa, iToI) with sort-slem III in lhe plural (m., iTn, n-).
HaBoMy CTy.ueHTy HYJ"Ha KOMHaTa. Mono,nOMY '1eJlose"y _ AMepllK3.HCkOM)' TYPHCTy _ Mono.aOM .aeeywxe _ HaBoH CT)'.aeHTXe _
The new student needs a room. The young man _ The American tourist The young lady The new student The old woman _ _ _ _
Cclpoii :lKeHWKHe _ HaehlM CT)'.aeHTaM HYJlCllbI KOMUaThL Mono.uW..\oI J1I0JJ)IM _ AMepHKiiHCKN.\I TypHCTaM _
The new students need rooms. The young peoplc _ The American tourists' _
REPETITION DRILL
Repeat the given models, noting the pattern of adjective endings in the dative case.
HORON
(HOBbIC CTy.o:ellTbl, HaUllt CTapblc .upy:Jb~, Mono,uoH 'lcnOseK, Ham 06WIIH ,npyr, aMepHKaHCKItH TypiICT, pyCCKHC cncu,lta JlHCThI., aHrJJHHCKHH np<><f)eccop)
(cold water)
(xonoAHaJI_ BOM) K '1cMj OHa npHBbl:Vla? K XOJlOJUIOH BO.ae. (cse'tHe orypubi) K '1eMj OHa npHBbl:KJla?
CBe:.HM
orypuiM.
(ropSl'lee MonoIo, 6ecflllaTHhle o6e,llbl, BKycHble BCUlH, nerKaJI y.ua'la, TaKaJI pa6oTa, Tpy.o:Hbrc JlOaMCHbl, KpaCIIBbrc Bemll, CBC)KaJ1 pbl6a, CBC*HC OrypUbl, CBC>KHH B03.nyX)
LESSON
16
379
SINGULAR PLURAL
Feminine
-oii MonollOii 6onbwoii
HOBON
-eMy
eMHeM}' Be'lCPHeMY
.....
-""
6oJIb~
MonollbiM
HOBbiM
UOBOMY
crapoMY' K:paCHBoMy PYCCKOM)' llpyrOMy
ce6K_
xOpOweMy
crlpWM KpacH8WM
DISTRIBUTION OF ENDINGS
In the dative singular masculine-neuter, the ending is spellcd -OM)' after hard stems and -eMy after soft stems. Compare KpaCHsoMy, MOJIOllOMY with se-repneMy. Mjxed stems take -oMy, except where the ending is unstressed and preceded by w, lit, "t. or Ill, in which case it is spelled -eM)'. Compare llPyrOMy, pyCCKOMy, 6oJlL1lloMY with xopOUJeMy, ese*eMf. In the dative singular feminine, the coding is spelled -oii after hard stems and -eii after son stems. Compare MOJJO].l6ii, OOBOH with Beotepueli. Mixed stems take -oK except where the coding is unstressed and preceded by 10, :. "t, or In, in which case it is spelled -eli. Compare .a.pyr6ii, pjic:c:KoH, 6oJu,wOii with xOpOmeii, caix"eii. Note that these are the same endings as in the genitive and pre positional singular. In the dative plural, the endings are spelled -t.af for hard stems and -HM for soft stems and 0/1 mixed stems. Compare KpaaiBw...., MOJIO.m=tM with PYCCKIlM, 6oJlhlllliM, xOpOmHM, aeotCptDIM.
_ _
_ _
H3 MOClCBbI.
I'll return io a week. You'll return _ _. Hc'll return _ We'll return _ _ You'll return _ _. They'lJ return _ _.
Father has returned from Moscow. Mother has returned from tbe city. Our parents have returned to the kolkhoz.
I'm mad at Zina. You're _ He's _ We're _ You're _ They're _
R cepxYa. ua 3HDy. Tw cep1lHD1b~. 611 ttpJUITDlI _ _. Mbi: cePJJ;KMDlI __. 8b1 cePJIHTecb ~_. OHH ceprom:,. ~_.
380
LESSON 16
He became angry with me. She became angry witL-. They became angry with _.
Note that the verbs cep.z:tHn.cA, pacceprofn.C'lI are accompanied by U3 plus the accusative to in dicate the object of one's anger.
REPETITION DRILL
Repeat the given models, observing that reflexive verbs are exactly like nonreflexives structurally except for the addition of the particle -CH (after consonants including Ii) or -Cb (after vowels).
SUBSTITUTION DRILL
I USULJlly return at one. Jl 06b1:<t:HO B03BpawfuoCb B 'taco ,llo.crop 06b1:<t:1l0 B03BpamaeTCJI B 'lac. (oHa. MbI, OHM, BbI, JI, ThI, OU)
CraHODHnOCb cBelKo.
CTau0811TCA CBe1Ik"O.
(zapKo, JleRo)
HHTepecHO,CK~HO,TpYn.aO,
2. I'm getting cold. I was getting cold. Mne cTan6sHTCJI ,,6J10Ll,HO. Mile CT3UOBIi.rIOCb XOJIO,lUfO. MHe CTaHOBHTCJI Cky..HO. Mue CT3HOBUOCb CKjIfHO. ("feDJIO, :JKapKO, XOJlOLl,UO, Jl)"lwe, xYJKe, RHTepecHO, HeyLl,06HO) 4. He became angry with her. He'll become angry with her. Ou Ha Hee paccepLl,HnCR. OH Ha nee paccepLl,HTCH. MaTb ua Hee paccep.aHnaclt. MaTh na nee paccep,rvrrcR. (MOR nOJIpyrH, cQCeLl,Ka, OTeU, MaTb, 8M, MM, JI, cocell, npo!Peccop)
IipaThJl sepHyJllfClt a cpeLl,Y. 6pan.A aepayral cpelQ'. (11', aee, y60puUIU,a, ceKpeTapb, Mbl, TypllC'I'bl, JOpa II OJler, 8b1)
3. She was angry with him. She's angry with him. Olla Ha Hero cepn.H.naCb. ORa aa HerO cep,llHTCH. Oreu Ha Hero cePLl,HnCJI. Oreu Ha Hero cepLl,HTCH. (Bbl, Oller, MaTh, Tbl, SI, TOOI:t pOlUfTeJIH, ceCTpa, 6paT) 5. Sergey returned on Wednesday. Sergey will return on Wednesday. CepreH sepHyJlCSI B cpeLl,Y.
Cepreii BepHih"C1l B cpe.lO'.
RESPONSE DRILL
I'm always well. I never go to the doctor. R BcerLl,3 3Ll,0p08. Jl UHKOrLJ,8 He 06pauuilOClt K Bpa'iY.
Tb"r acerlla 3JIop6aa. ru HHKOrLl,a lie 06palluieuJhCH K apa'fj. (y'tHTemi, B1>I, cecTpa, HHKOJlaH, HaTawa. MM, .ueS}'lllKH)
LESSON 16
381
-eM OR -eh
SINGULAR
PLURAL
PRES~fUT
PAST
(m) -CII
(n) -Ch
(f)
-c.
(pi) -Ch
IMPER
-c.
-Cb
DISCUSSION
ReOexive verbs are those ending in the particlc -01 or -Ch, with -CR occurring after conso'nants (including ii) and -Ch occurring after vowels. Many Russian verbs have both reflexive and nonreflexive forms. Some, like IlpaSHThcH, affl never used without the reflexive partjcle. Reflexive verbs cannot have an accusative direct object; from the historical standpoint, the direct object is the attached particle -CM or -Ch, which is derived from the reOexivc pronoun CM. However, the accusative may be used if preceded by a preposition: Oil pacccpluiJlCH na HHIlY He got mad at Nina. Most of the other cases may accompany rcOexive verbs, both with and without prepositions, for example:
O'N
OAT OAT INSTR
611 611
He's afraid of Nina. He's amazed at Nina. Consult Osipov! Want to meet her?
Note on pronunciation: Many Russian speakers do not pronounce the C of --eft or -Cb soft, despite its spelling. It should never be pronounced soft in the infinitive and third person forms where -l"b and -1' precede it. In this position it combines in a long, hard, unreleased [cl, which we indicate in the transcription by ftc]. Thus, for example, both the infinitive oepujThcH and the third person plural SCPHYTCH are pronounced exactly alike: [yirn(lt~].
Reflexive verbs encountered and drilled in this lesson are given below in all their forms. I. First conjugation 06panuh,;>CH (ipfv) (K + dat) to turn to, consult, go 10 PAST o6pauul.rJcSI, 06pamanacb, o6paruaJIOCb, o6paruaJIliCb PRES 06parualocb, o6pamaeUJbcSl, -eTcSl, -CMCSl, -CTCCb, -IOTCH lMPER 06pam,H-icSl! 06pall.l.aihech! B030P31l.l.hbCH (ipfv) (K + dat) to return, come back PAST B03BpamancH, B03Bpauulnacb, -OCh, -WCb PRES B03Bpam:alOCb, B03BparuaellJbC", -eTCSI, -eMC}I, -eTeCb, -IOTCSI rMPER B03spalUaiicH! B03Bpam:aitTecb! 382
LFSSON 16
BcpnYrbCR (pfv) (imperfective BOJBpaUlllThcx) 10 relum, come back PAST BepHyJlCll, BcpllyJlaCb, -OCb, -Heb FUT aep"ycb, aepHCWbC1l, ~CTCll, -eMCll, -CTCCb, -y,.Cll IMPER Beplllicb! OCpHHTecb! "aJan.CA (ipfv) (mostly used impersonally with the dative) to seem, appear PAST KaJ3JJCX, KaJinac1., -OC1., -UCh PRES KaJKyc1., KaJKeWbCSl, -CTCJI, -eMCSl, -eTeCb, -TCSl IMPER (not used) 2. Second conjugation 06panin.C1I (pfv) (imperfective 06pauuiTl>C1l) to turn to, consult, go 10 PAST 06paTHJlCll, o6paTHnaCb, -OCb, -HCh FUT 06pamych, 06panfwbCJl, -HTCll, ~HMCjl, -,iTeCh, -liTCli IMPER 06paTHCh! o6paniTeCb!
ceplUiTbc'll (lpfv) (ua
+ ace) to become angry, to get mod PAST cep.nHJlCSI, cepllllllacLo. -OCb, -IlCb FUT cep)KyCb. cep,11IlWI.>CSI, -IiTCR, ~liMCJ'I, -UTeCh, -SITCS! IM.PBR [lie] ceplUicb! rue 1ccp.nilTeCb!
paccepJtHTbC'll (pfv) (conjugated like the imperfective ceprotTbC'll) to become angry. to get mad
CTallOBrnCH (ipfv) to stalld, get, becO[ne PAST craHOBKnell, CTalloBlinach, --OCb, -IiCh PRES craHOBJUOch, CTaHOOKWbCll, -JITell, -HMCll, -HTeCh, -llTCJJ IMPER CTaHOBlfCb! CTaIlOBHTecb!
CJJYoofn.CR (pfv) (used only in the third person) to happen PAST CJJy':lKnOl, CJJ)"tKnaeh, -0Cb. -UC1. PRES CJJy':lHTCll, CJIY'fhCII
IIpaBHTbCH, nOHpaBHTbCH
Moom.s
LITo BaM nOtipaBIlJlOCb? - Mile nmlpllallJlCli ((E8n~IIHH OHl~rHH. - Mile nOllpalHfJlaCb (,BOHlla H Mlip). - MHe nOnpaBHJlOCb lIa':lano .:horo <l>KnbMa. - Mtle nOHp3.BIUlliCb pyccKHe neeHH.
KT~
What did you like? I liked Eugene Onegin. I liked War and Peace. I liked the beginning of the movie: I liked the Russian songs. Whom did you like? I liked Vladimir. I liked Natasha. I liked your sisters. How did you like the movie? We really enjoyed the movie. How did you like the picture? We really enjoyed the picture.
LESSON 16 383
re6e nOHpaaHncSl? MHe noupaBHJlCSl BJla.a,~tHp. MHe nOHpaBHJlaC1. Han'twa. MHe nOHp3.BItJIIICb TBOIi cCcTphL
Ka.: saM nOHp3.BItJICII 4>Kn1.M? - HaM 4JKn1.M O':lell1. nOllpaBHJlC". KaK saM nOHpaBllnac1. KapTHHa? - HaM .:apnflla O':leUh nOllpauHllaCb.
Kax BIIM nOllpaBlfJlOCb ee nCHlte? - H;iM ee nellHe 6'feHh nOHpaBRlIOCh. KaK 83M 11011paB111ll1Ch l1JIaCTHuKH? - HaM nJlaCTlillKIl 6'lellh nOllpaBllJlHCh. Te6e HpaBIITCJI HCTOP"$!? - Ha, Mile lie llpaBItTCSl IICTOpHR. Te6e HpaoHTCJI $H311Ka? HeT, Mm: He HpUHTCJI q,H3HKa. Te6e "paBSfTCSl ero CTHllH? - Ha, MHe He HpaBSl1'CSl era CTHXH. Te6e np3.BSlTC$l :hll KapTHHbl? Ha, Mne He HpaOSlTCR 3TH Kap1'HHhl.
How did you like her singing? We really enjoyed her singing. How did you like the records? We really enjoyed the records. Do you like history? No, I don't care for history. Do you like physics? No, I dOD't care for physics. Do you like his poetry? No, I don't like his poetry. Do you like these pictures? No, I don't like these pictures. She'll like ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ this this this thig lhis this suit. present. record. room. street. dress.
.sf saM
HpaBl1fOCb?
My BaM IlpaBHMCll?
REPETITION DRILL
Repeal the given models illustrating HpUHThCII, rtOllpaSHTLCJI. Note- that the one who performs the liking is in the dative case and that the object of the liking is in the nominative case in Russian.
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILL STRUCTURE REPLACEMENT DRILL
1i
re6e,
HM,
eMy, BaM)
I. We really like lhat girl. We really liked that girl. HaM O'leHb HpaBHTCH 31'8 lleBytllKa.
HiM O'IeUb HpaaAAacb iTa JleB)'UIKa.
HaM O'leHb HpaBIITCSl 6p3.T. Hi.\I O'letu. KpaBKJlCSI n6ii 6piT.
(B3lUa CCC"q)a, Baw annapaT, JTa nnaCTHIIKa, 3TOT O'lepx:, B3lU cocell, eawa
cocellKa )
no"
384
l..fS')()N
16
2. He'/I like lhis /love/. He liked Ihis nOllel. EMy nOllpUSIfTCIl :hOT poM3.H.
EMj 1I0llpaBH.llCft :hOT poMaH.
BOCTOK, JlJrra)
IIllme 63epo,
RESPONse DRIl.l.S
I. She's reading Doctor Zhivago. She likes Doctor Zhivago. Olla 'IIITaer )].OKTopa )KHBaro.
2. They brought him kasha. He didn't like (or care for) kusha. EMf npHHec.nH dwy. KalUa e.\ff He nOllpUK.'18Cl.. EMf npHIlec.nst 66put.
60put
eMy He noupUM.'lcti.
(poMaH TonCToro, 3TO COHHeHHe, oepK o ClllA, pa60Tl>l CT}'neHTOB, 3T)' KHHry,
poMaUbl, BOHIlY
H MHp),
BreHHII
Ouenflfa}
SUBJECT REVERSAL DRILL
DISCUSSION
The verb IIpaBHn~ (perfective 1I0IlPUHTLCSI) is best translated into English as to like, enjoy, care for. but is structurally closer to the English 10 appeal 10. Like lIy>eu, it is used in nominativedative constructions which appear backward to the English-speaking studcnt: Rbi Mill?: UpaBKTCCl.
I like you. (Lit. You appeal to me).
As compared with JUo6Kn. to /ike, 101le, be fond oj, HpaBIlTl.CM expresses a milder attitude on thc part of the speaker. HpaBHThC1l is more typical of situations describing one's immediate emotional reaction, whereas m06HTl. describes a more permanent emotional attitude on one's part. BAM
HpaSHTCM :hOT poM3.H?
- D.a. .st
J1Io6J1Jo.
MHaro
Do you like this novel? Yes, I'm very fond of it. I've read it many times.
'1TEHHE H nHCbMQ
~~/uJL~~~ ~ ~ K~ ~~. fa
U(Y
~~
IU(.,I(U
~~,~
l..ESSON J6
38S
Q-!t-U
~. Jto-
~ CI1f"~ ~ ~~. ~
~a
C&Uac.H-Cl-, U.
IHU{..
/Ul-
U.
.?(l~
uo- ~ ~
U.
H-e
/?-~aerz..
f:lH.a..
~ ~ t.A..CU~
(J~ 'to-tOjUW?V 11f1'~ ~
ed/
U?Ur
(H(.
~ ~ ~ 'td~/
fi-~/~~ ~~;.u~.Ck
H.e
Co/'-~/ He>-
1Hta.
~o+{..~uu~.
(J~ ~
e.ay rc-e
cedi- Wf'-t2j'j'tr
.fi.~
c47-d-uue. / ~
U-
~d,
~ad
tlfi2<>--
teuj'Cl- ~
~ ?:.i y~ $~ ~/J'?~
U- /7Z.O-'t:.H.tr
,ft!d.a.BnZ.
tfd~
'W7U>-
j-<HU?1.-Ojz..
- Tenepb
He
CTpOSlT.
Tenepb, nO~M6eMYt uepKBeH Boo6w.e He CTpOSIT. Hrh, CTpOSlT, HO MallO H He TaKHC, KOHeqHO, KaK iTa.
A KaKHe )l(c?
386
He
3HfnO.
TYT
B coceAHCM
ccm':,
KaJKCTCSl, CTpOH.
noc3iK,Hi
H nocMoTpli.
LESSON
16
3HaCTe, B HaW ropOD npuexaJl aMcpl1lniHc".tlt Opal{ . ..s1 D'ICpa C HKM nOJlla,,6MHlIC~. BOT '.IHTCpCcHO! 6H npHexall elona )l(HTb ? Her, ou npMexa.st nocMoTpeTb, "iuc pa66TafOT spallH.
HaW"
J.1 '{TO )1(, CMy nOUp3SHJlOCb? He 3Hfuo, MbJ 66J1bWC rOBOpHmt: 06 AMepHKc, 'IeM 0 opa'lax.
(J>HnHnn, nOKalKHTC MHe saw annapciT, nO:lKfUIyHCTa.
- Her. 68 xopow6
-
- HennoxHc, npae.na?
Y MCH.si TaXHC He BblXO,lVIT.
H6T, 6'1CHb peAKO. BOT cpf13y BHllHO, <fTO UbI aMepltdH~U, A nO'fCMy Rbi Jl.yMacTc, 'ITO aMCp"K3:HQbl MaJlO xo.run? MRC nix rOBOpJUlIf. J1 rypHCTbI "3 AMepHKH BCer,lta TOJIbKO eJJJ,llT, "HKOrn3. He
Xoni Bb!: np3Bbl: MbI: .m06HM e3JJ.HTb.
xo,Un.
Oner OlfeRb xOpOwIDi CTYJJ.euT. HTOB3pm.lUl o6palU3wTcSI K HeMj, KorJJ.3 He nOHHM3loT neKwd:f. 6H HM ocerna nOMoraeT. Ho cero,lJ.fU1 OH He n6MHltT. 0 iteM roBOpHn npo$&:cop. OH Bee SpeMSI c.\.1:or;I Ha 3HHy H HWlero He cnb!:wan. 3TO O'leHb crp3HHO. BnpO'leM, :ho co BcRKHM MOJKeT cny'lIITbCSI. BonOASI ny-MaeT, 'ITO nopa "nTH ,I10MOH. CeAlfac yJKe n63JlHO, OU YCTan, a 3c1STpa eMy HanO MHOro pa6oTaTb. Ho ranSl He XO'leT H.a.n{ .a.oMoA, ei1 XO'leTCSI elUe norymiTb. EA HpaoHTCSI :hOT nec H 03epo, S03,11YX TaKoA CBeJKUH. Ho 'ITO .o.e.naTb? EcnH Ha.a.O HJJ.TH, TO, KOHC'lHO, oml nOi1JleT. - Hy BClT, annaph rOT6s. CaJlHCb, Kan:, 3.o.ecb. $I XOlfY OHlleTb Te6.1i, :ho o3epo H HaW .a.OM. - Bee cp<by? - KOHe'lHo. - A CmtMKH 6y,l1YT ueeTHwe? - Aa. T6nbKo CHJlH, nOJK3.nyHCTa, cB06oJJ.HO H He AyMaii: 0 TOM, IfTO ~ re6.1i CHHMalO. - XO):>oUJO, li 6yJ1Y .nYMaTb 06 JlO3MeHaX, H y MeHli 6yneT CKYlfHblii: BH.n. - He rOBopH rnynOCTH. ,lJjM3H, HanpHMep 0 T3.HuaX B'lepa B KJ1y6e. - H KaK li TaM ynana? Hy, He cepnUCb. .sf GYAY .nYMaTb 0 Te6e. XOlfeUJb? - BOT :ho Apyr6e Aeno. 3TO MHe HpaoHTCSI.
LESSON 16
387
LESSON
17
33 rpu6allolH
mushroom for, after (to get); behind, beyond, across Let's go to the woods after mushrooms. to find Look what mushrooms I found! dot, point, period with, together witb, and Look what mushrooms I found: red ones with white dots!
,'pM, -a 33 (pius inslr) nOe,lJ,eM B Jlec Ja rpH6aMH. HaHnt (pfv I) (like nORTH) CMOTJUt, Kante .Ii HallleJ1 rpu6w! TOlfKa c (pius instr) CMcrrpti, .. atate Ii Haute.'1 rpH6W:
KPac......e c 6enI>L\oIH TO"U'8.\oIM. 8w6pocHTh (pfv II) Bw6pollIy, 8w6poc"llIh, -SIT 1lJ10XMe, Bhl6pocb!
~
to throw out (or away), discard Those are bad; throw them away! Darn it! to grow There are lots of tbem growing here! fir tree, spruce tree; Christmas tree There are lois of them growing here under the fir trees. hand, arm to wipe, wipe off, wipe dry Wipe your handsoff. handkerchief, kerchief Here's a handkerchief; wipe your hands off. to do it can't be helped! wbat can you do! It can't be helped! Here's a handkerchief; wipe your hands off, anything And how about you, Tanya, have you found anything?
389
:no
BOT Jl()Cli.Qa! paCTH (I) (pres pacry, paCTelllb. -)iT; past p6c,pocna,-6,-u) Ax ry-r MHoro paCTeT! MKa A HX TjT ItO,/], wKaMH MHOro paCTCT. pyKa, -" (ace sg PYxy); pyKIl, pyK BWTepeTb (pfv I) (ful BblTPY, BWTJ>elllL, -YT;past BWTep, B~pna,-o.-H) Bbn-PH PYKH_ nRaTOIC, ~n:a 8M nRaTOK, abrrpJt pyKJt. nOAMan (pfv I) (fib .uenaTb) <no )It" nOllenaelllb! tho :.: 1tO~'1aernb! BOT WlaTo",
BbrrpH py..M.
118,
6eJlble. 6oJlbwoif II
Orntll
'len:'pe
Manetlbl"IIX.
Yes, white ones. One big one and four little ones. How about that mushroom over there; is it a good one?
Uee
nepeRO, -a;
xopOonlii?
llepCBbJl,
beB
How about that mushroom over there behind the tree; is it a good one? several, some, a few a few more, several more, some more Yes, and over yonder are a few more. leaf under, underneath, beneath; near (a city) And over yonder under the leaves are a few more.
HecKOJIbKO (plus gen) eme HeeKOJlbKO )la. A BOH TaM eme HecKonbKO. miCT, -3.; miCTbJl, JlHCTbea
TliM:
nOll miCTMIMII
ewe
necteOJIbKO. nOCMOTpW.
R lIoii~
TPaBa
Ail, 'ITO 3TO rjT a Tpaae? nOJl3TH (I) (pres nomy, -eWb,
-y-r;
Ai.
past non3, nOJ13J13., -0, -Ii) 'ITO iTO TjT B TpsBe 1l0JI:le-r?
3Mesi:, -Ii; 3Melt, 3Meii
lie"
ec nanKoii!
CIWpCe! Deii ce n3..nKoM! K8.MeHb, KaMwl; -11, --eM (m) A li K3.MHeM. CICOpee 6eii ee ullJIlCoii, a li - KiMHeM.
y6lfB<i.Tb (I), y6llsa.o, -eWb. -lOT OCT3.BbTe ce, 3a'leM y6HBaTb?
atm, .neTCif
OcTaubTe ce,. Jim, Ja'leM y6HB3n.?
nyCTb
OYCTb oua JKJIlIh.
{krinTe
n yen. lICIIBiT.
Let it live! Leave it alone, children; why kill it? Let it live! to crawl away, creep off See now, tbe snake got away.
17
MewaTb (I)
Tbi, "tlbIB, BCCI',zui MeUJaClIlh.
HeB03MO)KIlO
disturb. hinder. interfere, butt in; mix, stir You're always butting in, mamma.
10
nee.
.nee.
impossible with you It's impossible going to the woods with you. It's jusl impossible going to the woods with you.
SUPPLEMENT
ChlH,
-a;
CbIIlOBbH, CblHOoeii
CKonblCO y sac AO'fepeii? .lUiJ:uI, -H; -It,-eii CxOJlbKO y BAc we"? ren, -It; -It, --eM CkOJlbKO y B3C TeTeM? ne.qyrnKa (gen pi n~clC) rne )kHoe-r BaW neAYWlCa? 6fl6YWICa (gcn pi 63.6ywCK) Cae )l{HBeT 83wa 636YWka? HaxO.aHTb (n) (like XOAHTh) 51 scer.aa HaxoJ!Cj 3.lJ.ecb rpH6h1.
HaXOLlHThCR (II), HaxO.aJlTCR, HaxolUlTcR
rAe HaXOJJ.HTCH saw KOJlX03? 38 ropo.a [zA~rntl noeAcM 38 ropoA. 33. ropoAOM [z.Ag~r:xJ~mJ Mw lKHseM 38 ropoAoM.
1C0pOn:H"
51
HanHwy
(adv
S03MO)l(HO)
611
y)l(e oepHyJICJl.
son How many sons do you have? daughter How many daughters do you have? uncle How many uncles do you have? aunt How many aunts do you have? grandfather Where does your grandfather live? grandmother Where does your grandmother live? to find I always find mushrooms here. to be located, to be situated Where is your collective farm located? 10 the country, out of town, to the suburbs Let's drive to the country! out of town, in the country, in the suburbs We live out of (own or We live in Ihe country. short I'll write him a shorlletter. possible It's possible he's already returned.
ChlH
M8n
Chill MaTh
31'0
nllOXHe, Bbl6pocb! I
3 BOT )],oca)],a! A HX
4 41'0
)K
Muoro paCTeT! A
TW, TaUH, HallJml.
'lTO-UH6YAb?
)lO'lb
):{a. 6eJIble. o4
OAHH
601lbWOU
H qeTbipe ManeHbKHX.
LESSON 17
391
Chm
Man.
,AO'lb ChJH
nee.
' Russians are great mushroom lovers and usually know how to tell a good
NOTES
mushroom from a bad one. The red ones with the white spots picked by tbe son are the poisonous MyxOMOpw toadstools (lit. flykillers). J After touching poisonous mushrooms one must wash, or at least wipe, one's hands clean. J pY""lI means botb hands aDd arms; likewise Hont means both feet and legs. IieJlblii rpti6 edible Boletus is considered a delicacy by Russians. It has a brown cap whicb is spongy underneath. The mushroom is called white because of the color it acquires when dried; most other species tum dark. s The noun ~eTM children has an archaic singular form .romi baby, child. to modem Russian tbe word used for baby or child is pe6eHOK; its grammatical plural pe6liTa is used in the special sense of kids, gill'S, or fellQws.
"Hpar C rpH6aMH
pirog (kind of pie) pirog filled with mushrooms Do you like pirog with mushrooms? to knock, bang, rap, pound Someone seems to be knocking. Alyosha, someone seems to be knocking. Please go open the door. dressed l'm not dressed . Ah, it's you Lyuba. Come in! to wash, launder Valya's doing tbe laundry. She'll be right in.
nllp6r, -it "Hp6r c rpl16aMH Rbi m06HTe flllp6r c rpll6aMIl? CTY'HiTb (II), CTy'ly, -11mb, -aT TaM, KibKeTCR, CTy'laT. AJlelllll! TaM, K8)KeTCH, Cly'laT.
A He Ol,eu.
8u. C11IpaeT.
CTllpan (I)
a minute for a minute (or moment) I can only stay a moment. with us, together with us
A :Jauma
c
"aMlt
I dropped in to invite you to have dinner with us. Hello, dear. When did you get back? with the children, and the children When did you and the children get back'! ago, back An hour ago. two-o'c1ock (adj), two-hour (adj) An hour ago, on the tWQ-O'c1ock train.
cap to lose Petya lost h.is cap. would, would have We'd have relumed earlier, but Petya lost his cap. to have to, to be forced to We'll have to look for the cap. We had to look for the cap. We'd have returned earlier, but Petya lost his cap and we had to hunt for it.
3,tqullJCTIJyi, MliJIatI..
Kor.zt;i Thl aepnYJJaa.?
c .aeTbMH
KorJUi. TW e .QeTbMH Bepuynacb?
Ha3a.A
l.fac Hub.
AByx'facoaoii qae Hau)];, ABYXllacoBWM nOe3Jl.OM.
wam;a nOTepsiTb (pfv I). nOTepliJo, -eWb, -JOT neTSI nOTepli.n warney. 6b1 (unstressed particle) Mbl 61.1 paHbwe aepHymfcb, HO netSl nOreplfJl WaUKy. npltf11'11Ch (pfv 1) (used with dat) HaM npHJ.tcTC$I HCl<aTb mamey. HaM npHwn6cb JlCdTb marney. MW 61>1 PUbUlC BepHym.eL, HO ntr. DOTCpin winKy, H HiM npHlIL'16ct. ciS Het..-an..
Well, how about it; did you find many mushrooms? mass, lots, plc'my, a great many Loads.
to bake
I've already baked a pirog. to cook (by boiling) soup I've already baked a pirog and made soup. Come to our place for dinner. Thanks very much. as soon as We'll come just as soon as I finish washing. to be left, to remain And do you have much left to do? shirt, slip
ern
Kal< T6JlbKO
nptl,ne."I.
tcatl:
TOnbKO Ii KOH'f)'
CTHpan..
OCTIiTbCM
(pfv I),
A Te6e
pyGawKa
,Illil
No, one skirt and two shirts. Well, hurry and finish and come on over! We'll be expecting you.
U'SSON 17 393
SUPPLEMENT clxap Bw ot.eTe 'fail c clxapoM? mlMOH J1: m,tO 'faM CJlHM6HOM. sugar Do you drink your tea with sugar? lemoo I drink my tea with lemon. fish soup, fish chowder We like fish chowder very much. noodles noodle soup How do you like the noodle soup? consomme, bouillon soup, broth Bring me consomme. please. large roll, small loaf of French bread Buy two loaves of French bread. roll Please buy some rolls. My wife baked these rolls. cookies I'll buy you some cookies. cake What a delicious cake! to bake Docs your wife bake often? to cook (by boiling) Are you already cooking dinner? to lose, waste Don't waste time 00 that.
ago
yd
Mbi 6'fCRb Jlt06HM yxy_ Jlaowa (sg only) cYn c mUIlUOH K!K Ba.", HpaBlITCI cyn c JlanW6H? 6YJlbOn npHuecHTe MlIe, no*anYHCTa, 6ym.6H. 6yJlKa KYIItlTe J1Be 6yJlKH. 6YJlo'fl(a KymfTe, nOJKanyMCTa, 6y1l0'leK. )KeHa J.tcneKmi 3TH 6y1l0IK". ne'lCHbe J1: UaM KyrtJllO ne'feHb~. TOpT KaKOH BKjCHblH TOpT! ne'lb (I) (like HCne'fb) Barna *eRa 'faCTO ne'feT?
Baprn (n) (/ike CBapkn.)
BbI:
TepJiTb (I) (like nOTepJiTb) He TepJiHTe Ra 3TO BpeMenH. TOMy H33An. ~TO CJl}"IIinOCb ron TOMy Ha38,a. aBTOpy'fKa nHWHTe aBTOpylfKOH.
...M
nHw,he MenoM. HenOB01lCn,-1IbHa,-o,-bJ 611 UeJlOBOJTCH pe3Y1lbTaTaMH.
fountain pen Write with a fountain pen. chalk Write with chalk. dissatisfied, displeased He's dissatisfied with the results.
1IHp6r c rpHoaMH
Ba..n.Jt (BaJIelmiJla)
BanJt
ArIcwa! TliM, kWKeTcJt", C'ryIHiT. nOH,lJ,H, nO)KanyHCTa, OTKp6H. jj He O,lJ,eTa. 2 A, ;ho Tbl, flfb6a. 3axo.lJ)i, BaJUI CTHpacT, OHa ceii'l3C npH,lJ,CT.
l.ESSON
Anerua 394
17
11106a BanJi
3 jf
5
AJIewa
11Ib6a BaJlJl Anewa BanJl 11106a
Mw
neTJI
ee
HCKaTb.
8 C
R KOH'iy
cTlipaTb.
NOTES
I It is not uncommon for Russians to take a train to the country, and then go to the forest to pick berries or mushrooms, or just to hike.
2 nHpOr is a kind of pie, usually rectangular in shape, which contains any of various fillings, for example, meat, cabbage, mushrooms, rice, eggs, carrots, or any combination of these ingredients. The sweet variety with a fruit filling is called CJIlI,1l,KKH DHpOr sweet pie and usually does not have a crust on top. Small individual ones encased in dough are called nHpo*KH (singular IIHpo-oK) or, if slightly larger,
DMporii.
a JloaOJlell?
To66ji.
-11M.
- Talleii. - Eii (bo).
- CTYJlCllT3MH. -"MH.
2. 4CM MHC nl1c{lTb?
With With With With With With With With With With
whom is he pleased? you me. you. Vladimir. him. Tanya. her. the students. them. ,.
What should I write with? Use this pencil. Use this fountain pen,
LESSON I7 395
lh~M
l\1He Hap6a1'b xJle6? - 3nlM nO:lKOM. 4eM MHe BbI1'epe1'b pyKH? - 3niM lUla1'KOM.
cYn?
31'Oil nOJKKoiL
What should I cut the bread with? Use this knife. What should I wipe my hands with? Use this handkerchief. What am I to stir the soup with? Use this spoon. With With With With With With With With With whom are the children going to stay? me. their mother. their parents. their father. their grandmother. their uncle. their grandfather. their aunt. with with with with with with my parents. the children. these people. my son. my daughter. grandmother.
3. C KeM OCTaHyrCJl naH'1 -Co MHoiL -C M<lTepblO. - C po.llliTe.Jul:MH. -C omoM. - C 6a6yrnKoit - C AlineH. - C neJIYllIKoH. -C TeTeH.
4. Iloeny BMecTe C OneroM. _ _ _ _ _ _ c p0Il.HTemIMM. _ _ _ _ _ _ c .ne1bMH.
_ _ _ _ _ _ C 3THMH JllOll1>M".
.st
_ _ _ _ _ _ C CbUlOM. _ _ _ _ _ _ C llolepblo. _ _ _ _ _ _ c 6a6yrnKoii. S. nmmrre ___ ___ ___ KapaullawoM. MenoM. PY'lKOH. aBTOpY'lKoK.
