B CNG THNG TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP H CH MINH KHOA I HC HA LIN THNG TIU LUN MN HC: N MN KIM LOI TI:

I: N MN V PHNG PHP CHNG N MN CHN GIN KHOAN C NH TRN BIN

GVHD: Th.s L Trng Thnh Lp: DHHO6BLT SVTH:

1.

Nguyn Vn Hunh Hu Hng Phan Hong Nht Hiu Nguyn Duy Khnh Cao Xun Linh Nguyn Th Quyn Trn Th Thnh

10331651 10316631 10347241 10309711 10329831 10374171 10372981 TP. H Ch Minh, thng 4/2011

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

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NHN XT CA GING VIN

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MC LC

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LI CM N

B mn n Mn v Bo V Kim Loi i vi nhm chng em l mt mn hc hon ton mi l. Tuy c mt phn nh lp li cc kin thc khi hc ph thng v i hc, nhng n c m rng rt nhiu, i hi kin thc phi nm tht chc v rng, do nhm tm v c cng nh nghin cu nhiu sch tham kho ca cc tc gi khc nhau phc v cho bi tiu lun ny, nhng nhm vn cm thy kin thc v s hiu bit ca mnh vn cn nhiu ch cha hiu v r lm. Nhng c gng trnh by ht s hiu bit t i ca mnh hon thnh tt bi tiu lun ny. Xin c gi li cm n n thy L Trng Thnh, ging vin khoa cng ngh ha hc, Trng H Cng Nghip Tp HCM gip v b tr kin thc cho nhm hon thnh ti tiu lun ca mnh. V cng nh mn hc n Mn v Bo V Kim Loi ca thy, m nhm em c th trnh by mt bi vit hon thin v kin thc c m rng hn, ng thi hc c tc phong lm vic cng nghip ca Thy. Nhm xin chn thnh tip nhn c s ng gp t Thy v cc bn.

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M U
Nh chng ta bit, hin nay trn th gii c rt nhiu v trn du xy ra, chng hn nh M, Phpgy ra nhiu thit hi ht sc nghim trng cho nn kinh t ca nc nh, nguyn nhn ch yu gp phn khng nh ca s vic ny l do s suy yu ca h thng chn gin khoan gy ra. Sau mt thi gian nm su trong lng nc bin, cc b phn c nh ca gin khoan b nc bin n mn dn. Nc bin thm vo cc cc gin khoan gy n mn ct thp v ph hy b tng, gy nn hin tng nt n b tng, lm gin khoan st ln, gy mt thng bng v gy chm hay sp gin khoan. V hu qu ca vic ny l s c trn du trn bin gy nhim mi trng sinh thi, e da s sng ca cc sinh vt bin. Vi nhng l do nu trn, nhm chng em quyt nh chn cho mnh ti : n mn v phng php chng n mn chn gin khoan c nh trn bin nhm i su nghin cu qu trnh n mn ca nc bin t a ra bin php ngn chn v bo v.

GVHD: Ths. L Trng Thnh

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1.

Gii thiu v gin khoan[ ti liu 1, trang 345 n 353] Gin khoan l mt cng trnh bin xa b, gn lin rt mt thit vi vic

khai thc cc ti nguyn phong ph trong lng bin v thm lc a, c bit l khai thc khong sn v du kh. 1.1 Phn loi + Loi c nh vo y bin: + Loi c b t trc tip trn y bin: + Loi c chn t ta vo y bin( gin khoan ): + Loi ni( gin khoan ni) + Loi tu khoan: 1.1.2 Theo cng dng: gm 4 loi + Gin khoan thm d: lm nhim v thm d du kh + Gin khoan khai thc: lm nhim v khai thc du kh + Gin khoan lm ch : c cc trang thit b phc v cho vic n , sinh hot ca cn b cng nhn. i khi n cn lm c nhim v khai thc. + Gin khoan uc: dng t uc t kh khai thc, nhm trnh nhim.

1.1.1 Theo kt cu:

Tm li: phn loi gin khoan rt a dng, mi loi u mang mt nhim v

c trng ring. Trong tiu lun ny, nhm xin chn loi gin khoan c nh vo y bin, v ch i su vo b phn chn dn khoan.

Loi gin khoan c nh vo y bin: Loi ny c th xy dng cc su khc nhau, thng lm bng thp

ng, to thnh kt cu khng gian vi h thng cc thanh ngang, ng v cc thanh dn xin, vi chiu bng c dng hnh vung hay hnh ch nht, vi cc thanh chng c ng knh khong t 0.5 1.5m hay hn. Thp gin khoan
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thng c ch to sn trn b v c ch n ni lp t bng x lan hay pontoon ri t ng vo v tr trn y v c c nh vi cc cc, ch yu l cc lm bng b tong ct thp ng knh c t 60 120cm hay hn c ng vo y bin ti cc chn gin khoan trong v bc l cc tr v vic lin kt gia cc cc v tr c thc hin bng va xi mng trn ton b chiu di ca cc v ti trng t gin khoan u do cc cc ny chu ng.pha trn gin khoan l thp khoan v cc trang thit b cn thit khc.

B phn chn gin khoan:

+ Mng cc cho gin khoan l yu t quan trng bo m n nh ca gin khoan c nh trc tc ng rt ln ca sng, gi, dng chy v nguy c xi chn. + Thn gin khoan: Thng thng ch to bng thp ng, l kt cu dng b phn thp khoan, n cng l mt trong ba b phn lun tip xc hng ngy vi nc bin. + Khp ni: l cc va xi mng, l kt cu ni gia thn v cc ca gin khoan.

Ba b phn trn ca dn khoan gi vai tr quan trng khng th thiu, gp phn to nn s vng chc cho gin khoan, chng lun tip xc trc tip vi nc bin hng ngy, hng gi,do kh nng b n mn l rt cao.

2.

c im mi trng bin VN Vit Nam nm trong vng kh hu nhit i gi ma, vi c tnh c bn

l nng m v phn b theo ma. Vng bin Vit Nam nm tri di trn 3200km, t 80 240 V Bc. Da theo tnh cht xm thc ca mi trng bin, v tr lm vic ca kt cu vt liu, c th phn chia nh hng ca mi trng bin Vit Nam thnh cc vng nh c ranh gii kh r sau y:
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GVHD: Ths. L Trng Thnh

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+ Vng kh quyn trn bin v ven bin: bao gm cc b phn kt cu lm vic trong vng khng kh trn bin v ven bin vo su trong t lin ti 20km. + Vng nc ln xung( bao gm c phn sng tp): bao gm cc b phn kt cu lm vic v tr gia mc nc thy triu ln xung thp nht v cao nht, tnh c phn b sng nh vo. + Vng ngp nc bin: bao gm cc b phn kt cu ngp hon ton trong nc bin. Cc b phn chn gin khoan l cc kt cu tip xc trc tip vi nc bin, do vy ta i su vo nghin cu vng ngp nc bin.

