Chuong I

Chng 1
Gii thiu chung
Trong cuc sng t xa xa, con ngi lun co nhu cu trao i vi nhau nhng tm t, tnh
cam, nhng kinh nghim u sinh tn..., ngha la co nhu cu thng tin (communication) tc
trao i tin tc vi nhau. Hin nay cha co mt nh ngha y u va suc tch cho khai nim
tin tc (information), chung ta co th tam hiu o la s cam hiu cua con ngi v th gii
xung quanh thng qua s tip xuc vi no.
Chng nay se gii thiu mt cach chung nht v nhng vn lin quan n thng tin, gii
thiu s lc v lch s phat trin cua thng tin, tm hiu v cac dch vu va cac mang vin
thng khac nhau, m hnh tng quat cua h thng thng tin va chc nng cua ca c khu chnh
trong h thng thng tin, c bit nu s khi chc nng y u cua mt h thng thng
tin s lam c s tm hiu cac chng tip theo sau.
. 5o |uoc v ||ch su fhng f|n
Bang sau se nu tom lc v s phat trin cua lch s thng tin, bao gm nhng s kin,
nhng phat minh quan trong trong thng tin.
Nm Su kin
3000 tr.CN Ngi Ai Cp c phat trin h thng ch vit tng hnh
1500 tr.CN Ngi Do Thai & A Rp phat minh ky t alphabet
300 tr.CN Ngi Hindu phat minh ra s m
800 Ngi A Rp hoan thanh h thng s vit
1440 Johannes Gutenberg ch tao may anh ch
1622 "Ban tin chu u" phat hanh di hnh thc ban in
1752 Benjamin Franklin ch ng minh set co ban cht in
1799 Alessandro Volta phat minh ra pin in u tin
1820 Hans Christian Oersted chng minh rng dong in tao ra t trng
1827 George Simon Ohm a ra nh lut Ohm I = E/R
1831 Michael Faraday kham pha ra rng s thay i t trng tao ra in trng
1834 Carl F. Gauss va Ernst H. Weber ch tao may in bao in t
1838 William F. Cooke va Sir Charles Wheatstone ch tao may in bao
1839 Joseph Niepace va Louis Daguerre phat minh ra ky thut chup anh
1844 Samuel F. B. Morse xut thit lp ng dy in bao gia Baltimore. MD
va Washington. DC
- 1 -
Chuong I
1850 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff a ra nh lut Kirchhoff I
1858 Thit lp h thng cap xuyn ai Ty Dng u tin va b hong sau 26 ngay
1864 James C. Maxwell d oan co bc xa in t
1866 Thit lp h thng cap xuyn ai Ty Dng ln th hai
1871 T chc Hip Hi Ky Thut in Bao Lun n
1872 Cng ty Western Electric c thanh lp. Alexander Graham Bell lam vic tai
cng ty nay khi nghin cu phat minh chic may in thoai
1876 Alexander Graham Bell nhn bng phat minh v vic phat minh ra may in
thoai (ngay 7/3/1876) (*)
1877 Thomas A. Edison phat minh ra may hat
1879 Thomas A. Edison phat minh bong en in
1883 Thomas A. Edison kham pha dong electron trong ng hm goi la "hiu ng
Edison", c s cua en tube ngay nay
1884 Thanh lp Vin Ky Thut in Hoa Ky (AIEE)
1885 Edward Branly phat minh s tach song radio kt hp
1887 Heinrich Hertz kim tra ly thuyt cua Maxwell
1889 George Eastman phat trin film anh thc t
1889 Vin Ky Thut in (IEE) thanh lp t Hip Hi Ky Thut in Bao Lun
n
1894 Oliver Lodge gii thiu qua trnh truyn khng dy qua khoang cach 150
yards
1897 Guglielmo Marconi ng ky ban quyn sang ch h thng in bao v tuyn
1898 Valdemar Poulsen phat minh ky thut ghi t trn dy thep
1900 Guglielmo Marconi truyn tn hiu v tuyn xuyn ai Ty Dng ln th
nht
1904 John A. Fleming phat minh ra diode ng hm
1905 Reginald Fessenden thc hin truyn ting noi va m nhac bng radio
1906 Lee de Forest phat minh s khuch ai bng triode ng hm