_ _ _ DepOM.
Write with (or in) pencil. _ _ _ _ _ _ chalk. _ _ _ _ _ pen. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ fountain pen. _ _ _ _ _ pen. Don't rap with your knife! _ _ _ _ _ _ _ spoon! _ _ _ _ _ _ _ fork! Don't tap with your feet! Slice the bread with this knife! __ the cucumbers ! Stir the soup with this wooden spoon! Do you drink your tea No, without lemon. Do you drink your lea No, without sugar. Do you drink your tea No, without milk. Do you drink your lea No, withoul anything. Grandmother baked a mushroom pirog. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a fish pirog. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ two pirogs. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ several pirogs. wilh lemon? with sugar? with milk? with lemon and sugar?
He CT)"Ili HOJKOM! ____ nO:KoH! ____ BHnKOH! He CTy"IHTe uoraMH! HapetKb xmS6 3THM 1I0)KOM! _ _ _ orypLtbI ! MewailTe cyn :lToilllepeBliulIoii nO:lKKoH! 6. Bbl n"ere ',,'Iii. c n11MOllOM? - HeT, 6e3 nHMolla. Bbl nheTe '1:Hi c clxapoM? - Her, 6e3 clxapa. 8bI Dt>eTe '1aii c MonoKoM? - HeT, 6e3 Monod. 8bI n..eTe '1aH c nHMoHoM H clX~poM? - Her, 6e:J HH'Icr6. 7. lia6ywKa IlcnclUla nHp6r c rpH6aMH. _ _ _ _ _ _ nHp6r c pbI60K. nHpora. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ HecKonbKo nHporCB.
______ llea
396
LESSON
17
1i<l.6yuJK3 HCnCKJIa. 6yJIO'IKH. _ _ _ _ _ _ 6YJIXY _ _ _ _ _ _ 6ynKH. 8. )Kena csaplllla cYn. ___________ BKyCH~HC~. _________ cYn c JIanwoil:. _____ cYn c rpH63MH. _ _ _ _ _ 6ynboH. _ _ _ _ 66pm. ___________ nauwy.
Grandmother baked rolls. ______________ a loaf of white bread. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Iarge rolls. My wife cooked soup. ___________ a delicious soup. _______ noodle soup. ___________ soup with mushrooms. __________ consomme. _ _ _ _ _ borsch. _ _ _ _ _ noodles. Zina wants to meet you. Me? rd like you to meet each other; Philip Grant. Lev Nikolaevich. Philip, meet Lev Nikolaevich. We're already acquainted. Lev Nikolaevich, meet Philip Grant. We already met yesterday. Introduce me to Maria. _ _ _ _ _ Sergey. _______ your sons. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ daughters. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ children . I'm very glad to rT\cct you. Are you familiar with my book? ____________ with my novel? ____________ with my works? He bothers me. They bother me. I'm not disturbing you, am I? You're not dislurbing (or bothering) me. You're not disturbing (or bothering) me. You'll lose (or waste) a lot of time. He'll lose (or wastc)' _ I'll lose (or waste)I _ They'll lose (or wasle) _ He lost his cap. She lost her (hand]kerchief. They lost five rubles. We"1I have _____ ____ ______ to to to to go to the store. work on Saturday. look for work. throw these lemons out.
9. 3HHa XO'lCT c ToOOii n03HateOMIITbCJJ. -Co Muoii?! n03HaKoMbTecb, :ho Cl>uJlltnn rpfurr, :ho JIeB HHli:onaeBH'I. Cl>KnHnn, n0311aXOMbC$I co JIbBOM HHICOJIaeSII'leM. - Mbi y;e 3HaICoMbl. lleB HIlKona.eBH'l, n03HateOMbTeCb c Cl>lUulnnOM rpauTOM. - Mbi y.e B'lepa n03I1aICOMHllHCb.
10. n0311aKOMb MelUl c Map"eii. _______ c CepreeM. ____________ c TaO"MH CblH06bJiMH. ____________________ .D.O'lephMJt. ..,.ueTbMH.
O'leHb nplUiTllo c ea.MH n03113KOMlfTbCJl. Dbi 311aKOMbl c MOOi! KHHroii? ________ c MmtM poMa.UOM? _______ c MOHMH paOOTaMH? II. OH Mile MewaeT. OHH MHe MCWa.IOT. .s1 RaM He McwalO? Dbl MIIC lie MewaeTC. Tw MIlC IlC MewaCWh. 12. Dbl 1l0TeplieTC Muoro apeMeHH. 6" nOTeplicT ~ .s1 nOTCplilo _ aHH nOTCpJiloT _ nOTCplin wanKy. alia 110TepJiJIa I1JIaTOK. QII" nOTCpRnH miTb py6nci!.
611
B Mard3liu. _ _ _ _ _ pa66TaTb B cy6oory. ______ HcdTb pa66ry. ______ obi6pocHTh 3TH JJHMOHbI.
lESSON I7
397
HaM npHJJ.CTCR CTHpaTh JTH py6aWKH. ______ ocTaTbcR 1'fT eutc HenCJUo. ______ llonro )J(naTh. ______ Ih npllrJJ3CHTb.
14. 011 CTOJlJJ
3a nepeBoM. _ _ _ _ _ nOMoM. _ _ _ _~H366H. _ _ _ _ _ KHOcXOM. _ _ _ _ CTon6M. _ _ _ _ .asephfO. _ _ _ _ _ .D.BephMH.
to to to to
wash these shirts. stay here another week. wait a long time. invite them. the tree. lhe house. lhe hut. the newsstand. the table. the door. the doors. the the the the the the door. briefcase.
box.
Where's your house located? Oul of town. Beyond the forest. Across the park. Across the lake. The daughter returned _________ ________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-'--_________ a week ago. five weeks ago. a month ago. a year ago. two years ago.
We made a date for Wednesday. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ tomorrow. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ next Monday. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ next Friday. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ one. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ nine o'clock.
[mpl pa6
slave [golugl rony6h pigeon
B. The letter
[slevOl] cneoa on the left (slivOl) cnHoa plum [ytlyi) .eTBH branches
The letter B pronounced (f] The letters Bh pronounced 10 nef] )Jeo Uon (slif] cmis of plums [yetf] BOTB. branch The letter r pronounced [k] [sap6k] canor high bool [vnik) opar enemy [kvikJ KIIHr of books The letter 11 pronounced [t] The letters LU> pronounced (t] [gor.nJ ropon city (got] ro,n year
C. The lelter r pronounced [g) or (gJ ISdpagi] canonl high boots [vra~i] aparn enemies
(KQi~)
KHliTa
book
D. The letter II pronounced [d] or (4]
(game!;) J ropona of lhe city [g6di] ronhl years [rpe<Ji] Me,nH of copper
['1'elJ
The letter
MeO.
[~]
E. The letter :oK pronounced Iz) [nazI) 110:" knives [ko!iJ KO* hides
The unvoicing of ordinarily voiced consonants in a non-final position. A. The letter 6 pronounced [b] [ab4ira\] 0611~lpaTh to peel off [abzi\] 06:ltolTb to make livable The letter 6 pronounced [P] [ap\in't\] 06THpaTb to wipe off [ap~i\] 06WH1"b to saw The letter B pronounced (f] (fpari) snape in a pair [fsOr] 0 c6p into rubbish The letter 11 pronounced [t] [pdtkar6j] nOll KOpO" under bark [paUl\] nommiTh to line
C. The letter 11 pronounced (d J [podgar6j] non TOpO" at the foot of a mountain (pad!i\] nOll}KHTb to heal up
!..ESSON
I7
399
51
Note: The preposition c must not be used to translate the English with in the sense of by meanso!; the instrumental case form alone expresses the English with in such situations: "HlllliTe py'iKoii! Write with a pen!
NOUN ENDINGS IN THE INSTRUMENTAL CASE SINGULAR PLURAL
-OM, -eM,
...
Feminine
-ON,
-cit, -cit,
~bOO
-aMH,
-JlMH,
-bMii
MODELS
noroBopiITe c
_____ C
coce~OM.
Have a talk with your neighbor. _______ your brother. _ _ _ _ _ _ your father. _______ your secretary. _______ your teacher. _______ the stranger. _______ the American.
I found the tickets _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ ________
.sl
IlaWeJl
61UIeThI 110~
no~
CrOJlOM.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ llO~ llHCbMOM.
under under under under under under under the the the the her the
_______ c ICBHrOK.
______ c
Bo~oii.
_______ c ceMbea.
_______ c KBHTaHl.Uleii.
400
LESSON
17
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ c 6ft6yw"oi. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ c Y'UfTenbHHllei.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ c npoAa8wHlleii.
________ c ne8Hlleii.
Omlllonro rOBOpliJia c' MaTepblO. _ _ _ _ _ _ _~ C A64epblO.
nJl8T6K 6blJl DOA llBepblO.
her friend. her neighbor. her grandmother. her teacher. the saleslady. the singer.
She talked for a long time with her mother. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ with her daughter. The handkerchief was under the door. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ under the notebook. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ under the box with ointment. Don't rap with your pencil! _ _ _ _ _ _ _ knife! _ _~ chalk! _ _ _ _ _ _ _ spoon! _ _ _ _ _ _ _ fork! _ _ _ _ _ _ _ foot! _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ stick (or cane)! I'll go get the papers. ____ the cucumbers. ____ the rolls. ____ the lemons. ____ the books. ____ the magazines. ____ the chess set. ____ the dictionaries. ____ the chairs.
I was playing cards with ________ with _ _ _ _ _ _ with ________ with ________ with _ _ _ _ _ _ _ with ________ with ________ with ________ with _ _ _ _ _ _ _ with _ _ _ _ _ _ _ with _ _ _ _ _ _ _ with
He CTy41i KapaHoamOM!
_ _ _ _ HO:llCOM.
_~_Me.nOM!
.,
____ Jl6:;KKoii!
_ _ _ nAnxoii!
DOii!l:y 33 ra.3CTaMH. _ _ _ _ 33 Oryplla.WI.
_ _ _ 3a
_ _ _ _ 3a
>t
6yno'lKaM.
JlHM6HaMH.
CJlOBapliMH.
_ _ _ _ 3a CljJIbtLWI.
C TOBftPH.LUaMII.
_ _ _ _ _ _ c ,nP)'3hliMH.
_______ C POlIIITeJlHMH.
_ _ _ _ _ _ c JleTbMli.
Obi ,no86nbHbl ______ _____ ______
cry,neHTaMN?
friends. tbe students. the girls. the students. my sisters. my friends. my parents. my brothers. my sons. the teachers. my daugbters. the children. your) students? your) students? your) professors? your) teachers? your) neighbors? your) secretaries?
_ _ _ _ _ coce,nMMH?
______ ceKperapliMH?
Are you pleased with the (or _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the (or _______ the (or _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the (or _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ thc (or _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the (or
Lffi'iON
17
40 I
RESPONSE DRILL
c:rym,R, C'ron)
2. I'm acquainted with her wlcles. I'm acquainted with her uncle.
R 3HaKoM
A JHa..oM
$i
C ee llWMH. c ee
iliei.
A 3HaKOM C ee 6p3TOM.
cecrpa-
$i
On
aepuYJlCSl C ra3hoii.
$i JalillY Ja TOaaplfiUaMlt.
A JaiiJ],y
RESPONSE DRILLS
A noW 3a
MOJ~.
coce.u,
8..\.1epHKaltCu)
402
~N
17
QUESTIONANSWER DRILLS
JlKMOuaMH.
2. Don't you have a fountain pen? I don't like /0 write with a fountain pen. y Te6R HCT aBTOpy\f"H? R He JlJ06J1JO mlC:aTb llBTOpy'IKoii. y Te6Ji HeT KapaHJl,awa? R He JD06JoO ""can. K8ptumawOM.
(HeT PY'!"H, HeT nepa, HeT Mena, HeT aSTopY\fKH, lIeT KapallJJ.awa)
.a,.
)lit MbI C 6piTOM elieM' BMme. (.a.ent, 1I106a, TBOH .aAllJI, TaWl, TBOH
OTClt, TBOH po.aKTeJIH, spa<t, CepreH, TBO.ll MaMa)
MW c AJJeweii
illeM'
a.\tkre.
2. I saw my uncle.
.SI
}'BH.nCJl .ali.aIO.
611
_
n0311aK6MHJJCJl C 3ulion.
OH nO:JHaKOMNJlCJI
(npHr1l3CKn)
C 3HHOK. _
R )'BMe.tJ lliIuo.
_ (rynlin c) ji ryJWi c Weii.
_ _ _ {Apy,cH). _ (noex3JI c) _
_ (npumacKn) _
OH npHrJlacKn
3HHy.
_
_ _ _ _ _ (ee lIellYWkY).
_ (311U6M c)
- (""'l'CT"") - - - .
("",ful)
_ . .
_
_ _ _ _ {ACT.H).
_ _ _ (ee OT"a),
_ (nOJHaKOMHlICJl c) _
~(Y3llful)
_ _ _ (Cepr). _ (paMT"" c)
DISCUSSION INSTRUMENTAL SINGULAR OF NOUNS CTOJI- and oKllo-nouns stressed -OM. -eM unstressed -OM, -eM CT01l0M yrlloM aST66ycoM Me1l0M HO)l(OM KapaHJlaWOM KJlIO'IOM nepOM .l1e1l0M CJI0BapeM )"IlITeJJeM HHKomleM M}hKeM aMepHKcUtlle.\t napHeM co6paHHeM iKclui-nouns -OK ..eM -oii. -eii )l(eHoii JHMOii ceCTp6ii n.ywoii nor6n.oii n6\fTOi KIUiroii wallKoii 3""oii ceMl.oeii :JMeeii lIeKUHeH HCT6pHeii HaTaweii B01l6.aeii Hc.ae.neii Map"eH Y.l1 a 'leii
ABCpb~nOuns
only -blO (never stressed) ,llBepblO flf06oSbIO 6\fcpe.lt.b1O reTpanblO eeUlblO MaTCpblO .l16<tepblO
unaTheM
BpeMeHeM
USSON
17
403
I. Hard-stem CTon- and OfI':Ho-nouns have the instrumental singular cnding -OM; soft-stem CTon- and oKllo-nouns have the cnding -eM if stressed. --eM if unstressed. Stems ending in "I, lll, w, :lK, and u: spell their ending -OM' if suessed and -eM if unstressed. Compare 6oPlllOM with TOsapKll(CM. 2. Hard-stem :lKellli-nouns have the instrumental singular ending -oii; soft-stern :lKCHa-nOUns have the cnding -eii if stressed, -eli if unstressed. Stems cnding in "I, lll, m, "', and It spell their ending --OM if stressed and -eM if unstressed. Compare nym6ii with KBweii. There are also alternate endings -010, -itlO, and -eto whic::b are mostly encountered in literary works: :lKellOIO, CeMLelO, and HaTamCto. 3. All ):tBepb-nOuns have the instrumental singular ending -blO, always unstressed. 4. BpeMa- and liMa-nouns take the unstressed instrumental singular ending -eM: BpeMCIleM and "MelleM.
INSTRUMENTAL PLURAL OF NOUNS
"I
and w
Soft stems
-aMH }"tHTemlMH HeD.C.rmMH po.nHTeJUlMH CO'lHHeHHHMH 6paTbaMH crYnbHMB 3,UaHI:lHMH
I. Nouns which take -ax in the prepositional plural and -aM in the dative plural take -aMit in the instrumental pluraL Their stress is identical in all three cases: CTonBx, CTOJIllM, CTOJlaMH; :lKeHax, :lKellaM, :/KellaMH. 2. Nouns which take -ax in the prepositional plural and -JIM in the dative plural take -IIMH in tbe instrumental plural. Their stress is also identical in all three cases: y"lHTemi", y"lIUeJUIM, ylfHl'cnHMH; 6paTbHX, 6paTMilM, 6p3T1.l1MH. -3. The nouns tulePb and .all'll> have an alternate instrumental plural ending -bMK: JlBCPbMM (or tulepHMH), 1l0<tepLMIi (or no<tepH:.\tH). 4. The nouns ntOllH people and neTH children have only tbe instrumental plural ending -LMIi: JIIOJ1LMJi and nen.MJi.
The instrumental of lITO, 'ITO, the personal prononns, and the rellexive personal prononn cro..
NOM
KTO-
'ITO
;
MIIOR
Tht
To6o"
OH,ono
OHa
..,;,
HaMil
Bbl
ami
H:MII, (mfMH)
INSTR
KeM
'IeM
MM,(HnM) elO,(neH)
aaM"
Notes
C HlIM, Ja
I. Third person alternate forms OHM, HeM, and 1111MB occur only with prepositions, for example, "MM, C ncii, la Heii, C IIHMH, 3a lUiMH.
404
LESSON 17
2. In addition to o\moii, T066ii, co6Oii, and HeM, there are also the alternate instrumental forms M1I61O, YoOOlO, c066lO, and 1100. These are encountered primarily in literature, especially poetry.
MOI)E'-"
__ c ___ c
R XO'f)' C HHM
nei
nor080pHTb.
_
_
88MN _ _~ _
_ _ C UJi!tlH
_ _ c YoOOi
_ _ _ _ CO ...OM
The chancellor wants to have a talk: witb us. _ with me. Take a pencil and a notebook along (/il. witb yourself). What do you take in your tea? or With what do you drink tea''] Milk. With whom do you want to speak? With you. What are you writing with, a pencil? With whom are you pleased? You. I'm dissatisfied wiLb myself. With whom are you dissatisfied, me? No, him. No, her. No, myself.
- C
teeM
-C BaMH.
L(eM Db! nHmeTe, Kapa.l.nawoM? KeM obl.no06nhltbl? - BliMH.
R co66i IIMooonell.
Kbt Db!: ue.nOOOJlbHhl, MU6ii? - Her, HM.
With .....hom .....ill she go? Wilh him. (Oil) C Kc!M OHa nOHneT? C lulM. (Ii) C KeM aHa nOH.uCT?
Co o\moii. (Oflll, aHa, Mbl,
fl,
QUESTlON4ANSWER DRIl.l.S
Ou llOBOJfCU :IlO3MeHaMH?
LESSON 17
405
.H
eto IIClI,OBOJlbH3,
Mw CllnCHH 33
Bw
ClUleJIH 3a
Reil:.
He".
CH./IeJlH 33 HeiL
Feminine
.
-oil, -eM:
-IIMII
:hoil aMepHKfmxoH.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CTyneHTImii.
______ C 3THMH CTyneHT3.M.lI.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ aMepHldlHL\aMH. _ _ _~ TypHCTaMH.
Don't talk to that American. _ _ _ _ _ _ student. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ tourist. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ American woman. _ _ _ _ _ _ student. _ _ _ _ _ those students. ________ Americans. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ tourists. Whose friend did you dance with? ___ brother ? ___ daughter ? ___ sister ? ___ friends ? ___ daughters ? The children will stay with their father. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ with their mother. . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ with their parents. They talked with _ _ _ _ with _____ with _ _ _ _ with my my my my brother for a long time. father _ uncle _ grandfather _
C 'lbHM npyroM aLI 'l'aHueawm? _ _ _ 6phoM ? C 'l.,eM: nO'lephlO ? ___ cec-rp6ii ? C l(bHMH .uP)'3hJlMH ? _ _ _ _ nOl(epbMH ?
)];61'11 OCTllHyrCl'l co caOHM OTUOM. _ _ _ _ _ _ co CaOeM: MtnepblO. _______ co CBOHMH POJ.I,IITCJUlMH.
======406
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C MOHM
.ulin.eit. 1
C MOHM .ueJIYlIIKOH.1
My grandfather lived in Moscow. Did you talk with my uncle? This is lrue of all such ....eua-class nouns referring 10 males. for example, MYl"'fIi1a, Komi, and 8o.rIoAIi.
LESSON
17
They talked with my sister for a long time. _ _ _ _ _ with my mother _ _ _ _ _ with my parcnts _
Y<uf"reJIh He O'leHh .noB6J1eH TBotht: O'lepkOM. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ TBOIOt CO'lHHeHHeM. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ TBof:ii pa66ToH. ____________ TBOHMH OTOCTaMH. 3a HawHM Jl6MOM paCTCT MIl6ro .uepeobeB. 3a HawHM o6mclKWrHeM _ 3a Haweii H300H 3a HliwHMN .nOMaMH _ _
The teacher isn't very happy with your essay. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ wilh your composition. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ with your work. ____________ with your answers. There are lots of trccs growing behind OUf house. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ behind our dormitory. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ behind our hut. _ behind OUf houses.
REPETITION DRILL
Repeat the given models, noting the pallem of endings in the instrumental
case.
R 3HaK6M
Jl
3uaK6M
c 8arnUM J.ViJleH.
C
TBOMM
weH.
3. Did you talk with your father? Bbi rODOpHnH C 03.WHM OTUOM? Rbi rORopM:IH co c&OliM OTttOM? Bbl rooopHnl1 C oarnuMH JlP}'3bllMH? By roROpK.rIH co CROftMH n;PY1bliMH?
(npoBOIlIlI1KOM, COce.nOM, COCC.nHMH, peKTOpoM, ccKpeTapeM, cry.ncIITaMH)
4. We'" go with her uncie. We'" go with our uncie. Mbl noe.neM c ee nli.neil:. My ooeneM C UaUlHM weN. Mbl noelleM c ee TooapHwaMIt. My lloeJleM C uaUlHMH l'OBliplllllaMH.
(y'lIITeJIeM, .neThMH, JlPY3bSL\rn, pe6HTaMlt, ChlHQM, Theil:)
EXPANSION DRILLS
I. The newsstand stood behind the school. The newsstand stood behind this school.
KHOcK CTOJi.n 33. IllKOJloii. K ..6cK crOAn 3a iTOM lIndmaii. KRocK crOM 3a pecTOpaUOM. KH6cK crOliJl 3a 3TIlM pecropallOM. (.a.epeObSlMH, JlOMOM, 3JlaHHCM,
rOCTHHHl~eit, TcaTpoM, KJly6oM)
2. The feller is under the newspaper. The feller is under this newspaper.
nHCbMO nOll r:ue-roil:. nllCl>Mo DOli iToii ra3hoii. n HCbMO nOJl lKYPllaJlOM. nHCLMO (lOll 3THM iKypUiJIOM. (KapTOH, KapTaMH, Kopo6KOit, KHlUO", CJTOoapeM, 3aSlBJletIHcM, KOHTaHJ.(K.ll:MH, 6}'Maroit)
LESSON 17
407
RESPONSE DRILLS
I. ThaI fellow bOlhers me. Whal am I to do with Ihal fellow? 3TOT mipeHb MHe McrmiCT. "ITo MHe Ae;IaTb c :hHM mipueM? 3m CTYlleHTKa MHe MernaeT. lITo MHC )],C;laTb C :hoii' CTYlleHTIwii? (llenl, coce.n, .ncBylpKa, mOllH, rocnOA"", rpa)t(JlaHC, nCBuu.a, '1eJlOncK) 3. An accident happened to her son. Whose son? C ee CbfHOM CJIY'lHnOCb HCC'IaCTbe. C '1bHM chI110M? C ee TeTeH CJIY"H.nOCb HCC'l3.CTbC. C lIbeii yet'cii? (POllHTCJHIMU, ceCTpOH, .nCJlyWKOH, llH,Ueil, 6a6Y"IKoH, 6paTbJlMU, OTlIOM)
DISCUSSION
2.
soup doesn't tasle good. What should be done with this soup? 31"OT cYrJ lIeaKYcHbII1. 4TO lle.TJaTb c :J1"HM CYOOM? 3Ta phl5a lIeaKYclla}l. tho Aenan. c hoii pw60ii? (oryPLU>I, Kawa, 6YJlbOH, ne<JeHbC, rplt6bI, yxa, 60pUl, 1lanwa)
Thi.~
(m) (n)
:hOT
3TO
INSTR
NOM
3THM
MOil"
MOC
TBoil
cao"
Halli
BaW
TBoe
TBOHM nOR TBOeii TaOIt TBOHMH
caoe
caOHM caosi caoeii CBOW CBOHMH
miwe
HawHM
BaWe
.iuu...
Barna aaweii Ballm BarnU.'"U
(0
(PI)
,Ta
hoii 3TI1 3T11MH
INSTR
NOM
INSTR
DISTRIBUTION Of ENDINGS
I. The masculine and neuter instrumental singular ending is exactly like that of the dative plural of these forms: -HM. 2. The feminine instrumental singular cnding is like that of the genitive, dative, and prepositional cases: -oii in 3TON and -eii in alllhe rest. . Alternate endings -oro and -eta may also be encountered in older works of literature and in poetry. 3. The instrumental plural ending is -lIMit.
Reflexive verbs--part II
MODELS
>
4eMy Tbl Ylll1UJIJleWl>c~? 4eMy omi ywmJIJlIOTCiI? 4eMy Bbi Y1I.H8JIJleTeCb? Oil lie YJ.UmJlliJICR nallIHM ycneXaM. QHa He Y1I.HDnJiJIacb ~ Qmi lie YllHDmiJIHCb _
What arc you surpriscd at? What arc they surprised at? What are you surprised at? He wasn'L surprised at our success. _ Shc wasn'L surprised They weren't surprised _
Note that YAHDJllin.ca is accompanied by the dative case without a preposition, to express the source of surprise or astonishment.
_ _ _ _ _
I'm afraid of the exams, You're afraid . She's afraid _ We're afraid _ You're afraid _ They're afraid _ He was afraid of his mother. She was afraid of her father. They were afraid of their parents.
Note that 6oAn.C1I is accompanied by the genitive case without a preposition, to express the source of fear,
Jl =<yc.
Mw caD.HMCiI o6ellaTh,
_
_ _
_
We're sitting down to eat dinner. I'm sitting down _ You're sitting down . _ She's sitting down You're sitting down . They're sitting down _ He's already been introduced to her. You've __ been introduced _ _, We've _ _ been introduced _ _,
I'll make their acquaintance.
Oil Y'f(e n03IlaKOMIlJIC~ C IIci" Thl __ n03HaKOMIIJlaCb __. Mhl _ n03liaKOMIIJIIICh __.
Korna Tbl n03HaKoMHwbCli C lll'IM"? Kor.ua Obi n0311aKoMIITCCL CUHMiI? C Moeii cecrp6ii, n0311aKOMI.oTCCb C MOHM 6pfITOM. He 66iicH! He 66HTecb! He YllHBJlJliiclI! He yJlIfDJJll iiTech ! He cePJJ.HCb! He oePllHTCCh!
n03HaKOMbC~
When are you going to meet them? When are you going to meet them? Meet my sister. Meet my. brother. Don't Don't Don't Don't Don't Don't be afraid! be afraid! be surprised! be surprised! get mad! or Don't be angry! get mad! or Don't be angry!
u::.ssoN J7
409
QUESTION-ANSWER ORll.L
MW
601i.'''CH ltOaMeHOe.
cecTpa,
TBOIf
6paTbJl)
2. We don'l feel like going to the lake. We didn', feel like going to lhe lake. HaM He XO<teTCli exaTb Ha oJePO. HiM He xOTbloa. exan. Ra O:JePO'
HaM He XO'feTClI exaTb 8
nee.
HiM
He XOTiJIocI.
enn.
Jtee.
R OCTlUIClI
OH
JlOMa.
Ewe
R OCT8HyCb mbta,
OH OCTanCJI .llaMa.
ocraHeTCH nOMa.
(Mbl, Jlellf, Thl., Cblll, Obl, JlO'fb, coce,!llt, MaTh)
5. / was gelting acquainted wilh the 10wn. I'm gelting acquoinled with Ihe town.
Oil
OH
ropo.noM.
Thl.,
A JllaKOMJtJ1Cl1
C rOpoJlOM.
A :JHa"OMJnOCb c: rOpo.aOM.
ee JlO'lepH,
ee
polurrClIlI,
kESI'ONSE DRILLS
2. Don', be afraid!
fm not afraid.
He 66ikJl!
R lIo:JllaKOMJIIOCb.
3"lJe
H<l.110 C
R lie 6oJOcb.
He CCP.ll,lteL!
IlItM nOJllaKOMllTbClL
Olla n03HaKOMwrCJI.
(TBO"M po.llllTenHM, DaM, ee CbIRY, HaM,
Jt
lie cep*ycb.
He yltHsn.1iHcJI! He canHCb!
He 06pall.l3.HC:lI He CTaHOOUCb
Ii:
HeM;'!
O'iepeJlb!
Mw He C<t.e.tti",OI.
He o6pautiiITecb K HeMy! He OOiITeCb!
cePllKMCliI.
He CTaHOBltTecb ry.n3.!
He y,!lltOniHTecb 3TOMy!
He canHTecb!
410
LESSON
17
We're sitting down to eat dinner. Mbl 6Y.ueM o6e.naTb. Mbi ca.cft ooeJl,aTb, CecTpa 6YJJ.eT ooe.uaTb.
Oua CIl.wfyC1l ooeJJ.a11..
(OTeLt
H
2. It's time for you to sit down and eat dinner. Sit down and eat dinner.
Te6e napa CaJun-bC)) o6eJJ.aTb.
CIiJUtCh OOC,ll,IITh.
Te6e nopa c IIHMIt nOJHaKOMIIThCSI.
n03HaKo.\lI>C1l C HHMft.
Te6e nopa SepHYTbCSI JJ.oMoii. Te6e nopa AOrOSOpJITbCR 06 3TOM. TeM nopa 06paTlfTbCSI K 8pa'iY. Te6e nopa C3.llHTbCSI 3a CTon.
3. You mustn't be afraid of it. Don't be afraid of it! BbI: He AOJJ:lICHW 3Tom 6osin.ol. He 66iTta. :noro!
BbI: He AOJnKJIW K HeMy 06P,U1UlTbCR. He 06pawiiTea. K HeMj! ue AOn)KHbl 3TOMY Y.lI.lt8JIliTbC.Il.
Te6e
poJJ.HTen.llMH.
Reflexive verbs reviewed and drilled in this lesson are given below in all their forms:
oaiTl>C1l (pvf) to remain, stay, be left PAST OCTinCSI, ocranacb, -OCb, -HCb
FUT
IMPER
Y,llJIBJIlITbCfl
PAST
PRES
IMPER
xOTrnC1l (ipfv) (used impersonally with the dative and the infinitive) PAST XOTMOClo XO'fe-rcSl
to feel like
PRES
IMPER
(not used)
2. Second conjugation
6otin,cR (ipfv) (+ gen) PAST
PRES IMPER
to fear, to be afraid
6ollnCR, 6olinaeb, -oeb, -Heb 6olOch, 60J1WbCSI, -HTC~, -HMC~, -HTeCb, -H-rC~ [ne] 66HC~! [He] 66HTeCb!
JUa..oMMTbCSl
(ipfv) (c
PAST
JUaKOMllncSI, JHaKOMJ.UlaCb, -OCb, -HCb JllaKOMJl.oCb, 3HaKOMlDUbCH, -HTCSI, -UMC~, -"TeCh, -IITCli
JlJaKOMbC~! JIIaKOMhTeCb!
PRES
IMPER
1I0Jlla..oMMTltCSl (prv)
JHaK01tfMTltCSl)
ca.nHCb! ca..akrecb!
LESSON 17
411
ltOrOBOPKThC1t (pfv) (c instr) to come to an agreemellf, make (J dale (or appoinfmem) PAST LlOrOaOpJ1JtC$l, LlorOBopw-.aCb, -OCb, -IICh FlJT IWrOBOptOCb, Jl.OI-0BOpJ1WbCSl, ~J1-rC$l, -"MCSl, -liTCCb, -.!ireSl nAPER llorOBopHCb! .uorOBopihecb!
She has a beautiful daughter. _ _ _ a handsome son. She bas beautiful daughters. _ __ handsome sons. What What What What a beautiful tree! a beautiful leaf! beautiful (rees! beautiful leaves!
Jt BH.a.en B ropo.ne BaWy .nO%. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ M3.Th. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ B<iwero cblHa. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ D.PYr3. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ HX. AO'lepeiL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ MaTepeH. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ChrHOBeH. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ APYJeH.
R rOBopl'w C BaweH .nO'lepblO. ________ MflTcpblO.
_ _ _ _ C BalliUM CbIHOM. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .upyrOM. _____ C "X. ______ ______ ______ AO'lepbMH. Ma-repliMH. CbIHOBbJiMH. .uppbJiMH.
_ _ _ ynpjra.
____ ____ ____ ____ y AO'lepeH. y MaTepeH. y ChiHOseH. yAppeH.
They live with their ________ _______ _______ _______ _______ ________ _______
412
LESSON 17
STRUCTURE REPLACEMENT DRILLS I. Is this your pen? Are these your pens? 3'1'0 SalliC ncpO? :ho Bam.. nepbR? 31'0 Balli CT)rn? ~l'O B8mH CTYJILH? (Bawa llO'lb, Baw GpaT, BalUa MaTh, Baw M)')K, saw CbIII, Baw ,upyr)
2. Don', forget about their mother. Don't forget about their mothers. He 3a6YllbTe 06 ItX MaTep". He 3a6Y.aLTe 06 HX MaTepil:x. He 3aGy,ubTe 0 nameM llpYre. He Ja6YJtbTe 0 a3lUHX .apYJblix. (0 ee CbIHe, 06 HX Jl:O'iepH, 0 BaweM GpaTe, 06 3TOM Jl:epeae)
OHa e,ueT K 6phy. OIlM CflYT K 6p8TbHM. (x MaTepn, K n;pyry, cLmy, K Gpary)
3. She's IJoing to visit her son. They're going to visit their sons. OHa e,ueT K cb"my. ONli cAYI' K CLIHOBLAM.
,lI0'lepH,
MYJKY,
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILL
RESPONSE DRILL"
Where are their brothers? I didn't see their brothers. rlle IIx GpaTb)]? Ji: lie sli):{en Hx 6paTLeB. r,ue IIX CbHlOBbli? Ji: He BH,uen Hx cwlloaeii. (,D:O'iepll, MpKbSl, GpaThSl, MaTepli, llP}'3MI)
There's only one leaf here. There are lots of leaves there. Ty-r TOJIbKO o;:ulli miCT. A riM MJlllfO .'lliCTLeB. Ty-r TOJIbKO OllHO ,lIepeao. A riM Mllora ttepCBbeB. (OJ(JIII CTyJI, OllllO nepo, O.n:HH mlCT, O.n:FlO ,uepeao)
1. Their friends invited us to dinner. We invited their friends to dinner. Hx ,uPY3bR npHfnacwm Hac lIa 06e,D:. Mw npurnacH./IH u" .apylCH H& 06e,ll,. lix. CblHOBbR npnrnacUJIH HaC Ha o6e.u. My Ilpur.IlaCH.rut HX cblHoaeii ua 06e.a. (ux MaTepn, HX .upy3bH, HX ,uO'lb, HX GpaTMI, HX MaTh, HX ,D;O'lepH, HX MyJKMI)
2. Her sons aren't acquainted with him. He's not acquainted with her sons. &: CbIHOBbJi C HIiM He JHaKOMhJ. Ou He JHaKOM c ee CblHOBbAMH. Be MaTh C HJfM He 3HaKOMa. OH He JllaKOM C ee MaTepLIO. (ee ;::J;O'lb, ee .n:PY3MI, ee MYJK, ee .n:O'lepn, ee CblH, ee GpaTbH)
@ISCUSSION
1. The nouns Man. mother and .n:o.... daughter are J(BepL-nOuns with an alternate stem for the Dominative and accusative singular, as opposed to that of all the other cases singular and plural.