Nc bin ca cc i dng trn th gii cha khong 3.5% tng cc

lng mui ha tan: c th l 2.73% NaCl, 0.32% MgCl 2, 0.22% MgSO4, 0.13% CaSO4, 0.02% KHCO3 v mt lng nh CO2 v O2 ha tan. pH ca nc bin t 8.0. Do vy, nc bin ca cc i dng mang tnh xm thc mnh i vi kt cu b tng v ct thp m ta xt. Nc bin Vit Nam c thnh phn ha hc, mn v tnh xm thc tng ng nc bin ca ni khc trn th gii. Ring vng gn b mn c suy gim t nhiu do nh hng ca cc con sng chy ra bin.
2.1 c

tnh ca nc bin:[ ti liu 4,trang 97, 98, 99]

Nc bin l mt loi nc thin nhin. N l dung dch in gii v cha

nhiu mui ha tan, m ch yu l cha nhiu mui clorua (NaCl, MgCl 2) v cc mui sunfat ( MgSO4, CaSO4). Cc mui ny phn ly thnh cc ion Cl-, SO42-, HCO3-, Br-, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, ngoi ra nc bin cn cha hu ht cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon. dn in ring ca nc bin tng i cao, hm lng Cl- ln, do qu trnh n mn trong nc bin xy ra rt mnh.

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Mt s bin cn l ni cha nhng loi nc thi ca cc ngnh cng nghip nh : phn bn, sn xut axit, xt, giy cng l nhng dung dch in gii mnh, c tnh n mn kim loi rt cao. 2.2 Cc c ch n mn kim loi trong nc bin:

L qu trnh n mn in ha, do tun theo cc quy lut ca n mn

in ha. - Qu trnh anod : l qu trnh ha tan kim loi. Qu trnh ny rt thun li do nc bin cha nhiu ion Cl-. - Qu trnh catod : l qu trnh n mn kh cc oxi. O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OH Oxi chuyn n b mt catod ch yu l do: - oxi t trong kh quyn khuch tn vo trong nc bin, chuyn ng i lu mang oxi n b mt kim loi. - do cc dng chy mang oxi t ni khc n. - do vi sinh vt. 2.3 Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh n mn: Tc chuyn ng ca nc v nhit : - Tng tc chuyn ng ca nc th lm tng tc ha tan ca oxi trong nc, dn n tng qu trnh n mn kh phn cc oxi. - Khi tc chuyn ng ca nc kh ln th kim loi b ph hy do tc dng n mn in ha v hin tng bo mn c hc. Hin tng ny gi l hin tng kh xm thc. - Nhit ca mi trng cng nh hng n qu trnh n mn, khi nhit tng th tc n mn cng tng. Tc dng ng thi ca ng sut c hc v n mn in ha.

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- Cc kt cu kim loi lm vic trong nc, ngoi tc dng ca p lc nc, n cn c th chu ti trng ng, dn n kim loi d b ph hy do n mn. Hnh dng v cu trc ca kt cu kim loi. 3. n mn v bin php chng n mn b phn chn gin khoan 3.1 i vi kt cu mng cc b tng ca chn Mng cc b tng l b phn cm su vo y bin, gip cho gin khoan c gi c nh trc sng gi, bo tp ca mi thi tit. N khng ch xy ra s n mn vi nc bin khi tip xc m cn i vi c thp ng ca thn gin khoan v khp ni va xi mng. 3.1.1 Khi b tng tip xc vi nc bin: Loi nc ny thng cha cc nhn t c tnh cht gy n mn, y ch yu xy ra n mn ha hc v n mn vi sinh mc nh i vi b tng, v cc yu t c hc do tc ng ca sng, xi mn trn b mt b tng. Trong cc loi n mn trn, th n mn ha hc l nguy him nht v n va ph v cu trc b tng va to iu kin cc tc nhn ha hc xm nhp vo n mn ct thp. + c im ca nc bin l cha nhiu mui, vi tng lng mui clorua l 88-89% v cc mui sunfat l 10.5%, pH= 8.2-8.3. Ngoi ra trong nc bin cn c cc hp cht ha hc nh nitrit, nitrat, photphat, ioxit silic, cng nh cc mui bromua, iotua...qu trnh n mn b tng trong mi trng nc bin do nhiu phn ng ng thi v ph thuc ln nhau vi cc c ch khc nhau: ha tan khi ngm chit, cc phn ng trao i kim, kt ta cc hp cht ha tan, kt tinh cc mui gin n. Cn c vo cc mui ha tan ch yu trong nc bin( MgCl2, MgSO4) cc phn ng chnh gy ra ph hy b tng nh sau: MgCl2 + Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 + CaCl2 Hay MgSO4 + Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 + CaSO4.2H2O

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+ n mn do axit cacbonic: khi nng ca CO2 tng ln nhiu chng s tc dng vi hydroxyt canxi to ra CaCO 3, v CaCO3 li bin thnh Ca(HCO3)2. Sn phm mi sinh ny c tan ln hn nhiu so vi hydroxyt canxi. Hn th na, phn ng gia axit cacbonic v cacbonat canxi din ra nhanh trong khi s khuch tn ca Ca(OH)2 t trong ra b p cho s mt lp mng ph cacbonat canxi li din ra chm. Trong trng hp ny kt cu b tng b ph hoi nhanh hn. + bin php ngn cch b tng vi mi trng nc bin gy n mn: _ Sn mt ngoi kt cu b tng ngn cch b tng vi mi trng n mn, c th tng cng thm nng lc chng n mn bng cch qut sn chng thm, cc loi sn ny c th t h polime, xi mng polime v cc ha phm hu c khc, c th qut mt b tng bng nh tng bitum hoc dung dch bitum cng c tc dng chng n mn ng k. _ Ngoi ra, c th p hoc dn, to lp ph trn b mt kt cu. Lp ph phi khng thm nc v bn ha, c tc dng bo v b tng v c ct thp bn trong b tng. _ Vic x l b mt b tng chng thm nc c th bng bn phng php: (a) to mng mng lin tc, (b) trt lp dy, (c) to lp k nc, (d) bt cc l rng [ ti liu 2, trang58] bin php (a): mng mng phi khng thm nc, hi nc, oxy v dioxyt cacbon. Mng c to thnh bng sn du, nha tng hp hoc ph bng nha epoxy. Lp ph ny ch c bn vi nm l phi lm li. Bin php (b): trt mt lp dy va xi mng v c th ci thin va bng polime. Bin php (c): t c b mt k nc cn dng cc vt liu gc silicon. Cc vt liu ny tc dng vi nc( m) to thnh nha silicon v dnh kt vi b mt ca xi mng. B mt k nc ngn cn nc thm vo l
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GVHD: Ths. L Trng Thnh

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rng do c gc tip xc ln gia nc v b mt b tng( >900), cc loi vt liu gc silicon c dng lm lp k nc b mt b tng l silan, siloxan v siliconat. Bin php (d): to phn ng ha hc ca fluorosilicat manhe( hoc km) vi xi mng l mt v d v vic x l bt l rng. Cc cht ny phn ng vi hp cht canxi trong xi mng to thnh fluorit v l rng b bt kn bi axilic hoc cht thy ha alumin, chng c to thnh trong qu trnh phn ng. Silicat natri hoc silicat ethyl cng dng bt l rng do c silic dng keo kt ta. Silicat natri tan trong nc c hot ha do tip xc vi dioxyt cacbon v silicat ethyt tan trong ru c th c xc tc axit hoc kim thy phn. Vi phn ng: Na4SiO4 + 2CO2 SiO2 + 2Na2CO3 Hoc Si(OC2H5)4 + 2H2O SiO2 + 4C2H5OH B tng xi mng: Sau khi cng rn bao gm hai thnh phn: xi mng v b khung ct liu. Hai thnh phn ny lin kt vi nhau to thnh mt khi vng chc v c kh nng chu lc. Khi b tng s dng trong mi trng c tc ng xm thc, nu khng c nhng bin php bo v n s b n mn. Trc ht thnh phn xi mng b ph hoi v n d b n mn hn ct liu. Khi xi mng b n mn th lin kt gia xi mng vi ct liu cng b ph hoi v cui cng b tng b ph hy. + Ty theo tc dng ca cc tc nhn n mn nhiu hay t, s n mn c phn ra ba mc : n mn mnh, n mn trung bnh v n mn yu. S n mn b tng rt a dng v din ra rt phc tp, cc qu trnh n mn ny xy ra do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau. S n mn c th do tc ng xi mn ca dng chy, n mn do sinh vt bm trn b mt kt cu b tng, do thay i cc iu kin vt l hoc c s tc ng ca hin tng in ha. Tuy nhin, nguyn
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GVHD: Ths. L Trng Thnh