1907 Thanh lp Hip Hi in Bao V Tuyn
1908 A. A. Campbell-Swinton xut y tng c ban v truyn hnh quang ba
1909 Thanh lp Vin V Tuyn
- 2 -
Chuong I
1912 Vin Ky Thut V Tuyn thanh lp t Hip Hi in Bao V Tuyn va Vin
V Tuyn
1915 Bell System hoan thanh h thng in thoai xuyn luc a Hoa Ky
1918 Edwin H. Amstrong phat minh may thu i tn
1920 KDKA, Pittsburgh, PA bt u phat thanh quang ba
1920 J. R. Carson ng dung ly mu trong thng tin
1926 J. L. Baird va C. F. Jenkins phat minh ra truyn hnh
1927 Harold Black ch tao b khuch ai hi tip m tai phong th nghim Bell
1928 Philo T. Farnsworth a ra h thng truyn hnh in t u tin
1933 Edwin H. Amstrong phat minh ra ky thut iu tn FM
1934 Thanh lp Hip Hi Thng Tin Lin Bang (FCC)
1935 Robert A. Watson-Watt phat trin h thng radar thc t u tin
1935 Gii thiu film anh mau 3 lp
1936 Tp oan Phat Thanh Truyn Hnh Anh (BBC) bt u truyn hnh quang ba
1937 Alex Reeves xut ky thut iu xung ma PCM
1938 Chester Carlson phat trin ky thut copy tnh in
1939 R. H. Varian, S. F. Varian, W. C. Hahn va G. F. Metcalf phat minh ra ng dn
song
1941 John V. Atanasoff phat minh ra may tnh tai trng ai hoc Bang Iowa
1941 FCC truyn hnh quang ba Hoa Ky
1945 John W. Mauchly ai hoc Pennsylvania phat trin may tnh s in t
ENIAC
1947 Walter H. Brattain, John Bardeen va William Shockley ch tao transistor
phong th nghim Bell
1947 Steve O. Rice a ra cach biu din thng k cho nhiu phong th nghim
Bell
1948 Claude E. Shannon xut ban " Ly thuyt thng tin"
1950 Ap dung ky thut ghep knh phn thi gian TDM vao in thoai
1950 Phat trin in thoai v tuyn
1953 Thit lp cap in thoai xuyn ai Ty Dng u tin 36 knh
1954 J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger va C. H. Townes san xut maze (maser) thanh cng
1955 J. R. Pierce xut thng tin v tinh
- 3 -
Chuong I
1956 Videotape c s dung ln u bi Ampex
1957 Lin X phong thanh cng v tinh u tin Sputnik I
1958 A. L. Schawlow va C. H. Townes a ra nguyn ly laser
1958 Jack Kilby cua Texas Instrument ch tao mach tch hp (IC) germani u tin
1958 Robert Noyce cua Fairchild ch tao mach tch hp (IC) silic u tin
1960 Theodore H. Marman san xut laser u tin
1961 Hoa Ky bt u truyn thanh FM stereo
1962 V tinh Telstar I chuyn tip tn hiu truyn hnh gia Hoa Ky va Chu u
1963 Thanh lp Vin Ky Thut in va in T (IEEE)
1963-66 ng dung ma sa li va lng t hoa thch nghi cho thng tin s khng li tc
cao
1964 H thng chuyn mach in thoai in t (No. 1 ESS) i vao hoat ng
1965 Mariner IV truyn anh t sao Hoa v Trai t
1965 V tinh thng tin thng mai u tin Early Bird i vao hoat ng
1966 K. C. Kao va G. A. Hockham xut ban "Nguyn ly thng tin quang"
1968 Phat trin truyn hnh cap
1971 Tp oan Intel a ra chip vi x ly u tin 4004
1972 Motorola xut in thoai t bao vi FCC
1973 Gii thiu may quet (scanner) CAT
1976 Phat trin may tnh ca nhn PC
1979 RAM 64 kb m ra ky nguyn cua VLSI
1980 Bell System phat trin thng tin si quang
1980 Philips va Sony san xut a compact
1981 San xut may tnh ca nhn IBM
1984 Apple gii thiu may tnh Macintosh
1985 May fax tr nn ph bin
1989 Motorola gii thiu in thoai t bao bo tui
1990-nay Ky nguyn cua x ly tn hiu s vi vi x ly, may hin song s, trai ph, mang
s lin kt a dch vu ISDN, truyn hnh phn giai cao HDTV, ghep knh quang...