SINGULAR NOM-ACC MaTb GENPREP-DAT M:iTepn INSTR MhepblO ,D;O'lb ,uO'lepH .n:O'lepblO
NOM
PLURAL M:iTepH MaTepCH ACC--GEN o MaTepJix PREP MaTepRM OAT MaTepJlMH IN'TR Jl:O'lepll Jl:O'lepCH o .n:O'lepRX llO'lepJlM llO'lepltMH
LESSON 17
413
Nole that the instrumental plural of ltO'fb is lto'fepl>.\tH: (like JleTbMil and JUOJlbr.tH:). An alternate fonn llO..epti\fH also exists in conversational Russian. 2. The noun cWH son bas an expanded stem in the plural. It declines as a hard stem in the singular and as a son stem in the plural.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
NOM
NOM
Chili
cbllla o cbllle CblHY CblHoM
ACC-GEN PREP
OAT
INSTR
ACC-GEN PREP
OAT
INSTR
Note especially the genitive and accusative plural cwHo.Ci with inserted vowel e and with the of the plural stem written i.
3. The nouns JIIicr leaf and Jlepeso tree have expanded stems in the plural, following the declension pattern of 6ph, criIl, and nepO; all such nouns decline as hard stems in the singular and as soft stems in the plural.
PLURAL
mlCTOM
INSTR
JUtt also means sheet. In this meaning it has a regular plural, for example,
o JIM:Tix: )l<tiiTe
MHe HecxOJlbKO
'1TEHHE H nHCbM6
~~
~
U-
~ ~ f~ ,f"",~/ ~
tuz;
J?-a~
<>m.-
~ . !bwr ~um..
/Ur...<&,
fUcn:~
tJy.tur.
ur Sa- ":J~
OJ~
v<.e
~.~~ ~ m;~
~~UUJe
JJ
9nu7....-
~ ~ ,f
H.a.
~ ~ ,(UU-~
~ ~ ~ u-/UK-k, u ~
4=a
~
414
Haoc
LESSON 17
~ u. ~ ~&za e. ~.
..fJ .L-e-e,y
a Ic:~
~ ~/ /?Z<7~
/-U
ua;
ke
~ . Ukar~/*'~ ~ ~ /
raem.,
~a'd ,fl~, ~ e.t;a;;-a.<-P-/ 'WYW- ~ ~ u u-x ~ ~ $ ~ j';~ ~~1Ua. -I ~aA Jl~,ffHT'~ ~M4: ~ xo-rn.e.<- ~kn.. J.A~ h:~ ~
U
-I ~
~~, ~
.-.tU'JU-
;'Z.QC~a.a2.~
-'U!
HHKon:Hi H
npllCXaJU1 .nOMO" K
p0,IJ.HTeJUlM. POllHTelH1
-.st
-
-Aa,
60JIhllJOH nlfpOr.
B
BOT K3ld
TOftt3.
noc
cJle.a.YfOllIee
BOCKpeceUbC.
T OJlbKO He HIJ..lIfTe OKono 63CP3: riM rpH60B Hlh. JI,li, Ji 383.lo . TAM HCcKonbKO plb HCKan3 H HH'IerO He H3XO.nHn3.
.st
- .st.
}l,t:TH, nOKa:llCHTe BalliH rpH6bi. ~TOT rp"6 Ii Hallien BOH TaM, no)), .o.epeBOM. ~TO KaK pa3 fIJlOXOU. Bbl6pocb ere H BblTPH pyKIl. A dx TBOH .nella, TaH5I? K3.:lICeTC5I, Hallilla 6e.nble rpH6b"I - TPH 60JIhWHX H JJ:aa ManellbKHx. Ben, CMOTpH. HeT, :ho He 6en:bie, HO mill TOJKe xopeWHe. B03bMeM Jix. BOT JJ:oca.a.a, 'ITO Ji TaKHX He Hawen! HH'Iero, nen, Mhi BeJJ:b TonbKO 'ITO npHllinH B nee. Thi ewe UaH.aellIh.
LESSON 17
415
- 31'0 GeJIbl" rpH6, MaMa? - Afl., TaHSI, :ho 6e.rr.blH. nOCMOTpH, Denl. nOMHIUlJb, Mara:nl:He? - ,l),il., nOMHJO. GHH 6bmH O'leHb .JJ;opofue. - I1x Be.a:b TpYJl:HO uaxo.u;HTb. - A r.n:e mill pacry-r?
-
non .uepeBb}fMH. HO Ull.uO JUan Mecn\. BOT 6Y.a:eM XO;:U1Tb, H TbT yOHJJ:HWb.
MaMa,
CMOTpH,
He
- rne? .sf
- TIoiiaeM Ty.ua, xopow6? -.sf corm\eHa, H )'iKe YCTana XO.ltUTb n6 ]leey. A KiK rbi, TanS!.? -.A TO)Ke. noit.neM oTlloxueM H3 TpaBc.
TOJlhKO B03bMeM C caG6" naJu_y, TaM 863J1e 03epa MHoro 3MeH.
KaKHX 3Meif? lITo Tbl, TICnl, rOBopHwb fny-nocTH? 31'0 He fnynoeT", npao.a:a, MaMa?
He 3H{UO. TbT ax
-.s1.
-
BH,1.l,en?
Hth, HO MHe M)];Sl. AIlerna CXa33..n:. A. t celIO lvi,z:r;l AJIewa CK33a.rr, TO 31'0 npao;:J,a.
BaJul, '11'6 y mlc cerOJ1HSI H3 o66n? eyn c nanwoii: II drua. OmiTb? Hey:lKw Thl He MOma coapHTb lfTO-Ull6YAb .Il.pyr6e, HanpHMep yxy?
A oTKYAa 11 B03bM)' pbr6y?
..sI
..sI
Bqepa
Kama, CerO.D.Hji Kliwa . ..sI nY'lIne COBceM He 6yJJ.Y 06e.a:aTb. - Hy He ceP.D.HCb, Anewa. nO)l,O:lK)lH, 11 nounY K COCe)lKe, MO:lKeT 6hlTb OHa MHe )laCT pbl6bl. R 3Ua10, Oua )lOCTana. MHe Hy:lKHO 3auTH K Ancwe BOJiKOBY. nen, nOH,lJ;Clllb co MHOH?
n03HaXOMJIlo. - Arne OH :lKHBCT? - Ha YJlHue T01lCToro. - 3TO JJ:aJleKO oTcIO,Qa? - HeT, MHHyT neC$lTb Hy:lKHO H)lTH. - Hy, 1IanHO, nOH)l,CM. 3TOT B01lKOB, K3.)I{eTCH, HOOblH napeHb, In cena? - J],a., OH MecRU TOMy Ha3an npHexan B ropo.u. 6H MHe HpasHTCH: npocToR TaKO" H BHnHO, qT~ C xopoweu JJ.YlDOH. TaKOMY MO:lKHO BepHTb. - Hy, TbI nyqIIle 6y)lh OCTOp0:lKeH, Thl Be)lh ero ewe MarrO 3HaeWb. - )l.a, 80 Ji 'fyOCTBylO, 'fTO OH xopouurn qenOBeK. 11, 3Haell1b, BCe OpeMji rOBopHTb ce66 OCTOP0:lKHO,) - :lTO CKy'fHO. Tax :lKHTb Uenb311. 3TO paHbIDe Hallin OTUbI 60li:JHiCb rOBopHTb OTKpbITO, 60li:lIHCb moneil, JJ:aIKe 6J1J1:3nlx 3HaKOMhlX. A Tenepb HH3.'fe, Tenepb Bee CBo60,lJ;HO rODopllT TO, 'fTO nyMalOT. - Hy, :lTO eute He COBeeM TaK, HO, nO:lKa.nyH, Tbl npaD. Ham" OTubl 60HnHCb 60Jlbllie, 'feM Mhl.
416
LESSON 17
CJ(3)fCl1Te nO::.KanyHCTa, r,ne KBapnlpa GapHea Ml1xaHllOBH<13 KYPO'iKI1H3? - Ha miTOM ;na>Ke. .sf To",e TiM :lKHBy. HaM rH3.nO I1D.Tlf no JlecTHHue. JUicl>T He pa60TaeT. - A, 3H3KOMaK I1CTOpHJI:. Y HaC B .nOMe Y)J(e qeTWpe MecRua mi<pT lie pa6(HaeT:
):leT" CJ10MaJIH ,lJ;Bepb.
Ji
K3.)J(JlhIH ):leHh
H3Bepx fl3
nAThl"
MHe,
60J1bW6e cnacH60. A Ji
>t
Obi He 3HaeTe. nO'leMy neTpOB B'Iepa 11 cer6lUU1 He 6bU1 Ha paOOTe? OH O'ieUb oo11eH. Ern JKeHa 3BoHlina 'lac HaJ3.0.. CU3ana, 'ITO 01:1 H 33.BTpa He
npHJJ:eT. - liTO CHUM? Bbi: y Her6 6WH? - Her. Xo'ly 3afrrH nOc.ne pa66Tbl. - A '1T6 er6 :JKeHa cKa3ana? - liTO Y nero Bee 6omh. - Kb Bee? He MOJKeT 6b1:Tb! HaBepHo, 6H np6cTo x6'1eT OT,llOXHYn. lIT6 C BaMH? Y BaC '1TO-HH6YAb 6omrr? -.st T011bKO 'ITO yoan H, KbceTCH, CJIOMan ce6e pyKy. -lIT6 Db! rOBOpHTe! J.1,llMTe CKOpCe K Dpa'ly. XOTHTe $I BAM JlOMOry? - Aa, JlO:JKanyHCTa. TI03BoHIhe ,ll6KTOpy 6cHllOBy Ha KBapnipy. Ero HOMep Te11efj>oHa .IlBa-'1eTblpe-nJin.-Wecrb. - A Bbl ,llyMaeTe, OH CeH'IaC ,llOMa? - Aa. Y Hero cerO,llIDI CB066,llHblH )leHh. - >t CeH'I8C n03BoHIO. H.OHM B'Iepa Mbl 6W11H Y COCe,lleH H3 06c,lle. Y lix .n611epH Taint 6blJ1 ,lleUb pOlKlleHHH, HaC K ce6e npHrJJ3cHmf. XOp6WHH 6bl11 o6e,ll? npeKpacHblH! 6blJta yd, DRpor c rpH6aMH, BKYcHI..le 6yJtOllKH, T6pT ... 3TO ,lleHCTBHTenbHo o6e.n! A KaKHe no.napKH 3Ta T aHH OT CDOKX p0.QHTeJleH nonY'ufna! Bbl JJ.aJKe He nOBepHTe! KalClie? H6Bbl.H npOHrpblBarenb, annapar 36plClIH H aBTOpy..lCy! Bce cpby? HY. 3HaeTe. :ho JIaxe rnyno. }1: C BaMH cornaCCH. >t cBoeii .n6'1epH HHKOrJIa He nOlCynafO Tax MH6ro no.napKOB. -
LESSON 17
417
LESSON
18
npowaii, UJK'ona!
farewell! good-bye! Farewell, school! finished, over, done with Well, so school is finished. freedom, liberty . feeling What a feeling of freedom! to enler, enroll, join (an institution); to behave, act college You can enter college immediately. "A" student You're an "A" student; you can go straight on to college. to want, feel like It's freedom for you: You're an "A" student; if you want., you can go straight on to college. production, manufacture to work in a factory But I have to work in a factory. entire, whole But I have to work two whole years in a factory. engineering, technology, technical things, equipment
cBo66.ua
':IyBCTBO
[custV:J]
BY,
Tbi CMO*eWlo Cpa3Y B sj3 nocrynHTh.
oTmi"tHIUC
Tbl
s
OTml"tHHX,
cM6*eWb CpA3y
SY3
nOCTynHTb.
CMO.etm. cpiJy
1JOCl)'DIin..
npmf3BOJlCTBe.
uenblH A Ii:
pa66TaTh Ha 0POH1BOJ:l,CT1Ie.
419
HHTCpeCOBllTbCSI (I) (plus instr) mrrepecylOcb, HHTepecyewbCSI, -IOTCSI Tbi 8cern3. mrrepecoSMcSl
to be interested in You've always been interested in technical things. But you've aJways been interested in technical things. meat meat-packing plant What about the meat-packing plant? Wait a minute, Tolya; what about the meatpacking plant '1 director assistant, aide assistant director You do have a friend there, the assistant director. the assistant director himself You do have a friend there, the assistant director himself no longer, not any longer (or more) He's not there anymore. somewhere He's not there anymore; he works somewhere else. to learn What will I learn there '1 anyway, it doesn't matter And anyway, what will I leam there? worker unskilled worker, ordinary worker Arter all, they'll send me as an ordinary worker. merry, lively, gay, jolly it's fun Yes, that's no fun. special, particular Yes, that's no particular fun. quick, fast, rapid Well, never mind. Two years will go by quick.ly. life to arrange, establish, organize, tu up afterward, later on, then Later on you'll arrange your life the way you want to.
A MSicOXOMGHH3.T'1
JJ.ltpCkTopa
llHpCkTOpa.
Y Te6ti TalM
ecn.
Er6 )"ICe Tfw nth. rAe-TO Eri pre TiM aa, rne-TO
II .npyrOM Mecre
pa60nurr.
"teMY
li
TiM
oc66eHHblH
"OTOM
420
LESSON 18
What good is "later on" to me? y'l HTbC.Il (Il) Y'lHTbC.Il B By3e Lo learn, study to go to college I want to go to college noW. profession, calling, skill, lrade to enter a profession, learn a Irade, acquire a skill What profession do you want to enter? engineer to become, get, grow; stop Do you want to become an engineer? Do you still want to become an engineer? to dream No, I don't dream of that anymore. in order to, to In order to be an engineer you've got to study for five years.
Mile y*e
B Byle.
HmKellCp CT8.n. (pfv I), CT3H)', CTauelllb, -yr Tw XO'leWb criTb HmKCuepoM? Bee eme xO'ternb crin. ""lI'ettepoM?
Me'min. (J)
Hfi, Ii 06
:hOM
60JlbWC DC MeomUo.
..e-r
CJ1HlllKOM :)1'0
c.miWKOM
too
Aonro. That's too long. practical experience, practice Anyway, you'll gain practical experience. for nothing, grads, with no return, in vain, to no avail to be lost, missing, wasted; to perish The time won't be totally wasted. And what do you need a profession for? spot, place, job; small town a sort spot, a nice cushy job to get a job, to get settled, to get fixed up (or established) I want to get myself a nice cushy job. main, chief the main thing The main thing is to get yourself set up in a nice cushy job. acquaintance, familiarity by knowing the right people, through friends The main thing is to get yourself set up in a nice cushy job by knowing the right people. to start, begin to earn (or make) [money)
npaKTHKa Ike-TaKM noJlj<tMLUb npiKJ1OCY. JIapoM nponaCTb (pfv 1) (like ynacTb) lie nponllJl,eT lllipoM
B~f1
LESSON 18
421
Japa6an.lB8Tb.
I want to start earning [money]. The main thing is to gct yourself set up in a nice cushy job by knowing the right people and start earning good [money).
cePbeJHblH Han,ClITbC" (I) (Ha plus acc) Han.eJOCb, n:, iTO He cepLbHO rOBOpHuu..
senus
to hope, count on, rely on I hope you'rc not serious in saying that.
Hk, cepLbuo.
Tb cne.rtaTh. Hfh, CepWHO .st CliM XO<lY UK
XO'ly
Yes, I am.
I myself want to do just that. Yes, I am serious. That's what I want to do.
money good money, lols of money I'll be gaking good money. car, machine to drive a car, go by car , want to drive my own car. I"I! be earning good money [and] driving my own car. success, luck to wish to wish someone luck Well, I wish you luck.
.st ca.\'!
CAenan.,
,nCHbrH, JJ;CHCr (pi only) 60JlbWHe JJ;CHbrH .st GYIlY 3apa6ciTb16aTb 60Jlbwlie lleHbr". MawHHa CJ)lIlTb Ha MaluHHc ..s1 XO'lY e3llHTb Ha CaOeH MlllllHHC. IiYJl.Y Japa6aiT1>1BaTL 60JlbUJKC .o.CHbrH, f:J,!l,HTb Ha CRotK MaUlKIIC, ycncx
;eJTaTb (I) )KeJT3Tb XOMY-HH6y.nb ycnexa
to do very well, to make excellent progress He's doing very well in Russian. , don't care, it's all the same to me, it makes no difference to me You'll be late to the lecture. I don't care. slow The time went very slowly. to busy oneself, to occupy oneself, to study He's studying Russian.
wno nlK MeJJ.,JlCIIllO. JallHMaTbC" (I) (pIllS instr), 3aHHMalOCb, --eWbC", ~IOTC5I
Oil
llpOlUaii, lIIKOJla
B. BHKTOp
A. AHaroJlHH: (TOJlR)
H.- J1ropb
B.
A.
BOT H OKOU'IeHa wKona. KaKOe '1yBCTBO c806onhl! 2 3-ro lUISI Te6li cBo6ona: TbJ OTJ1II'fHHK, OCnH JaXO'leWb - CMO)KeWb cp,by B ByJ nocTym"tTb. 1 A li ltenble ltsa ro.na llomKeH paHbwe pa60T8Tb H8 npoHJBOltCTBe. 2
LESSON 18
422
B.
11.
A.
B.
mIT,
6 Jl.a, :ho He OC06eHHO aecellO. Hy, HHoterO, n.B3 ron.a npoHn.jT 6bJCTpO, a nOTOM
yCTpOHWb COOIO :iKH3I1b. Kfuc 3aXO'leWb.
A.
11.
8 A KaKYro Tbl XOoteWb nOllY'lHlb npo<flecclllO? Bee ewe XOoteWb CTaTb IIHJKeHcpoM?
A.
9 Hlh, si 06 :hOM 60llbwe He Me'lTalO. 4T06bl CT3Tb HH:iKeHCpOM, Hy:iKHO nJiTb lleT
Y'IHTbC}I. 3TO CllHWKOM nOllfO. BPCM$! He npOnaJ.l.eT napOM.
YCTPO~lTbCSI no 3HaKOMCTOY Ha TenJlOe
11. II 11 3aQCM Te6e npoeccIISI? rmlBHoe A. 12 HanetoCb, Tbl :ho He cepbe3HO rOBOpIIWb.
H. 13 HCT, cepbe3Ho.
11
NOTES
I BYl is comparable to an American college or university; the word itself is another example of one fonned from initial letters, in this case, Bwcwee yote6Hoe lueAcHHe higher educational institution.
2 All high school graduates with the exception of OTmI'fH"KH "A" students are
required to do two years of manual work, usually at a factory or kolkhoz, to which they are assigned by the government.
J
Compare the three Russian verbs meaning to sllldy: y'tKTbI y'tKTbCSI, and
laHHMaThcR.
The verb y'llin. usually implies assiduous study and memorization, Le., real effort: st y'fj i11l pycclOle CJlosa Fm studying these Russian words. The verb)"llin.a is broader in its meaning: st )"fjCl. ttrpan. B WliXMUW Fm learning how to play chess; CWH y'OfTCfI 'Orrin. My son is learning to read. The verb J&IDI.\oIan.csil indicates study on a higher level, usually in connection with a specific field or discipline: OM laHH....aeTCfI 4tHJMt..-oii He's studying physics; OM JaHll\olaeTCfI WCTOptfeii KMTa. (or OM cnettMa.micr no McrOpHH KKniiR) He's doing research on the history of China (or He's a specialist in the history of China). Note that while xoJI]in. a WK6Jry may be used in the sense to attend school, one cannot use the verb xo.a.m in reference to a college or university. Compare OH
LESSON
18
423
y'fttTCH (or JaHKMaeTCH) B ByJe He goes 10 college; OK y"tKTCH (or J3I1KMaeTCJI) B yKHBepcKme He attends the university; with Oil xoJJ,tfr B UlKony He goes to school. The notion of TCDJloe MecTli"tKO means not only a sinecure or easy job, but often one in which the person can make a little extra money on the side through bribery or illegal dealings.
4
5 The verb "'emil... is used with the dative for the person (to whom it is wished) and with the genitive for the thing wished. Such expressions as cnoK'6iiHoH 1l0"tH, Bcero xOpOwero, and C"t8CTmiBoro uyni are all in the genitive case and have been shortened from the longer phrase containing the verb ",enaTh: )KenalO aiM (Tdie) cnoKoiinoii 1l0'fH I wish you a restful night.
PREPARATION FOR CONVERSATION
npollU1JlbH3S Be'lepHHK3
party (informal evcning gathering) farewell (adj) farewell party We're going to have a farewell party. gathering, assembly together, present, here I guess everybody's here now. No, Olya hasn't come yel. She phoned. She'll come a little later. fiance, bridegroom-to-be And you know with whom? With her fiance. to get married (said of women only) You mean she's getting married? With her fiance? You mean she's getting married? That's news even to me. happiness, luck Let's drink 3 toast to her happiness! Let's do that!
BC'lCpHHKa npoma.rlhHblH npoW8nbHa.Sl BC'lepHHKa Y Hac 6Y.lJ.eT npoUlanbHa~ Be'lep~lHKa. c66p B c66pe KlbKcTCA, Bee y",e Broope.
He-r,
Ona
ClI.le He npHWJla,
3-ro
future And now, to our future. wine to pour, fill (by pouring) Pour me some more wine, Vanya! physicist to plan, intend, prepare, get ready; to gather, assemble We're planning to be physicists. Nadya and I are planning to be physicislS. How about you, Borya, what do you want to be? scientist. scholar, learned man
HanHTb (pfv I), HaJlblO, HanhCWl., -lOT HllJIeii MHe end'; 8Hua, Baml. epH3HK C06HpaTbC.II (I), c06HpalOCb, -eWbC.ll, -IOTCIf Mbl co6HpaeMc.ll 6bITb epH3HKaMH. Mbi C HS.lJ.eii c06HpaeMcH 6thl. 4I1iJHK3MH,
A Thl,
6op~,
424
LESSON 18
.R xo"y
A
6blTh KOCMOIl3.BTOM.
XOTe.n XOTen
astronaut, cosmonaut I want to be a cosmonaut. would like I'd like to be a cosmonaut. buncr to pass, hand, give, pass on Pass me the buner. sausage Pass me the sausage. Pass me the butler and sausagc. to ny Mars You want to fly to Mars? earth, land around You want 10 fly around the Earth? You want to fly around the Earth, or straight to Mars? it's not worthwhile, why bother, it's DO use No use going to Mars; therc's no life there either. joke That joke's already an old one. napkin Vitya. hand me the napkins. to be lying in front of, before They're lying in front of you. to wake up Vitya, wake up! to become lost in thought, fall into reverie, daydream Vitya, wake up! What were you daydreaming about? 10 decide, make a decision Why, I can't decidc where I ought to go. by no means, in no way (lit. nohow) J can't for the life of me decide where I ought to go. to interest Everyt.hing interests me.
LESSON
M3.CJI0
nepe,miTb (pfv like llATh) (past nepeaa.Jl, -<l, -M; (f] -a) nepea,Hi .MHe MacJtO. KOJl6aca, -hi; KOJl6ftCbI, KOJI6ac nepe.naii MUe KOJl6acy. ncpe.naii Mile 1\o13cnO " K0JI6aey. nOJlCTen. (pfv II), nOJle"y, nonenhllb, ~gT Mapc X6'lewb flOJICTeTb 113 Mape? JCMnJJ, -Vi; 3CMJll1, 3CMeJ1b (ace sg 3CMJlJO) BOKpyr (plus gcn) X6"CWb nOJlCTeTb BOKpyr 3eMJlVi?
XO"lClUb
lIa
nOJleTeTb BOKpyr
3eMJUt
"JIM IIpliMO
Mape?
HC CT6HT
BHT5I, nepe.naii
MHe C81l~".
pelUllTb (pfv II), peluy, pelUHlUb, -AT )l3 lie MOry pelIIlITb, KY.nA tt.fHe 11J1n1. HIlK3.K (He) .aa HHtnb. He MorY peunITt., KYll.a M..e HJITJi.
18
425
~tIlCntTYT
mrrcf>ax
H3 mlT<paK 'lT6-m1 Ky.na I-fHe nOCTymiTb? 8 IICJ.tMHC"I'llTYr 'ITO JIM, Ha JlHTcilliK? MblCJlb (I) XOpOUJali MWcnb.
institute teachers college Enroll in a teachers college. department of Iitcrature to study literature maybe, perhaps, possibly Where should I enroll? Perhaps in a teachers college, to study literature? idea, thought That's a gopd idea. I'm thinking of going there, too. teacher, instructor In my opinion, being a teacher is very interesting.
KtfTepmw.
SUPPLEMENT
XHMHK A XO'fy CTaTb XHMHKOM. HCT6pHK A XO'fy C'T3Tb HCTOpHKOM. TexHHK 6H cr3.HCT TCXHHKOM. HaYxa MeHI1 IlHTepecy.oT TO'lHble HaYKH, BM Te6e HayKa! Hay'fHblii 6H nHUleT llaY'lIl)'lO pa6oT)'. npenO.!laB8Tb (I) (like llaohb) 6H npenollaeT PYCCKMH S!3.bIK. OK6H'IIlTb (pfv u) 611 OKOH'IIlJl By3.!tBa r6lla TOMy Ha3M. npocblOhbCR (I) A 06';1'1110 npocblOalOcb B WCcTb. np6WJlbli'i 01111 npMexaJtH 113 npownOH Hellene. np6wnoe, -oro 3a6Y.!tb 0 np6wnoM! nHTepaTypllbli'i 8w 'lHTaeTe 11MTepaTyPHylO n13thy?
chemist I want to become a chemist. historian I want to become a historian. technician He'll be a technician. science, knowledge. study. lesson The exact sciences interest me. Let thai be a lesson to you! scientific, scholarly He's writing a scientific (or scholarly) work. to teach, instruct He teaches Russian. to finish, graduate from He graduated from college two years ago. to wake up I usually wake up at six. past, last They arrived last week. lhe past Forget about the past! literary Do you read the Literary Gazette?
Bepa
HBaH (BaHM)
BliKTop (BHTfl)
He
SOpHC (SoPS!)
HaM
Bepa
426
Ka)l{eTCH, BCe
)')iCe
npllwm'i.
C
2 OHa
I..fSSON
3BOHJtna.
KeM? Co
CBOHM
)KeHHXOM. 2
18
4 31'0
H AJUI
ee C<taCTbC.
6 BOT Mbl C HaJJ.cH c06HpaeMCS! 6bITb cPH3HKaMH.4 A Tbl, Sopsr, KeM x.o'lewb
7 Her, oR xOTen 6bl 6bITb KocMoHasToM. nepeJIaH Mfle MaCnO
CnacH60. Kon6acy.
SOPS!
Ha.w.
BaliS!
8 KOCMOHasTOM? BOKpyr 3eMmi XOqClUb noncTCn fum npoRMo na Mapc? 9 Ha Mapc He CTOHT, TaM TO)l(C )KH3HH He,. ...
HaAS! 10 3TO y)l(e CTapaS! wYn~a.6 BHT.sl, nepeA3.H MHe CaJ1cPeTKH, omi ncpe.a T060 nC)l(3T. BHTH!!! npoCHHCb! Tbl 0 IteM 3aJIYM3JlC.sl? BHTH 1I ):la IUfKciK He MOry pelUHTb, Ky.na MHe Jt.nTH: MCH.R BcC HHTCpecyCT. B neJJ.HHCTJ'Iljr "ITO RH, Ha RHT!pb?7 Bepa 12 XOpOWa5I MbICJlb! o'lellb J.1HTCpeeUO. 8 NOTES
I Russians use the word ae.. .e p to mean both evening and parly. In the latter sense. abrep refers to a formal or institutional evening gathering. For a private party, however, Be<repKtu.. . is more commonly used. The preposition sa (plus . prepositional or accusative) is used with both Bi<lep and BeotepKaKa in this sense:
Hiw
Ha Be<tepHHKY.
The word ...etnix fiance, bridegroom-lo-be and neaecra fiancee, bride-lo-be have come back into official usage, following the return of the tradition of engagements in the U.S.S.R. In an effort to discourage church weddings, the Soviet government has been trying to make civil wedding ceremonies more attractive and has even established special ,lI,BOpubt C<taCTbR palaces of happiness, one in Moscow and one in Leningrad. The whole ceremony-champagne included-takes about five minutes. There is always a waiting line of young couples. many or whom have traveled great distances in order to be married there.
l The Russian language is rich in variants of names which reflect the attitude or relationship of the speaker to the pe~n named. Thus BIO."TOp may be called BKnI informally, BKn.K8 to show superiority or contempt, or BKTetlbK8 to show af rectionale regard. Similarly, HBU is called BUR, BUbK'a, or Balle-tKa; HH..Wlaa becomes KoJUl, K6.rJbK8. and K6.rJe"tKa (or KOneHbKa). Om.ra is informally called OJiH and affectionately OJte'tKa; Bepa is affectionately Bepo'lKa, but pejoratively BepKa; 60ptk is infonnally GOpR, pejoratively oopbKa, and affectionately 6Ope<fKa.
LESSON 18
427
Comrade Orlov (f) is a professor of mathematics. She's a chemist. She's a great specialist.
to
w~rk
Note that Russian uses the pronoun KYO while English uses what in referring or professions:
What is he, a chcmist? What do you want to be? What arc you going to be, an engineer?
(; "Ha Mapa: ro)Ke )KH3HH Hth" is the punch line from a recent space-age anti-Soviet joke. A cosmonaut, on returning from Mars, is asked if there is any life there and replies, "No, there's no life on Mars either."
7 ne)].HIICTHTYT (short for nClJ,arOrH'IecKHH H1ICTlfTjT) serves the same function as an American teachers college. Students in the ne~HIICTHTYT specialize in one field only. For example, Vera hopes to major in literature, i.e., enroll in the department of literature nOCT)'IDfTb lIa JIHTclJaK (full form JIHTcpaTYpUIJIH c1JaKYJIbTtIT).
8 The term npeuoJ.1aBa:rem. is applied to instructors at the secondary or university level. The rank of IIPCIIO~aB:iTem. is used at the university level for an instructor without an advanced degree who teaches basic or introductory courses. The term y'lHTeJIb, on the other hand, is limited to the elcmentary and secondaryschool levels, or refers to a teacher who gives private lessons, for example, in music or dancing.
______ a chemist.
______ a physicist. _______ a historian ______ the director of a teacher's college. _-,a history teacher. He was the dircctor's assistant. _ _ _ the professor's assistant. _ _ _ the doctor's assistant. Are you interested in life on the kolkhoz? ____________ history? _________ chemistry? ______________ geography? ______________ physics? _________ Iiterature? _________ this work? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a job in the meatpacking plant?
4. 51
I plan to become a doctor. engineer. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a technician. _______ a cosmonaut. _ _ _ _ _ _ a teacher. _______ a scientist.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ an
- Oil
_______ aAMHHlIcTpaTopoM.
_ _ _ _ _ _ ceKpeTapeM.
What kind of work does be do? He works as a custodian. _ _ _ _ _ portcr. ______ chauffeur. ______ administrator. _ _ _ _ _ secretary.
I find this interesting. _ _ _ difficult. _ _ _ easy_ _ _ _ _ possible. _ _ _ _ impossible.
6. 51
Haxo:lKy:ho HHTepemlolM.
_ _ _ _ _ TpY.llH blM .
_ _ _ _ _ _ nerKHM. _ _ _ _ _ _ B03MO)l(UbIM.
_ _ _ _ _ _ IICB03MO>KHblM.
7.
Oil
_ _ _ _ crpaHHblM.
_ _ _ _ _ cnOKOihlblM.
He seemed old. _ _ _ _ young. _ _ _ _ Dice. _ _ _ _ strange. _ _ _ _ quiet. That man seems ______ _____ _____ _____ ______ stupid to mc. intelligent_. heartless _ likable _ unhappy __ familiar _
8.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6eJn.YUlK.blM.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CHMnaTlf'lH.blM.
____________ Hec'fa.CTHMM.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3HaICOMhlM.
9.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,ed_
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ blue. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ black. Thcy were young doctors. _ _ _ _ good specialists. _ _ _ _ old acquaintances. _ _ _ _ excellent singers. _ _ _ old people. He was acquainted _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ with with with with with with wilh Tolstoy. Tscbaikovsky. Mayakovsky. Dostoevsky. Gorky. the Toistoys. the Dostoevskys.
LESSON 18 429
_____ 10.
'l~PIIOli.
Duu
_ _ _ _ _ XOpOWHMH
cnelUl3miCTaMH. neBll3.MlI.
08
rOpbKHM.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ c TOJlCTbtMlI.
_ _ _ _ _ _ C J],OCToCBCKHMH.
What color is your car'? Black and white. _ _ _ green. _ _ _ blue. _ _ _ _ yellow. What color is your costume? White and (or with) red. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ blue. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ dark blue. Drop in to see me _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ before before before before before before before before dinner. the exam. the lesson. the lecture. the concert. work. the meeting. the beginning of vacation.
KOC~M '?
- 6e.nhlH C KpaCHhlM. _ _ _ _ C rOJIy6~IM. ____ c cnHHM. 14. 3aHnJ.lTe KO MHe nepeJl 06enOM. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ncpen 3K3<1MCHOM. _______ uepen ypOKOM. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ nepeJl JICKl..I,Heil:. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ nepeJl KOIIl.\epToM. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ nepen pa6oToH. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ nepeJl c06paHHeM. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ nepeJl lIa'lanOM Kami.xyJI.
_ _ ropcoacToM
___ rocniHHucil
_
_
Thcre are lots of people in fronl of the store. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the building. the doors. _ _ the house. _ the box office. _ the city hall. _ the hotel. How did you arrange it?
______ earn it?
16. KaK
_ ~_ _
_ _ _ _ _ nOTepsin ?
_ _ _ _ _ decide (or solve) it? _ _ _ _ find it? _ _ _ _ _ Iose it? You'll never learn anything that way. _ _ _ _ _ _ meet her _
_ _ _ _ gct a job _ _ _ _ _ wake up
17. TaK
nOJlIaKOMHWbCJl.
waking up. getting ready. doing (or studying) that. studying. going back. sitting down. meeting her.
Ji neMlioro
611
QHJ.l
6H
430
LESSON I 8
['II take a little nap. . He'll take They'll take . She look a little nap. He took'.
When do you usually wake up? _ _ do you wake up? I usually wake up at seven. W e - wake up _ They _ wake up _
21. 611 CKOPO npocHeTOI .. 011" _ _ npocnjTcJI. .sf TOnbKO 'ITO npocHyncSI,
aHa ami npoCHynacb, npocHyJ1lICb.
He'll wake up soon, They'll wake up I just woke up. She woxe up. Thcy _ _ woke up.
Do a little bit of work! Take a little nap! Dance a bit! Live there for a while! Slay with me! Sit awhile! or Slay awhile! SlaY in bed awhile! or Lie down for awhile! Go for a little stroll! Walk a bit! Are you studying (or learning) Russian? Are you studying (or learning) ? I'm studying (or learning) English. He's studying (or learning) _ They're studying (or leamingl-.
J found out a lot or I learned a lot. You'llleam a lot. We talked about a lot of things. I'm used to a lot of things_ She's afraid of a lot of things. There's a lot she doesn't agree with.