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nhn ch yu gy n mn b tng l do s thay i v mt ha hc trong thnh phn ca xi mng di tc ng ca cc hp cht ha hc c trong mi trng. Trong thnh phn ca xi mng c cc sn phm thy ha nh Ca(OH)2 v C3AH6 d ha tan, chng tan vo nc, lm cho cu trc b tng b rng, do cng b tng gim v c th b ph hy. Mt khc, chng c tnh hot ng ha hc mnh, d tng tc vi sn phm mi d tan trong nc hn hoc n th tch nhiu, gy ni ng sut ph hoi kt cu b tng, hoc to thnh cc cht v nh hnh, ri rc, khng c tnh cht kt dnh. + Qa trnh n mn din ra mnh hay yu ty thuc vo c tnh ca xi mng, loi v lng dng ph gia trong xi mng, nng ca cc tc nhn ha hc trong mi trng nh hng ng k n qu trnh n mn. Cc yu t nh trng thi v nhit mi trng, mc ti trng lm vic ca cc kt cucng c nh hng ng k n mc n mn. + Trong cc yu t k trn th c tnh ca xi mng v c ca b tng l yu t c nh hng rt ln n s n mn. Khi b tng b rng, s thm thu ca nc tng ln, dn n s xm nhp ca cc tc nhn n mn, do c iu kin tip xc v tng tc vi cc sn phm thy ha ca xi mng. Cc sn phm thy ha cng d b n mn th n mn b tng cng mnh hn. Khi b tng b rng cng to iu kin cc tc nhn n mn ct thp trong b tng. + Cc yu t cng ngh khc nh thi gian ng cng, nhit ca mi trng bo dng v nhit ca mi trng tip xc vi b tng c tc ng ln n tc ha tan ca Ca(OH)2 v cc nhn t ny nh hng ti s to thnh cc sn phm thy ha, cng nh s hnh thnh cu trc ca b tng, thi gian rn chc cng di, nhit bo dng cng cao th kh nng chng n mn cng c ci thin. + n mn ca cc dung dch mui manhe: mui manhe c bn l hai loi mui clorua manhe v sunfat manhe. S n mn ca loi mui ny ch yu do
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GVHD: Ths. L Trng Thnh

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chng tng tc vi hydroxyt canxi c trong xi mng. Nhng phn ng chnh din ra gia hydroxyt canxi c trong xi mng vi cc mui manhe nh sau: MgSO4 + Ca(OH)2 + 2H2O = CaSO4.2H2O + Mg(OH)2 MgCl2 + Ca(OH)2 = CaCl2 + Mg(OH)2 Trong hai trng hp ny hydroxyt manhe c to ra c ha tan rt nh( 18.2mg/l) nn chng kt ta li. Nhng quan st v trng thi ca cc kt cu b ph hy do mui manhe ch ra rng trn b mt v trong cc l rng tch t cc cht v nh hnh mu trng( hydroxyt manhe). B tng cng b thm nhiu v hm lng hydroxyt canxi trong xi mng cng nhiu th cht v nh hnh mu trng ny c to ra cng nhiu v cc tnh cht c hc ca kt cu b tng cng b suy gim. Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp hydroxyt manhe c tc dng lm chn kn cc l rng trong b tng, gp phn nng cao cng ca n. S n mn ca cc mui manhe cng chu nh hng bi cc loi xi mng khc nhau. Khi so snh cc loi xi mng dng khc nhau chu tc dng ca mui clorua manhe, th xi mng aluminat c bn cao nht, cn i vi hai loi xi mng pooclang v xi mng pooclang puzolan th s so snh li ph thuc vo nng ca mui tc ng vo b tng. Khi nng ca mui thp(12%) th hai loi xi mng c bn tng ng, nhng khi nng cao( khong trn 5%) th bn ca xi mng pooclang li cao hn xi mng pooclang puzolan. iu ny c gii thch rng, khi dung dch mui xm nhp vo bn trong xi mng, hydroxyt canxi s tng tc vi chng, to ra hydroxyt manhe, lp vo mao qun, c tc dng cn tr s xm nhp ca dung dch mui xm nhp tip vo trong, nhng lng sn phm ny sinh ra t xi mng pooclang puzolan khng cn tr s xm nhp mnh m ca mui manhe c nng cao. C th ni s n mn xi mng pht trin nhanh khi
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GVHD: Ths. L Trng Thnh

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dung dch MgCl 2 c nng trn 2% v c th cho php s dng b tng trong mi trng mui ny vi nng khng vt qu 5000mg/l. + Nng cao c ca b tng [ ti liu 2, trang 56] _ Cc l rng v mao qun trong xi mng l ni cc tc nhn ca mi trng lng xm nhp vo, ha tan cc sn phm thy ha ca xi mng, tng tc vi chng, to ra cc sn phm mi tan mnh hn hoc lng ng trong lng cc l rng hoc n th tch ph v kt cu. Vic nng cao c s lm trit tiu hoc gim ng k s xm nhp ca cc tc nhn mi trng vo trong lng b tng. Tuy nhin vic nng cao c cng l vn kh, n phi kt hp cht ch vic thit k thnh phn b tng vi vic thi cng b tng. t c c chc ti a khi thi cng( khng c cc l rng khng kh sau to hnh), th ngoi lng nc cn thit cho thy ha xi mng cn cn mt lng nc cho hn hp b tng c tnh lu ng hp l( lng nc nho trn thng gp 1.5 2 ln lng nc cn thit cho thy ha xi mng). V l do nn sau khi rn chc lng nc khng thy ha xi mng bay hi li cc l rng( rng ca b tng thng khong 10-15%). Ngy nay vi vic ch to c cc loi ph gia SP nn c kh nng nng cao c hiu qu ca phng php ny. Kt hp vic thit k cp phi tt, thi cng tt v s dng SP, rng ca b tng ch cn khong 3-5%. _ SP MFS-92A ca vin ha k thut- vin K Thut Qun S, Sikament 163EX ca hng Sika v Darex super 20 ca hng Grace c tc dng do ha cao hn hp b tng, nn cho php gim nhiu t l N/X, do lm tng ng k c b tng, gim co ngt, nng cao bn, kh nng chng thm v kh nng bo v ct thp trong mi trng nc, c bit l mi trng c hm lng ha cht cao. _ Vn ct li khi dng SP l tng do ca hn hp b tng. Khi gi nguyn do th c th gim c 20-30% lng nc nho trn, tng c
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GVHD: Ths. L Trng Thnh