(*) Ngay 7/3/1876, nha phat minh - tin s Alexander Graham c t ng bng sang ch v
mt trong cac thit b co y ngha nht trong i sng chung ta, o la may in thoai. ng
Bell a mt nhiu nm nghin cu cach lin lac vi v. Ba Bell b ic, nn ng Bell tm cach
- 4 -
Chuong I
chuyn i m thanh thanh mt dang tn hiu truyn thng khac sao cho ba v co th hiu
c li noi cua ng ta.
Do co mt s kinh nghim v in bao, o cac ban tin c ma hoa va truyn qua cap, Bell
quyt nh bt chc cach truyn thng nay. Khi ap dung nguyn ly c ban la tn hiu truyn
thng co th chuyn i t m thanh thanh in, ng Bell co th noi vao thit b truyn thng,
thit b nay lai chuyn i song m thoai thanh nng lng in. Sau o nng lng in nay
dung tao ra ban tin ma hoa tng t nh ban tin in bao. iu nay bao hiu mt s tt
lanh, nhng cng vi c nghin cu cua ng cung vi tr ly - tin s Watson a trai qua nhiu
tht bai.
Ri mt ngay, vn may a n. Trong khi ang lam vic mt mnh trong phong th nghim,
Bell a lam axit ra ban lam vic. Axit nay co tac dung nh la cht xuc tac tao ra ngun
in ma sau nay goi la pin. Khng nhn thc c s vic xay ra luc o, tin s Bell a goi
tin s Watson. Ting goi cua ng ta "tin s Watson, vao y, ti cn ng" a tac ng n
thit b th nghim do hai ng ch tao trc o lam thit b lin lac. m thanh cua Bell a
truyn qua dy dn n phong th hai ni Watsonddang lam vic.
Nghe ting ku, Watson chay n giup Bell. Ho pha t hin ra rng nu pin c kt ni qua
mach in (dy dn) trong khi ngi s dung noi, song m do ngi tao ra c truyn qua
i dy dn nay n may thu tip nhn dong in va chuyn i nng lng in tr lai
thanh m thanh. T ngay o, mt ngay may mn, s ra i cua nn cng nghip mi a bt
u: may in thoai c phat minh.
Nm 1877, Bell chao hang ban bng phat minh cho Western Union Telegraph vi gia ban
100.000 USD.
(Phn nay trch chng I sach Cm nang truyn thng thoai va s liu - NXB Bu in thang
5/1999)
.2 Kho| quof v d|ch vu v|n fhng vo mong v|n fhng
.2. Djch vu vin thng
Thng tin (communications) la s trao i tin tc gia cac i tng co nhu cu bng mt
cng cu nao o.
Vin thng (telecommunications) la mt trong cac cng cu thng tin. "Vin thng" am ch
mt khoang cach a ly c bc cu thc hin trao i thng tin t xa ma khng cn mt
s tr giup nhn tao nao. Khoang cach nay ham y t vai inches n hang ngan dm.
trao i thng tin t xa, ngi ta phai xy dng mang vin thng (telecommunications
network).
Dch vu vin thng (telecommunications services) la hnh thai trao i thng tin ma mang
vin thng cung c p. Cac dch vu vin thng ngay nay rt phong phu va a dang, phuc vu
cho nhu cu trao i thng tin ngay cang cao cua ngi s dung.
- 5 -
Chuong I
Hinh 1.1 trnh bay mt s dch vu vin thng c ban cung mang tng ng cung cp dch
vu o:
Mang in thoai (telephone network) la mang lu i nht va ln nht trong cac loai mang
vin thng. Mang in thoai c xy dng nn trc ht la cung cp dch vu truyn m
thoai, tuy nhin ngay nay pham vi ng dung cua mang in thoai ngay cang c m rng: t
dch vu thoai truyn thng cho n dch vu thoai di ng, truyn s liu, fax, videotex...