.sf
24,
MHoroe y:man. Ty MHoroMy Ray.rnwbC5l. My 0 MlloroM rOBopli:mt. .sf 1(0 MlloroMY npHBbnc_ ORa Mllororo 601fTot. Ona co Mllon!..\f lie COrn8.CHa. _ _ _ _ _ _ oaWHM 31l3KOMblM. _ _ _ _ _ _ DaWeit JllaKoMoH.
_ _ _ _ _ _ l:IalllHM pa60'lHM.
.sf
+ c: =
(ssoQij] C COlleH with Sonya [~v:)m] C CtBOM with the sowing [ssaI3m] C canoM with fat
LESSON 18
431
B.c+J=longJ
to break to pieces
~~it]
CWHTb
to sew
C wapoM with a ball ["utk:ljj C WYncOH with a joke
[~Mr:lml
C llJltnOM with an awl lfXl~~iblitl nOCWlt6aTb 10 knock down [~sapbj] C wanKoH with a cap
~i1;)m]
[~irin6j} C
(s~r~uu]
C WCpcTblO
with wool
D. c +
'* =
long '* [p:lffimaU nQC)KHMaTb to squeeze together [fiapbj] C ",a6KoH with a small toad
[W~tiu]
C )l(WrblO
[Hit] C)l(HTb worry to death [illrnm] C )l(apoM animatedly [fiutbj] C )l(y,'Koii with horrible [zzir:lm] C )I(HPOM with fal E. c+
'1=
UJ'I(uU
[rn~is:iU
c'Iacn.e happiness [SCitAU C'IItTItTb to count [nasc6t) ltaC'IeT concerning [i~ci~lal1 Ilc'IllcmiTb to calculate
~~Ui]
paC'IeclTb to comb apart ~sbj] C '13WKOH with a cup [~uZim] C'I)')KltM with a foreign [~ciSlim] C '1IICTblM with clean
[~imadan;}ml C
'1eMoJIiHOM
with a suitcase [scilavebm] C '1enOBtKOM with a man (Qi~mJ OM C'lCM with nothing
J.
= long J
[izza yi~ti]
"3 33BHCTH from envy [izzo 00I 1t3 366a from the craw
[iz.z.a(1Y.l) 1t3 :sapeBa from the glow [izz6ni) "3 36ubl from the zone
to yawn
B.3+c=longc [issad:l] H3 ci.a.a from the orchard [i~~rpiQ.i] 113 cCMeH" from the seed
432 LESSON 18
{issuIY-J] 113 cyna from soup [issarat:lva] 113 CapaTOSa from Saratov
[issipucij] 113 cblny'leH from the quicksand [j~~611 113 ce.n from villages
C.3+*=long*
[iH:iI~~\il (iH6g~]
113 :>KanOCTI1
[ifiari\l to fry
[iHilutk~J
113:lKapHTb
[iUirla 1 "], )Kepmi from the muzzle [raHival] pa3:lKeBaTb to chew apart
D.
+w
= long
113
IU
[i~rnil (i~~inniJ
wepcT"
[iS~af'J )
from wool
"3 WHPMbl
from a screen
E. ],
[i~~olk~J
"3 UJcmca
"t
IlJ"I
(IQ)
(i~\il
(~u!6~]
'f)'JIC6ro
[iSCimad..;in:;)] H3 'leMo.uaHa from the suitcase [i~"iJ H3 'Jawlrn from a cup [iSCivo] H3 'Jero from what
Use of the instrumental in tbe predicate witb verbs of being and becoming
MODELS
-===
_ _ _ nelH.tOM.
_ npo(IJCcCOpOM J.lCTOpUH. _ _ _ MOHM coce.uOM.
y'llheJleM.
He was plant direclOr. _ _ _ a doctor. _ _ _ an instructor. _ _ _ 3 singer. ___ a teacher. ___ a history professor. ___ my neighbor.
She was a physicist _ _ _ a chemist. _ _ _ my neighbor. _ _ _ a music teacher. _ _ _ a cleaning woman. _ _ _ a saleslady. _ _ _ a specialist in lhis field.
_ _ _ KOCMOIl3:8TOM.
OHa
_~
cnllleT IlHJKeHCpOM.
neaRueH.
_ _ _ _ .aOKTOpoM. _ _ _ _ _ )"'uheJlbHHueH.
REPETITION DRILL
Repeat the given models, noting that the instromental case is used in tbe predicate after verbs such as 6bcn. and criTh to describe what one was in the past or expects to be in the future.
She was a highschoolreacher. Om'l y'ut-reJIbHHua. Omi 6b1J18 y'tiiTCJlbHHu.eH. 6u nOM6111lIHK J],ltpeKTopa. 0" 6w ItOMOEUHJtKOM llHpe....,.opa. (ou XJIMHK, OHa spa'!, Oil y'UfTeJlb, 011
J],HpeKTOp 3aBona, olla neSHWl, OHa MOR coce,llKa, OHM neaUbl, OH OTJlH'!HHX, OHa CTy.ac1ITKa)
A 6YM
XHMHKOM.
.st .Qonop.
A 6ylIY .lJ.OKTOpoM.
(neseu" HCTOpltK, ,nltperrpp $a6pHKH,
opo4leccop XHMHH, npenO.QaBaTeJlb M)'3b1kH, )"IHTeJlb, CTY.QeHT 8)'38)
RESPONSE DRILLS
I. My friend is a physicist.
Hisfather also was a physicist. MOM l~pyr <PI-f3ItK. En) OTen To*e 6wJ] "hHKOM. Molt ,apyr ynheJlb. En) OTCU. TO:e 6wJI y"IfTCJleM.
(HCTOpHK, l'CXHHK, nposO.ll.HHK, wexpep, HOCKJIbLUHX, KOJIXOJIIHk)
.st
fie npo<Peccop.
npo<peccHJI
A xO'f'j crin.
A XO'ly
.s1
(np<XPeccIUl IIIDKenepa, npoqlcccHSI ,aOKTOpa, npo<PeccH.lI XJfMIfKa, npo<flecclUl 3lfKa, npocpeccHli IfCTOpHKa)
qHf-
434
LESSON 18
CUEO
QUESTlON~ANSWER
DRILL
Whal do they plan to become? Cosmonauts. (KocMouaBTbl) KCM OHii co6HpafOTcSI 6blTb? (cosmonauts)
KOCMOIl3BTaMlI.
(HH)Kenep)
MmKcHePoM.
(npeno.n;aBaTeJUl, y'HtTeJlbHlfUa, HH)KeHepbI, npo.n;aal.l.J;liua, neaeu, y'lHTeJlh, Bpa'lI1, neBHua)
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
I. Is she a physician? Yes, alld her SO/lS will also be physicians. OHa spaq? ){i, H ee CLlHOBbH n>*e 6yAYT Bpa'faMH.
QHa xill.Ut.K?
Oil
C'TliJi TexIIHKoM.
Baw CbIH
HHTCpecoBaJ1~
neHHcM?
){a,
ee
CblHOBLli
)1;8.,
H OH cyaJl ueBlIoM.
3. Is her daughter a college studefll ? Yes, she recently became one. Ee .a.6lJb - CTy.ucnTKa sy3a? ){a, olla lIe.llUHO craJlil cry.a;CIlTKOii:. Ee .u6% - HIOKeHcp? ,l{a, olla lIe;:utBuo cniJlil HH>KetlcpoM. (y6opmHua, spa'l, 3aO'lUHua, npo.a.aBUlHua, npoq,eccop XHMHlI, yql1TeJlbHlIua)
DISCUSSION
Whereas the nominative case is used in simple, definition statements in the presenl tense, the instrumental case is generally required in past or future definitions.
Compare with
In such instances, the instrumental usually describes a situation which is impermanent-one that was or is to become. Note that one uses tbe nominative, however, if he views the situation described as pcnnanent. 6H 6bill aMepHK3Heu. He was an American.
LESSON 18
435
PLURAL
Feminine
-oii,-ri:
-1oIMHo
-HMH
MODElS
KaK rn M6:lKCWb
6bm.
TaKHM
cnoK6HHl.lM?
____________ MlirKHM?
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CKy'fHbIM?
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ soft? _ _ _ _ _ _ dull?
_ _ _ _ _ _ cold? ________ heartless? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ silly? The lake seemed caJm. _ _ _ _ _ _ Iarge. _ _ _ _ _ _ dark blue. _ _ _ _ _ _ green.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ XOJlOJ1.HbIM?
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~ _ 6e3.uYrnHbIM?
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ r.rrJnbIM?
OJePO
ka3anOCb
cnOl,OHHWM.
_ _ _ _ _ _ 6oJIbwH,\I.
_ _ _ _ _ _ CRUMM:. _ _ _ _ _ _ JeJleHbI.'l'l.
_______ Hec'Jacrnoii.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ CHMllanf'fHoii.
KaK6ro u,aen saw KOCTK>M?
-4epHhlH c 6C;lbIM.
_ _ _ _ _ C KpaClfblM.
_ _ _ _ c rony6biM.
_ _ _ _ C )f(eJ1ThlM.
_ _ _ _ _ C C"Hk\l.
DenblH C 'JepHWMH TO'lKaMH. _
_ _ _ C KpaCHbIMII
_ _ _ C rOJly6biMK
_ _ _ C CHHIIMJI
_ _ _ _ C JeJleHWMN
_
_
_
White with black polka dots. _ _ _ red . _ light blue _ _. _ _ _ blue _ _ _ _ green _
REPETITION DRILL
Repeat the given models, noting that the instrumental form of the adjective is orten used to focus on a temporary condition.
436 LESSON 18
JIee 6oJlbw6ii.
YJlHI..tll cnOk6HHlUI.
CeJJo 6onbw6e.
tlop6ra KOpOTKlUI. 3eMJlJ1 'lepHlUI. Xne6 BKyCHb[H.
3. The meeting was an interesting one. The meeting seemed interesting to me.
Co6paHHC 6bmO IIHTepeeHoe. JIea::l.l.HJ1 6b1mi .n.mi:HHaR. 30aMeHbl 6blnH Tpy,D.Hble. Yp6" 6bm kOp6TKItH. PeJyJlbT3.Tbl 6bmH HHTepCalble.
C06pamre MIlC
l'a3aJlOCb- HHT~.
QUESTIONANSWER ()RILL
EXPANSION DRILL
Are you acquainted with her girl friend? Are you acquainted with her nice girl friend?
Tbi JHakOM C ee
nonpy~oH?
Tw JHaKOM C ee CH.\t:llanf'lHOH 1I0JlPjroii? Tw 3HakOM C 3THM napHcM? Tw JUaKOM C 7ntM CHMllanf'lfILlM uapHeM?
(:HIIMI-l CTyneuTaMI-l, HaWI-lM I-ltl:lKellcpoM, 3TOH )"IHTeJlbHI-lUeH, YIltMIl pe6S1T3MI-l, :JTOH nponaSUlHlteH, *ClII-lXOM, noH *eHllJ.UHoii)
ee
RESPONSE DRILLS
1. The chairs are old. . They have to be replaced with new Olles. CryJlbR CTapble.
fix HllLlo JaMCIIHTl. HOBl.IMH.
2. But these things are secondhand. They seem too expensive to me. Ben!> :hll sewl-l nO.ltCp)((aHHble.
OHM MHe
K8:yTC1l
CJlMlUKOM
JJ.oponiMH.
JIHlPT CTapblH.
Benb 3TOT KocnOM nOIleP*3HHbl.H. OH MIle KallreTCA CJllfuJKOM AoponiM. (31"3. &eWb, nOT CTOJl, 3T3. py6awn, :lTlI RJlaThR, 3Ta wanKa, 3TH Cl)'JlbR)
Er6 Jt8JJ.o
JaMeKJin. 1I0Bl.IM.
3. He answered me ill a direct way. I'm pleased with his direct answer.
OH
Mite
npekp8.ClIO OTBt:-TIUJ.
st
LESSON 18
437
The)' ",ere young men then. He was a young mall the". OHH Torna 6wTH MOll0AblMII mOJJ.bMH.
08 TQI'lli 6Wi MOOOll.bL", 'feJlOBeKOM.
Hx Hx Ax Hx Hx HX
6a6yurKH 6bi:ll.1t O'leHb CTapb.lMH. 6p3TMI 6LullJ cnOKOHHblMH mOllbMH. JlO'lepH 6bUIH eme ManeHbKHMU. CblllOBbR 6bum erne ManetlbKHMH. llellyur~H 6Lum c~nant'lHWMH JII011bMH. MaTepH 6wIII npocn;,Mfl JKCHlUHnaMJI.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Feminine
-0.
Monolloii H6aoii CTl'l.poii pyccKoii llpyroii 6oJIbwoii
-eft
.....
-HMO
MO/lO.ahIM 116BblM
cTiI.pbIM
D1STRlBtJTION OF ENDINGS
I. In Lbe masculine-neuler inslrumental singular, lhe ending is spelled -w."" for hard Slems and -11M for son and mixed stems. Compare MO/lO.nbiM, CTap...."' wilh CHHIlM, .apynl.\I, pyCCICI6f, xOpOWIIM, 6onbwliM:. 2. In the feminine instrumenlal singular, the ending is spelled --oM for hard stems and -eli for son Slems. Compare MOll0116i, 116BoH with CHHeN, Be'lepHei. Mixed slems take lhe ending --oM, excepl wbere lhe ending is unstressed and preceded by w, 'I, or ut, in whicb case it is spelled -ei. Compare pycclCoii, llPynHi, 6011bwoii wilb xOpOWeM, cBc:lKeii. 1
*,
3. In the instrumental plural, I.he ending is spelled -WMH for hard stems and -IIMH for son and mixed stems. Compare MOJlO.nbl:MH, H6BblMH with CHIIKMH, 60JlbWMMH, XOpOWHMH, pyCCKHMH, ltPyrHMH.
. -,
CrOJlOBaR
Whcre's the dining room (or dining ha/I)? _ _ _ the bathroom? ________ the toilet? _ _ _ the commission store? The dining hall is already open. Again, it's shchi and kasba at the dining hall. let's go to the dining hall.
-lItO
, In addition 10 tbe regular feminine endings --oi and -So there are also longer endings older literary works and in poetry.
and
-aG.
found mostly in
438
LESSON 18
.s1 BH.nen 3TH BernH B KOMIICCItOIllIOM. .s1 Jl.ocnW 3TH Deutlt 'lepe) 311aKO,\tblx. 611 M6ii xOpOwHii 3UaKOML.Iii.
OHa Moli xOpOWaJI 3HllKOMaR. BbmbeM J3 HaWe 6j.QyUtee.
3a6YJIb
Obi:
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ DJIOX6e.
I saw these things in the commission .~tore . I got these things through friends. He's a close acquainlance of mine. She's a close acquaintance of mine. Let's drink to our future. Forget the past; think only of thefuture! What do you want to be, a scientist? The main thing is he has a good job. Some (people) like tea with milk. You see only the good in people. _ _ _ _ _ bad _
What tben do you want to talk about? About a lot of things. About the past. About the future. About something else. That can happen to anyone. Not everyone can do that.
.s1
_______
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4aiiK08CKGrO.
_______ CrpaulICkOro.
_______ rOphKoro.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ M3JlK08Ck"(ll'O.
I'm extremely fond of Tolstoy. _________ Dostoevsky. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Tschaikol'sky. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Stravinsky. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Gorky. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Mayakovsky. My grandmother knew Mrs. Tolstoy. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ DOSloe..sky. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Stra..insky. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the TO/SIOYS. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Dostoevskys. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Stra..inskys.
_ _ _ _ _ _ !locroeBCKy>O.
________
.n~BCKHX.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CTpaBKrICk"MX.
1. (our friends)
(n<'twlt :maKoMhle) Mbl 06e.ua.r1ll y HaWIiX 3uaKoMblx. (3nl PyccKlle) Mhi 06CWLTIH Y 3THX pyCCKHX. (Haw 3H3KOMhlii, 3TOT y'lellblH, nOT pa60'l.llH. 3TH pYCCKlle, llama 3113XOMaJI)
2. (di"ing haJJ)
(cTOJl6saJI)
611 Bblwen
Oil
113 CTOJlOSOH.
(BllllllaJl)
BbnueJl K3 Banlloii.
He crowr roBOpKn.
6YAYUte.\f.
(.npyroe, MHoroe, ee 311aKoMblH, 3TH pa60'llle, ero 3I1aKoM ...e. 3TOT )"Iell"'H)
4. (Mayako ..sky)
(MaMKOBCKIIH) Obi 311aae 'hy seutl. MaJIICOBcKoro? Ow :uuieTt: iTy BIDth j),OCToeIlCKOI"O? (AocroeBCKHH) (YaRKoBcKHH, rOpI.KIIH, TOJlCTOH, CTpaBHIICK"H)
LFSSON 18
439
J. They became scientists. He became a scientist. OHii CT8JtH )"feHblMII. OK cr8.JI reeHLlM.
EipaTbll cTIi.nH paOOL[HMH.
3m aMepHXaHKH
3HUOMblMH.
cri..nH HawHMH
2. She met Mrs. Tolstoy. She met the Tolstoys. Olla n03113KOMHJI3Cb C TOJTCT6H. Olla OOJHaKOMHJl8o. c TOJlcn:..'\otH. OHa n03HaxoMH.JIaCb co CTP3SHHCKHM. OHa lJOJUaKOMH.l1aCb co CTpuIIHCKHMH. (MauoscKHM, llOCToescKoH, lIaiiKOSCKKM, CrpaBHHCKOii, TOJTCTblM)
~ cryneHTbl cTIi.nH
HaWHM.H JUaxOMhlMH.
Ee
DISCUSSION
Many Russian adjectives function as nouns. This includes such names as TOJICToii.llocroeacm. 'LfaiilcoacKHii, MamcoscKHii, CTpasHHcKHii. All such names have 3 feminine fonn ending in -all and a plural fonn ending in -ble (oc -He): TOJlerall Miss or Mrs. Tolstoy, TO!lecbie the Tolstoys; )J.ocmeBcKall Miss or Mrs. Dostoevsky, ):(ocmeBCKHe the Dostoevskys. Those referring to pecsons may, but do not always, have feminine counterparts: pyccKHii Russian (man), pyCCKU RllSsinn (woman), 6onl>Hoiii sick man, patient, 60JtbHlilI sick woman, patient (0 The word pa60'IHii working man, laborer is used only in the masculine fonn and refers only to a man. Compare it with }"'CHblii, which in its masculine fonn may also refer to a woman: OHa OOn.LmOi y..eublii. Besides the adjectives which function as nouns, there are a number of pronouns, adjectival in fonn, which also function as nouns, for example, Ka;JD.lii everyone, BCliKHii anyone, He.coTopwe some (people), MHoroe much, MHOf'He many (people). The gender of such words is usually detennined by the noun omitted or understood, for example, CTOJIOIl8.t1 (cro.rt6eu KOMuan), KOMHCQIcHuu.li (ICOMHCMoHllLlii MaraJHH), OpOUlIloe (up6rn.;Joe
BpU.UI). Kiii~ii (ICUmwii 'feJIOeeK).
Some words referring to abstract concepts, however, are neuter and are not associated with any specific noun, for example, 1I0B0e that which is new, rJlaalloe the main thing, Hlrrepecuoe that which is interesting. Compare the neuter singular ~fIIoroe many things, a lot of things with the plural MIlne many people.
I'm interested in music. He's interested in _ _ We're interested in __ You're interested in __ They're interested in_. You're interested in_. He was interested in chemistry. She was interested in _ They were interested in _
Oil HHTepecoBinCll
xHMHeH.
18
Thl BbI
Mbi:
YlfUMC1l
, ,
OHM YlfaTCSI
Are you studying (or learning) English? ? Are you studying (or learning) I'm studying (or learning) Russian. She's studying (or learning) _ _' We're studying (or leaning) _ _' They're studying (or learning) _ ' He learned to drive a car. She learned _ _ They learned
OHM
Ha}"lHmtCb
MbI:
co6upAeMCI _ _ ,
CryAeHTh.I
C06UpID<>TCSI.
Are you getting ready (or planning) to go away? Are you getting ready (or planning) ? I'm getting ready (or planning) to go away. He's getting ready (or planning) _ _ We're gelling ready (or planning) The students are getting ready (or planning)_
He woke up early today. She woke up _ We woke up _ When will you wake up tomorrow? _ _ will you wake up ? Tomorrow 1"11 wake up early. _ _ _ _ she'll wake up _ _ we'll wake up _ _ _ _ _ they'll wake up _ _, I usually You _ He _ _ We __ You _ They _ wake up at wake up wakes up wake up, wake up wake up,
~ven.
npocflymfcb
KOrlIa ubi:
___ ThI:
_ _ MbI:
DpOCHeMCll:
_ _ OKK npocHjTcSI
DpoCblnaeWbCR
npocblO3.eTCJI
_
_
_ _ _ _ _
M" __
BbI
nPOCblnaeMCSI
DpocblnaeTeCb
_
_
OUR _ _
npocblmiJOTCSI
Thl BM
Are you studying the Russian language? Are you studying ? I'm sludying the Russian language. Hes studying _ We're studying , They're studying ,
R HHTepecjJocb reorpafjmcH.
A tlirrepecoB1i.'IC1I reorpa4naeii.
2. Fm planning to enter college. J was planning to enter col/ege. .>1 co6llpaK>Ch nocryIIlITb 8 sjJ. A co6HpaJJCII DOCT}'IlIin. BBp. .>1 co6HpaiOCb nacrynKTh B BjJ. A co6M))wa. IlOCT}'llIfn. B BYJ. (01111, Mbl, r3..JUI, BIlT", BbI, Oll,
OH3,
ru)
441
LESSON 18
4. I was learning how to play chess. I learned how to play chess. $i Y'lWJCJl HrpaTh B ruaxMaTbI. A HaywClf Hrpan. B lUaXMaTW. $i Y'lKnaCb Hrphb B WaJtMaTbl. A H3Y'uirl3cl> ttrpAn. a waXMan.r.
(CblH, 1l0'lepH, HaTawa, Mbl, Bbl, OH, TY, oHn)
6. He gOt himself a nice soft job. He'// get himself a nice soft job.
Jt
nPOCblnalOCb B ceMb.
6n
OK
A UpocuyCb B ce.\Il'.
Om\ npocblnaeTCJl B ceMb. OHa npocne-rCR B cerou,. (MbI, Tbf, BbI, OHI'I, fl, ofla)
R3 Te.moe
Mette'fKO.
BbI:
Dbi yC'T'p6HTecL Ha Ttrutoe MecTe'fKO. (MbI, Thl, ona. JI, OHII, OH. BM)
QUESTION-ANSWER DRILLS
.l{a, MY Y'fHMC9
~a, OK.
BYle.
OHa CTYJleHTKa?
y..H"Tt1l B Byle.
(OHII CTy.neHTbl? Olla CTY.neHTJ::a" Dbl CTY,lleIlTbl? all CTy,llelIT? Tbl CTylleHT? 01111 CTy.nellThf?)
HeT
(8h.1,
.. o
eM Rbi :UlL(YM3JlHCh?
ORM. npocuYrCfl paRO. (TY, Mbl, ORa, Bbl, 51, on, Mbl, TY)
442
LESSON
18
l1u-repecyiiCjE oonbwe
JaHltTHJlMH!
npocluiTea. !
RESPONSE DRIl.L
You're not awake yet? Wake up} Tw eute He npocHync.ll? npoanlCh! Till eu.te He HaY'lHnC.ll? Hayouia.!
DISCUSSION
Tbl ewe He co611paeWbC.lI ':' Tbl c HltM He n03HaKOMHnC.ll? Tb! ue Y'lllWbC.lI? Tb! He JaHHMaewbCJI?
The verb HHTepecoUThCll is accompanied by the instrumental case witbout a preposition to indicate tbe thing one becomes interested in: On KHTepecjerctl PYCCJ(oH JIHTepaTjpoii He's interested in RU.fSian literature. The verb :lU1IM'ThCll is accompanied by the instrumental without a preposition to indicate the thing with which one is occupied or the thing one is studying: Oa ]JlHJ(MaeTCII PYCCKNM IDhIKtlM He's studying Russian; A 3RHHMiJoa. 'fTtHaeM miceM fm busy reading letters. Y'Ilin.cII and Raf'lJin.ca are accompanied by the infinitive or the dative witho.ut a preposition to indicate the thing studied or learned: ()y jotHTCSI PyCCKOM)' II3I>IKY He's studying Russian; ORa aarniJtaCb rOBOpKn. DO-lIJ(f"JIIiiiat1I She learned to speak English. The verb ycrpOHTbCSl is followed byaa plus the accusative in tbe sense of getting established in a position or job: Ou yCl'p6tuJC1I ua xop6wyro pa66Ty He got himself a good job. In describing the place where one works or settles, however, 8 or na plus the prepositional is used. He settled in Moscow or He got himself a job in Moscow. I'll get a job at a factory. She's comfortably settled in her new apartment.
.sf
Hosoii
OH
He worked the whole day. He did half an hour's work. We danced a lot. We danced for awhile. She slept for a long time. She got about an hour's sleep.
LESSON I 8 443
Obi .uOnfO CHJ.te.n:H B napICe? - HC'r, Mbi nOCHJ.te.n:H okono 'iAca, a nOTOM yexanH.
Tbi: .nonfO CTOMa B 6'lepeJlH? - )l,a, MHe npHlllJlOCb nOCTOlITb MHIIYr lIBlU1ltaTb. Obi: 1I0nro HCJC3.J:rn rnanky? - He-.., MY nOHCK3.JUf MHHYT .uecJln. H uawmi.
Did you sit in the park long? No, we sat about an bour and then drove away.
Did you stand in line long? Yes, I had to stand for about twenty minutes. Did you spend a long time looking for the cap? No, we hunted about ten minutes and found it. He was at our place last winter. He spent two days with us and left. We lived there for two years. We lived there for awhile, then found a new room. Will you be playing all morning? No. we'll just playa little.
611
6n
Mbl ..aM J'(ItnH lIBA rona. Mbl TaM Hellonro n6)1(It1IH, a nOT6M Hatll1ui nOBYJO k6MHaTy.
Obi 6YlleTe HrpAn. Bee YrPo? - He-.., Mbi T6nbko HeMHOrO nOHrp3eM.
QUESTlONANSWER DRILLS
ewe HeMHOro.
2. Were you able to get a good nap? No, I only slept for half an hour. Dbi CMOfllH xOPOl1l0 nOCnaTb? Hh, nocml.11 T6.Jn,KO OOJNaca.
nYxn"o xo.Uin, ? noxoAJi eme HeMOOro. (pa60Tan., CHJIeTb, CTY'faTb, Meman. cyn, 3aHHMan.CH, ryIDITb, Jle)l(aTb)
Obi: cMorruf xopow6 n0t311KTh? Hh, 1lOb,llllJl TOmKO DOlt'laca. (norymln., nQTaHlleBan., nopa6oTaTb, nocnaTb. noe311HTb).
(pa60TaTb, HrpaTb B q"r6011, ryllSin., cnaTb, CMOTpeTb Ha H.X Hrpy, cnywan. HOBOCTH)
I. We were strolling.
We strolled a bit.
Mbi: rynMH. MY IIWIIOro OOryJUiiltH. Mbl pa6oTa.JUf. Mbi: lIeMlioro nOpa66TaJlK. (CTY'la.JlIt, cnMH, CH.lle.Jllt, ne)l(a..n.u. e311KJIH Ha HOBOH Mawone, CTOJlJlH B o'iepeJlH, cnywanH p3llHo)
444
l.E')S()N
18
DlSCUSSION
Although no- sometimes provides what may be considered the basic perfective for an imperfective verb (CMO..-pen., 1JOCMO"Jpin.), very often it is not the primary perfective, but rather a secondary perfective focusing on the limited duration of the activity.
Compare onmin. (ipfv) to read, to be reading opoOfHrin. (pfv) to finish reading, read (through to the end) with
oo'UtTin. (pfv) to do a bit a/reading, read/or a while Have you finished reading this paper? Yes, I've already read it. No, I baven't read it all yet. No, I'm still reading it Yes, I read awhile and got tired.
Obi KOIt'HfJlH '!HTaTb 31)' ra36Ty1 - ,ll,a, R ce )')ke npo'!HTlLn.. - He-r, R ewe lie octO npo'l.lil'M. - He-r, li ewe '!HTalQ. - ,ll,a, R DO'fKT.... HeMHoro H YCTM.
Among the verbs already encountered which may take perfectives with the prefix no- are the following: CToliTb, CHllen., JleJlC3.Tb, rOBOpm, nYMan., c.njmaTb, pa66T3.Tb, 6.btTh, XHTb, TaHueaaTh, HCXaTh, ~aTh, 6.aUTb, xoJJ.JhD, rymin., CnaTh, min., Hrp3.Th, CTHp3.Tb, 3aHHMaTbC5l.
4TEIDIE 11 nl1CbM6
'I.Ik ~~?<a-~~~
~ ~ ~~~~~-,1C<UO~,~
1V 'ffAn.M.-.
01V
XOflt.l.{..
~ ~'"'; '1W"~
f{.l.-
~ ad ~:
:7Wur
~.M-
rM<7
<.<-
~
18
445
LESSON
81w.r- "'"
t/UT
~
1-
uri~. Ok
~ ~ . ~ , 'I>fllu 'U.J-H.
~~(j,,~~,"""~ k
~.
6brn.. BalUl
HaneR CK3JMH.
'ITO co6HpalOTCli
6brrb
H3HKaMH,
a SOP$(
fib! CT3Tb
KOCMOHaeTOM.
60 He 3HaeT. KeM eraTb. Bepa XO'leT nOCTym1Tb B neD,HHCTH,yr H3 nHT3Jc co8CTyeT BHle TOiKe TY1l3 K.nTH. OHa .nyMaer. 'ITO npenO.ll.aB8.Tb O'feHb HHTepeCHO. 3TO OHa Tent~pb rail: .ayMaeT, Kor.na WK0J13 y>Ke OKOH'IeHa. Tenepb Bee Y'lHTemi K.b,yrclt TaKHMH XOpOWHMH,
MudK He
eM)'
BnTS!
H,lffH: eMy
TaKO" HHTepecHoH.
6b'1n
ManeHbKHM,
.st
npO'lHT3..n Bce
pOMallbl .u*eKa flOHIJ.OHa H et>eHHMopa KYnepa. H, naBcpllo, Me'lTVm yexaTb B AMepHKy? KOHe'lHo.
R pewHll
nowen 113 BOK3an, KynHn 6WIIIT llO KHCBa H noexaJI. nO'fCMy )f(C J.{O KHCBa? HaJ.{o 6blno J.{o BJlaJ.{HBocToKa, OelJ.b Bbl )f(Hmf B TaWKeHTe? .ua. KaK BHllHTe, 51 nJloxo 311M reorpa<flHfO. n63)f(C HaW y'ntTCnb rcorpa<flHJ.1 O'fCHb Hy, H .n:aneKO Bbl yc:x3nH?
cepAHJlCSI H YIJ.IfBJIllnCSl, 'ITO 51 TaK M<UIO n3Y'IHncSi H3 ero ypoKax. - HCT, TOJlbKO llSITbIJ.ec5iT KHnoMCTpOB OT TawKcnTa. Mew! 3aMenm npoBollHHK H cnpocH1I, KyJ.{ll ~ eJ.{y. R CKa3aJ1: ,(8 HbtO-JIIOPK, B AMepHKy. 611, KOUe'lHO. n0380H1I1I Moeli Mheplf, ona npHCXaJIa ltO'lb. If
3HaCWb. Anew a, y HaC Tencpb HOBbie COCCIJ.H OpnOBbl: OTeu, MaTb H MMCHbKaSi Jl.a, ,j c nHM y)f(C n03HaKOMHJlCSI. 6H pa60Tae-r ua MSiCOKOM6HHflTe nOMomHHKoM
ltHpeKTopa. - BOT did A MHe ero )f(eHa. cKa:Hina, 'fTO on J.{HpeKTOp. HaBepHo oHa Me'fTaCT, 'fTO 6H CTaHeT JUtptKTOpoM. BOT eM H K3XeTCSI, 'ITO OR
18
.lla, HaBcpHo. A 3Haewb, KeM OHa pa60neT? npOAaBw,HueH 8 KHOCKe. npoAaeT t.fTO? )KeHa nOMOw,HHKa JJ.HpeKTOpa " pa60raeT nponaBwuueH? TpynHo
JJHMOHaA. nOBepHTb. .lla, npaaAa, 3TO HeMHoro CTpaHHO. My)K ee XopoWO 3apa6,hblBaeT, y HUX CBOJ1 nOAO:lKAH. 3 no Te6e HaC'ICT 3Toro JJHMOHa.o.a CK33a.n? Hx Ma.n:eHbK3S1 .a.O'lb TaWi. Hy, J1 .a.yMalO, 'ITO HaWeH MMeHbKOH coce.nKe He CmtWKOM MO)KHO BepHTb. tla, nO:lKMyH. n031f3KOMHMCSI C HHMH K3K CJJe.a.yeT, JJy'lwe UX y3HaeM. MOJKeT .lla, HanelOCb. '!TO Mbr 6y,aeM XOpOWHMH cocenSlMH. KaK npOWeJJ Be'lep y TBOHX 3HaKOMb.lX? Hlll.fero, TOJJbKO BbmHTb KaK CJIenyeT HeJIb3J1 6blJlO; .a.aJJH He Blmo, a KaKYlO-TO He 6blJIO COBCCM. A KTO 6bIJI. HHTepecHo? Bce UaW" pe6J1T3 Heme onUH aMepHKthleu. KaKou aMepHKllHeu? <I>UJIHnn rpaHT. OH co MHOH H3 O.aHOM Kypce. A, fpaHT! $I 0 HeM CJlb!WaJI. K<ix Y Hero C PYCCKHM JlJblKOM? Tenepb BnOJIHe XopOWO. Bci: nOKHMaeT H rOBopHT COBCeM CBOOO.aHO. CKaJIOrre, .aonop, 'ITO li .a.OmKeH .ae.naTb? JIeJICaTb, HeMRoro XO.aHTb, H no yrpllM .ae.naTb M3ccfDK. Ox, dIC He JU06mo MaccaJICa! Se) MaccaJKa Bb! HHICor.aa He CMO:lKere xopowo XOJ.1HTb. A CKOJJbKO BpeMeH" MHe eLUe Hj:lKHO CH.ahb AOMa? Ewe HeJ],l,~JJIO, eCJIH TO'lHO 6YAeTe neJJaTb BCe, 'ITO J1 CKaJaJl. A '!TO :ho cepbe)Ho.
ecJIlf
MaWHHa, WO(I~p.
He 6YAere,
- A He .uYMaJI,
-
HH'!ero, :ho BaM 6Y.aeT naYKa. .lla, B CJleAYIOLUHH pa) 6Y.ay OCTopO)KeH. CTp3.HUO, J1 TOJlbKO 'ITO AOMa noo6eAaJI H )')ICe rOJJOlleH. He)')ICeJJH? Xonhe. J1 BaM npHHecy He Mil oro 6opUI.a? nO)KaJIyHcra. $I 60pwa .aaBHO He BHneJJ! TalC ca):uiTecb. A KllIC H3C'!eT pbi:6b1? HCT, cnacH60, He XO'!eTCSI. Xopowo. BOT oopm, 3 BOT mfporu. nHpOfH Ii o'!eHb JII06JJJo.
0,
OlJeHb BKyclfble!