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c chc, v t tng c chng thm, bn chng n mn ca b tng. c chc cn phi c m bo bng vic thi cng tt, nht l vic m chc hn hp b tng sau khi khun, loi b cc bt kh v trit tiu cc l rng trong b tng khi ngng cng tc m cht. + Bin i cc sn phm thy ha [ ti liu 2, trang 57] _ Phng php chng n mn ny t lu c p dng rng trn ton th gii. ngha khoa hc ca n l chuyn cc sn phm thy ha c tnh tan v hot ng ha hc mnh sang dng sn phm mi t tan hn, v t hot ng ha hc hn nhiu so vi cc sn phm thy ha ban u. Ni dung khoa hc ca phng php ny l dng cc loi ph gia khong hot tnh nh puzolan, x ht l cao nghin mn v cc thi phm cng nghip khc. Trong cc ph gia khong c thnh phn ch yu l SiO2 dng v nh hnh. Khi pha cc ph gia ny vo b tng, sinh ra phn ng sau: Ca(OH)2 + SiO2 (v nh hnh) CaO.nSiO2.aq Sn phm mi sinh ra va khng tan trong nc va c cng cao, v c tc dng chng n mn, phn ng ny c gi l phn ng puzolan. _ Mui silic l mt trong cc ph gia khong lm gim ng k tnh thm nc ca b tng. N cng c tc dng lm cho l rng nh hn v t lin tc hn do gim s thm thu ca ion Clo vo b tng. Khi pha ph gia mui Silic vo b tng, pH c gim i mt cht do gim s th ng ca lp oxyt bo v ct thp, v th i khi c coi l bt li. Tuy nhin qua thc t thy rng, khi thay th xi mng bng mui Silic vi t l n 20% khi lng xi mng, vic gim pH khng gy bt li ln cho vic bo v ct thp. Ngoi ra i vi cng nng clorua, tc n mn khng thay i khi c mt hay khng c mt mui Silic. _ Mt bin php khc va c tc dng bin i sn phm thy ha sang dng bn vng, va c tc dng nng cao c chc trn b mt sn phm,
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GVHD: Ths. L Trng Thnh

Lp: DHHO6BLT

ngn cn s xm nhp ca cc tc nhn n mn l bin php cacbonat ha b mt sn phm. Khi b tng c bo dng trong mi trng c kh cacbonic trc khi a vo s dng th gia hydroxyt canxi c trong xi mng s phn ng vi kh cacbonic theo phn ng: Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O Sn phm cacbonat canxi kt tinh dng bn to thnh lp v cht xt ngn cn khng cho cc tc nhn ca mi trng xm nhp vo bn trong, ph hoi b tng. Tuy nhin khi nng kh cacbonic cao hoc trong qu trnh s dng lu di, kh cacbonic trong nc s tc dng vi sn phm ny to ra cacbonat canxi axit (Ca(HCO3)2), tan mnh vo mi trng lm mt kh nng bo v kt cu v s n mn b tng li tng ln. 3.1.3 n mn ct thp trong b tng: [ ti liu 2, trang 23] Ngoi hin tng n mn b tng, trong cc mi trng s dng, c bit l mi trng nc bin cn xy ra hin tng n mn ct thp. Ct thp trong b tng b n mn ch yu l n mn in ha. Trong mi trng bin, n mn ct thp cn do tc dng xm thc ca cc ion Cl- ngm vo b tng ct thp t mi trng bn ngoi, hoc do ln trong vt liu ch to b tng( ct, ). Khi ct thp c t trong b tng c chc cha b cacbonat ha, mi trng kim trong b tng cao l iu kin thun li hnh thnh trn b mt ct thp mt lp oxyt mng ngn cn qu trnh g thp( n mn). Lp mng oxyt mng ny c gi l mng th ng, khi b mt ct thp tn ti dng th ng. Hin tng n mn ch xy ra khi lp mng th ng b xuyn thng( lp b tng bo v b rng). Vic n mn ct thp s dn n n th tch, lm nt v lp b tng bo v v ph hy ton b b tng ct thp. + n mn ct thp trong b tng thng din ra dng n mn in ha. dng n mn ny cc nguyn t st trong ct thp tch khi mng li tinh th v tr thnh ion mch in trong dung dch, di tc dng ca ion OH- trong
17

GVHD: Ths. L Trng Thnh

Lp: DHHO6BLT

mi trng to ra cc sn phm g khc nhau di dng cng thc chung: xFeO.yFe2O3.zH2O, cc sn phm g st ny c th l Fe3O4.Fe(OH)2.Fe(OH)3, Fe(OH)3.3H2O, cc sn phm ny c tnh xp, tch t trn b mt ct thp vi th tch ln gp 4-6 ln so vi cc thnh phn ban u, chnh v vy gy ni ng sut ph hoi cu trc b tng dc theo v tr t thp, lm cho cc tc nhn xm thc d dng xm nhp vo bn trong, tng nhanh qu trnh n mn b tng v ct thp. Qu trnh g ch c th xy ra nu nh b tng kh nng dn in nh mt lng ngm nc nht nh v lc ny c s phn cc cch bit gia catot v anot. Qua y chng ta thy rt r kh nng chng thm ca lp b tng bo v ng vai tr rt quan trng i vi qu trnh g ca ct thp. B tng khng cht, lp bo v khng chiu dy cn thit, hin tng g cng mnh. mi trng kh ro, do b tng khng kh nng dn in nn ct thp t b g, cn trong mi trng ngm nc hon ton th b tng c th dn in, nhng nc li ngn cn s thm nhp ca oxy qua b tng nn ct thp cng t b g. + n mn ct thp trong b tng cn c th do thm ion Cl- :s c mt ca ion Cl- trong mi trng bin l nguyn nhn ch yu lm tng tc n mn ca ct thp trong b tng. Tc n mn thp ln do ion Cl- lm gim in tr ca dung dch in li trong b tng. Mt khc khi ion Clo khuch tn n b mt ct thp, chng c th to nn s n mn bng cch ha tan lp th ng hoc khuch tn qua lp oxy ny. c trng n mn thp khi c Clo to ra cc l trn b mt kim loi( micropilc), lm t l in tch catot/anot ln nn mt dng n mn cc b rt cao. Ch c ion Clo dng t do mi gy ra n mn ct thp v s khuch tn ca chng trong cu trc xp ca b tng, cng tim n nguy c n mn ct thp cng mnh m hn.