Mang din thoai
CSPDN
PSPDN
Mang Telex
Djch vu thoai
Videotex Fax Teletex Telex
Truyn s liu






Hnh 1.1 Mt s dch vu vin thng va mang cung cp dch vu
Mang telex ra i t nhng nm 1930, cung cp dch vu telex (in bao) - gi va nh n cac
ban tin anh may trn toan th gii. Hn 1,2 triu thu bao telex a u ni vao mang telex.
Theo tiu chun hin hanh, telex la h thng thng tin tc thp 50 bps. S lng ky t co
th truyn i rt han ch bao gm cac ky t in hoa va mt t ky t c bit. Mc du vy, dch
vu telex vn c a chung khi cn gi i cac ban tin ngn. Ngay nay cac thu bao telex co
th gi cac ban tin n thu bao teletex nh vao s thm nhp d dang gia cac mang khac
nhau.
Mang s liu chuyn mach knh cng cng CSPDN (Circuit Switching Public Data Network)
ra i t nhng nm 1980 tai cac quc gia Scandinavia. S lng thu bao tng ln vt tri
trong vai nm gn y. CSPDN a li cun c s lng khach hang rt ln gm ngn hang
(cac dch vu t ng trong ngn hang), cng ty xng du (cac tram xng), cac ai ly du lch
(h thng t ve) ... y la mang hoan toan s, c thit k cho muc ch truyn s liu vi
bn tc la 600, 2400, 4800 va 9600 bps. CSPDN la mang chuyn mach knh (circuit -
switching), ngha la ngi gi va ngi nhn kt ni trc tip vi nhau trong sut thi gian
truyn dn va phai hoat ng cung tc . Ch truyn trong CSPDN la song cng (full
duplex), ngha la s liu truyn ng thi theo ca hai hng.
Ma ng s liu chuyn mach goi cng cng PSPDN (Packet Switching Public Data Network)
c gii thiu rng rai trn toan th gii t gia nhng nm 1970. Hu ht cac mang truyn
s liu trn th gii hin nay la mang chuyn mach goi nh cac mang s liu chuyn mach
goi Ty u, USA, Canada, Nht va nhiu nc khac. Khach hang la cac trng ai hoc,
vin nghin cu, cac cng ty, cac nha kinh doanh... im hp dn cua PSPDN la giup khach
- 6 -
Chuong I
hang co th truy cp n cac c s d liu rng ln trn toan th gii, trao i thng tin gia
cac may tnh... vi gia ca d chp nhn. Trong PSPDN, ban tin c chia ra thanh cac goi tin
(packet) va c gi i ngay khi co mt kt ni (connection) ri. Cac goi t cac thu bao
khac nhau co th truyn i trn cung mt kt ni n, theo cach nay, mt vai cuc goi co th
cung chia se mt kt ni ao (virtual connection). cac goi i n ung ch, cac goi cn
phai mang a ch nhn (receiver address). Khi n ni cac goi cn phai c kt hp lai
tha nh ban tin gc bn phat. Vy im khac bit c ban so vi mang chuyn mach knh la
y khng tn tai kt ni trc tip gia cac thu bao.
Dch vu teletex con goi la " siu telex", y chnh la dch vu telex vi nhiu u im hn hn.
Ly teletex Thuy in lam v du, o la mang s liu chuyn mach knh, dung nh telex
truyn thng nhng tc hn n gn 50 ln (2400 bps), cho phep truyn ca ky t in hoa va
in thng, tai thu bao co th anh may vn ban, soan thao, lu tr va truyn n thu bao
khac khi co yu cu. Nh tc truyn cao nn co th gi i nhng tai liu ln ma nu dung
telex trc y se r t t.
Dch vu videotex la dch vu c khai thac trn mang in thoai. Ch cn s dung PC la ngi
s dung co th khai thac mt s lng ln d liu t cac c s d liu, v du nh thng tin v
tn dung cua ngn hang, ng ky phng tin giao thng, gia ca th trng chng khoan...