- R pa.na.
Le'iSON 18
447
APPENDIX
with
ill
"1 ,tAk)
'''''I ''''kJ
[davn6} (kudA)
and, but
Me
'" you
bow
)'C'
"" "",.6
AA
''''1
for long
where (to)
Russian is pronounced with its full value fa) not only when it is stressed, but also in the syllable immediatcly before the stressed syllable and in the initial position. Otherwise it is reduced to r~J. tbe fmal sound in English sofa.
TiM ..ro6yc
'Y""
[tArnl
......
"m.
[pi",1
,.n6b"'J
[mam~l
the," bu,
"6""
[p6t.. j
"''''
w", w",
mamma
post office
Before hard-series vowel lellers Ca, " w, y) the letter fi is pronouncod hard, somewhat like the b in English book. Before soft-series vowel letters (a, e, H, e, Kl) it is pronounced son, somewhat like the b in beauty.
0,
Ii
6.60 6'"
6bmo
1M"')
IMk)
[bll"J
[bill
[rab6~J
6'"'
pa66n
co6paHKe
[sabrlu}.ij::.]
[afl6bus] (bumagOl] l1i1 J
~laj:lJ
[a~t]
work meeting
aST66yc
6yti(Ara
bu,
hit white dinner at the dub 00 the job
po""
6""
8
6b>~
In the final position and before certain consonants 6 is pronounced like the p in stop, but without the puff of breath that acoompanies the English sound.
000.
mY6e
. . cuj><6c
6001'6
[fkhi~i) (nashif~iJ
...... o6<ucrinoc
.0p66n
yTe6i uj6
l1>unlJ 'uliQAJ
[t:hip]
b"",u
you have club mushroom dormitory
'8{lp)
,.pltililiioI
[t:ar6pka] (vas)
bu.
you you
Before hard-series vowel Jetters the Russian .. is pronounced hard, somewhat
B
448
Me
....
I';)
Ja80n
3J1op6oa
np
...... .cr
oOT
[Po yet)
(izyiQi\i] [<bsyidfu)ij;]
J08HHHTe
110 CBIl.IliHKJI
8'lepa
3BT66yc
[l&i) ['1Mb",)
(fkhJ~i)
plant, factory bealthy, well bere, there 1= greetings, regards eltcuse (me) good-bye: yesterday
like the v in vote, Before soft-series vowels it is pronounced soft. somewhat like the v in view. Before certain consonants and 31 the end of a word. is pronounced like the f info!k.
bu,
at the club all all winter
."y6<
8CJb 3i1My
3Jl0p68
"'" n,.
[f,o)
[f~ti
pmu)
lli'1
[zdarof]
Le,
healthy, well
"'PO" rm
[..[,J
[gOr.lt]
,-.
rYM
JIiinro
6)'Mam
[bumag;1 [goqeb]
[gilm] [d6Ip]
.."',
10.,
~=
newspaper
GUM (dept. store)
mu:or,na
~.,~
["'agd')
[jivgelJ-ij]
JiUno.'Pjo)
Eo"'... One..
[at'kJ
(druk) (f~iv6)
(xar6~~J
Ole,
friend (of) aU (of] good [of] Tolstoy
y~
Russian r is pronounced like the g in goal before 0, a, and y and like the g in argue before e and K. (It is not written before e, s, 10, 101, or 3.) Before certain consonants and al Ihe end of a word r is pronounced like the k in skiD. NOle: In the genitive: case endings -01"0 and -ern. .. is pronounced like the v in \'Ote.
AI''' .~",
xop6wero TonCT6ro
[talst6\?)
[dA) [kudal [idti]
[d:lSyid~Qij:)J
(r~d.i]
".
~
ICYJl~
l1onro
......
......
.!to CBIUl~IIHJI
HHi
""".
";1."
","0
"""
[d6Ip) [i4 6t J
(D~v64iJ
r6po,ll
[4el;J [zav6t] (g6r.ltJ [v6tk;} [privet] [Qet) [geQij;] [fCira] [fkltil7iJ [n:>zav6l;lil
[f~iv6l
where (to) l'm going good.bye glad long is going at the plant thing. matter plant, factory city vodka greetings, regards
00
Before hard-series vowel letters the letler n is pronounced hard, somewhat like the d in English wood but witb the tongue touching the teeth. Before softseries vowel letters it is pronounced soft, somewhat like the d in duty (pronounced in the British way with a y-Iike glide). At the end of a word and before certain consonants the letter Jl is pronounced like the t in stool.
.'"
op_
neHKJ'I
8'lep~
8 lC1Jy6e H3 Ja8o.!te
"",,6
'= ,.m
..66neT
""'"
U"li] U"I]
[of) singing yesterday at the club at the plant (of] all if to eat
[znajit] [rab6bjit)
keo,",
works all SernYO' is going yet, still
After a consonant Russian e is pronounced like the e in mel or they only when it is stressed. Unstressed, it is pronounced more like the e in emote or the i in industrious. The consonant preceding e is typically pronounced soft. When e occurs in tbe initial position or immediately after a vowel it has the same vocalic value as elsewhere, but is preocded by the consonant {jJ (as in yes). Mter a consonant the letter e is pronounced like 0 in sport. The consonant preceding e is typicaUy pronounced soft. In the initial position or after another vowel e is pronounced like the yo in
U"'")
U;;6J
UM]
be,
my fi' hedgehog
York. l
[maj6) [j61bJ
, The leller l! alw8)'li indicates 8 stressed syllable. When the stress shifts to another syllabic i is replaced bye. Compare
[f~iv6].
APPENDIX
449
JK
CKlDKKTe
:>eHa )l(CJm.li{
H8 CIljI6e
MO:llCHO
"",
I""J
y>< My><
M)'JIC'Ui:ua
["']
(mlH) (mtclCin3] (DarB) [zavat]
(zdaro~J
say! tell fmc)! already, by now wire yellow on the job it's possible already husband
m,.
lIap6Kb
cut! plant, ractOl')' healthy, well tomorrow you know winter all winter
The letter is pronounced somewhat like tbe s in leisure or pleasure, but is articulated rarther back in the mOUlh than the English sound. In the final position and berore certain consonants it is pronounced somewhat like the sit in shore. It is always pronounced hard, even when rollowed by c, e, K, or b, which nonnally indicate that a sort. consonant precedes. The Russian 1 is pronounced hard (as in roo) berore hard-series vowel letters and soft (somewhat like the s in the British pronunciation or resume) berore soft-series vowel letters. In the final position and berore ocnain consonants 3 is pronounced like the s in -'Wim.
*'
3a86J.l,
"'.",. ,..=
8JM
JAop6Ba
["fir>]
[znajiti]
"'M'Jibty aaO
ph
[,;m')
(r~u
pmuJ
"""=0
CJC33Ka
[""')
loot
mirror time, once
(:rk~I:!) [skask~)
["']
tal'
11
[i]
...,
MOM
B
npHBer
"d
greetings, regards Nina I'm going
K
Hillia
[PrY'l) [(liD:!)
[idu] (maji]
(st6jil~J
Initially and after a consonant the letter is pronounced like the i in machine or
my
<OM
,",,'"'0
POOCIiK
[vrafi(J)iJ
in Russia
the e in emole. Arter a vowel it has the same vocalic value, but is preceded by the COOSOllallt (as in yeast). In rapid speech, however, the liJ sound teDds to disappear, especially in the combination 1IIf.
nOMoi{ M6'
IIOCTYnfue
[damoj] [moj]
[p;lstupaj~il
home
my
enter, join 10 come in major royer where (to)
RoATH MaMp
[vaW) [major)
The letter ii sounds like Ihe y in )'CS and boy. It occurs almost ellclusivcly after a vowel letter when no vowel rollows. It occurs between vowel leiters only in words pr roreign Origill.
<1>0"
K
Kyna
[foj<!J
(kuda] (ur6k] (J:iI]
yp6< D<
K6m<
KHPW
liB nOJIJ:e BKnKH
[1<6[,)
(Dap6lJi:i]
[yil~i)
IlPr l )
[~i1AJ
""".
The Russian K is pronounced like the k in skilJ berore the letters 0, a, and y, and like the k in askew berore t and K. (It does not usually occur berore c, .. 10, w, or 3).
JJ
,lte,lIa
CIlbmJan
[s1B31)
fbil~)
6bu'1o 6bu'1H
[blli]
w" wom
Omo 0"
Ha CTone O~
on the table
The letter 11 is pronounced somewhat like the f in beh or middle berore hardseries vowel letters alld like I in milieu (or II in million) berore both sort-series vowel lellers and ...
DIy> DIy>
to Olya
66m.we
nopT<l!Cnb
mom
briercase sick letter The Russian M is pronounced like the m in moose berore hard-series vowel leiters and like the m in amuse berore both sort-series vowel letters and ...
6oJlbHbl.
[portf'll [balni )
fRi~m6]
IIIfCbMO
....
450
my th,m
rYM,
APPENDIX
[mil (tiqJ.on)
(vgfupi)
w,
winter
Scmyon in GUM
dMh
."",.
H3
MKna Mewi
['PiI~J
Mila
[....1
[""'I
(vrerp~J
.",n
to class but
~II
= tim,
yp6"
In~ur6kJ
.0
cry'XeHb!
..y
student
."'
H.....
.,;=
Nina no meeting good-bye for Nina there wasn't excuse (me] "'l' d.y
Before hard-series vowel teuers the Russian II is pronounced somewhat like the n in noon btU with the tongue toucbing the teeth. Before soft-series vowel letters it is pronouoced somewhat like the ny in canyon or the n in menu.
co6paHKe
.tIO CBH,llaIlHJI
H1fHe
He 61>1JlO
lOBHKHTe 6'lem.
.,~
[oc;,,1
[~,.I
O~
[61'J
Olya !=on
to the post offio: my ho= donnitory meeting good-bye
w",
06wexme
co6paHHe
.tIO CBH,llaHHA
The Russian 0 is pronounced with its full value (like the 0 in pon) only when it is stressed. In the initial position and just before the stressed syllable it is pronounced la]; otherwise it is reduced to [~L the final sound in sofa.
(sabr;i.qij;]
[dOlSyidAF;lij~1 [bil~J
6.bl.no cnacH60
[spapoo)
(p6tt~]
(pAyil] [supu]
(spa~ioo]
Before hard-series. vowel letters n is pronounced somewhat like the p in poor: before both soft-series vowel letters and b il is pronounced more like the p in pure.
(fpaIQt]
lllisplatn~J
6nn.nro
npA"",
(priv<b]
[~pil
trulh
singing oow I'm hurrying again be baked drank steppe
"""" nemte
nWrn
"""'"
OnXTb nell:
""",.
(ReQip)
'YI'"
1t;"',J
(SRiu]
[''''11
[g6kJ
"""
pA;1
mili ) (SleR)
yp6,
B'Iepa
co6p3uHe
g1.d
lesson yesterday meeting good. well
.opow6
l"OO"J'CHm
0","
II:OtUlepT
(kancen) (uqiyiJ1it]
..noon
university
~g1o
Before hardseries vowel letters the Russian p is pronounced with a tongue trill somewhat like the Scotch r. Before both softseries vowel lellen: and b it is pronounced trilled but soft, and il has somewhat the effect of a y-Iike glide following.
p;"
op......
['f611 [p"l
[Po",tl
~IJ
KKpMnn
......
C
rOBopJiT -renepb
[pvapt] [liRtrJ
Id"',1
(stu",ent] (stu",tntb) [sabnl.Qij::l] [vas]
doo'
student rood meeting yoo Before hard-series vowel letters tbe Russian e is pronounced like the s in soon. Before both sort-series vowels and .. it is pronounced somewhat like lhe ss in
APPENDlX 45)
cryneHT crYJlellna
co6p.l.ime .k
mrrepeeHo
';n
aBTC/6ycbJ cnacK60
CeMCII
aclO 3HMy
Bee Yrpo
a6cb aellep IlllCbMO
[in\iresn ::)] [suPI [aft6busi] [spaib:l] [irp6n) Ifu .pmu) [fo utr:l] [ye yecir] [Rim6) [ppyet] {tam] {nap6Ctu] [ti) (aft6bus]
[i~6\iJ
interesting
"'". buses
thanks Semyon all winter all morning all evening lettcr greetings, regards there to the post office
opHaeT
TOM
IIa UO'lTy
1'bl
yO"
ba< you're going
oow
aaTo6yc
Men::
Tem5pb xOTlre
Ti:T~
iIi"'rl
[\6\0]
Before hard-series vowel letters the Russian T is pronounced somewhat like the I in stool but with the tongue touching the teeth. Before both soft-series vowel letters and b, it sounds somewhat like I with a y-like glide (as in the British costume and tune).
(xapti]
[sli~t)
CJlblWa1'b
nocml.Tb oruiTb
['''''II
[P""11
(kuda] [uU] [ur6k] lidu] [napOttu] [aftobus) [fakt) [form::)] [farpi[ij:l] [:finif) [part[eIJ [fi[lp] [X<lraM]
[7-"1xa~litil
you want aunt to hear to send again where (to) already, by now lesson I'm going 10 the post office ba< facl form, uniform last name giraffe briefcase Filipp good, well drop in! come in! oh! worse you want Khitrov bronchitis schemc, plan concert Tsarapkin cucumbers in an office tsar father to the post office yestcrday to, "Dark Eyes" very in line shoulder wonderful heard good, well (of) good I'm hurrying The Russian y is pronounced everywhere somewhat like the u in Schubert. (It is never pronounced like the u In university, i.e. with a LiI preceding it.)
KYII3. Y-Al:e
yp6,
I1IlY
IIa no'lTY
aBTo6yc
I>
The Russian 4J is found mostly in words of foreign origin. It is pronounced hard (like the/in/arm) before hard-series vowel letters and soft (somewhat like the / in few) before both soft-series vowel letters and h. The Russian x has no counterpart in English. Before a, 0, and y it is pronounced hard, somewhat likc the in German aeh and Bacn; before e or H it is pronounced soft, somewhat like the eh in German kh.
"
U
en
KOHl\epT
~aparrKIiH
The Russian u is always pronounced hard (somewhat like tbe IS in caIS), even when it is followed by e or H, which normally indicate that a soft consonant precedes.
The Russian 't is always pronounced soft (somewhat like the ell in cheese), even when it is followed by a, 0, or y, which normally indicate that a hard consonant precedes.
[P['M]
[cudn<l)
[sli~]
xopow6 xOpOUJero
cnewy
IX<lraw]
{xarMi~]
!sijgu]
The Russian IU is always pronounced hard (somewhat like the sh in ship but articulated farther back in the moulh), even wben it is followed by ... e, or .,
452
APPENDlX
enewine K1i.wa
ISl1 ii\ij
[kash~I [~apk:lI
wecr,
Ill;
wpm
ClUe
wallKa
[CH]
six borsch yet, still schi in the drawer some borsch pike The Russian 111 is a long, soft consonant pronounced somewhat like the shch in fresh cheese, spoken wilhout a break. It is always pronounced soft, even when it is fol1owed by a or y, wh.ich nonnally indicate that a hard consonant precedes. The symbol 10 (hard sign) has no sound value of its own. It is used between prefixes that end in a consonant and word roots beginning with e, g, 10, or e 10 indicate that these vowel leiters are pronounced with a preceding [j] (as in yes). The letter bl varies in pronunciation ranging from somelhing Like the vowel in bit to the i of machine. After lip consonants 6, 8; II, 41, and M, many speakers pronounce a w-like glide before bl so that it sounds somewhat Like the English we, except shorter. . The letter bl never appears in tbe initial position in a word. The symbol b (soft sign) has no sound value of its own. It serves to indicate the softness of a preceding consonant at the end of a word or immediately before another consonant letter. It also serves (like 1 to indicate that the soft-series vowel leiter wh.ieh follows IS pronounCed wilh a preceding [jj (as in yes). The letter 3 occurs mostly in words of foreign origin, usually in the initial position. When stressed it is pronounced like the e in Eric; when not stressed it is apt to be pronounced like the e in emote or the i in l1legal, although many speakers pronounce it as [e] wherever it occurs. The leiter 10, both when stressed and unstressed, is pronounced like the u in tunc after a consonant letter (wh.ieh is pronounced soft); it is pronounced like the u in union after a vowel letter, 10, or ... or when it is in the initial position . After a consonant the stressed letter II is pronounced somewhat like the a in far. in unstressed syllables JI is usually pronounced like H, except in certain grammatical endings where it sounds like thc a in English sofa. The consonant preceding a is always pronounced soft. When JI occurs in the initial position or foUowing a vowel, 10, or b, it has the same vocalic value as elsewhere, but is preceded by the oonsonant sound [j] (as in yes).
APPENDIX 453
uui
B lilUlUro
60pllla
utYKa
'" departure
hi
Thl
...
6Wio
6,",
6WTb
CJIbIWaJ!
yO" yO"
w"
w"
w,
to '"
heard
Mbl
[mil
nOCJJaTb nopTq16lb
nHcbMo
60nbwe
O'leHb
ceMb}j
[6Ci\II
[~iJTIjaI
:)
iro
jTOT jHI ]K3aMe" :meMeHT
10
8CIO He1l611Q
!'OliOPIO
[f~u ~liQcluJ
CTolO
pa66T31O m,iO
OceHblO
IRiO'
~6~iQjuj
all week I speak J stand I work I drink in the fall they say again in an office [of the] briefcaSl: stood good-bye [of] singing language hard
.H
[g:>Va(.it)
["al]
[fbncilariji) [partfel:>] [stajaliJ [d;}syidaQj;)] [ge~lijJ ] [jizik} [\ifiI6]
no
clIllJJ,aHHlI n6tH$!
lI3blK
TlI)J(MO
Noun declension
1. CTOn-nouns
SlNGULAR
table
N
cily
knife
"6~
A G
D
",6n ",6n
ropon
r6po.n
rbpollB
, ,
N
repone
r6po.rt)' ropoJlOM
Ho;a 1I0,..t
HOJKj
"~
,ao ,ao
,b
,""
,.~
lro
studenl
CTYtK HT
CT)')leflTa
teocMr Y"KTe.r1h
Y"MTeruo
)"Ui"=. Y">hene
)"lHTe.n1O )"lHTe.rrCM
cryn{1fTa CTynell'Te
CTy.nCHTY
CTyneHToM
IlOJK6M
'1aeM
I'LUkAL
"'"
D.'He
llWb
n""
doy
llHeM
G
D
, ,
""",6"
cr01l3X
1I0JKH
'1ali
'litH
CTynCHTbI
)"fHTeJlli
.lIIm
,ami
lmeii
"OlK" HOJKeii
HO:':U
crynclIToo
CTylletfTOB
ropo.nb
ropo.naM ropoJIiMH
'1aCH '1ajx
'1aRM
'!aiMH
)"lHTcncll )"IKTeJlCH
y" Hl"eJui It )"fHTCmiM
)"IHTeJIiMH
CTonaM
CTOJJaMH
1l0r.lM
KariM"
.........
JUuix luuiM
2.
Ol..-ao-DOWIS
SINGULAR
window
N
....,ord
teller
IIHCLMO IIHCbMO
llHcbMa nlfCbMc
muting
C06piHitC
d,,~
oICII6
01(H6
cnooo
CJJOBO
co6piiHilC
co6pfillHll C06piHlfll
IInaTbe [1!I3.n.e
l1JIihbll
llJlaTbe
G
D
, ,
N
ol(mi
cnoaa
cnOllc
Olme
Ol(lly
0l(ll6M
nOJlll 1I0lle
n6ma
cnoay
cnOBOM
nJlCbMy
lIHCbMOM
co6pflllKlO
006paHHCM
nmiTbJO
IlJlan.eM
n6nCM
nomi
, ,
D
CJloaa
~o ..
ann
OlCllaM oKllaMH
CII0saX
~o
..
PLURAL
....
CJlOsAMH
006""'"
co6piaHJ:
nnATMIM nnaTbJ:Mll
""."""~.
nnan,J: nnan,J:
noneK
p,"",
OM'
noniM
non""'H
3.
*eua~noWlS
SINGULAR
wife
, ,
,
D N
A
sister
street
yllllua ynHllY YnlllJ.bl ynllue yJlRue ynHucii
nUIAL
earth, land
3eMmi
,,~~
It;clUre
neKwul neKll,K1O nell:IlllH neKIl,KH nelUlllH
""""
,"""p ,"""p
<ecTpy
CCCTpb.
uncle wino
,,"'"
,,~,
leMn"
""""
""'"
mine mine
XMneA
ne.:IllleH
nUuuH neKll,HH neKUMM nCUlllJIX neKWtJlM neKUHllMlf
willeii
z,"w
, ,
G
D
~'" )Kell
lKellax )KellaM )l(l!lf3MII
--
"",,"w
cecrpaM oecrpaMH
:liMnH
,,~"
"Mm
""'"
.o.lineii
"'"'"
3C"-U1J1M 3CMJIllMH
454
APPENDlX
4. .llscpb-noWis
SINGULAR
doo'
N
notebook
TCTp;l,o,b reTIXtAb TeTIXtAH l'CTpaAH l'CTIXtAII TeTpaJIblQ
line, tum
O'lCpe):(b O'lCpeHh O'fcpeJlH O'lCpeJ,lH 6'1cpeJlH 6'fCpeJlblO
PL.URAL O'fCpenll 6'1cpeJlH
thing
mother
MaTb
M'Th
daughter
AO'lb
):(0%
J(IICPb ,llBCPh
G
0
,
N
.,"'"
fleW"
Bel1\b Bellib
"''l'M" l'CTpa,QH
TeTpMCl1 TCTpMSJX TCTp;l,o,SJM TeTp;l,o,llMIl
G
0
AO'lCP~"{jj
1l0'fCPllMH
5. HMB-nouns (neuter)
SINGULAR PL.URAL.
name
N
A
time
UpCMll IlpeMll Bpe.\lCHIl 8peMCHIl BpCMcnll BpeMeHcM
N
A
names
IfMel:l3 HMella liMen HMCllax IIMeH<!w HMeH<!wH
times
8peMeHa IIpcMcna IlpeMeH 8pcMeHax BpeMCHaM BpcMCllaMIl
llMSJ
KM,
RMelfl! llMeHH llMeHII RMelieM
o ,
,
0
.
SINGULAR
church
N
neighbor
brother
6paT 6paTa 6paTa
choir
crYJl cryJl cryJla cryJle cT'jJlY CT'jJlOM
,
0
N
A
00""
leaf
JIJl.CT JlRCT JlIICnl JlIlCTC JlIICT'j JIIlCT6M
pm
ncpO
coce,1\a coceJl,a
"pO
HCpa nepy nep6M
oomy
COceHOM
coceAc
6pa", 6pa,."
6paTOM
PL.URAl 6paTbSJ 6paTbCB 6paTbCB 6paTbSJx
",'"
,
0
oo<X""
coce):(CH coce):(cil
oo<Xll" oo<Xll'M
coctJVIMIl
crY
6pan>lIM 6paTbSlMH
(com.)
APPENDIX
455
(com.)
SINGULAR
N
A
,
,
0
,",p,,,,
"u
hwlxmd
My><
My..-a
"'" W.
cblHa CblHa
W~
friend
npYr lIpjra
cili:en
rpa:.:,n:ulliH JllIDKna IlitHa rpa:.:.naHKHa rpa:teJ:taHKlte
rpa~aHllHY
MY><'
MY><o
Mj"lKy Mj;eM
llPira
,npyre npyry lIPyroM
CblHY CblHOM
l'l.URAl.
rpa:lKlIall.llllOM
N
A
, ,
G
0
APy3b.M .upyJiif
np~H
~aHaMK
M,.
N
A
Georgian
JllPKII rppHll3 I'py:lIhm rpY:lIilte Jll)'3HIlY Jll)'3HIIOM
PLURAL
G
0
,
N
A
"""' 'leJTOeeK
'leJlOBCKa 'leJlOl!Ka 'lCnOBCKe 'leJTOBCKy 'lMOSeKOM
baby, child
pe6eIIOIl: pe6elln pe6ellK3 pe6eIlKC pc6eIlKy pe6eHKOM
roctlo.na,
rocnOIl
rocnoll rocnonix rocno.rolM rOCnon.3Mlt
,
0
lICTJlM JteTbMH
-lItTK
Ami
ncr"
kids. guys
pe6RTa pe6RT
money
.a;eHbl"'H
nCHbrH
schi
G
0
, ,
","'"
pe6liTaJ: pe6.MTaM pe6lirdMIl
we. "'"
will>! WaMJol
m.
m"
456
APPENDIX
Adjective declension
UASC\lUNE AND N!!lITER
Singular
(m) Hos",ii
N (n) HOBOe
A
MonoJloii
MOJIoll6c
citllHii
CHHee
llpyr6ii
HPyr6e
pYocl"HK
pYCCJ:oe
pYcaoro
pyCCKOM
xop6wHM
xop6wee
(animate _ genitive; inanimate _ nominative) G "oaoro MOJIOllOrO cHHCro npyr6ro p 11680101 MOJlOliOM CHHCM llpyr6-"l
o
I
xop6wero
XOpOWCM XOpOWCMy
XOp6UlItM
lloaoMy
11681>1101
MOJlO.rrOMY
MOJlOLIhIM
CIIIlCMY
CIIHIlM
npyr6My
lIPyniM
pyCCKOMy
pyCCKHM
FEMININE
N
A
1I0BaJI
HOB)'IO
Monona"
MOJlO.njlo
CHHJUI
CMHlOjQ
PYccK3.11 pyCCJ()'IO
60Jlbwall
xOpOwax
XOp6U1)'lO
6onbwjto
6oJlbwoii
G,'.}
HOBON
MOJIOHaii
.npyroii
PYcatOH
XOpOWCK
N
A
MOnOltWC
PYCCkllC
60JlbllJlle
XOpOWIIC
;j
,
1I0BblX
H08b1M
MOnO.ubrlt
MOJIOllblM
MOJlOm:.MIt
cMllHX
CHRIlM
CHFmMH
PYCCIOIX
6oJlbUlHJI:
XOp6WHX
XOpOWHM
pYCCKHM
60JlbWHM
HOal>lMH
pyCC':HMH
6o.nbWKMH
XOpOWHMH
Pronoun declension
1. Personal pronouns and interrogatives KTO and 'ITO
, ,
N
;
MCHli
MCtvi
,,.
,,"
'lb~
,,"
seii
T066'
T066~
,', ,iw
'"
,k
'Kx
liM, miM
HaMH
UMH. IIII.\lH
,tM
'16.1
Note: The rcncxive personal pronoun ce6li has no nominauve form; it declines like...w: c:e6Ii, ce6e, co66ii.
who.~e
M6' ",6' N(m) (nl MO< A (animate - geniuw:; inanimale _ nominauw:) G 'IbCr6 Moero noere 'IbCM MoOM TBlXM 'IbCMj MoeMy TBOCMY 'lbHM MOHM TBOHM
Singular
"".
~O<
,'m
"''''''0 HaWCM
113weMy lIawHM
HaWa mlmy lIaweA
"'''''
urn,
aawero B.3WCM aawcMy BaWHM
aam3
",m
fEMININE
,
N
MO;
1101010
'lblO
cBolO
~oe'
Barny
BAWCK
,....
Moe'
APPENDIX
457
Plural
N
~I
,
MOH 1110H '11." (animate _ genitive; inanimate = nominative) 'IbHX 'lhIlM 'lbHMH MOHX MOllM MOIlMH TBollx TUOHM
l'80J1MIf
HaUJlt
llaWIt
Hawllx
U{WHIM
HaWltMH
Note: The third person possessivcs el"6, ee, and Hx do not decline.
3. Declension of OAHU one, :hOT 'his, TOT 'hat, and sec.. all
MASCULINE AND NEUTER
N
A
Singular
(m) (,j
,
D N
A
OIllill :hOT OltHO :ho (animate = genitive; inanimate _ nominative) O,ilHOro :horo OltHOM :hONl O/l:nOM)' 3TOMy OltHIlM :hllM
,6,
,6
Toro TOM TOM)'
TC!vI
FEMININE
jHI
1'3-
j,y
JTOii
ry
ad BCIO
n
N
A
Toil
IIceil
Plural
jTll omlli (animate = genitive; inanimate _ nominative)
"
TeX
,,'
acex aeeM BCCMH
~) ,
D
OllllllX
OJtlniM
jnlX
OltHllMII
:hltM jnJMI1
"M
TeMI1
Verb conjugation
I. First conjugation verbs
IMPERFECTIVE ASPECf
INFINmVE '1l1TaTb
mJC3Th
1I0Jl3T11
ne'lb
OOBeTOBaTb
npOCbmltTbCll
read
PAST
'lIiTan
write
nllcan llHc3.na
ImcaJlO
nltcaJIII
crawl
n6m
1I0JlJJl3.
bake
advise
COI\(hODaJI
COlleTOBana
COfleTOBaJlO
COOeTOBaJIH
w(lke up
npoCblmlnClI llpocbl minUCb
npOCblllMOCb
lle"
nCKJl3.
nCKJlO
'H1Tana
'lIIT3JIO 'tHTanll
IJOJlJJlO
1l0JlJJlH
nCKJlH
liCK)'
nC'Ielllb IIC'leT
npocblmUU1Cb
npocbJIJalOCb
PIUiSENT
'Hmho
'l1tT.3.Clllb
[mm)'
nJIWCWb
nom)'
1I0JlJeWb
COlleTYIO
cooeryewb
coBeTyeT
npocblnaCW1>Cll
'H1TaCT
'llfTaeM
'llnacre
'1I1TaIOT
nOJ13CT
nOIlJCM
npoChinaeTOI
npochlnaeMcll npocblnacTCCb
ne'leM
nC'leTC
coaeTycM
nOJlJeTe
nOJJ3yT
IIOJl3If
nOJlJHTe
coBeTyere
COBCTyKlT
nCKYT
np<>cblm'tIOTcll
IMPERATlVE
'lHTaH
nCJ<;J!
neKIiTe
'lIlTalm:
COIle-l'yH cooerymc
Note: The imperfective fUlUre is formed by combining the future forms of 6bm. with the imperfective infmitive: 6yIIY ,,"TIlTh, 6Y.n;CUlh "MTan., and so forth.
458
APPENDIX
PERfECTIVE ASPECT
INfiNITIVE
npo'lHTan. ,<ad npo'lKTin Ilpo'lHTina npo'lHTanO npo'lHTaJHt IIPO'lIlTlllo llpO'lHTIlCWb npo'lIlT3.CT Ilpo'lHrieM npo'lHn'teTC npo'lKTIUoT npo'lHTIlit npo'lHnHrre
nanHcan. wriu HDIlHcan Hallllc3.na 113mlca.no llanllCann HallHmy 1t3nHWCWb HafTIlWeT HaIlHWe.\1 llanHwere HaJlHWYT 1l311IlUnl H3I1HWH.Te
ynoJl3T11 craM" away ynM3 ynon3JJ3 ynOJl3JJO )'lIOJl3JJH ynOJl3Y ynOJl:)CWb ynOJI3CT ynonJeM yno.nlCTe ynOJl3Yr yno.n3H )'llo.n3HTe
HcnCon.
bek.
llcneK Hcnexm'J HCnCJ:JIO HcncKJIIl HcncKy llCne'lCWb IlCnC'lCT HCne'lCM HCJ1e'leTe Kcncr;yr Hcnet:K HCllCJiJi"re
llocoeeroean. advise
Il~TOIl3Jl
npoeHYrbOl ....ake up llpOCHynar npoeHyJlaa. npoellyJlOCb IlpoeHynHcb npoeHycb npocnCUJbClI npoeHCTCJ/ npocnCMClI IlpocHCTeCb IlpocHyYClI npocHKCb npoeHKrea.
'AST
nocoBtTosana llocose-rosano nOCOOeTOOaJlII II0c0oCTyIO nOCOBthyewb nocoIICTyeT nocoBtT}'eM nocose-ryere nOCOBCT)'tOT nocoBttyil: nocoBCryitTe
fUTURE
IMPRATIVE
....n.
believe
Y'lH-n.c1l Jtudy
CMO"l'pCn.
look
CToin.
mOOKn.
lo~
"wuf
CTOlin CTolina CTOlinO CTOsVm CTom CTOMWb croKT CTOH.\{ CTOKn CTOilCToii CTOiiTe
npoeKn. <Uk npoeli:n npoelina npocKno npoeHnH npowy np6cHwb npOcKT "p6a<M "p6a<no
cep.a.Kll.C" be tmgry cepmlnClI oePlllinacb oePJlKnOCb cePilHnllCb ceP:YCb tePilMWbClI cePllHTCli cePllHMClf cePJlKTeCb cipll.llTal cePIlKCl. cepJ.Uhea,
'AST
CMoTna CMOrpC,nO CMOTpMll CMOTpIO CMOTpHWb CMOTpHT CMOTpKM CMOrpHTe CMOrp1lT CMOrpH CMOTpkre
~o"""
mo6""
PRESIlNT
"p>IT
acpKM
IICPHTe sePlfT
IMPERATIVE
".. DCPbTe
..
:f'i3TClf
"pocn
npoeH npoeKTe
,..""""
)"'IKCb
Note: The imperfective ruture is ronncd by combining the ruture ronns Or &:01. with the infinitive: 6jJ1.Y BCptrTb, 6j~eun. "tlPlITb, and so rorth.
(cont.)
APPENDIX
459
(rO!lf,)
PERFECT1VE ASPECT
INI'INlnvE
nODcp"Th
belie~'e
tlaY'lIiThC}! learn HaY'uwclI lIaY'uinacb Hay'llinocb Hay'lKrilfcb Hay'lycb llaY'IIlUlbCll" Hay'llITclI lIaY'IllI>lClI HaY'IHTeCb lIay'laTclI uay'llicb HaY"HTCCb
nOCMOTpCTh
look
nonpocliTl>
mk
paccePllHTbCl! become (II1gry paccePllllilcl! paccePlliU:J3Cb paccepmtrrOCb paccepnMJTIICb paccep:t:ych paCCePlUilllbCli paCCepJlIiTClI paccep)I,HMClI paccep11HTeCh paccCPJJ.lITClI pacccp,!:\Ch paccePAliTeCb
em
nOBepl1J1 nOBCpllJIa nODepllJIO 1l0BepUJlIl nODcplO nOBeplllllb nODepUT nOBcpllM nODcpllTe 1I0DePllT IIODCp!. lloaepbTC
nocMoTpen nocMoTpena nocMoTpe.no nocMoTpCJlIl nOCMOTplO nocM6TpIlI!Jb nOCMOTpIiT nOCMOTpIlM 1I0CMO'ipiiTe IIOCM6TPllT nOCMOTpH nOCMOTpliTe
norrpocHJI flonpDCliJTa nOnpOCllJIO nonpocuJIIl nonpowy nonpOcMWb nonp6cll'r nonpOcHM nonpOcHTC 1l011p6ClIT nonpocH nonpocliTe
FUTURE
nOCTOIO OCTaBJllO nocrOMWb OCTaBmIlb nOCTOHT oc-rADItT nOCTOHM OCral'lllM nOCTOHTe OCTaBItTe nocTokr OCTaDlIT "OCToJ1 nocToiiTc OCTa(lb OCTl18I>TC
IMPERATIVE
3. Irregular verbs
INFINITIVIl XOTeTb (ipfv)
\l'a!lf
PAST
.naT!. (prv)
gil'e
xOTlin xoTi:JTa XOTCJTO XOTeJTll xO'ly x6'1cUJI> XO'leT xoniM xOTlire XOTJfT (none)
llo~aTb
PRESENT
IMPERATIVE
aMi
naJ1Te (P[v), lICpeA8Tb (p[v), and all other
Other verbs conjugated sImilarly arc: 38XOTeTh (pfv), llpO,/.uiTh (p[v), perfcctive verbs formed by adding prefixes to the above basic verbs.