18

GVHD: Ths. L Trng Thnh

Lp: DHHO6BLT

Cng ging nh qu trnh cacbonat ha, tc thm ion Clo ph thuc vo bn cht xi mng, cc ph gia khong v cht lng b tng( c trng bi bn chng thm). Kh nng thm ion Clo t l vi hm lng khong C3A c trong xi mng. V vy, xi mng pooclang c kh nng bo v ct thp cao hn xi mng bn sunfat. V nguyn tc, cc ph gia khong tro bay, tro x hoc mui Silic a vo xi mng pooclang s lm gim t l thnh phn C 3A nn gim kh nng c nh ion Clo. Song yu t quan trng hn l b tng c tro bay, tro x hoc mui silic c h s khuch tn ion nh hn nhiu so vi b tng xi mng pooclang. V vy b tng c ph gia khong c kh nng bo v ct thp cao hn nhiu so vi b tng xi mng pooclang. + S n mn ct thp cng chu tc ng ca hin tng cacbonat ha b tng. bn lu ca cng trnh b tng ct thp c bo m nh lp b tng bo v v mt vt l v ha hc ct thp khng b n mn. Bn cht ca s ngn cn qu trnh n mn l do c mi trng kim cao ca nc chit b tng( pH 13). S gim kim ca mi trng trong lp b tng bo v n ngng th ng ca st( pH 11.4) xy ra do qu trnh ra tri kim hoc qu trnh cacbonat ha b tng. T gim kh nng bo v ct thp ca b tng. + Qu trnh thm ion Cl- vo b tng gy n mn ct thp: [ ti liu 2, trang 50] S c mt ca ion Cl- trong min b tng cn ct thp khi hm lng vt qu mt gii hn nht nh( 0.6kg/m3 b tng) c th ph v mng th ng Fe2O3 gy n mn v ph hy ct thp theo c ch sau: Anot: Fe Fe2+ + 2eCatot: O2 + 2H2O + 4e- 4OHSn phm n mn ln lt c hnh thnh di cc dng Fe 3O4, Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, Fe(OH)3.3H2Okm theo qu trnh ny l s tch t sn phm n mn trn b mt kim loi c th tch gp 4-6 ln so vi ban u. Chnh
19

GVHD: Ths. L Trng Thnh

Lp: DHHO6BLT

s trng n th tch ny gy ra ni ng sut ph v lp b tng bo v v lm suy gim tit din ct thp, dn ti ph hy kt cu. Hm lng ion Cl- xm nhp vo min b tng cn ct thp theo hai con ng: l do vt liu s dng ch to b tng b nhim mn ngay t u v do khuch tn t mi trng bn ngoi vo. Thng thng vi vt liu u vo dng ch to b tng khng b nhim mn, tng hm lng ion Cl- ban u trong b tng vo khong 0.1 n 0.4 kg/m3 b tng. Theo phn tch trn, hm lng ion Cl- nm di gii hn c th gy n mn ct thp, vy nu khng c s tch t thm ion Cl - t mi trng bn ngoi vo v pH ca b tng lun c duy tr gi tr khng thp hn 11.5 th ct thp trong b tng s c bo v trng thi th ng v chng khng b n mn v ph hy. Trn thc t, b tng vn l vt liu khng hon ton c chc, trong cu trc thng tn ti cc l rng mao qun c th cho cc cht kh, nc v hi m thm vo. chnh l ng thm ion Cl- ,O2, H2O v cht xm thc khc t mi trng bn ngoi vo b tng. Thm vo , theo thi gian pH ca b tng c th b gim do b cacbonat ha. Tng hp cc yu t c th dn n s n mn ct thp v pht trin g nhanh chng, to ra ni ng sut ph v lp b tng bo v, lm suy gim dn kh nng chu lc v cui cng l ph hy kt cu. Mc xm nhp ion Cl- vo min b tng cn ct thp ph thuc ch yu vo: iu kin mi trng lm vic c th ca kt cu v kh nng ngn cn ion Cl- ca lp b tng bo v ct thp c th nh gi kh nng ny thng qua mc chng thm v chiu dy lp b tng bo v ct thp. 3.2 i vi b phn thn chn gin khoan: 3.2.1 S n mn:

20

GVHD: Ths. L Trng Thnh

Lp: DHHO6BLT

Phn thn chn gin khoan c lm ch yu t thp ng. Phn pha di ca n lun tip xc vi nc bin v th b n mn in ha bi nc bin. Cn phn pha trn th cng tip xc vi nc bin nhng do nc bin lc ln lc xung khng n nh nn ngoi n mn in ha do nc bin n cn b n mn kh quyn. Tuy nhin s n mn kh quyn trong trng hp ny l khng ng k. V vy chng ta c th b qua v ch i vo nghin cu cc bin php chng s n mn do nc bin. 3.2.2 Cc phng php chng n mn: [ti liu 5, chng 7, trang 19, 20, 21] * Bin php chng r st v n mn truyn thng: Cc bin php chng r v n mn ph bin hin nay l s dng cc vt liu t b n mn, cc vt liu ny thng c gi thnh cao, ch lp t nhng ni khng b ngp nc v bin php ph bin nht l dng sn ph bo v. Lp sn ph bo v nhm to mt lp mn chn (barrier) cch ly kim loi vi mi trng nhng khi lp bo v ny b hng th hi m thm nhp v n mn tn cng vo bn di lp sn gy phng rp v n mn nn c tui th thp ch vi nm. i vi cc cng trnh b ngp nc hay chn trong t th kt hp thm bin php chng n mn catt (cathodic protection). Bin php ny c s dng rng ri trn th gii nh cc gin khoan bin, cu cng, h thng bn b ng ng u c h thng chng mn catt. Chng n mn catt l s dng bn cht ca qu trnh n mn in ha xy dng thnh mt h gm catt (kim loi cn bo v) v ant. Ant c chn nh Mg, Al, Zn lm vt liu hy sinh thay th cho st thp cn bo v v cc kim loi ny u ng trc Fe trong bng tun hon ha hc. Trong h lun tn ti dng in mt chiu i qua gia ant v catt, xut pht t s

21

GVHD: Ths. L Trng Thnh

Lp: DHHO6BLT

chnh lch in th gia hai kim loi khc nhau trong mi trng tn ti dung dch in phn l nc hoc do b p t t ngun in mt chiu bn ngoi. Chng ta c th thy mt dng chng n mn catt ph bin nht, c ng dng rng ri hin nay nh: tr in chiu sng, cu cng, thp in lc, ng ncl phng php m km nhng nng. Ti sao m km nhng nng li c tui th di nh vy? Cc kt cu kim loi sau khi c lm sch bng axit, ha cht c a vo cc b km c nung nng chy nhit cao hnh thnh nn mt mng chn bao bc kim loi. Lp bo v ny chu va p, khng thm nc, chng tia cc tmMun ng dng phng php ny i hi phi u t mt dy chuyn khp kn vi chi ph kh cao. Bn cnh mt phng php m km v cng hiu qu c s dng trn th gii hn 50 nm qua l Zinc-rich cold galvanizing tm gi l phng php m km lnh. * Phng php m km lnh (zinc-rich cold galvanizing coating) : Ngy nay chng ta c th thy km c s dng mi ni trn th gii dng bo v kim loi nh m in phn, m nhng nng hay phun km M km lnh l ph ln b mt kim loi mt lp km lng tng t nh sn nhit mi trng bnh thng, bng cch dng p lc kh nn thi dung dch km lng thnh chm cc ht km bn vo b mt kim loi v sinh sch b mt. Trong dung dch km c cht gn lin kt v cc ph gia gip cho km bm cht vo b mt kim loi v kh cng trong vi gi tng t nh cc loi sn truyn thng. Lp ph km sau khi kh cung cp hai chc nng bo v: th nht l chc nng bo v th ng (passive protection) l lp mng chn bo v kim loi nh cc loi sn truyn thng; v chc nng th hai l bo v ch ng (active protection) tc chc nng chng n mn catt (Cathodic protection),
22