Videotex cung bao gm dch vu th in t, cho phep truyn ban tin gia cac thu bao trong
mang. Videotex lam vic vi tc 1200 bps hng t c s d liu v thu bao va tc 75
bps cho hng ngc lai. Thng tin cung cp trong mang s dung tc 1200 bps cho ca hai
hng.
Truyn s liu trong mang in thoai chuyn mach cng cng PSTN la dch vu truy n s liu
trong PSTN dung modem. Vi s tr giup cua in thoai, kt ni c thc hin ging nh
mt cuc goi in thoai thng thng n thu bao yu cu. Modem am bao cho cac may
tnh co th kt ni vi nhau thng qua ng dy in thoai hoc ng thu ring (leased
line)
Ngoai ra, co th k thm rt nhiu mang va cac dch vu vin thng khac nhau. V du nh
mang canh bao (alarm network), mang bng rng (broadband network), mang t (private
network), mang cuc b LAN... Dch vu canh bao co th c khai thac trn mang in thoai,
khach hang thu mt ng dy c bit, kt ni n mt man hnh giam sat t tai canh sat
hoc c quan an ninh tnh trang an ninh c giam sat, theo doi thng xuyn. Mang bng
rng cung cp nhng dch vu bng rng ma mang in thoai khng th ap ng c. Nhng
dch vu nay bao gm truyn hnh cap (cable TV), truyn hnh hi ngh (conference TV),
truyn thanh hi ngh (conference radio)... No oi hoi mi trng truyn phai la cap ng
truc (coaxial cable) hoc si quang (fiber optic). Mang t c thit lp cho cac t chc, cac
doanh nghip... Mang nay c lp vi mang in thoai, khng tun thu cac khuyn ngh, cac
lut cua mang in thoai. Mang cuc b LAN s dung truyn thng tin bn trong cac cng
ty l n, mang nay c lp vi mang in thoai. Tuy nhin khi cn kt ni LAN vi cac mang
khac th cn phai tun theo cac chun giao tip thng thng.
- 7 -
Chuong I
Lin mang (interworking between networks) la s hp nht cua tt ca cac loai mang vin
thng khac nhau vao trong mt mang chung duy nht, bng cach a thm cng (gateway)
vao mang. Theo o, mang duy nht nay co th cung cp tt ca cac dang dch vu vin thng
khac nhau vi gia cc thp nht. y la mang hoan toan s goi la mang s lin kt cac dch
vu ISDN (Intergrated Service Digital Networks). Co hai loai ISDN la ISDN bng hep N-
ISDN xy dng trn nn tang cua mang s lin kt IDN va ISDN bng rng B-ISDN xy dng
trn nn tang cua cng ngh truyn dn khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
.2.2 Cac thanh ph n chinh cua mang vin thng
xy dng mang vin thng phuc vu cho nhu cu trao i thng tin cua cac i tng, y
tng u tin la cn phai cung cp cac kt ni ni tt ca cac i tng vi nhau tng i
mt. Tuy nhin khi s i tng tng ln va pham vi rng hn ln th cn phai phn chia
pham vi o ra lam nhiu khu vc nho. Cac i tng thuc khu vc nao se c trung tm
cua khu vc o phuc vu. Sau o u ni tt ca cac trung tm nay lai vi nhau. Tt ca cac
trang thit b trong mang vin thng co th phn thanh bn nhom chnh nh sau (hinh 1.2):
Nhom mt la thit b u cui (terminal equipment) hay co n goi la thu bao (subscriber), la
ngi s dung (user), co nhim vu a tin tc vao mang va ly tin tc t mang.
Nhom hai la trung tm (center) hay con goi la tng ai (exchange), la nut mang (node), co
nhim vu thu thp tt ca nhu cu cua cac i tng, x ly tin tc, chuyn mach t chc
vic trao i tin tc gia cac i tng.
Nhom ba la mang truyn dn (transfer network), co nhim vu kt ni nhom mt vi hai goi
la ng dy thu bao (subscriber line) va kt ni nhom hai vi hai go i la ng dy trung k
(trunk line).