460
APPENDIX
13
uptffi.u(pfve-) 17 Mprn. II (prv 00-) 15 ~ I (ipfv soJ,8plUllana) 16 BUn. I (ipfv fipan.) 6 BIi./(en. II (prv y.) 2,6 8MdTb 1I (prv 110") 15 B03llpJ.tU.ITJ.Cllll (prv BePH:fn.cR) 16
IlOini I (ipfv BXOrom.) 4 II (ipfv BCTpe'dn) 11 ~ II (ipfv BW6pic:wun..) 17 aWroeoptrn. II (ipfv awroUJl'IUTlo) 11
""
rook believe
return
take
S<C
be hanging return
enler discard. throw out pronounce, utter go (or come) out drink
KTJIC'.'"
""""
aWiTlIl (ipfv ....xoLJlin,) 14 Bbourn. I (ipfv min.) 13 Bhr'repeTb I (ipfv BLlTKpA.....) 17 BWXOrofn, II (prv eWiiTK) 14 BWXOn,Mn. (eWiiTN) :l8..\f)'* 18
w;p<
go (or come) out get married
speak, say stroll
gi~
r
.ll
14
give
do. make
II
E
jI(
n6waan. I (prv u6Wn.) 14 386Wn. I (ipfv 3fI6wain.) 7 38JUiMaTbOll (ipfv 3a.a:YMhlB1TIoCliI) 18 :Wint I (ipfv 3aXO.u;Kn.) 13 38KWTlo I (ipfv 3aK1.3blUT") 12 :wcpWn. I (ipfv laxpwd:n.) 3 DMeain. II (ipfv a",erin,) 4 a'fbwn. II (ipfv :p.\leorin.) J 3 u..\flirm.-n. cOOeo (or cnoIIi<&.."1l) II (prv) 9 :JaIlIl.dna I (pry DO- or :Jlltfirn,n) 18 3lU111anrn. n (ipry DJlanin.) 12 3apaMTWBaTi. I (pfy 3llpat'i6Tan.) 18 3llxoJl,lin. II (Pfv:llli'ni) 4 3aXOTen. II (ipfv XOTen.) 18 :JUn. I (pry 00-) II ~n(pfyDO-) 7 :wan. I (ipfy) 3
forget forget sink into reyerie drop in. go behind order do",
,""b~
notice put in a good word study, busy oneself pay earn drop in. go behind
want
<all
pho~
know
Roman numerals 1 and II rcrer 10 the: first and second conjugations. Arabic numerals rcrer to the lesson in which the verb was initially presented (usually in the Preparation ror Conversation). ~ other me:mber or the: aspect pair is indicated parenthetically; ror tnc sake or completeness some: ve:rbs nOl rormally presented or drilled in the telll arc included here. The translations gi\'Cn are tnc most basic ones.
APPENDIX 461
11
K1lllin. I (cwrplin. or l~) II KllTH I (pfv 110m) I K38Mlum. II (ipfv 1l18KHin.) I ll3MeHWr.. II (iprv ll3MettWTb) 4 .......epecoean. I (prv 3a-) 18 KK'repecouTloCll r (prv u-) 18 1ICdn. r (prv l~) 12 Mcue-... l (iprv DC'!..) 17 ....-nir I (see "J[Tli) I
KIDii~I(prV_)
~n.
."k
"'k, be going
""" finish
fmish boy
Jl
M
Iio
'0'"
d~
name
set, designate find
PO"'
slice
write
begin
"''''
like:
eat dinner
06i~an. l (prv 00-) 5 06pa'l"'llTI.alll (iprv ofiPlllllliTbCtl) 16 06pautli'l1oall (prv 06paTlin.al) 16 o*ilJU,n. I (iprv) 8 OK6u'l1f11o II (iprv OKliH'lKJIJITb) 18 ouli]JlWBan. l (prv OIIO]~jn.) II OlJ03~liTb I (iprv OlllllllbUUITb) 11 ocriBIfTb II (iprv OCTa.a.Un.) 7 ocriTbCfl I (iprv OCTaBliTLCllI) 17 0l1le,'KTIo II (iprv oTBe..an.) 3 oTBe'lan. I (prv one-11IT1.) 3 OT~OXHjn. I (iprv OT~wXllin.) 14 OT/.lbIxan I (prv OT,1tOXHj'n.) 14 O1'J{pt:.lBlin. I (prv OTKphrn.) II 01'J{phrn. I (prv OTKJlWBllT") 3,7
uepeJtlin (lprv lIepeJl:aa.tin) 18 (iprv nepexomm.) 14 nepexomm. II (prv uepeihli) 14 nen. (prv eo) 13 JJ6otJ. qprv 11(:- or e-) 17 OIICin.l (prv u-) 4,7 min. I (prv aWo) 5 on.Tlin. II (prv J.ao) 12 no6Wn. 1 (iprv fiWn.) 18 no.eptrnou(iprvaipwn.) 15 noaTopj'n. II (ipfv OOBTOpjTL) I aoroHplin.ll (iprv ro-oplin.) II DOt7mn. I (ipfv ry.nrn.) 14 IJOMn. (ipfv ao.!Ia.e.6n.) 9
Ilepeiini I
consult consult
"P'ct
, '"
0"'" 0P'"
"'''
..
hand over, pass cross, switch, go over cross, switch, go over sing
"'k, write
p'y
drink
be (ror a while) believe
",p"'''
talk stroll give, submil
462
APPENDIX
1l0Aenlni (ipfv Ablln) 17 IIOAo~n I (ipfv -mln) 8 ooAoini I (ipfv oooJJ,JiT..) 7 ooJJ.YMln I (ipfv JJ.YMln) 7 ooellUlTlo II (ipfv c:wm.) 18 noenn. I (ipfv inn) 12 DOlrin. I (ipfv min.) 18 oo)l.lltl....iT1oCl I (ipfv JaHlI.....IT...c.) 18 ooDOHin. " (ipfv~) 1 OOJalk6!lom. II (ipfv lUKO....lIT1o) 10 003llUt.-6MJrn..al1l (ipfv ] ~ ) 6 IIOtrrpIin I (ipfv IfI1)i.n) 18 UOfKXin I (ipfv lICl>."iin) 18 ooiri I (ipfv lIJl'ni, lITri) 3 llOKI]jn I (ipfv no,di3W.ln) 15 nod:lWUTb I (pfv oon3in.) 15 1lOK)'Idn.1 (pfv lCyroi'rJ.) 4 00JIed.n. n (ipfv nnriin) 18 00JImn. II (ipfv ne...en) 18 00JI3T1i1(pfv.-) 17 OOJIOUTt.1I (ipfv ICnacr..) 12 1.lOJJy"CTlo II (ipfv IIOnY'uiT") 9 n6",mllTlo II (pfv Be-) I I IIOMoran. I (pfv ooMO....) 16 1101'010 I (ipfv uOMoran) 16 OO..lI. iiT.. I (pfv oo.. tin.) 6 IlOHpJiBIfl"IoaI II (ipfv Hp8BII'TIoI::I:) II ooo6EJJ,1Tl> I (ipfv 06i~n.) 5 oonpoain. II (ipfv opoalTt.) 7 oopa6On.TIo I (ipfv pa66TaTlo) 18 IJOCIlJ.tin. II (ipfv~) 18 DOCJliIn I (ipfv ooc:w.rdn) I DOCJIj"WITlo I (ipfv cnjwan.) 13 000Kl,.,m. II (tpfv CMOTpin.) 4 llOCOIliroun I (tpfv roae-roun) 13 oocutn. II (ip(v cniin) 18 lIOCT1IPi..... I (ipfv Cllr)dn) 18 ~ 11 (ipfv (Torno) 18 IJOC'l")MStm. II (ipfv np6wn.) 15 lIOC'T)'Uin I (pfv lJOCJ)'IBin.) 3 lIOCT)'IIIin. II (ipfv IIOn'}'fdn) 18 DOCT)'.... n II (ipfv crY'lIin) 18
~nl(ipfvTllHlletJiTh)
do
wait approach think drive (a bill go (by vehicle) live (for a while) study, be busy (for a while)
pbo~
introduce:
0>1
play (for a while) look for go show show boy lie (for a while) fly be crawling pUI, lay
get
remember help help understand Iik' eal dinner ask, request work (for a while) Sil (for a while)
""'"
listen
take a look advise sleep (for a while), take a nap do the wash stand (for a while) buikl. join, enroll: act, behave join, enroll; act. behave knock. rap
daoce (for a while)
18
OOTtplin I (ipfv Teprn.) 11 ooxo,wm. II (ipfv xoJJ,JiT..) 18 upewuu-an I (pfv npeJJ,JKr,Em) 14 uptLlJlOUTt. II (ipfv ll))CJ1Jlaran) 9 npt./ICTaallTh II (ipfv upeACTllBJJin) 16 IIptACTl8JlliT.. I (pfv npe:ACTaaHTlo) 15 npt./ICTllBJIlln. (or npt./IcriBIITlo) cdie 15 uptllOJlllBan. J (ipfv) 18 ~1(ipfvnpHBWJCin) 14 1lpKJ"JU.am. II (ipfv DpHrnawan) 15 npwnawan I (pfv IIJl'II"llaam.) 15 lIpIIb.lTIo I (ipfv IIp1leldn) 12 IlpIIiiTIII (ipfv opuomin.) 14 opdTiIcJ. I (ipfv fIJlOo~) 17 IYpiMKcri I (ipfv DJHIIIOCIin.) 8 II'pIIlIOCD1. II (pfv nplQttCri) 13 JIINlXomm. II (pfv 1IpIIini) 14
1=
walk a bit suggest suggest present present imagine instruct get used to invite invite arrive (by vehicle) come, arrive have to bring bring come, arrive continue pass, go through vanish, be lost request, ask wake up
APPENDIX 463
opoA........ [(prv o:poIlin) 13 O:PO!lo.md.n. I (prv opD)l6mlam.) 16 opoiiri I (ipfv opDxoNffi,) 6 opooicn. (ipfv npona.ttin) 18 opoain. II (pfv.-) 12 IIpOCHjn.cv I (ipfv opocwnaThC'll) 18
"'1
18
13
pennit
become angry ",ow decide, solve sit down
14
CBapHn.1l (ipfv aaplfTb) 17 c,l:tbJaTlo I (iprv ~b1an) 9 ceProfn,cll Il (pfv pac-) 16 CllJte-rb II (pfv 110-) 10 cKaJan. I (ipfv rOBOpHTb) I CJloMaTbI(ipfvJlo~an) 16 cny'fliTbCM n (ipfv CJly'IaTbClI) 16 cnYwBn I (pfv 110-) 7 c.rn:nuan Il (prv y-) 2 CMO.."en. Il (pfv uo-) 5 CM6'{b I (ipfv MO'lh) 7 CIOIMaTloI (prv ClIII.Tlo) 15 COOllJlaTbCM I (pfv c06paTbClI) 18 couhoBan. I (pfv 00-) 13 coifI'M J (ipfv CXOJl.Wrb) 16 cwl.n n (pfv no-) 12 meunITb Il (pfv no-) 2 cupaWHBBTb I (prv Cllpoa(rb) 8 CUpoaITb II (iprv CUp8uutBaTb) 8 CTaHOBHn.c1l 1I (pfv cnin) 16 rnTb I (ipfv eraUOBMThC'Il) 18 CTIlpan. I (prv 00- or BbI-) 17 er61lTb II (ipfv) 12 CTOIITb II (pfv 00-) 4 erp6lfTb II (prvno-) 15 CT)"Ian. II (prv 110-) 17 C'lmn. r (pfv co-) to cwrpaTb I (ipfv Hrp:lTh) 14
rook
do
happen listen hear look be able take ofT, lake a picture gather, get ready, plan advise go ofT, get ofT (or down) sleep borry ask. inquire ask, inquire become, gct, step, sland become, get, step. stalld wash, launder
'""
T
Y
1'8HItcB.lhb I (prv 00-) 10 TepMn. I (pfv lI(I-) 17 yliHBan I (prv y6m.) 17 YBH.!ICTL 1I (iprv BH.!ICTL) 10 YJl.HBJJJI'TbClI I (prv YJl.JIlllfrbCII) 12 ye:slKan. I (pfv ye)(an) 16 yexanl(ipfvycJ:dn) 16 y:man I (iprv Ylllasan.) 7 ynkfb I (iprv ml.llBn) 16 yIIOJI]"Ilf: I (ipfv YIIOJlJan.) 17 yCJIblwanII (ipfvem:nnan) 13 ymen.. I (ipfv ycnesan) II yrnn.. I (ipfv ycraun) 11 ycrpOHTh II (ipfv ycrp3HBan) 18 YCTp6I1ThCB II (ipfv ycrp8HBaTbC'll) 18 )"Qin. II (pfv ua-) 6 y'fIiTI.ca" (pfv UB-) 18 XOJtHn, II (pfv 00-) II XoriTb (prv 3a-) 3 XOTenCIl (pfv )3.-) 5 'Iman.. I (pfv npo- or no-) 1 'ljBcrBOBBTb I (pfv 110-) 16
10",
kill
"" surprised be
go away (by vehicle) go away (by vehicle) find out, recognize
fall
crawl away hear succeed, manage, have time get (or be) tired arrange, set up be arranged, get settled learn, teach leam, study go, walk. attend want feel like read
f~1
464
APPENDIX
Russian-English Vocabulary
Arabic numerals refer to the lesson in which the word was introduced or discussed. Nouns are given in their nominative singular form, or, ifuscd only in the plural, in their nominative plural fonn. Where an inserted vowel occurs in the nominative singular, the genitive singular is also indicated. Verbs are given in their infinitive form, with tbe third person plural present-future sometimes also provided. Perfective verbs are marked prv; imperfective verbs are not marked. Roman numerals I and II refer to the first and second conjugations. Longform adjectives are given only in the nominative singular masculine fonn except for soft stems, where feminine and neuter forms are also provided. Prepositions are accompanied by a parenthetical indication of the case they require.
A. and, but. by the way, how about a ah,oh 2 aaT06yc bus I IBTopjottel fountain pcn 17 I ..a [aha 1 aha! ahhh! 7 I).tMKHMcrpaTop clerk, administrator 12 Allewa (var. of AneKcCH) Alyosha (Alex) 17 aMo hello (telephone only) 7 AMepH"a America 6 IMCpKK8HeU,-UUa American (m) 6 IMepKte8HKI American (f) 6 lMepMK8HCkd American (adj) 6 AHaTOlld Anatoly (Anatole) 18 loulpiT apparatus, camera 15 blllc atlas 8 .yJ.lJO"6...a lectun: room, auditorium, classroom 6 b oh! 4
6a6YUlKI grandmother 17 hoi. luggage, baggage 12 6........1lk baggage oompanment, trunk 12 tic, 6e:Jo (plus gen) without 9 6e3.l1;jWHWi unfeeling, heanless 16 6ric601l baseball I I 6illwii white 13 6epj,kpeuu.(presof6p3.n.) 13 6eautliTHO free 3 fiJt6JntoTtKi library 6 . fillnh ticket 12 6.n., 6f.tQT (I) to beat, hit. strike 17 fimi:J"d close, near 15 Ii6r God 15 liO.e M6i! good heavens! my God! 16 66lleH, 601lLUa, 60JlLUW sick, ill 2, 3 6oJlen., 60mrr (II) to ache. hurt 16 60JlLHW (see 66J1eH) 2, 3 60JlLWe more, bigger 5 66JJbllle HeT there isn't any more 5 6oJlbwoii large, big 6 6om,wOe cJlacM60 thanks very much 9 GoPMC Boris 7 li6pUl borsch (beet soup) 5 IiOpw (var. of bOpHC) Borya 18 608n.ca, 6o*Tca (II) to be afraid 14 6pb brother 6 fipan., 6epjT (I) to take, get 13 fipan.a (pi of 6pb) 7 6jAY. fijJlCUU,. (fut of 6wn.) 10 6jnyutee the future 18 fij.'IKi large roll, small loaf of French bread 17 fijJlo'lKi roll, bun 17 fiyJlL6H ooosollllJli, bouillon soup 17 6yt" snack bar, sideboard 14 6w. fi (conditional particle) would 17 6WJi, fiw.n.i, 6Wro, 6w.:11 (past tense of 6wn) 6wapwl fast, quick, rapid 18 6brn. to be 4
465
8
II, 80 (plus prep or ace) in, into, ai, to llar6" railroad car 12 BaJul (vaT. of BaJlCHTHHa) Valya J7 BaM, BaMM (dat, instr of 1U.~) 9, 12 Bl,IlHIII bathroom 12 BaHIl (var. of "hall) Vanya (Johnny) 18 BapNTb (II) to cook (by boiling) 17 ali" (ace, gen of 8&1) 2 aanep custodian (m) 7 BaXTepULI custodian (f) 7 dIU, .awll, ....we, .aoul your, yours 6 ulLJlli in the dislance 15 BJlBoC.\l two together 14 IlJJPj.. suddenly 16 lIe,(lJ)6 pail. bucket IS .elUo ancr all, but, you know 9
.epa
ae3Ht
eve~here
13
faith, confidence 15
.Be..epttAR MOCK.... Evening Moscow (newspaper) 13 se..ePOM in the evening 10 CCfO)lHR lIi'lepoM this evening 10 aiWIo (I) thing 12 alan., aOlb.\ljT (pfy I) to take, get 6 ali;l view, aspect 15 ali.neJl, aw,nena, -(I, -fl (past of 9JiJtCTb) 2 BMetl, B"WlS., -(I, -bI visible, can be seen 15 BMen. (II) to see 6 BIi*y (firsl person sg of l.IImen) 5 8KICTOP Victor 18 Blin"a fork 5 911,,6 wine 18 BIICen (II) to be hanging 15 BMYli (var. of BJfKTop) Vilya 18 BKyCllblii lasty, good, delicious 13 Bna,llllBOCTOK Vladivostok 12 BnawiMMp Vladimir 8 BMec-re togelher 10 BCe BMCcre all logether I BMCcrO (plus gen) instead of, in place of 14 BKlb down, downslairs 16 BKM3Y downslairs, below 12 BOlli waler 12 BOllOUpoaOll running water, plumbing 15 B03BPllllliTIoC':R (I) to return, come (or go) back 16 BOlD.yX air 14 .OJ.\lo. .blii possible 17 DOl",y, IIOlloMeUllo (ful of Blan.) 6 aoiiRi war 10 BOrn, BOi.QjT (pfv I) 10 enter, come (or go) in 4 lIo.nu station, terminal 12
466 VOCABULARY
BO"PYf (plus gen) around 18 Ron"oB Volkov (last name) 9 BOJIO;IlI (var. of BJlaJlllMHp) Volodya 10 BOil there, yonder 6 BOH dM over there, over yonder 6 BOK TOT that person over there 6 BOO6utt\ in general, al all 16 aOceMlo eight 10 IlOCKpeciKIoC Sunday 10 BOT herc('s), there('s) I II6T did i5 that so! 7 IIIOT 'fTo! 50 that's it! 9 aowen, BOttJJail, -0, -ii (past tense of BoiiTH) 15 BOOm completely, fully 2 IUlpO'It:.\l however, but then again 14 Bph physician, doctor 16 BpiMetIR, BpbletleM, etc, (sa BpCMJI) to 1lpe.'olR time 10 IICC, IICi, Bri, actO, etc. (see BCcb) 2, 7 aci et1li still, yet 2 aci pHIlO anyway, it doesn't matter 18 BCft'"tti always 5 BCft'"O xOpOwero good-bye 2 .d-TaKM nevertheless, still, just the same 8 BCT(Wnm. (pfv II) to encounter, meet II actO, Bcii, etc, (sa BCcb) 2 &elKMi any, anyone, anybody 16 110 Bcii,,-o.\l CIIyttU in any case 16 IITOJlHNK Tuesday 10 lip college 18 nepa yesterday I .hI you I IIW6pocllTIo (pfv II) to throw oul, discard 17 BWrOBOPIlTIo (pfv II) to pronounce, say II .hIm. BWi.!lYT (prv I) to go out, get off 14 "wu""'"'"' BWDIoIOT (pfv I) to drink, have a drink 13 .W'repe...., BWTpyr (prv I) to wipe, wipe olf 17 "b1xorufrlo (ll) to go out, get off 14 BblXOllMTIo (BWii"rM) :liMy. to get married 18 IIwwen,lIwUlna, etc. (pasl of IIbtiiTlI) 15
fliJeTli newspaper 13 rliItR (var, of familia) Galya 6 fJ!C where (al whal place) 2 1"1le-uu6y,nt. anywhere 18 fIle-TO somewhere 18 reorpi.u" geography 8 fnil:lllblM main, chief 18 fninDe the main thing 18 fJla3 eye 13 rnynocn (f) foolishness, stupidity 16 rnynblM foolish, stupid 16 J'Olloplin (n) to speak, lalk 1,6 1'011 year 16 II iTOM ,"oAj this year 16 fM01leH. fOJIoJtHa, rOnOlU!bI hungry 5 fon}"60ii light blue 13 fopal,no by far, much, considerably 16 fOPOJ! city, town 4 B ropo,(l (or B f6po1lC) downlown 4 fopcoetT gorsovet (city soviet or council) 2 "opli"lKi hot 12 rOCOO1la ladies and gentlemen, e'tICrybody 3
foaJOroiH
Me. 3
rOCIIOlKH Miss, Mrs. 3 l'oenillHlla hotel 12 "oToa ready 6 '''Pa-.naMe (pi of rpa)l(llallllH) citizens 12 r1i6 mushroom 17 rpOi'tt'te louder I I"PY1M Georgian 7 rpjutla group, section 7 ryJljn. (I) to sti'"OlI 14 rYM GUM (depl. store in Moscow) 4
and 5 lla yes 2 ,[18 Hj! no k.idding! 13 ,[Iaun., !latOT (I) to give, let 14 IlUHO for a long time, a long time ago 2 .rwuti'tt, naJUi'Tc, llaItiT (see naTb) 13 ttii.:e even 5 !tiii, rollin (imper of naTb) 13 llaJIe~"ii far, far away, distant 15 Jt8Jlbllle further; continuc! go on! 4 !lAM, Illillll" llMcr (Jee nan) J 3 llapo," gratis, for nothing 18 )IaTb (pfv with irreg fut: naM, namb, ll{tCT, tUUU1M, llallHTc, nanYT) to give I) IlIIa, llIIe Iwo 6, 10 IlIICPh (f) door 4 naOp courtyard, yard 14 Ha JlIIOpe outdoors, outside, in the yard 14 .twyx'Iacoaoi two-o'clock (adj) 11 IleaYlllKa young lady, girl 9 .nea~ nine 6 IttAYw~a grandfather 17 IIriicTlllinJl_o really, indeed 16 ttinan. (I) to do, make 3 .ae.no thing, mauer, business 2 'fi." llMO! what's the matter? 7 IttH", l1Hi (m) day 4 ~H" poJoAAf:lUUI birthday 4 .niHbJ'H money 18 .ne-peao tree 17 .nepe.... (pI of nepcBo) 17 IlcpeslillHwii wooden 15 .nkslTL ten 10 ItCTH children 17 ll)l(h jazz, American-style popular music 13 I\HpCKTOP director 18 J!JlIllIliLlii long 17 linK (pIllS gen) for 9 ItHK (pI of .neHb) 7 , ,'10 (plus gen) before, until, up 10 9 .no ealUlllHHIl good. bye, I'll be seeing you ,[Ioop...ii kind, good II ,[I66pwii .e'lep good evening II JloaOJlctI, -Jl_a, etc. pleased 7 .noaOm.HO rather, quite, enough 14 .noroaopkn.ctl (pfv II) 10 come 10 terms II JlOt:TOP doctor 16 .nwo long. a long time 4 .nOmKeR, no.1.aa, etc. must, have to 8 ,[10M house, building 9 AOMa (pi of nOM) 9 Ao.""a al home 10 nOMoi home, homt:ward I ,[IopOra road, way, route 15
.'la
expensive, dear 8 annoyance 5 ROT JlocjJla! how annoying! what a nuisance! 5 noc,,;, board, blackboard 4 llOCT".n.., llOC'l"alOr (I) to get (hold of) J3 ,[Iocrin., !loailt)'T (pfv I) to get (hold of) 4 JtOoteptl, JlO'tePLIO, etc. (see nO'!b) 17 ll6'lL daughter 17 lIPjr friend 9 ZlP)TOi other, different 5 lIP)")Lj (pI of npyr) 9 tJiMano (I) 10 Ihink 6 ,[Iywj soul, heart 16 ....1lJI uncle 17
~oc'~a
IlOpor6ii
E,
[aniHKi Evgeny (Eugene) him, it, his 6, 10 ee her, ii, hers 6, 10 eJJl.MTb (II) 10 go (by vehicle) 12 CM (dat of aHa) 14 eMy (dat of 611) 17 eCJIIt ir 16 eeTb there is, there are 5 haTh, e.tl,)'T (I) to be going (by vehicle) 12 ewc still, yet, more 5 lice elUe still, yel 2 Cllte ~"'! and how! 14 Clue pa] once again, once more ilO (inslr of Olla) 17
en)
en"a
.:anh 100 bad, pity, sorry 15 .apt"di hal 14 .lipKO (it's) hot 14 'lk!lan., )kJtjT (I) to wait 9 .e (unstressed emphalic particle) but 5 .eJI'Tb (I) 10 wish 18 .e.1lTblM yellow 13 lKeHli wife 2 *e"'x fiance, bridegroom 18 lKeHUIKKa woman 12 lKcC'r"HA hard 12 lI'eC'TKMii Bar6u second-class coach 12 )l(tbHh (f) life 18 :Bn., ....iT (I) to live 9 lI'ypHiiJl magazine, journal 13
,,
(ace, inslr) for, at, behind, after 9 :Jii ropo.n (Qr J:i 1"OpO.!t();'\ol) out of town 17 38 MeR' for me, in my behalf 9 la cro.10M at the table 14 ]a6w n. (I) to forgel 14 3a6.:m., 386jlJYT (pfv I) to forgel 7 uaO,[I plant. factory I DaTpa tomorrow 4 ]8JlYMaTloCfI (pfv I) to daydream 18 uiin, JaiItiT (pfv 1) to drop in, Slap by 13 18Ka3aTb, 310':)'T (prv I) to order 12
'la
VOCABUI.AR Y
467
:aalCpwn.. llU.:p6lOT (pfv I) to close, shut 3 ll.Jr hall, room 6 J.lI./I1eHlin (pfv II) to substitute 4 n/l1enrra. (pfv II) to nolice 13 3llMOJlllHTlo CJlolle'IKo to put in a good word 9 3a!tMJ>laThC8 (I) to occupy oneself, to study 18 3UltT, laHltTa, 'liHltTW busy, occupied 3 la.HiTu studies, classes 8 laO'lllJllla (ful/form CT)'JleHn:a.nO'fUHu) correspondence-school student (f) 9 U,D~T, ~a, etc. locked 4 Jail/Tarin. (pfv n) to pay 12 lapa6iTWllan. (I) to earn, make (money) 18 3axOrom. (II) 10 drop in. stop by 4 nxoTen., uxoriT (irreg) to want, feel like 18 laXO'ly, JaXO'feuu., laXOtteT, 3aXOnLo.l, la):ome, etc. (irreg fut of lUOTha.) 18 Ja'leM why, what for 6 la'leM Tooe why do you need 6 38J;1aJleHHe application 9 3B8Ta., loayT (I) to call II td... Te6ii (or BaC) JOBjT? what's your name? II lliOHIiTL (II) to ring, phone 7 380HO", -HKa bell 7 l,tlaHHe building 7 3./ttta. herc 7 3./tOpOB, -a, -101 healthy, well 2 3./tpbCTByH, l./tpaBCTByiiTe hello 3 Je,I1euwii green 13 It!MJlti earth. land 18 lll.'lta winter 2 lll.\tOM in winter II 3ItHa (var. of 3HHaw) Zina 10 :JMetl snake 17 lHa..oM. _a, _101 acquainted, familiar 10 J.HaICOMCDO acquaintance. familiarity 18 no lHnO!\lCTBY by knowing the right person, through friends 18 lHIlKOM.... (m), 3HaJ.:0!\la. (f) (an) acquaintance, [a] friend 13 lHiTa. (I) to know 3 3Ma'l""'" (II) to mean 10 3Ha'fHT it means, so, then 10
"Mil name. fitst name II KKa'le (or MHne) otherwise. differently 15 HH*ellcp engineer 18 HHOf"j1a sometimes 3 IIHOCTpaHClI, -HllK foreigner 15 HHcnrrjT institute 18 IIHTepkuo (that's) interesting, [I) wonder] llHTepecodin, ~CYIOT (I) to interest 18 lUlTeptCOllauca (I) to be interested in 18 HpMHa Irina (Irene) 9 MOl:h.., 1IutyT (I) to look for, seek 12 Ncuiota., McoeKjT (pfv I) to bake 17 HOlOJlHeHtte performance 13 ItCOMttillMH performed by 13 McrOplD: historian 18 McrOpN'II history 8 trrni (var. of Hnni) I MX their, them 6, 10
K.
K, KO (dat) toward, to, to see 4, 7 Kbuu>lii each, every II Ka*CTclI [it] seems 6 Ka38Ta.clI, ICbcYTclI (I) to seem 16 ..a.. how, as, like 2 lCaK ./twa? how is eve()1.hing? 2 ..... pal just, it just happens, the very thing 5, 9 ..aK TOIlLKO as soon as 17 "11"01 whal, which 9 OJS.TO some sort of, a. an, kind of 8. 16 ..'J>le.lHwii: [made of] stone, (made of) brick 15 lCi)ltlllo, dMBIl stone, rock 11 KmKyllhl (pi only) vacation 15 Kapamw pencil 6 KipTII map. card 8 KapniHa picture' II dcca licket window. box office. cash register 12 Kha (var. of EKaTepKHa) Katya (Kathy) 10 lCli,wa kasha (mush, cooked cereal) 5 Kllapnipa apartment 9 lCamllllJfll receipt, claim check 12 Kliell Kiev 12 KMIlOMtrp kilomcter (three-fifths of a mile) IS KHHO movies, cinema 10 ICHOcK stand. newsstand 8 KHpMJIJI Kirill (Cyril) 2 KHT.iii China g ICJly6 club I KJI.o~ key 7 KIIHI"I book 3 lCor.na when, while 10 1C0rO (gen, acc of n6) 8 ~orrO a thing or two 8 KOlIlOIl Koziol' (last name) 7 ..oOOad sausage 18 KOnOIlell, -lUll well 15 Konxol kolkboz, collective farm 15 1C000xOJIIlD: collective-farm worker (m) 15 troJlxOJIUIlIa collective-farm worker (f) IS ..onxo3Rwi collective farm (adJ) 15 Ko.IUI (var. of H..J;onaii) Kolya (Nick) 6 troMMttHOt!HWi (Marll.]lIiu) secondhand store 13 "oMHaTa room 9 ICOHeu,-HU' end 16 a lCotIqi !.:OHUOIl finally, in the end 16
11
u and, also, too I JiBall Ivan (John) 7 HB8UOBH'f (patronymic, son of Hdll) 9 "BauOBMa (patronymic, daughter of I'ball) 7 Hrlla gamc, play 14 Mrpan. (I) 10 play II Mrpin II KapTIoI to play cards II ".nCJ>I let's go 5 MJtni, II)tjT (I) to be going I ":a, 100 (gen) from, out of 9 .368 hut, village house IS .3.ecna1l news, news report 13 ..HJIlec:nul" lzvestw (News) (newspaper) 13 ullJOtiTr: excuse [me I I M:a,'ltetnfn. (pfl' 1I) to change 4 llICo.a holy picture, icon 15 JiJa. or 10 1iJT iJUI ... either ... or 10 liM (dat of orm, instr of Oil) 1. 14. 17 "MeI'M, '.'ltetleM, JlMetla, etc. (see HMII) II
468
VOCABULARY
IWIIC,,"0 of course, sure, certainly 4 KOlluepT concert 3 "OIl"aTL (ll to finish, end 14 "011'111"" (pfv Il) to finish, end 14 "oucihca kopeck 12 Kop06"a box (cardboard) 4 KOpOTKllii short 17 KOCMollallT cosmonaut, astronaut 18 KOCTJOM suit, COSlUme 4 KOTOpwii which, what, that 13 KOte (indecl) coffee 5 KpaclUlwii lovely, pretty, handsome 4 KpacHwii red 13 Kpaaewi yrono..: recreation room (/it. red comer) 13 Kcdnl incidentally, apropos, by the way 3 ICTO who 4 Ky.ni where (to) I K)'M (indecl) compartment 12 Kymi.tl, _., etc. (past of lCymiTL) 4 KyO...... (pfv n) to buy 4 Kypo'lKHH Kurochkin (last name) 7 Kypc class (year), course 10 qeOK, qoo piece, slice 8
JJ n
Jla60paToplIII laboratory 3 nalUio O.K., fine, all right 14 JlalUll' noodles 17 Jlell, JI..., Lev (Leo) 3 !l&-"MM easy, light 13 nerKo [it's] easy. easily 13 na:in. (II) to be lying, to lie in bed 18 lIeK'1M1i lecture, class 6 JlCIlMIfl1dn, Leningrad 12 lIee forest, woods 15 IIee-Tnlllla stairway. stairs, ladder 16 nh (gen pI of r6A) 16 Jlho summer II neTOM in summer I I nM whether, if (question particle) 7 JlMMOH lemon 17 !IMMon811 lemonade, son drink 14 JliiCT leaf; sheel 17 JlMCTbr sheets 17 JlJicn.ll leaves 17 JlMTCpaTypa literature 8 nlffepaTyplll>lH literary, literature (adj) 18 JIIIT4!alC department of literature 18 JlJi4!T elevator 12 Jlo:lCa spoon 5 JIY'nue better, rather 1 ny..IUM" besl, better 7 JlKKia (var. of Jh066Ijb) Lyuba 17 m06krL (II) to love, like, to be fond of 10 mo66s... .Ilt06eii (f) love 17 Jllo66I1" Lyubov (Amy) 17 m01lH people 13 mo"c deluxe class 12
MAJIO tittle, few, 100 lillie 10 MaMa mamma, mom 17 Mapiill Maria (Mary) 7 Mapc Mars 18 Micno butter, oil 18 MaCCa lots. mass, plenly 17 MacchI: massage 16 MiT checkmate 14 .....aTcMiTH"a mathematics 8 MiTCPH. ManpCii, etc. (see MaTh) 15 MaTcpHin material 4 ".nepHall Ha KocnOM suit material 4 MaTepHin lIa IlJIliTLe dress material 4 Min., MaTepH, etc. mother 15 Mama (var. of MapKa) Masha 7 MlllllJi.H. car, machine 18 MelInCtlHbli slow 18 MClltlly (p/w instr) between, among MClKJIY "pit"H..... by the way 13 Men chalk 17 Me.rtOJUla melody, tune 13 Metni (gen, ace of Ji) 8 Mecr"KO spot, place, job. small 10wn 18 Tennoe Mecriol,,-o a soft spot, a nice cushy job 18 Meao plaa:. seat, berth, job 12 Mee-all month; moon 16 MeorriiTL (I) to dream 18 MetJJaTL (I) to disturb. hinder. mix 17 MIi.!l. (val'. of JhO.ll.MMa) Mila 3 Mtinwii nia:. kind, dear, darling 9 Miina mile 15 MMHYr". minute, moment 7 {OMY] MHHjTKY just a minute 7 MMP peaa:, world 10 ..BoMHa II MMP War and Peau 10 MHXiinQ8I1'1 (patronymic, son of MilUM) 7 Mile (prep, dat of Ii) 3 MHoro a lot, lots, much 7 l'ollloroe many things, 1015 of things II MOlj, MOeClIU., MOeCT, etc. (pres of M6'1b) 7 M6eCT 6wTL maybe, perhaps 6 MO)l(HO it's possible, one may 4 MOM, 1'010', Moe, MOM my, mine 1.6 MOJlO,llCU, -JIlla one who does an outstanding job 7 MOIl0110M young 13 MOJlOKO milk 5 Moc"Ba Moscow 9 1'010%, Moryr (I) 10 be able, can 7 My: husband 2 MY.'IMlla man 12 MY'KL. (pI of My.) 7 MyJI>I"a music 13 MW we I MWCJlb (f) idea, thought 18 "'tlln;;Mii son 12 MIln;;M" lIarOO first-class coach 12 ""IlCO meat 18 MIlCO"OM6HMllT meat-packing plant 18
H
M.