GVHD: Ths. L Trng Thnh

Lp: DHHO6BLT

chc nng ny c lp ph bo v bng m km nhng nng (hot-dip galvanizing). Dung dch giu km trn 92% Zn l mt hn hp dn in rt tt sau khi kh, do cho php dng in chy lin tc v mi hng trn lp m. y l iu kin tin quyt lp ph c chc nng chng n mn catt. Khi trong lp m c s xut hin ca m t hnh thnh dung dch in phn th s xy ra phn ng ha hc, km c in th chuyn dch electron cao hn st thp nn tham gia ngay vo qu trnh phn ng, phn tn v gii phng cc electron to ra dng in chy qua st thp lm cn tr s phn tn ca cc ion thp v bt u chu k in ha. Km tr thnh mt vt hy sinhbovchostthplcatt. Qu trnh phn ng to ra hydro cc-b-nt km v cc mui km khc hnh thnh nn mt lp mng mng che kn b mt lp m km. Lp mng mi ny khng thm nc, ngn cn nc v thi tit tn cng lm dng qu trnh n mn in ha. Lp mng by gi ng vai tr nh lp bo vthng. Khi lp mng bo v ny b h hng th cc phn t km li sn sng tham gia vo qu trnh chng n mn in ha mi. C nh th km s hy sinh, ngay c khi lp m km b try xc th n mn cng khng th thc hin c to r ca mnh v tn cng vo bn di lp m. Qu trnh ny gip bo v cho kim loi khng b n mn v t hn gn vt thng ti cc imtryxc. V im ny, cc loi sn truyn thng hay sn km khc vi hm lng km (khng phi tinh khit ca km) di 92% th khng th c c. Do vy, khi b mt l thng rt nh, bng du chm thi, cng cc tc nhn xm thc c ng t nhp vo st, lm cho st bt u b r nhanh chng. Km c chng minh l lp ph bo v u vit cho cc kt cu thp cng trnh vng bin nhiu thp nin qua. M km lnh l gii php thay th m km nhng nng mt cch hiu qu i vi nhng kt cu c kch thc ln v c nh nh h thng ng ng, bn b, cc cng trnh cng bin,thu li,
23

GVHD: Ths. L Trng Thnh

Lp: DHHO6BLT

cu ng, c bit l cc gin khoan trn bin v c s dng bo tr sa cha cho cc kt cu m km nhng nng b n mn theo thi gian. M km lnh cho php thi cng d dng ti cng trng l phun, qut hay ln nh cc loi sn truyn thng. * Bo v gin khoan chng n mn bng phng php in ho: Nguyn tc ca phng php in ho bo v chng n mn kim loi l dch chuyn th v pha m nm trong min th loi tr n mn bng phng php phn cc bi dng ngoi hoc t phn cc ca s khp kn pin n mn. Mt khc, c th to lp th ng trn mt kim loi bng s phn cc anot. Phng php bo v ny thng c dng bo v nhng phn kim loi tip xc vi mi trng dn in. V d trong nc bin, nc ven bin hoc trong nc, trong t. Da vo nguyn tc trn c hai phng php bo v in ho: bo v catot bng dng ngoi dch chuyn th n mn v pha m ko theo s gim dng n mn n cc tiu. bo v catot bng anot hy sinh, ni kim loi cn bo v vi kim loi khc c in th m hn v th kim loi cn bo v c dch chuyn v pha m ko theo s gim tc n mn. Phng php bo v catot bng dng ngoi: Kim loi cn c bo v, cc ng ng dn nhin liu di t, v tu bin c ni vi cc m ca ngun in mt chiu, cn cc dng ca ngun in ni vi mt anot bng vt liu t tan Bo v bng anot hy sinh : Kim loi cn c bo v phi c gi tr in th dng hn vt liu lm anot hy sinh. Anot hy sinh b ho tan bo v kim loi. Cng trnh c bo v thng lm bng thp. V d v tu bin, cc gin khoan khai thc du kh ngoi bin. Thn chn gin khoan c lm
24

GVHD: Ths. L Trng Thnh

Lp: DHHO6BLT

ch yu t thp do vt liu lm anot hy sinh l cc kim loi nhm, km, magie hoc hp kim ca chng. . iu kin anot hy sinh lm vic c hiu qu: Gia vt bo v v anot hy sinh c hiu in th ln, ngha l anot hy sinh phi c in th m hn in th ca thit b c bo v. Vt liu anot c in th lm vic t thay i. Vt liu anot phi c dung lng cao, n nh, khng b th ng trong mi trng lm vic, n mn u, hiu sut cao.Mt dng bo v ph thuc vo s chnh lch in th ga anot hy sinh v vt bo v, in tr ring ca mi trng. i vi cc loi t c in tr ring khong 10 250 th thng dng anot hy sinh Mg. 3.3 Kt cu va xi mng ni gia thn v cc 3.3.1 Gii thiu vi nt v xi mng: [ ti liu 6, trang71 ] + Xi mng l cht kt dnh xy dng, cc thnh phn ha hc ca n gm cc hp cht c baz cao. Xi mng l cht kt dnh thy lc c sn xut bng cch nghin mn clinke xi mng vi thch cao v cht ph gia (nu c). + Thnh phn ha hc : xi mng thng c 4 thnh phn chnh
-

Tricanxi aluminat (C3A 3CaO.Al2O3) : hnh thnh do s kt hp ca

CaO v Al2O3. C3A nh hng ln n thi gian ng cng, nn n ng vai tr quan trng trong vic pht trin bn ca xi mng. Thi gian ng cng ca xi mng c th c thay i bng cch thm vo mt lng thch cao.
-

Tricanxi silicat (C3S 3CaO.SiO2) : hnh thnh do s kt hp ca CaO v SiO2 . y l thnh phn chnh trong xi mng . C3S quyt nh n cc giai on pht trin bn ca xi mng. Dicanxi silicat (C2S 2CaO.Si2O2) : hnh thnh do qu trnh phn ng gia CaO v Si2O2. C2S ng vai tr quan trng trong vic to bn

25

GVHD: Ths. L Trng Thnh

Lp: DHHO6BLT

cui cng ca xi mng v khng nh hng ln n thi gian ng cng ban u ca xi mng v chm kt hp vi nc.
-

Tetracanxi aluminoferit (C4AF 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3) : c hnh thnh t CaO, Al2O3 v Fe2O3. C4AF cng nh hng n bn ca xi mng.

Ngoi ra, trong xi mng cn c cc thnh phn khc nh thch cao, kali sunfat, magie, vi Nhng nguyn liu ny khng nh hng n qu trnh xi mng ng cng nhng chng tc ng n qu trnh thy ha ca xi mng, thay i t trng va v tnh khng cc ha cht c hi. 3.3.2 Phn loi [ ti liu 7, trang 72] Theo API 10, xi mng s dng trong ngnh du kh c phn thnh cc loi : A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H. -Xi mng loi A : loi thng, khng i hi tiu chun c bit. -Xi mng loi B : c bn t trung bnh n cao i vi sunfat. -Xi mng loi C : bn chu nn ban u cao, bn vi sunfat t km, trung bnh n cao. -Xi mng loi D : nhit v p sut tng i cao, bn vi sunfat t trung bnh n cao. -Xi mng loi E : nhit v p sut cao, bn vi sunfat t trung bnh n cao. -Xi mng loi F : nhit v p sut cao, bn vi sunfat t trung bnh n cao. -Xi mng loi G : xi mng c bn, c th s dng vi cc cht ph gia ng nhanh hoc ng chm, c bn vi sunfat t trung bnh n cao. -Xi mng loi H : xi mng c bn, c th c s dng trong cng iu kin nh loi G, ch c bn trung bnh i vi sunfat. 3.3.3 Va xi mng [ ti liu 8, trang 72, 73, 74, 75]
26