M....3ii. store 8 Min. (f) ointment, salve 16 MinettLKQ small, little 9
113 (p/w aee or prep) on, onto, 10, at, in, for MUepllO probably, likely 8 .alllep:< up, upstairs 16 Haaepxy upstairs, on top, in the upper 12
VOCABULARY 469
1Il1/IC*!11 hope 18 Ha11bK1111 Nudezhda (Hope) 18 HlllleATbCM, IlalielOTcll (I) 10 hope, count on 18 HallO {it'sl necessary, one has to 9 He lIa110! don't! 15 IH1lII (var. of HUJIC;IlU) Nudya 18 Ha3811 lxlCk. ago 17 TO.\lY Hni11 ago 17 Hll)B8Tb, Ha:JOBjT (pfv I) to name 10 Ha3",~HTb (pfv II) to set, designate, appoinl 16 Ham, HaiillYT (pfv I) to find 17 Hlneao on Ihe len, to the left 12 HI..,"n., Hanb.oT (pfv I) to pour, fill 18 HiM (dat of MW) 14 ",.\lM (instr of MW) 17 HDHc.an, HlrniWyT (pfv I) to wrile 4.7, 12 HIIIHwliTe (imper of HanHcaTb) 4 Harrpaao on (or to) the right 12 Hanpk'l"ep for example II Hapblo., Hape;IoTe (imper of Hape33Tb) 5 Hapban., Hape:YT (pfv t) to cut, slice 12 HapOll people 7 HapO.!Utloli folk, popular. people's 13 dc (gen, ace, prep of MW) 5 y Hac [kTIo) we have 5 HIC'IlT (plus gen) about 5 Hadwa (var, of HaT3.nbll) Natasha II Illy.... science, knowledge 18 eOT Tc6i Hly"a! let that be a lesson to you! 18 HlY'lrnCll (pfv 11) to learn 18 HIy_wi scientific, scholarly 18 Haxo!Ufn. (II) to find 17 HIJI:OJUiTIoC1I (II) to be located 17 Haoca.'10 beginning. start 16 HI..an.. HI~KjT (pfv t) to Slart, begin 18 Hiw, HaWI, H'WC, HaWK our, ours 5, 7 He not (negative particle) I He60JiMUoii small, not large 12 HeaolMo"'HO impossible 17 HCI'O (gen, ace of 611 and 0116) y HCI"6 he has, at his place 8 IIcmiBllo recently, nOI long ago 5 IICllllJiCKO not far, close, near 15 HCllellll week 8 HCIlOBOJlCtl, -Jlbllfl, etc. dissatisfied, displeased 17 Hee (gen, acc of Oil:\.) 4,8, 10 y lite rCello] she has 4.7 Heli (prep, dut, instr of om\.) 7, 14, 17 HeKoTopblli some, certain 15 lleJlblli [it's] impossible, one can't 15 II~M (prep of 611 and 0116) 7 HeMHOrO a little, somewhat 10 HeMY (dat of 611 and 0116) 14, 16 Heunoxo not badly 6 HennoxOii nOI half bad, pretty good 7 Henp","HJibHO [it's] wrong, [it's] incorrect 3 HMMllaTM'IHbdi not nice, nol likable 16 HCtKOnbKO several, some, a few 17 HK'taCTHblM unhappy, unfortunate 16 1Iec'tl.c:n.e bad luck. misfortune, unhappiness 16 He... no; theres no, there isn't any 1,7 HeYIl66f1lo1i uncomfortable, inconvenient 12 Hey*e..,M! really! you don't say! 13 "M not (negative particle) 13 HII , . , HH .. , neither ... nor 13 "MI'".ae nowhere, nOI " " " anywhere 7
UHlI\IlHii, -'1M, -ee, lower 12 HMKlit.: in no way. by no means 9 RMKaKoii not." any, none at all 15 HHKHTM~ (patronymic, son of HUKHn) 9 HH"Ol'"lI1. never 3 HH"'onaeBM'I (patronymic. son of HIiKomi.ii) 7 HRKOJia" Nikolay (Nicholas) 6 RH.\I (dat of OIlH, instr of 611 and 0116) 10, 14 c KJi... with him (or it) 10 K HHM 10 them 14 Hlf)'!" (instr of OHH) 10 C Hli:....H with them IO H"RI Nina I rix (gen, ace. prep of OHH) 7.8.10 Y m [knol they have 8 HH'Iet'"6 nothing: all righl 4,6 ItO but I MOIIOCTb (f) news, novelty 13 HOllloli new 13 'ITO NO-oro? what's new'? 13 Horii leg, foot 16 MO: k.nife 5 ~ep hotel room, issue, number 12 HOl.'MblQKK porter 12 Hoaln. to carry, wear 15 uO'Ilo (f) night II 00 fIO"'M nights 16 cnOK6iittoii "0'111 good night II HO..I.MI at night, during the night II IIPUurn.ca (II) to like, please, appeal to 11,16 Hi well. why I Hy, ....... ? well, how about it? II Hy, 'ITO aw! why, what do you mean! 6 HY, 'ITO TiM! whatever for! not at all! 9 Hy*eH, Ky"'H', -0, -w necessary 8 Mite HY*"a KipTa EBpOlIIoI I need a map of Europe 8
00
0,06, 060 (plus prep) about, concerning 7 6! oh! 12 ooell dinner, noon 5 110 06e/t8 before noon 9 IIOcJle ooeJlli after noon, in the afternoon 9 o6ellliTb (I) to dine. cat dinner 5 ofipaTJiTbclI (pfv u) to consult, turn to 16 06paWanCH (I) to consult, turn LO 16 06we*tITHe dormitory 4 66WH" ,general, over-all, common 15 06loMBJICHHC notice, announcement 13 06";'1110 usually 15 06w'tMblii usual 15 orone..., -HbKa small light 13 "OrOHeK Ogonyok (magazine) 13 orypuw (pi of orype.l) cucumbers 5 OllecCli Odessa 12 o,tth, -I, _hi dressed 17 oilliH, OllHa, OllHO one. a. one and the same, alone 6 O:l1lUIUHe waiting, wait, expectation 12 lb O"'W"HII waiting room 12 0*HlIa11. (I) to expect, wait 8 03Cpo lake 15 0,,"116 window 5 0KOJ10 (plus gen) near. by, about 9 OKOtt_, -a, -0, -101 finished, over, done with 18
470
VOCABULARY
OKOIl'fNTIo (pfv Il) to finish, graduate from 18 O,u;,' Oleg 5 O!lll (vaL of Onbra) Olya 4 Oil he, it I ONa she, it olui they I OHO it I onj3lIb1ean. (I) to come (or be) late II OD03;1in. (pfv I) to be late II orin. again 5 Op.11o. Orlov (IaSI name) 7 Opnoea Miss Orlov, Mrs. Orlov 7 6ceHb (f) fall, autumn 2 Ocettbto in fall, in autumn 11 OeKDOIJ Osipov (last name) 16 oc06eHKO especially, particularly 18 OC66cHllblii special, particular 18 OCTilJlITb (pfv II) to leave 7 OCTaTl>CM, OCTiHYTCM (pfv 1) to remain, to be left 17 oaopOJKetI, -lima, etc. careful 16 oaopOJK.Hblii careful 16 OT, OTO (plus gen) from, away from 9 OTOe-r answer 13 OlOe'l'HTI> (pfv 11) to answer, reply 3 OTBe......b (I) to answer. reply 3 OTJlOXIlyn. (pfv I) to rest 14 OTlIbIxlITb {I) to rest 14 oTiu, OTl.(i father 15 oncpbllJiTl> (I) to open II OTKpWT, -a, -0, ~b1 open, opened 5 on:pWTb, On:p6toT (pfv I) to open 3, 7 on:jaa from where 9 OTJUi'fHHK "A" Sludent 18 OT!lIi'fIIO excellent. excellently 7 oTclOaa from here, hence 15 onY.lIa from there 15 OT'fK'I'IJO patronymic II ..ax .. we ..... 11 III] OT'tCCnlo? what are your first name and patronymic? II heRb very, very much. really 4 O..epeIlb (f) line. lurn 4 o'iep.. sketch, essay, fealure story 13 0..11 (poetic/or rJla3a) eyes 13 "()..II 'iCPHblC "Dark Eyes" (song) 13 01l1lt6Ka mistake, error 12
n "
"a81l0aH.. (patronymic, son of n:\Ben) 2 stick 17 lllipeHb, niipNII fellow, lad, boy 10 napK park 9 neBell, n",lIli singer (m) 13 nUlUta singer (0 13 IICIDlII(:lIljT leachers college 18 lteli, neiTc (imper of IIMTb) 13 ..eNlle singing I ypOK uCH1I1I singing lesson I lliplJblii first 6 nepell, nepe,!lo (p/w instr) in front of, before 18 ncpeaan.., neptn;1JIit" (pfv irreg lih .nan) to pass, hand 18 'ICpeiTtii, nepeiJ:ti'r (pfY I) to go across, go over, to Swilch 14 ncpell:O.tufn. (II) to go across. go oyer 14 ncpO pen point. pen 6
llanK8
IteCIlA song 13 neTp Pyotr (Peter) 9 Oc'rp6lJ Petrov (last name) II neTp6eB Miss Petrov, Mrs. Pctroy 7 neTpOtlll'i (patronymic, son of neTp) II neTp6BNa (patronymic, daughter of nETp) 9 otn.. ootbT (I) 10 sing 13 neTS (var. of ne-rp) Petya (Pete) 17 1H':..naW cookies 17 ~ ... ne..-:Yr (I) 10 bake 17 oet1JKOM on foot 12 DlipOr pirog 17 nlldn., miwyr (J) 10 write 4, 7, 12 lUIC.MO leiter, writing I uIn., IlblOT (I) 10 drink 5, 12 DIIWliTc (imper of nHcan) 4 IIMuta fare, food, diet 5 nn.liN plan, map (of city) 15 nnaCTIfIl"a record (phonograph) 13 nnaniTb (It) to pay 12 n!lITOK, -TKa handkerchief, kerchief 17 nniTbc dress 4 MlITcpHiin liB n.rIlITbe dress material 4 Il.rlOXO poorly I nnoxoi poor, bad 14 Ito (plus dal) by, on, about, in, via, along, around, through 15 no-allrnliiicKII [in} English 6 n06wn, no6jD,yT (pfv 1) to be. spend some time 18 Doftp...... (pfvlI) to believe 15 OOBTOPin. (Pfy It) to repeat 1 DOroaopj"n. (pfv Il) to have a lalk, talk II 1I()I"0aa weather 14 oor)'.rtrn (pry I) to go for a walk, stroll 14 DOll, OO,!lO (p/w instr or ace) under, underneath. benealh 17 DOAapoK, -pita present, gift 4 DOAlin.., DOa~ (pfv irreg lih .nan) 10 give, serve, submit 9 DOj1e!lan. (pfv I) to do 17 'tTO lIIi oo.oeJlanm.! it can't be helped! what can you do! 17 noaepliliBllllwi secondhand 13 notlO.aan., nOl\o*$ (pfy I) to wail (for a while) 8 1l01l0iiTK, nOJlointr (pfv I) to go up to, come ovcr to, approach 7 lIoItoiVUfTe K TC!le~(IIlY! answer the phone! 7 1I0Apjl"B girl friend 13 lloAjMAn (pfv I) to think 7 IlDeJIl train 12 nM3AIIl"b, nobllllT (pfv n) to do some riding 18 nOCJJK.'i! DOJJK.aiiTe! drive! go (by vehiclc)! 12 l.oexaTb, noeD,yT (pfY I) to go (by vehicle) 12 OOliliinyi perhaps, that's an idea 14 oo.....yikTa please, don't men lion it, you firsl I noJK.ti:n., no.up (pfv I) 10 live (for a while) 18 DOJ8.HIl....n.ca (pfv I) 10 study 18 DOJIIOtOin. (pfv n) to call, 10 telephone 7 nOJJ]IM) late 3 pcb.t later, later on 16 DOJH..-OMllT1o (pfv It) 10 introduce 10 OOlHaKOMIffI.CIII (pfv Il) to meel, to be introduced 6 nollrp8Tb (pfv I) 10 play (for a while) 18 noJH:rin.. DOIiIllYT (prv I) to look for 18 n6ii, ullin (imper of nen) 15 OOineM let's go 10
VOCABULARY
471
IKlii'ni, IKliilltr (pfy I) to go (on foot) 3, 6 nOKli so long; while, meanwhile 6 nOK.II38Th, noKi*YT (pfy I) to show 15 Do"bwBaTh (I) to show 15 nOKyuaTh (I) to buy 4 nOJle field 15 OOJIelM;an. (pfv II) to lie down (for a while) 18 OOJU!Te-rh (pfy II) to fly 18 OOJI:mI, 00JI3Yr (I) to be crawling, to be creeping 17 oOJIKa shelf. bookcase 6 DOJlO*IiTh (pfy II) to put, lay 12 DOJIy'fin (pfy II) to receive, get 9 DOJN.ld half an hour 16 no!'uurr.. (II) to remember II ooMOrh", (I) to help 16 no-~6eMy in my opinion, I think 7 oo~6 ..... DOMOr-YT (pfy t) to help 16 OOMOUDlB assistant, aide 18 IJOfte,.'li.m.HHK Monday 10 DOHII~UlHtte understanding, grasp I I OOIULOdin. (I) to understand 3 JIOHpblll1'loC:a: (pfY II) to like 11,16 IfOO6iMn. (pfv I) to eat dinner 5 ~ (pfY II) to ask. request 7 nonjT'IHK traYeling companion, fellow traveler 12 oopa time, it's time 6 oopa60un (pfY I) to work (a bit) 18 OOpT+e.ru. (m) briefcase 4 oo-pjC:O;H [in) Russian 6 DOpa.r.cm, -.llK. order. arrangement 6,15 1ICi.I oopwe everything's O.K. 6 OOC~Th (pfy II) to sit (for a while) 18 nocnin., OOIU11~T (pfY I) to send I, 12 06cne (P/w gen) after 8 IJOC.lteNlMi, -RII, -eC! last, latest 13 nOCJle388Tpa day after tomorrow 10 'tIOCJIjwan. (pfv I) to listen (to) 13 oOCMOTplSn. (pfv tI) to take a look 4 IKICO.eTOUn., -YKIT (pfY I) to advise 13 ItoeOJlJ.CT1lO embassy 13 OOClUlTlt., nocnir (pfv II) to sleep (for a while) 18 OOCTMpaTh (pfv J) to do the wash 18 nOCTotiTb (pfY n) to stand (for a while) 18 n0crp6MTh (pfY tI) to build 15 nOCT)'luin. (I) to enroll, enter; behave 3 ItO(TynKn. (pfY Il) to enroll, enter; behave 18 nocry'laTtt (pfY II) to knock 18 DOTalllledTh, -ytOT (pry I) to dance (for a while) 18 nonprn (pfy I) to lose 17 nOToM aftcrward, later on, then 18 noxoJttn, (pfy II) to walk (a bit) 18 nO'leMy? why? 10 nO'ITa post office. mail I nom almost 6 nowen. nowJla, etc. (past of nOHTlI) 8, 15 1IOlWIH! let's go! 6 00.0, ItOi!Wl>, etc. (pres of lien) 15 npia, -i. -0, -101 right 16 upiaJla truth; that's true, isn't it, isn't that so 4,6 JlpUna Pravda (Truth) (newspaper) 13 npa..uu.uo right. that's right 3 npb:TIoca practice, practical experience 18 upe""'IIlriin (I) to suggest, propose, offer 14 upeJl./10Dn. (pfy II) to suggest, propose. offer 9 npeJlCTb....h (pfy II) to present, introduce 16 upeJlm.I"n 6e to imagine 16
472 VOCA6ULARY
npeHCTIIBJlWn. (I) to present, introduce 15 npeJJ,CTa.lIliTtt cCOl! to imagine 15 npe"pac"o fine, cll:cel1ent, splendid 12 npeDoHIlBanJlh (m) instructor. tcacher [8 npeuOJlaBaTtt, IlpenoIlalOT (I) to instruct, (each 18 npMBtT greetings! regards! hi! I npMBwK, -Jla (past of npIIBbiKHYTh) 14 IIpHBWKMYTIt (pfY I) to get used to 14 OpMIIW'IlCa habit 14 npHrJl.lcatn. (prv 11) to invite 15 nplIl'Jlawan (I) to invilc 15 Dp..exan., up..eJIYT (pfy I) to arrive (by vehicle) 12 nprini:, IIprmjT (pfv t) to come, arrive (Oil foot) 14 npKiTlila. (pfv I) to have to, to be forcui to 17 IIp....ecni. lIpKJte<:jT (pfv I) to bring (on foot) 8 npllllOClin. (II) to bring (on foot) 13 IIpfIXOJUin,. (II) to come, arrive (on foot) 14 lIpfIUJi!JI, opll1DJ1a, etc. (past of npHiiTH) 15 IIpKWJIOa. (past of npHiiTHch) 17 npdnto pleased, [it's] nice 6 upollOJluliK conductor, guide 12 npoaaBiin.., Dpo.lla.oT (I) to sell 13 Dpo;laautiua saleslady 8 npo;lOJl.a,... (I) to continue, keep on 16 OpoKflHoIUnJJl, (m) record player 13 UPOIl3B6JleT80 production, manufacture 18 pa60nn. Ha npouBO.llCTWe to work in a factory 18 DpoMcweenHe happening. occurrence, accident, event, incident 13 upoiiri, npoi!ti'T (pfY I) to pass, go by 6 opouien., "poU.lAjT (pfv I) to be lost, to perish 18 opOnya.: pass, entry permit 13 npoctin (It) to request, ask for 12 lIpOCHjT5>ClI (pfY I) to wake up 18 np6cTo just. simply 13 np0cT6ii simple 13 npocTOM pa60'IMii unskilled worker, ordinary worker 18 npocwniTltCll (I) to wake up 18 IlpOclt6a requeSt, favor 9 npOTMB (plus gcn) opposite, across from, against 6 IlpoljlCCCIIA profession, calling 18 npocfleccop profcssor 7 npoxoJtHn. (11) to pass, go by 9 IlPO'lMT8l'h (pfY r) to read (through), finish reading 13 IlpoweJl, "poIllJla, etc. (past of npoHni) 6 IlpOwJloe the past 18 npOllIJlhlii past, last 18 1111 npOlUJloii netlllJle last weck 18 npomllJlhHhlii farewell (ndj) [8 lipowaii, npowliiin goodbye, farewell 18 npliMo straight, straight ahead, directly, just 12 DyeTl> let 17 oRTHIIU.l Friday 10 uiTwii fifth 12 ntiTh five 10 osrn.;lCCliT fifty 15
P P
pa60n work, written paper 7 p.a66un to work 2 paOO'lM worker 18 n))OCToii pa66'1l1ii unskilled worker 18
pi.a, -a, -.... glad 2, 3 piMo (indccl) radio J3 piJ occasion. lime; once 5 KaK p.3 just, it just happens 5 lIa trOT ph this time 10 pi3U really; is it possible! 8 pa3lSe '0"0 unless maybe 11 pUr-OBOP conversation 4 pupcwellKe permission, permit IS paJpculHTb (pfv II) to permit. allow 12 pallo early 3 piKbllle earlier, before 16 paenp611aK. _a, -0, _.... sold out 13 paa:epmiTLClI (prv II) to become angry, 16 pam, paCTjT (t) to grow 17 ~,-II",a baby, child 17 pe6jTa kids, fellows, guys 5 ptJtKO rarely, seldom 3 Jle3YJl..TiT result 7 pelmi~a advertisement, publicity 13 peKTOP chancellor, president 6 pecropaK restaurant 9 petleOT prescription, recipe 16 peWHU (pfv tI) to decide, solve 18 polliiTeJlK parents 15 po-.tteKlte birth 4 ,ttelUo po*JteHIUI birthday 4 JIO!I4u novel 10 po~ulJtC love song 13 pOe, pocIli, etc. (irreg past of pam) 17 p)'6:i.WKa shirt, slip 17 py6J1b (m) ruble 12 py"a hand, arm 17 pycc"lt" Russian 6 py'lKa penholder, pen 6 pbl6a fish 5
Cepreii Sergey 16 cepD.kn.Cll (II) to be angry, to be mad 16 <:epb4'3Hwi serious 18 cecrpa sister 6 eJllIen. (n) to sit, to be sitting 10 c...\tuaT'Ii"fK....i nice, likable 16 cHlIMi, ~a -ee dark blue 13 c"uciiTe (imper of cKa3an) I e"&381'1o, c"'*)7 (pfv t) to say, tell 12 C"OJTl.KO how much, how many 10 110 eKOJlbKO at what time 10 c"opee, lXopeii quick, hurry up; sooner, faster 17
1X6po
soon 11
c,
c, co (gen) slnce, from 2,9 C, co (instr) with, together with 10, 17 ca.,nj'n.n (n) to sit down 14 an+Uxa napkin 18 ca."" -ii, -0, dMH oneself (myself, yourself, etc.) 15 cb,ap sugar 17 Cawa (var. of Ane.r.:caIlJtP, -Hpa) Sasha (Sandy) 4 c66p gathering, assembly 18 II c66pe together, present 18 caapMTl. (pfv 11) to cook (by boiling) 17 clIbuii fresh 14 cac.o cool, chilly, fresh 14 CB060na freedom, liberty 18 CII06O!lKO freely, nuenlly 16 caoOOJUlwii free, unoccupied 14 cs6i one's own (my own, your own, etc.) 7 C'./1VuITb (pfv t) to do, get done 9, II ce6ii oneself (rellexive personal pronoun) 9 yee6ii in one's room (or office) 9 cerOJUIIII today 5 ceH'Iac now, right away 6 ceKpeTapb (m) secretary 9 ceneAKa herring 5 JIO village 15 CeMett Semyon (Simon) 2 C_eHoa Semyonov (last name) 8 cbt:.. seven 10 <:'bIb. family 15
CKY'lHO dull, boring 3 cM,ttyIOUtKi next 8 Ha cMllYKHud IIWJle next week 8 c..rnQm;:OM too, too much 18 c.ooaaPb (m) dictionary, vocabulary 8 CJlOlIbn.o (var. of c.nOBO) 9 3llMO.'1BIITC ]a Mtllli: CJlO.e'lKO! put in a good word for me! 9 CJlOBO word 9 eJlOMaTh (pfv I) to break 16 eJly",6a job, service, work 4 CJly'laii case, occasion, incident, event, chance 16 11(I .cilOO.\t enY'lae in any case, in any event 16 C1I)"IIi'n.ClI (pfv It) to happen 16 CIl)'wau (t) to listen 7 C.'ljwalO hello (on telephone) 7 l:.IlW.wa1'1o (n) to hear 2 c.\fOI'j, CMOllCClOb, etc. (fut of <:Mon.) 7 CMO-rpen. (1I) to look, see 5 CMO'l'b, ClHoryr (pfv I) to be able, can 7 CHM~8.Tb (I) to take off, take a picture 15 c",;iMoK, -M"a snapshot, picture 15 cOOKpaTbClII (I) to gather; to plan 18 co6paKMe meeting, gathering, collection coBiroBan., COBCTytoT (I) to advise 13 C'OfICi.\t completely, quite, altogether 7 c:orJliCftL, -aat etc. agreed, agreeable 14 roini, coiiltjT (pfv I) to go off. get off, come down, go down 16 corn e YMI. to be out of one's mind, to go crazy 16 IIbI C YMa eowmi! you're out or your mind! 16 eoce.tJ neighbor (m) 15 coecill\:a neighbor (f) 15 coceftKHii t _Mil., -ee neighboring, next 15 co~e composition 7 cn.llcH60 thanks, thank you 2 6o.'1bwlle cnacM60 thanks very much 9 cnan, emIT (II) to sleep, to be asleep 12. 13 CIJ~ltarntCT specialist 16 coetUMn. (n) to hurry 2 CUJlJO, cmilllb, emiT, etc. (pres of cnaTh) 12, 13 ctto,,6iiHwi calm, quiet II CItOkoiiHoi KO'l" good night II cnpiwMBaT" (I) to ask (a question), inquire 8 cpa3Y immediately, right 8 cpciJa Wednesday 10 CCCP (COJ03 COseTCKltX COllltaJTHCnl'leckllx Pecny6JTHK) U.S.S.R. 7 CTAK:i.H glass 8 craBOBii"n.ClI (tI) to stand, become, grow, get, step 16
VOCABULARY
473
CT3l1UHll station 12 c'flipblii old 9 CTin.. CTaH)'T (pfv I) 10 stand, become, grow, get, step 18 c'rHpan. (I) to launder. wash 17 nllxM verses. poelry 10 nOlln. (II) to COSI 12 e"o.'1""o iTO non? how much is this'! 12 He CTOMT it's no use. it isn'l worthwhile 18 CTO.'I table. desk 5 CTOJIOBUI dining hall. dining room, cafe 5 CTOIfn. (II) to be standing, 10 stand 4 CTp.aMi country IS CTpaHHblii strange 13 CTpOKT" (Il) to build 15 CT)'.'li1fT sludent (m) I CT)'lleHTJ.:.a student (I), coed CTyJl chair 7 CTyJll>Jt (pi of CTyJl) 7 nY'Ian (II) to knock, rap. pound 17 c)'66on Saturday 10 cYIi soup 17 c'lacne happiness, luck 18 C'lHTan. (I) to count, consider 10 CWA (COCtlHuellllwc WTaTh! AMCpIIKH) U,S,A, 13 ewrpan (pfv t) to playa game 14 CWH son 17 e"'Hoe..' (pI of CWII) 17 elO,:ta here, over here 10
1'01'1111 then, in thai case 6 To:e 100, also, either 2. 8 TOJI"y'l"1I flea market. secondhand market 13 TOJJCToii, Jlea Tolstoy, leo (writer) II Ton.. "o only. just 5 1'0.1.....0 'ITO just. just now 8 Ton. (var. of AHaTomlii) Tolya 18 TO:t>ly IInall ago 17 TOpT eake J7 n)r, ri, TO thai, that one, lhe one 6 TOT .Il', ri .e, TO :e the same 13 TO"... I dot. point, period 17 TO"H",ii exact. precise 16 TplBa grass I 7 TPM thrtt 10 TpliJlllln thirty 12 TPY.llllWii hard, difficult 13 TYIllI there, to Ihat place 5 TYPMCT lourist 15 TjT here 4 Tbi you I Y Y Y (pIllS gen) at, by, on, from, al the place of 4 Y IUIC [een] we have 5 y Hero [een.] he has 8 y lice [eeTl>] she has 4 y HMX [kn.J they have 8 yfiHaaTb (I) to kill 17 )'OOPHaII toilet. lavatory 12 )'60pWHUIL cleaning woman 7 yBMneu (pfv II) to see, catch sight of 10 Yro.'!, }T.'lJI comer, angle 8 yro.'t6t:, -.'II"a little comer 13 "paCKwii }TOJlO.. recreation room (iii. red corner) 13 Y1l"'11 luck, good luck II YllH8.'1tlTI.CA (t) 10 be surprised 12 y.ll66ttwii convenient. comfonabJc 12 Yll66cTBO convenience, comfort 12 Yllo86J1bCUMIl' pleasure 3 c y,aOBO,1"CT8MIl'.," with pleasure, gladly 3 yCl;l\an (tJ to go away (by vehicle) 16 yexln, yeJIJ'T (pfv I) to go away (by vehicle) 16 y:e already, by now 2 y*e lie no longer, not, , , anymore 18 Y311al'l. (pfv I) to find out, [cam, recognize 7 "YXpIlMHII The Ukraine (hotel) 12 y",paHllcu, -HUll Ukrainian 7 ynMull street 13 yM mind, sense 16 BI:t c yM.8 COW.1M! you're out of your mind! 16 yMlIblii wise, smart, intelligent 16 yllllsepcwrer university 3 yuaCT", yo.aJ]jT (pfv I) to fall, fall down 16 ynoJOTii, ytJOJ1ljT (pfv I) to crawl away, creep off 17 YpOK lesson, class I yeJ1wu..:n, (pfv II) 10 hear 13 ywen. (pfv I) to manage in time, succ:ecd II )'cuex success, luck 18 ll~JI.n. 6oJll>llllie ycnexlI to do very well, make excellent progress 18 yaan, )'criM)'T (pfv I) to be lired, to gel tired 14 yCTpOlln. (pfv II) to arrange, fix up, organize 18 YCTpOMTIoCII (pfv II) to gel fixed up, get established. gel scllled 18
TT
TI... (unstressed) then. in Ihat case 3 Ti... so, as, that way, thus 3 ri..., Jdi... just as 16 TI,,6ii such. so I I TD:cM (indecl) taxi 12 d,\! Ihere I Theil (sg of T3HlUoI) 10 TlHueean, T.lHItiIOT (I) to dance 10 mill>! dance. dances, dancing 10 TaHa (var. of TaT..Jiua) Tanya 17 Talll"ellT Tashkent 12 180ii, THOll, Tlwe, THOM your(s) 6 Te (pi of TOT) 13 l'e:e the same 13 -rehp thealer 9 TCal'pail..ltblil theatrical, theater (adj) 13 1'e6C (prep, dat OfTbl) 6, 14 Te6li (gen, ace OflW) 6,9, 10 nJleloll telephone, phone 7 3110llllT nJlelful the phone's ringing 7 31Kl1lli:T.. no TeJlelilllY to phone 16 1I0tlOiillM(Te)" TCJle4H)Hy! answer the phone! 7 Tt:HHHC tennis II Tenep.. now 2 TinJl..,ii warm 14 numl [it's) wann 14 Ttft.rwe Mecre-t"O a nice cushy job 18 Tepiin. (I) to lose 17 TtTpa.lU, (I) notebook 6 Th. aunt 17 TexHll... lechnician 18 TeXllHt.'1II technology, engineering 18 To6Oii (instr of TW) 17 ToaapHllt comrade, friend, colleague 9 TOBapMtU no "oMII.aTe roommate 10
474 VOCABULARY
morning 4 yrpaJ\1 in the mornings 16 y+l ugh! ooh! 14 )'Xa fish soup, fish chowder 17 y..euwii scholar. learned man, scientist 18 r"'TeJUo (m) teacher 7 y,",'TC.'1bHHila teacher (f) 7 y-niTL (n) to teach; to study 6 y'liiTl..ca (II) to learn, study 18
00
jTpo
+a6pHKa factory 9 +RKy.'1LnlT department 7 4IRJ\1MnHJI last name, family name II +M1HK physicist 18 lM3HKa physics 8 lIJIlJIIinIIOIlIl'l (patronymic, son of d>illlMnn) 2 "Jib.", film, movic 10 +Oro photograph, picture 15 .yrOO.'1 soccer II llr1Jin. II +yY66.rI to play soccer II
'1eM (instr of 'ITO) 17 ..epe3 (plus ace) through, across, in 13 '1~ '1il in an hour 13 '1eptlwii black 13 Thursday 10 'tt'Tbi:pe four 10 '1tmin. (I) 10 read I, 10 'ITO thai, who, which 6 'ITO what 3 onc) II';'! you're not serious! 3 'ITO J1H perhaps, possibly, maybe 18 'ITO HOllOro'!' what's Dew? 13 'ITO :rro why is it, how come 16 '1T66w in order to, to 18 '1TG-IIH6yJtb anything, something or other 9 'ITO-TO something 14 ")'BCTaO feeling 18 '1yBCTIIOBaTI>, '1YIICTllYKlT (I) to feci 16 ..yBCTBOIIBTL ce61i to be feeling 16 "yn, ue all but, darned near, almost 16 'I...e (n of '1eii) 6 'I1>1ii (pi of'lcii) 6 " ..Ii (f of '1tM) 6
.u.epl"
Ww waut.:3 cap 17 W8.xJ\1aTW chess, chess board 14 Nrpan a wbMaTw to play chess 14 wen. lumi, WllO, IIIJ11i (past of II/tTH) 12, 15 mecll1a/tUllTI> sixteen 16 U1kTL six 10 luKi.41 cupboard, dresser 5 wKOlIa school 6 lOOtep driver (of ear) 12 lIIjTn. joke 18
XiPbKOII Kharkov 12 XII."'"" chemist 18 xIIMHa chemistry 8 Xlt1"p6a Khitrov (last name) 2 xlIe6 bread 5 ltOJtrn (II) to go, attend, walk II ltOKKeM hockey II ltonoJl.llwii cold 14 XO.'10ltIKl lit's] cold 14 xOpOUlHi good 9 ltopomO good, fine. well, nice I xOTm (irreg pres: xo..y, XO'lClUb, x6'1eT, XOTHM, XOTlin, xOTn) to want 3-5 xuri: although 14 XOT. 61.1 even if only 14 XO"ICTC'a [one) feels like 5 xo'fj', XO'letUb, XO'teT, etc. (see xOTtn) 3-5 xy*c worse 16
IUw
Ult!
3 ,
3KJ8MCU examination, exam 7 JnCKTpM'ICCTBO lights, electricity 15 )Till:: floor, story 12 hH these, those 6 :ITo it, this, that 2 3TOT, iTa, iTO this, Ihal 7
u"
Uapa"K"11 Tsarapkin (last name) 2 uae-r color 13 uBeTlIoi in color, colored 15 ufflwii entire, whole 18 Qip"OBh, uePKIIM (f) church 15
4.
'Iii tea 5 'Iic hour 10 '1at"l'tlWi private, personal 13 'IaCTU often, frequently 3 '1aWKa cup 8 '1ci, '1ba, '1l>e, '11>11 whose 6 'IMOBe.. person, human being, man 13 '1eM than 3 lIj'llIte U03J,UtO, <tCM HHKOJ'JUI better late lhan never 3
Ii I I 1I1':'K language, tongue 6 Il~YT Yakut 7 >1J1Tll Yalta 12 drawer, box (wooden) 5
'W""
VOCABULARY
475
INDEX
Russian words arc in boldface and English translations in italics. The numbers refer to pages on which the items arc discussed and drilled. The following abbreviations are used:
,~
00"
conj conSlr
...
conjugation construction dative d" declension. declensional demoR$U demonstrative direct object dir obj r feminine footnote future genitive imperative impcr impcrs impersonal indeclinable indecl inf infinitive instr instrumenlal inlerrog interrogative imperfective iprv irregular irreg masculine m
... ..