GVHD: Ths. L Trng Thnh

Lp: DHHO6BLT

+ Va xi mng l hn hp ca xi mng, ct v nc. Ni cch khc, va xi mng l vt liu nhn c khi cho thm ct vo cng thc ca h xi mng (l hn hp ca nc v xi mng). + Yu cu chung ca va xi mng : cc tnh cht ca va xi mng c chn phi tha cc yu cu chnh sau : -Trn v bm d dng, to c lin kt tt. -Bo m tnh cht ng nht trong sut qu trnh bm y. -Bo m c kn khi ng cng. -Pht trin bn nhanh khi bm trm xong v bn ca xi mng n nh trong thi gian di. + Tnh cht ca va xi mng -T s nc/xi mng : lng nc ti thiu trn vi xi mng nguyn cht cho st ca va nh hn 30 Bc. Nu lng nc s dng t hn lng nc ti thiu th va s tr nn m c, rt kh trn v bm trm v ma st vi thnh ng ln. Khi bm trm qua thnh h c ng cng cao, d xy ra hin tng mt nc, va s ng cng sm hn d kin v s khng bm y c. T s nc/xi mng ti a l lng nc thm vo m vn gi trng thi l lng cho n khi qu trnh bm trm xi mng hon tt. Nu lng nc trn ln hn lng nc ti a cho php th cc ht xi mng s lng xung v to thnh cc nt nc t do gy nh hng xu n bn nn ca xi mng. -T trng : theo tiu chun API, t trng va xi mng b gii hn bi t s nc/xi mng v ph thuc vo mn ca xi mng s dng. Va xi mng c t trng thp c th c to ra bng cch thm vo silicat vi lng nc trn nhiu hn cc vt liu nh pozzolan, ceramicVa xi mng c t trng cao c to ra bng cch thm nhng vt liu c t trng ln v gim t l nc. -Chng mt dung dch : S thay i lng nc trn trong va c nh hng rt ln n cc tnh cht ca va nh thi gian ng cng, tnh lu bin v
27

GVHD: Ths. L Trng Thnh

Lp: DHHO6BLT

bn nn. Khi bm trm xi mng vo thnh h c tnh thm cao d xy ra hin tng mt nc, do lm gim t s nc/xi mng. Va mt nc sm trong qu trnh bm trm, khi ng cng s khng lng nc cho qu trnh thy ha xi mng. Ngoi ra khi bm trm xi mng, nu xy ra hin tng mt nc th cc ht xi mng d lng ng nhng khe h nh, kt qu l va tr nn m c v khng th bm c. Hin tng ny gi l s ng cng t ngt ca xi mng. Khi nu p sut bm ln s rt d xy ra hin tng mt tun hon v ton b nc s i vo thnh h. Chng mt tun hon l cng vic rt quan trng trong bm p va nhm trnh hin tng mt nc ca va v to s phn b xi mng u trong cc l rng. -Tnh lu bin : i vi mi lu cht th cc thng s v dng chy b chi phi bi ch dng chy v tnh lu bin ca dng chy . Kh nng va xi mng i vo cc khe nt, t gy ph thuc rt ln vo st ca n. Tnh lu bin ca va c o bng nht k tiu chun FANN 35 hoc FANN 50 trong phng th nghim. S thnh cng ca qu trnh bm trm xi mng ph thuc nhiu vo vic o v tnh ton cc thng s lu bin ca va ti u tc bm y m vn khng lm thay i tnh cht ca va xi mng. -Thi gian ng qunh : l thi gian tnh t thi im bt u bm va iu kin nhit v p sut ban u n khi va t st khng cn bm c na. thay i thi gian ng qunh, c th thm vo cht ph gia nhanh ng hay chm ng ty theo tng iu kin c th. an ton, thi gian ng qunh ca va thng c thit k ln hn thi gian cn thit bm trm hay thi gian hon tt cng vic. Thi gian ny thay i khong t mt gi hay bng mt na thi gian bm trm. 3.3.4 Tnh cht ca xi mng [ ti liu 9, trang 75, 76] + bn nn : gi tr bn nn ti u ca xi mng (va xi mng sau khi ng cng) phi tng ng vi bn ca thnh h c cch li. xi mng
28

GVHD: Ths. L Trng Thnh

Lp: DHHO6BLT

phi pht trin bn nn bo v, trnh hin tng gy nt v, chu c rung ng, va chm mnh. + Tnh cch li : thm v bn l hai yu t nh hng n kh nng cch li ca xi mng. thm ca xi mng ng cng thng rt thp v thay i ty theo t l nc trn trong va xi mng. + S suy gim bn nhit cao : iu kin nhit bnh thng, xi mng ng cng tip tc qu trnh thy ha v pht trin bn cho n mt gi tr xc nh. nhit ln hn 110 0F, xi mng s t c bn ti a trong vi tun u, sau bn ny bt u gim. Qu trnh ny gi l s suy gim bn ca xi mng. Trong mt vi trng hp, bn ca xi mng tip tc gim cho n khi b ph hy hon ton. + Tnh khng sunfat : tng tnh khng sunfat cho xi mng, ngi ta thng gim lng C3A c trong xi mng hay gim lng vi t do trong xi mng ng cng bng cch thm vo vt liu pozzolan, cht ny phn ng vi vi to thm mt phn vt liu xi mng. Ngoi ra cng c th thm vo xi mng lng canxi sunfat tng ng vi C3A to thnh canxi sunfoaluminat trc khi va xi mng ng cng. Tuy nhin khng c phng php no loi b hon ton nh hng ca sunfat m ch hn ch mt mc nht nh. 3.3.5 n mn xi mng trong nc bin [ ti liu 10] Theo ti liu, nc bin ca cc i dng trn th gii cha khong 3,5% tng lng cc mui ho tan, c th l 2,73% NaCl; 0,32% MgCl 2; 0,22% MgSO4; 0,13% CaSO4; 0,02 KHCO3 v mt lng nh CO2 v O2 ho tan. Ngoi ra trong nc bin cn c cc hp cht ho hc nh nitrit, nitrat, photphat, silicdioxit, cng nh cc loi mui bromua, iodua . pH ca nc bin t 8,0. Nc bin Vit Nam c thnh phn ho hc, mn tng t vi nc bin cc nc khc trn th gii, ring vng b th mn c suy gim t nhiu do nh hng ca nc mt s con sng ln chy ra bin.
29

GVHD: Ths. L Trng Thnh

Lp: DHHO6BLT

Trong nc bin c ion clo Cl -. Nh vy c th sinh phn ng ho hc vi Ca(OH)2 trong xi mng to ra CaCl2 nh phn ng ho hc gia HCl v Ca(OH)2 (n mn loi II). Trong nc bin c ion SO42- nh vy n c th phn ng ho hc vi Ca(OH)2 trong b tng to ra CaSO4 sau li tng tc vi 3CaOAl 2O3.6H2O v nc to ra 3CaO.Al2O3.3CaSO4.31H2O (n mn loi III). Trong nc bin c Mg2- li c Cl-, SO42- nh vy c th cha mui manhe (manh clorua, manh sunphat ) v s tng tc vi Ca(OH) 2 to ra Mg(OH)2 l mt cht ri rc khng keo kt, lm suy gim cu trc ca xi mng. Trong nc bin c Na+, nh vy c th xy ra phn ng ca Na vi CO 2 v nc to ra Na2CO3. Qu trnh n mn xi mng trong nc bin do nhiu phn ng ng thi v ph thuc ln nhau vi cc c ch khc nhau: Ho tan khi ngm chit; cc phn ng trao i kim; kt ta cc kt cht ho tan; kt tinh cc mui dn n. Cn c vo cc mui ho tan ch yu trong nc bin (MgCl 2, MgSO4), cc phn ng gy ra ph hu xi mng c trnh by tm tt nh sau: MgCl2 + Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 + CaCl2 MgSO4 + Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 + CaSO4.2H2O hoc MgSO4 + [Ca(OH)2 + 3CaO.Al2O3.CaSO4.18H2O] Mg(OH)2 3CaO.Al2O3.3CaSO4.31H2O (ettringit) hoc MgSO4 + [Ca(OH)2 + 3CaO.2SiO2.3H2O] CaSO4.2H2O Khi c mt ca mui cacbonat v silic ho tan th ettringit li chuyn thnh hp cht mi (CaCO3, CaSO4.CaO.SiO2.15H2O). 3.3.6 Cc phng php chng n mn xi mng trong mi trng bin: [ ti liu 10]
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+ +

4MgO.SiO2.8H2O

GVHD: Ths. L Trng Thnh

Lp: DHHO6BLT

+ Phng php th nht: Phng php ny c thc hin bng cch x l mt ngoi cng trnh bng cht to mng v cht trm ngn s thm ca nc bin t mi trng xung quanh vo kt cu ca xi mng. Cc cht to mng c kh nng c s dng l Urethan, Neopren hoc Epoxy. Cc cht trm thng s dng cc hp cht thuc h c silic. +Phng php th hai: Phng php ny c thc hin bng cch thay i tnh cht ca va xi mng, c hai cch nh sau: - Chng n mn bng cch s dng xi mng bn sunphat Cc phn ng n mn xy ra do tc ng ho hc ca cc sn phm thu ho xi mng vi cc ion trong nc bin. Hu qu ca chng l ph v cu trc xi mng, to thnh cc hp cht d ho tan lm cho khi xi mng b n mn. Trong cc phn ng n mn sunphat th ng s nht l phn ng to ra ettringit t C3AH6. V vy mun hn ch n mn cn hn ch ti a hm lng C 3AH6 trong xi mng. V vy trong xi mng phi hn ch thnh phn khong C3A ca xi mng bn sunphat (BSF). Trong xi mng li chia ra thnh xi mng BSF thng C3A 8% v xi mng BSF cao 5%. Tuy nhin phn ng n mn khng ch xy ra i vi C3AH6 m cn vi c Ca(OH)2 mt sn phm lun lun tn ti trong xi mng. chng n mn do C3S, trong tiu chun xi mng BSF ca nhiu nc Chu u u quy nh C3S 50%. Vic hn ch C3S khng nhng lm gim c hi xy ra cc phn ng n mn do ra tri m cn ngn chn c c kh nng to ettringit trong xi mng. Vic hn ch C3A v C3S lm tng ng k kh nng chng n mn xi mng trong mi trng nc bin.
31

GVHD: Ths. L Trng Thnh

Lp: DHHO6BLT

- Chng n mn bng cch s dng ph gia c bit Vic s dng ph gia chng n mn trong mi trng bin da trn cc c s sau: - a cc ph gia cha SiO2 hot tnh vo xi mng chng phn ng vi Ca(OH)2 trong xi mng to ra cc tinh th CSH lm tng cng cu trc c chc ca xi mng v gim lng Ca(OH)2 trong xi mng. - a cc ph gia vo xi mng trn trong qu trnh thi cng nhm gim lng nc/xi mng , tng c chc v tng kh nng lin kt, chng thm (i vi ph gia polime) ngn cn s khuch tn cc ion xm nhp vo khi xi mng. - a cc ph gia vo xi mng chng tc dng vi cc sn phm thu ho ca xi mng (Ca(OH) 2) to ra cc tinh th c kch thc ln lp y cc l rng ca xi mng. - a mt s ph gia c ch n mn nhm to ra trong khi xi mng mt lng cc ion xm thc ca mi trng bin. Vic ny gim gradien nng ion xm thc ca mi trng so vi xi mng nn hn ch c chng xm thc vo trong xi mng.

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GVHD: Ths. L Trng Thnh

Lp: DHHO6BLT

33

GVHD: Ths. L Trng Thnh

Lp: DHHO6BLT

LI KT
Bo v b phn chn gin khoan l mt cng vic ht sc quan trng m bt k mt quc gia no cng cn phi quan tm ti ngn chn nhng thit hi to ln c th xy ra. V c bit i vi mt nc ang trn pht trin v lnh vc cng trnh khai thc du kh xa b c th nh Vit Nam th vn ny cn c quan tm nhiu hn, nhm trnh xy ra nhng s c ng kinh hong cc quc gia trn, gy thit hi v ngi v ca v c bit l gy ra hin tng trn du rt nghim trng, nh hng ln n tnh hnh sinh thi v kinh ph ca nc nh. V vy, nghin cu n mn v chng n mn b phn chn gin khoan l vic lm rt cn thit, d khng phi l vn ln bo v cho mt cng trnh gin khoan khng l nh trn, nhng n cng gp phn khng th thiu trong cc bin php bo v tng quan v gin khoan, nhm m bo s pht trin bn vng ca ngnh khai thc du kh Vit Nam. Nhm hy vng tt c cc sinh vin khc, l cc nhn ti trong tng lai ca nc nh, hy tn dng s am m v s nng ng ca tui tr, ng b qua c hi ny, hy tham gia tm hiu, nghin cu cc cng trnh khai thc xa b ny,v y l mt cng trnh khng nh ca quc gia ta, chnh nh chng c th em li nn thu nhp rt ln cho nc nh, snh kp vi tnh hnh kinh t vi cc quc gia khc ng thi khng nh rng ti nguyn ca Vit Nam l rt v hn v khng th thiu s ng gp to ln ca cc nhn ti trong vic pht minh ra cc cng trnh ny.

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GVHD: Ths. L Trng Thnh

Lp: DHHO6BLT

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Trn Quang Khi ,Cng Trnh Bin, nh xut bn giao thng vn ti. [2] TS.Nguyn Mnh Pht, L Thuyt n Mn v Chng n Mn B Tng B Tng Ct Thp Trong Xy Dng, nh xut bn xy dng. [3] L Phc Ho, C S Khoan v Khai Thc Du Kh, nh xut bn i Hc Quc Gia TPHCM, 2002. [4] Phm Thnh Tm, Gio Trnh n Mn v Bo V Kim Loi, trng i Hc Cng Nghip TPHCM, 2009 [5] Trnh Xun Sn, n Mn v Bo V Kim Loi, nh xut bn i Hc Quc Gia H Ni, 2006. [6] L Phc Ho, C s khoan v khai thc du kh, NXB i hc quc gia TP.HCM. [7] L Phc Ho, C s khoan v khai thc du kh, NXB i hc quc gia TP.HCM. [8] L Phc Ho, C s khoan v khai thc du kh, NXB i hc quc gia TP.HCM. [9] L Phc Ho, C s khoan v khai thc du kh, NXB i hc quc gia TP.HCM. [10] www.moc.gov.vn/site/vcms/download_attachment?attachmentId=6768 T/C Pht trin Khoa hc Cng ngh, s 7/2005

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