.ff
,d.
Idj
mod
N
<1,
," ,.,
""
'Vir'
"'" "'"
m' m.
.-<1
p'. ""'
pi
multidirectional nOle neuter negative, negation, negated nominative object person. personal perfective plural
possessi\'C
pres-fut pro"
'.
s ubj
,,=,
" " , wi
",' versus
vowel
1'1"'''''")
..-ro,
adjectivC$: dal sg and pi 378-80; fonnation of short-form adjs ending in --0 from long-form adjs 330-31; hard stems, soft stems, aDd mixed stems defined 275; inSlE sa and pi 4J6...38; m. f. and pi short forms of :Win. fdi.... u0p6_, liOJHII4S-47; n short forms eOOing in-o u.scd in impcrs collStT 322-23; nom. ace. gen, and prep: II and pi 295-99: nom sg and pi 272-75; that function as nouns 63 fn; 275; 438-40 adverbs: formation of from adjs 330-31: rJti ..:h~r~ 20 fn; 218-21; placement of before vb 38 N adverbial: expressions formed by prefixing ao- 375 alphabet: fonnation of letters 29-32; handwritten 23: Russian (Cyrillic) and lhe writing system 5-7 alternation: in pns-fut of 2nd conj vbs J04-{)5; of stems in 1$1. pet"S Sf: of vb aUen. /D sa 104-<15; of voiced and voiceless consonanlS 39-43 animate (su Q/$tJ inanimate): usc of gen case endings fDr
"'y ys
476
INDEX
ace of aU animate nouns in pI 245: use of gen case endmgs for ace of animate cr6JJ- nouns in sg 212 anldc; absence of definite and Indefinite in RUS$ian 10 fn aspeclS Of verbal aspects (_ also imperfective aspect, perfe<:tive aspect): system of 38 N, 70-71 bt liWT.. ; fut forlTl$ of 215-18: omission of in pres tense 22N; past forms of 55-57; use of fut forms in building ipfv fut 215-18 capital leiters: limited usc: of in Russian 31 fn; not used for nationalities 88 fn, 211 N cardinal numerab: 1-10 200; II!IC of gcn case with numbers
26U9 cue system (_ oao accusative, dative. genitive. instrumental, nominative, prepositional cases): introduclory remarks on 53-54 commands (see also imperative): formation of 2nd pen imper 290-95: Ulie ofipfv aspect in neg commands 292: use of He HiAO in neg commands 352: use of unstressed suffix ~Te for pi-polite form of 2nd person imper 105 conjugation Of verb conjugation (s/!/! also first conjugation, pll:SCnt-future, second conjugation. verb): 1st conj vbs with infs ending in -adin. 327; of 1st conj vbs: 1ClT_ 10 bt goill;g 14-17, 237, MOoI.. and CMOotJ. 10 N abJ/! 188-90: of irrcg ybs: ~n. to girt! 325-27, xonn. to "'(lilt 75; of 2nd conj Yb5: ~n1o 10 _ I04-OS, 215, roeopWn. 10 spulk 4S, 97-98, 105, cmi.mt.-n. to h/!ar 45, 302, roeuuin. /0 hurry 43-45, lOS, crosrn. 10 Sland 45, 302; of 2nd conj ybs with stem cons changc in Ist pen sg 213-15: of two-stem 1st eonj ybs 263-66; pres-fut of 1st eonj ybs patterned like pa6Qnll. and 237-40: review of 2nd conj ybs 302-oS; usc: of symbols I and U 109 fn conjunctions: Y5 a I3N consonants (s also alphabet, pronunciation. Yowels): con sounds VI con IelteB S-9, hard VI soft 3: nC'lltral in tenns of yoicc 40; omission of A and T between cons in pronunciation 35fn; pronuociation of double 234; sounds 3-5; yoiced ys yoiceless 39-43, 371. 398-99 Cyrillic Qr Russian alphabet (see also Russian handwriting system): and the writing system 5-7
feminine (s also gender): JUtip"'- nouns 94; 1rtIa nouns 94; grammalJCal gender of noun1 69--70; tdentificallOn off nouns 10 firsl conjugation (s also conjugation, verbs): fUI of 6Wn. 10 N 215-18; pfy fut of POiTi to go and alliin. to /Db 102-.(13; pfy fut of 000'U. 10 tw obi/! 188-90; pres-fut of 1st conj ybs patterned like pa60uTIo and IIIJ.lTli 237-40: pres tense of IIJtni 10 hi! going 14-17,237, MO'II. 10 be ablr 1811-90, pa66TltTl. to work 2S-27, 231: two-stem 1st conj ybs 263-66: ybs with infs ending in -nan. 327 first names (s also names): nicknames and vars of fiBt nallle1 S2 N. 427 N (utun: (s aao impcrfoctive futun:. pcrfe<:tivc futun:. present-future): of _ 6jMT constrs 245--46: ofliWn. /0 M and formation of ipfy fut 215-18; of iereg pfy yb,ltoin. 10 gi~ 325-27; use of in Russian where English uses pres or past 314 N
fly'" ",her/!; 20 fn; in directional (destinational) vs locational concepts 218-21 gender or grammatical gender (see also feminine. masculine. neuter): of nouns 10, 69--70; use of m nouns for both men and women in professions 427-28 N genitiYl: case: after preS- 151. 179-82. 182--85, 185-87; for dir obj of neg ybs 246-47: in fut Me 6YAn constrs 245-46: in parting wisl'tes 226 fn, 424 N; in past He 6wJJO constrs 160-63: in pres Hh constrs 158-60: of adjs 295-99: of 1CT6, 'ITO. and pers prons 156-S8; of nouns in pi 240-43, 266--68: of nouns in sg 154-56; of 'lei and poss modifiers 299-302; primary function of S4, 156: used with numbers 268-69 go (st!'/! also verbs of motion): ybl; indicating mOllon on foot: uri, IJOi'ni, xo.un. 14-17, 38, 102-03. 2:n N. 237, 269-n: yb5 indicating motion by vehicle: ban_, JtOb:an., hl1llTlo 256 N. 269-n
VI
rM
lUI'"
dalive case: in impc:rs COltJltrs )2Q.. 23: of adjs. sg and pI 378..83: of laO, ...m. and the peB prons 318-20; of nouns, sg and pi 346-50; of intT. 'tii. and the pass modifiers 375-78: primary function of 54; with lt8!to it's f1llUswry 350--52; with _j_a ~USJllry 323-2S; with preps tit and 110 371-75 days of week: 197: Monday considered as fiBt 197 fn de<:lension (Sl't' also adjectives, nouns, pronouns): four noun de<:ls 94: introductory remarks on Russian case system 53-54: nouns with de<:l irregularities 412-14; of abbreviations II S N, 283 N; of titles of books, movies, plays 201 demonstrative or demonstrative pronoun: dat of iTOT 375-78: demoostr iTOT VI introductory iTo 250; instr of trOT 406-08; nom. ace, gen, and prep of trOT thu 240-SO direct object (sn aUo accusative case): occasional use of acc for gen afier neg ybs 247; refl ybs never used with ucc dir obj 382; use of ace to indicate S4, 213: use of gen for dir obj of neg vbs 246-41 dire<:tional or destinational: KYIt' "'here (Io) YS rAA .... hert {all 20 fn: VI locational concepts 218-21 endinp (Sl't' also ca.se system, declension. stems): concept of "zero~ endins 54-5S; m, f, and pi endings of shortform adjs 4S-47: rcmarb 011 stems and 54-S5 familiae (ue also plural-polite): familiar sg TW YS pi-polite ... II fn. 55 fn; 2nd peB sg familiar imper as basic form 29G-9S
handwriting: formation of capital lellers 31-32: formation of small letters 29-31; Russian handwriting system 28-33: summary remarks on 32-33 hard consonants (s also pronuneiation): always pronounced hard 5: and soft sign 10; usc of "hard-series" yowelletters to indicate hardness of prcoediog con 8..9; VI soR COIlS 3-4 ltard sip TWipJlwi WI(: 7 fn; functions of 9-10 hDu: alfycoostrs: in fUI 246. in past 152-53, in pru 150-52; neg y constB: in fUI 245-46, in past 160-63, in pres )58-{j()
HATtt 10 b/! going (Sf'/! also go, yerb5 of motion): past tense 269-72. 352-54: pres tense 14-17 imperative (S' also commands): familillT vs pI-polite 2nd peB imper 105-{l6: formation of 2nd pers imper 290-95; suggestions that include the spcalt/!T )27..29. 355-356: usc: of!taUi aDd AWiu in suggestions that include the speaker 329, 356 imperfectiYl: aspect: formation of ipfy fut 215-18: ipfy fut VI pfy fut 218: suggestions that include the speaker using ipfy ybs 355-56; use of in neg commands 292: use of past ipfv yb in neg answer 10 question using pfy past yb 190: 'is pfv aspect 38 N, 70---71 imperfe<:tiye future (Sl't' also fUlure, perfective future): formation of215-18: Y5 pfy fUI 218 impc:r.;onal constructions: l1SIC of 2nd pees pfv fut vb without pron 230-31 N: Ide of subjectless 3rd pers pi yb lS6-58; with dat ease 320-23, with short-form n adj or inf 322-23 inanimate (Sl't' also animate): acc form of inanimate m and n nouns 57-58: summary of noun ending:o; in acc case 245; ys animate forms of aOJl- nouns in acc sg 212
INDEX
477
indedinable nouns; KO+C 62 fn indirect object: usc of dal ease to indicate 54 infinitive: in impers constrs 322; in Ha,[lO constrs 350-52: in Hy1KHO <.:onslrs 325: vbs with infs ending in ~'1b: .... 0% and eMO'lb 188~90 inserted vowels (Sl't' Illso altemalion. stems): and allernalion of stems 124-25; in gen pi of )j(ella~ and OKIIOnouns 241-42; in nom sg of "0Jl- nouns 121; inscrled vwl e in 11'8 Lev replaced by b in all Oilier forms to preserve softness of JI 130 fn . instrumental case: of adjs 436-38: of K'To. 'ITO, pcrs prons, and rell pcrs pron ce6li 404-06; of nouns, sg and pi 400-04: of :hOT, oteii, and poss modifiers 406-08; primary funetion of 54.400; used in pred with vbs of being and becoming 433-35; with prep c:: 400 interrogative pronouns K'TO and 'ITO: in ace 208-10: in dat 318-20: in gen 156-58; in instr 404-06; in nom 73--74; in prep 133-35 intonation: falling in questions with question word 93-94; falling in statements 92-93: introduclory rcmarks on 92; review of falling 206--08; review of rising and rising-falling 235-36; rising-falling in emphatic slatemcnts 177-78: rising-falling in quesliollS 149; transcription symbols marking end-of-phmse innection 12 introductory unchanging :ho: 74; vs demonstr :hUT 250 irregular nouns (see aI,\'/) nouns): n nouns MMII nllm'! and BpeMII lim/' 230 N; nouns with decl irregularities 121, 125, 256 N, 340 fn, 341 N, 364 N, 392 N, 412-14; nouns with expanded SlCms in pi 121. 125 irregular verbs (see also verbs): paSI tensc of vbs based on IlJlTIi 10 be going 352-54; pres tense of.oTin. 10 wanl 75: pfv fut of ain. 10 gi"e 325-27 "j-stem" verbs: pa60TlI.n. 10 work as typical 27; vbs with pres-fut stem ending in con sound [jJ 240 fn Kymi vs rae wh/'re: directional (destinational) vs locational concepts 20 fn, 218-21 last namcs (see also names): ambiguity of f last names as to marital status 115 N; limllation of in usc of titles rocno/llw and rOCII01K3 115 N: usc of without title in referring 10 persons 115 N: with adj form 275. 440 lei lIS or leI's: in suggeslions that include the speaker 327-29. 355~56 .1Iu: spec;ial gen pi of ro,'t year used with numbers. advs of quantity 364 N like (be fond ofJ KJliIllll'bCll VS mo6liTb: 230 N. 385 localional: rJte vs ItYlla ",here 20 fn; vs directional (destinational) concepts 218-21 long-form adjeclives (see al.w adjectives, short-form adjectives): d\1.! sg and pi 378-80; hard stems. soft stems. and milled stems defined 275; inslr sg and pi 436-38 major segment (see also intonation): introductory remarks on intonation 92: remarks on stress 7-8 masculine (see also gender): grammatical gender of nouns 69-70: identification of III nouns 10; m nouns ending in -ll or -II referring to male persons 70; CTOJl- nouns 94; usc of III nouns for both men and women in professions 427-28 N Illotion verbs: uod \IS mod vbs of mOlion 269-72; with two ipfvs: hrorn. vs e"aT.. 256 N, lfoali..... vs 1I!l'rli 227 N multidirectional "erbs of motion (see motion verbs) IIIlirKllii lmiK sofl sign: 4 fn; convention of writing b after hard con w in 2nd pers sg vb 17 fn: functions of9-10 KaaO iI's lIecessary: dal constr wilh 350-52: use of ue ..li.Jio as neg command 352 namcs (see also last names): last names with adj form 275, 440; nicknames and vaTS of first namcs 52 N. 427 N: patronymics (middle names based on father's firsl name) 21-22 N
ncccssily or need; dat constrs with "aiIO 350---52: dat constrs with Hyum 323-25: use of Uy)l(HO in impcrs inf conslrs
325
negation or negative constructions (see also genitive case): double neg constrs in Russian 112 N: with snbjs in gen \:ilSC: fut 245-46. past 160--63, pres 158--1: usc of gen for dir obj of neg vbs 246-47 negative commands (see 01.10 imperative. commands): use of ipfv aspec;t in neg commands 292; usc of HC "allO in neg commands 352 neuter (see also gender): grammatical gender of nouns 69-70; identification of n nouns 10; n nouns ending in -!\Ill: 1411111 ,wme and Bpl1l11ll lime 230 N: OKIIOnouns 94 nicknames or variants of first name: 52 N, 427 N nominative case; nom of K'TO and 'ITO 73-74; nom pi of nouns 120-25: nom pi of 'leii and the poss modifiers 125-27; nom sg and pi of adjs 272-75: nom sg of nouns 10, 69-70, 94; nom sg of ..eii and the pass modifiers 98-101: of pers pmns II, 72-73; of :yr<l'l' 248-50; primary function of 54: used when nouns. prons. and adjs cited out of context 10.54 nouns: ace pi 243~45; ace sg 51-58.95-96,210-13: dott sg and pi 346-SQ; four noun decls 94; gen pI 240-43, 266-68; gen sg 154--56; grammatk<ll gender of nouns 10,69-70; inSIT sg and pi 400-04; neUler nouns ending in -11111: HMII and BpeMII 230 N; nom case as cilation form 10, 54; nom pI 120-25; nom sg 10. 69-70, 94; noun stress in dat pI and prep pI alike 350; noun stress in dat sg, gen sg and prep sg alike 349: nouns with decl irregularities 121, 124--25,256 N, 340 fn, 341 N. 364 N. 392 N, 412-14: prep sg and pi 127-l; Stress shift in nouns 135 numerals or numbers: 1-10 200; use of gen case with numbers 268--69 lIy1KeH, lfJ"'Hi, lIyOJK1l() necessary: dat constrs wilh 323--25; use of lIy1KHO in impers inf constrs 325 object (see also direct object): dal to indicate indir obj 54; occasional usc of ace for gen aftcr neg vbs 247; usc of ace to indicate dir obj 54, 213; use of gen for dir obj of neg vbs 246--47 obligation (see also ncccssity): aWtlKeH must 142 N; HaaO i,'s 'leeessary 350-52 oblique cases: term for gen. dat. prep. and instr cases 302 particle: cooditional particle 6bI (6) 393; question particle Jill 110; rellexive particle,-<II (-"<b) 380-83 passive voice: use of subjectlcss 3rd pers pI vb 358 past tense: formation of 76-78: further drills in 190--92; of ipfv vb HJlTII /() be going and its prefillcd pfv derivatives noMni, 3aiiTll, BoiiTli, llpoiini, OO,[loiiTIi, BWifnI', lIepeiini, IIp11iiTJi, 352-54: of vb 6bi'n, 10 be 55-57; or vb Btlilen. ta see 104-105; of vb I'OBOpMn. /() speak 97-98; of vbs 1116'11> and CillO'lL 10 be abl/' 188-90; stress in past lense 78: stress in past tense of 2nd conj vbs 215 palronymics (middle name based on father's first name): 21-22 N pen py'lKII and lIep6: 85 N perfective aspect: ipfv fut vs pfv fut 218; perfectivi1.ation by prefix 110- 443-45: pfv fut of 1st conj vb>' nolini /Q go lind B3m 10 Jake I02....{)3: suggcstions that include the speaker using pfv vbs 327-29; vs ipfv and the system of aspects 38 N, 70-71 pcrfcetive future (see also future, imperfective future): of 1st conj vbs: roin. 10 gi>'e 325-27. noiiTIi (() go and Bllln. 10 take 102-03. elll6'lb /() be able 188-90; of lsI conj vbs pauemoo like 1lJlTIi: BOiiTIi (() emer, nOJloiini /() approach, HO,[lOll[JJ.l\Tb 10 wail. IIpMKecni to bring 240; of 1st conj vbs patterned like pa6clTan.; IJOJtjMaTb /() lhink. lIo6l\JtlITb (() Cal dinaa, CJle.1lllTb to do, PllliTb 10 jind ou' 240: of 2ncl conj vbs: BCTpl1THTb to meet
478
INDEX
305. K}'min. 10 buy 215, ocr'aHn. IV (rove 215, nouom'n. 10 ph~ 302, DOlHIK6.1.lIrn. 10 inlroJuct' 215. enporin. 10 ask 215; of two-stem 1st conj vbs: nonin. IV g~t. u6Yn. fO fOrg~/, UKnan. to {)fda-, :saKJIIh~ to d()$~ ..I-an. lo ....rite. upi3an. 10 slict'. u..xpWn. to opm, ooe.rJjn. fO send. npoof:Xln. fO QTri~ 263-66; ys ipfv fUI 218 personal pronouns: dat of rdI pers pron 318-20: dccknsian: in aee 208-10. in dat 318~20. In gen 156--58. in instr 404-06, in nom 11.72-73. in prep 133-3S; instr of reO pers pron 4()4..()6; reI! pen pron ce6C 228 N p1uralpolite or formal-plural (sa o(w familiar): .,;, vs familiar sg TW II fn. 55 fn; imper with unstressed suffix -Tt 105. 291 possessive modifiers: declension: in dat S8 and pi 375-78, in instr s8 and pi 4Q6.-{)8; in nom, ace, gen, prep. s8 and pI 299-302, in nom pi 125~27. in nom sg 98~101; use of Y plus gen as substitute for 182 predicate: use of instr case wilh vb! of being and boming 433-35 prefix or prelb:ation: past t~ of prefixed pfv derivatives of Jl.'{ri to be going 352-54; perftctivization by prefiJ: 110- 443-.4S; use of to distinguish be!lIt"eCn vb ilSpec!S J8N prepositional case: of adjs. sg and pi 29S-99; of nouns. 58 and pi 127-30; of pen and interrog prons 133-35: of 'IN and pass modifien 299-302; special prep sg ending in -1 144 N: primary function of 54: with preps I and ID 131-33 prepositions: Ha V$ a in meaning al 13 N. 131-33: Ha in meaning /IJ 58: with aee ease:: , and Ha 57~58, 213. 220--21; with dat case: to; and 110 371 75: with gen elise: Hl, e, and OT 182~85. Y 151. 179-82, others requiring gen case 185 87; with inst! case: e 400; with prep case: B, Ha, and 0 (06) 128~33 present tense (sn /IISQ aspects, conjugation, verbs): of 1st conj verbs: aillan. 10 do 240. AY"an. 10 Ihink 240, WTb to wail 240........ 10 /i,'fI 240. 3Han. 10 knoll' 240. IIJlTli 10 ~ going 14-17. 237, ",6001, 10 be. obit' Ig8-9O. 00blan. 10 diM 240. o.......n. 10 expecl 240. lIOK}"ni:n. 10 INy 240, DOllIUoIin. 10 undersland 240. pa6OTlln. to M'ork 25-27, 237, cJlju~n. 10 lislen 240. cnpiuJ.-an. 10 ask 240 .-T'n. 10 read 240; of ilTt'g vbs: J1u.An. 10 speak 32S-27. xOTm 10 Il'anl 75; of 2nd conj vbs: IlIi..'Ien. 10",," 104-05, .._opin 10 speak 45. 97~98 .III06in. to love 215, llporin. 10 'afUt>SI 302. 305. em.:.wan. 10 hear 45. 302. OtOTJI'in, to look 305. I:III:I1IIhl. 10 hurry 43-45. 105, crOliin. 10 sland 45, 302; of lwostem 1st conj vb!: IIcdn. 10 look lor 263. ban. 10 be going (by vehicle), IIItC'n to wrile. rulTb 10 drink. Tamlfllin. /0 dance 264; usc of gen case,in pres Hk conStrs 158-60; usc of in Russian whcre Eng- lish uses past tense or pres perfecl 227 N present-future (s~ also oonjugation, perfL"Clivc future, present tense:. vetbs): comparison betwccn endings of 1st and 2nd conj vbs 45. 304--305; definilion of 103; of 2nd conj vbs with stem con change in 1st pen sg 21 J--15; of lSI conj vbs patterned like pa66T11n. 10 aDd IIJ'ITi to be going 237--40; stress patterns in the pres-fut 215, 305 pr-ofessions: use of nouns for both men and women in professions 427-28 N; use of pronoun n6 when Eng lish uses Il'hol an refemnl to one's work 428 N proDauns: demonstr pron inn: in dal 37S-78. in instr 406-08, in Dam. aee. gen. ilIKi prep 248-SO; function of rdI pass pron modifier c:a6I 112 N. 302: interrog prons KT6 and 'ITO: in ace 208-10. in dat 318-20, in sen 156-Sg. in instr 404-06. in nom 73~74, in prep 1J3~35; pen prons: in ace 208-10, in dat 318-20, in gen 156-58. in inslt 404--06, in nom 11.72-73. in prep 133~35: placement of obj pron before vb 38 N; refl pers pron ce6j 228 N, 318-20. 404-06; 'lei and pass modifiers: in dat sg and pI 375-78, in instr s8 and pi
406--0S. in nom, aee. gen, and prep. sg and pI 299-302. in nom pi 125~27. in nom sg 98-101 pronunciation (sn afsc Russian sound system. consonants. vowels): of clusters beginning with lellen c and :I 431~33: of clusten with [II or- III 34S; of double cons 234; of final dusters wilh [r) or Ir] 317-18; of hard Irl, [g~ Ixl and son couDlerparts 1\].1&]. h]176~n: of hard [l] in 51 and soft in pi of past tense: 76: of illltial dusters With [r] or IrJ 289-90; of letter .. as Iv] 22 N, 61 fn; of painxl hard and soft cons 3-4: of rellexh-e particle -CII (-co.) 382; of special cluslers Itil. [ftj, [dt~ [lC}262-63; of CUlA 283 N; of unpaired hard cons !], 11]. leland unpaired soft cons Itl, I~~ lil 204-06: of voiced and voiceless cons 39~43. 37l. 398~99; of (b) vs [~]118:of[d] vs [4]68-69: of[f] vs [0 148: of [I) vs [II 148: of [m] vs (rp] 119: of [n] vs i1;l] 69; of [PJ vs In] 118; of [r] vs If] 92; of [sJ vs [~J 91; of [t] vs [\) 68; of [v] VI [yJ 147: of [z] vs ['f] 91; simplification of ccnain con dusters in pronunciation 35 fn. 364 fn
vs.
pa66nln. /0 Ilwk: as typical "j-5tem" vb 27: pres-ful of IS! conj vbs pallemed like 237--40; pres tense of2S-27 refle~ive pronouns: rdI poss proo modifieT e.6i 112 N. 299~302; reB pen pron cm 228 N, 318-20. 4(); 06 reBc:xlW: verbs: aptuT..a.. notrp"~ 10 like 228 fn. 230 N. 38J-f15: other ref! vbs 380-83. 408~12. 440--43 Russian handwriti"8 system: 28-33 Russian or Cyrillic alphabet: and the woting system S-7 Russian sound system: cons 3-5: COlTCSpondancc bclween vowel leiters and vowel sounds 23 25; discrepancies belween sound systcm and writillg system g 10; vowels 3
second conjugation (sec olso conjugation, presem-fulure, verbs): pfv fut of.efpCI'''n. 10 meel 305. Il'YIIIITI> 10 buy 215. OCT"'H'I1. 10 Ica.V! 215. 1I0lROHMTI, /0 pirone 302. IlOlllaJi.W1n. 10 introdltce 215, mpoc>fn. 10 osk 215: pres tense of: ,liJItT~ 10 see 104-05. 21S. rOlopwn. 10 speok 45. 97 98, lOS....106Iin. 10 fovt' 215 poaiTb 10 rlf/'HSI 302. 305. e:m:awan. /0 ht!UT 45. 302. OloTpin. 10 look 305. meuuin. 10 hurry43--45. ""no 10 sland45. 302: review of 302-05: vbs with stem con change in 1st pers sg prcs-ful 213 15 segment (Sl'l' aw intonatIOn): major segment 7-8. 92 short-fonn adjectives (sn aw adjectives., longfonn adjectives): m. r. and pi forms of UHlIT. uop6a, lind 66.ACH 45-47 soft consonants (sn also pronunciation): cons always pronounced soft 5: usc of "soft-seric:s" vowel Ictlers to indicate softness of preceding con 8 9: usc: of sofi sign to indicate softness of prcceding con 9~IO: vs hard cOnS 3-5 sgft sign 1\fj,'KHi luiK: 4 fn: convention of using aftcr hard con w in 2nd pen 51 vb 17 fn; functions of 9-10 "soli-series" vowel !cllen: functions of 8 9: use: of in conjugation with hard sign 10 C>K'IlIIfl1, 10 hurry: as 2nd conj verb model 43-.45 stems (~ aw endings. "j-stem" verbs): ahemation of stems in pres-fut of 2nd conj vbs 305; inserted vwIs and ahernation of stems 124-25: noun stems ending in [jJ in pi 125. 241--42: nouns ..ith expanded stems In pi 125: nouns WIth pl stem dlITcrina from sa Slem 121. 124-25.256 N. 266~, 340 fn, 341 N; pres-fut stem contrasted with infpast stem in 1st con; vbs riT.. 10 fr'vt and 'li~ 10 lake 240; pres-fut Slem vs inf-pasl stem 305: pres tense of vb aadn. 10 gil'('. based on stem [daj-] 327; remarks on endings and 54 55: stem cons change in lst pen sg of 2nd conj vbs 213-15: two-stem 1st conj vbs 263....{)(j stress (see also intonation): in past tense 78; in pasllense of 2nd eonj vbs 215: in short-fonn n adjs and advs ending in ~ compared with that of long-ronn adjs
"4.
,,_k
INDEX
479
3JO...-31: ncoun stress in dllt sg and pl compared wIth otlla cases 349-50: paltems in pres-fut ofvbs 215. 305: remarks on 7- 8: SiCWndary 7-8: stressed rit; Jt) V5 unstressed Til< lhen 38 N: use of acute a=t to mark belween 'Ills )"IIin., y...rn.c., and latltlMiTl>Cll 423-24 N suffixes: pasl tense suffix -J1 76-78: pi-polite suffix -Tt in 2nd pers pi imper 105, 291: usc of -Te with 1st pers pi vbs in suggdtions that include the speaker 329 suggestions that include the speaker (sa glso imperntlve. commands): function of lUIai. and lIadin 329. 356: with iprv vtls 355--56; with prv vbs 327-29 surnames (Sft' laSl names) syllabification of words in Russian: 33
sludy: comparison
",
10 IN goi"8 14-17, 237, to IN obiI' 188--90, _}1s8.n. to buy 240, _ iin. 10 wrdnSland 240. 06ban. 10 dull' 240, olllllJdjn. 10 I'X/,' 237. pa66l11Tl> 10"'-* 25-27. 237, eJIi-wan. 10 lisl,." 240, eupiilllwun 10 ask 240, wrin. 10 rNd 240; pres tC'llSl: of irrcg vlll: Aadn. 10 gllV' 32$-27, xon;l1, to ...'Onl 75; pres tense of 2nd conj vbs: limen. 10 set: 1()4.-()5, 215. fOROpM"" 10 speak 45, 97-98, m06liTb to love 215, npoctin. /0 r/'qlll's/ 302, 305, em.iwan. 10 hear 45. 302, OloTpin 10 10lJk 305, eneuuiTlo 10 hllrry 43-45. 105. CTl)j-n, to
UK {Uk] so V5 Tal( [bk)lhm: diffcreocc in pronunciation and meaning 38 N telephone greetings: ways of answering telephone 111 N tenses (see also aspects, future. p~st. present): usc of fut in RUSl;ian where English uses pres or past 314 N: usc of pres in Russian where English uses past or pres pcrft 227 N time: days 0( week 197; telling on tbe hour 200: usc of ace case in lime c:xp~ons 213 TVp.'tWii:JllB hard sigll: 7 fn; functions 0(9 10 two-stem verbs: pres-fut stem contrasted with inf-pasl stem in 1st conj vbs lklin. 10 lilY and ullin. 10 lab 240: two-stem 1st conj vbs 263-66; 1 constructions with genitive used to express concept 10 haw!: llff constrs: in fut 246. in past 152-53, in pres ISO-52; neg constrs: in fut 245-46, in past 160--63, in pres 158-60 unidirectional verbs 0( motion: vbs with two ipfvs: UaTlo V5 blllrn. 256 N.1lIlri V5 xowino 227 N; vs m-d vbs of motion 269-n unvoiced lH voicekss consonants: alternation of voiced and voiceless cons 39-43; unvoicing og ordinarily voiced cons 398-99; voicing of ordinarily unvoiced cons 371 verbal aspects (see ulso imperfective aspect. perfective aspect): system of38 N, 70-71 verbs (see also aspects. conjugation. tenses): formation of pasttensc 76-78; fut of 6lfi1o 10 ~ and formation of ipfv fut 215--18; motion vbs with u-d and m-d ipfvs 227 N. 256 N, l69-n; past ten.sc of 6Wn. 10 IH 5~57; pasl tense 0( lIJJ:ni 10 bt' KOUlf and its prefixed prv deri....tiYCS 352-54; pfv fut of: Mliri 10 mIn 240. anphwn. /0 mal 305, .aocrin. 10 tI'l 264. ur..;,TIo to jorget 264, :lllKWn. 10 ordu 263. ,.... pWn. 10 dosl' 264, to:ymin. to blly 215, H'IIHein. /0 ....rile 264, Ilapelulo to sliet 263, OCTiRlfrlo 10 leare 215, Ol'KpbtTlo 10 opel! 264, lIoltollt()uillo to waif 240. 1I0ll.oih:" 10 opf'r()(lch 240, onttiMan. to Ihink 240. llOlllllKOMHllo to in/rOO/ieI' 215, /IOl-m to ph()nl! 302, IIOiiTli to go and a:sin. 10 lokI' 102-03. II006ban. fa 1'111 dm-r 240. /IOe.,iin. 10 N1ld 263. ""'xan. 10 arri"tP 264, DJIIIII~ni 10 bring 240, t ..tJgn. 10 do 240. CIrII:liin. 10 soy 263. Cotk 10 bt' obiI' 188-90. mpooln. 10 ask 215. J'lIItn. 10 Ftnd out 240. irrq vb.dn. 10 gi"tP 32$-27: p.-e:s tense of lst conj vbs: !It.'In. 10 do 240. ~M'n. /0 Ihink 240. -niin. 10 ...'Oit 240 ..m. fO live 240, 264, )1I'n. to know 240. IlJlni
Sland 45. 302; pres tense of two-stem lst conj vb/;: ban. 10 be toing (by rdtiell') 264. ulfCiin. 10 ....rile 264. mm. 10 drink 264, Heldin. 10 look jor 263. TUQeaiiTlo to dmrce 264; rdI vb/; apUtrn.C:Il and ~u.n.n 10 like J83-.85; rdI vbs (aU forms): lirill.l:a 10 be afraid 411. aep.-jT...e- (pfv) to retllm 383. ao. . . . . .TIoCII 10 rl'lIIrn 382. JKH'O~ (pfv) 10 ~ 10 (l/I Qgrumml 412, l/lHHMiil'bCll to sllldy, OCCIIPY oneself 441. lIlIIKOMwn.cw, nOlK.Ko..........c. 10 mt!el 411. "'KTepollaTl,e. 10 be intf!rl!s/ct/ in 440, KnhloCi to seem 383, lIaY'INn,ell (pfv) to leum 441, 06pani'.'bCli (pfv) 10 COIISUIt 383. 06pa.uaT...e- 10 ronsull 382, ocTin.n (pfv) to rnnl/;n 411, opocHyl'w:a (pfv) 10 ...w.e lip 441, apocwniin.cll /0 ...ok~ up 441, oep.a:in.at, p.ettpillhl.ca 10 become OIlKry 3&3. tJ'l)"'Bin.a (pfv) 10 lUJpptll 383. ~n.n to get rrody 441, eTaJlllB/hloCll 10 sl(l/Id. K~I up 383, YAIIA.'rin.n to be surprisM 411. yVn.ao to sludy 441. "oTin.clt to jeel like 411: with infs ending in --"110 188-90 verbs of motion: u-d vs m-d 269-72; with two ipfvs: elJlllTlo vs i"lITl> 256 N, "oroin. vs IIJllli 227 voiced lind voior::lcs.s consonants: alternation of 39-43: unvoiciog of ordinarily voiced cons 398-99; voicing of ordinarily unvoiced OODS 371 vowels (.see oJso insetted vowels): hard-series" vwllctlCrs 8-9; insened vwls and alternatioo of stems 124-25: inscrted vwls in gen pl of .aoi- and 0I0IO- nou.n5 241-42; inserted vwIs in nom 5g of CTOJt- nouns 121: reduction ofvwls in unstressed syllables 23-25; sortseries" vwl letters 8~9; sounds 3; vwl letters vs vwl sounds 23-25
VI
localional concepts 218~21 whoSl'..a, on.i, ..e: in dal sg and pi 375--78; in inslr sg and pi 4CI6-08; in nom, aa:. gen. and prep. sg and pi 299-lO2; in nom pi 125--27; in nom 5g 98-101 ...;Ih: cxprc:sscd by inslr easoe fonn alone in scnse by mNIIIoj 400; exprc:sscd by prep e plus inSIr in sense in aQIflpaniment ..."h 400 word order: placement of adv and obj pron before vb 38 N; placement of numeral aner noun to express approximation 368 N; placement of subj pron before vb in I~ questions 77 fn; use of gen case aner noun indicating thing possessed 156 , wriling system: Russian lH Cyrillic alphabet 57; ways of exJX'dSing tbe sound til in writing 9. 10, 206 fn
year r6A: IWO gcn pi fOrm5-------l"O.1M and special form anused with numbers and advs of quantity 364 N
480
INDEX