Nhom bn la phn mm (software) cua mang, co nhim vu phi hp hoat ng cua ba nhom
trn sao cho hiu qua





3
1
2

Hnh 1.2 Cac thanh phn chnh cua mang vin thng
.2.3 Mang vin thng tuong tu va mang vin thng s
Mang vin thng c goi la tng t nu co cac c im sau y:
- Tn hiu truyn trn trung k la tng t
- 8 -
Chuong I
- Tn hiu truyn trn ng dy thu bao la tng t
- Cac nut mang x ly tn hiu tng t
Mang vin thng c goi la s nu co cac c im sau y:
- Tn hiu truyn trn trung k la s
- Tn hiu truyn trn ng dy thu bao la tng t hoc co th la s vi mang hoan toan
s
- Cac nut mang x ly tn hiu s
.3 H fhng fhng f|n
.3. Khai nim va phn loai h thng h thng thng tin
Nhng h thng thng tin (communication system) cu th ma con ngi a s dung va khai
thac rt a dang va khi phn loai chung, ngi ta co th da trn nhiu c s khac nhau. V
du trn c s nng lng mang tin ta co th phn loai thanh:
- H thng in tn dung nng lng mt chiu
- H thng thng tin v tuyn in dung nng lng song in t
- H thng thng tin quang nng
- H thng thng tin dung song m, siu m...
Trn c s biu hin bn ngoai cua thng tin ta co th phn loai thanh:
- H thng truyn s liu
- H thng thng tin thoai
- H thng truyn hnh...
Cn c vao c im cua tn hiu a vao knh ta co th phn thanh hai loai chnh:
- H thng tng t
- H thng s
Hinh 1.3 trnh bay s khi chc nng cua mt h thng thng tin tng quat, gm co ba
khu chnh: ngun tin (information source), knh tin (channel) va nhn tin (information
destination):



Knh tin Nhn tin Ngun tin
Hnh 1.3 S khi chc nng cua mt h thng thng tin tng quat
Ngun tin la ni san sinh ra hay cha cac tin cn truyn i. Khi mt ng truyn tin c
thit lp truyn tin t ngun tin n nhn tin, mt day cac tin cua ngun se c truyn i
- 9 -
Chuong I
vi mt phn b xac sut nao o. Day nay c goi la mt ban tin (message). Vy co th
nh ngha: ngun tin la tp hp cac tin ma h thng thng tin dung lp cac ban tin khac
nhau truyn i. S lng cac tin trong ngun co th hu han hay v han tng ng vi
ngun tin ri rac hay lin tuc.
Knh tin la mi trng truyn lan thng tin. co th truyn lan trong mt mi trng vt ly
xac nh, thng tin phai c chuyn thanh dang tn hiu thch hp vi mi trng truyn lan.
Vy knh tin la ni hnh thanh va truyn tn hiu mang tin ng thi y cung san sinh ra
cac nhiu (noise) pha huy thng tin. Trong thc t knh tin co rt nhiu dang khac nhau, v
du dy song hanh, cap ng truc, ng dn song, cap si quang, v tuyn...
Nhn tin la c cu khi phuc lai thng tin ban u t tn hiu ly u ra cua knh tin.
.3.2 H thng thng tin s
Mt muc tiu quan trong trong thit k h thng thng tin la gia ca, phc tap va cng sut
tiu thu thp nht vi bng thng truyn dn va thi gian truyn thp nht. Bng thng la s
o tc truyn tin tc nhanh hay chm, bng thng co th thay i c va do o, no la mt
thng s quan trong trong thit k h thng thng tin. Bang 1.1 la bng thng danh nh cua
ba loa i tn hiu ph bin. Vic s dung bng thng va thi gian truyn hiu qua am bao cho
nhiu thu bao co th c phuc vu vi mt bng thng han ch va trong mt khoang thi
gian han ch.

Tin hiu Bng thng
Thoai
m thanh quang ba
Video
4 kHz
15 kHz
6 MHz




Bang 1.1 Bng thng danh nh cua mt s tn hiu
Hinh 1.4 trnh bay cac thanh phn trong mt h thng thng tin s y u. Thc t khng
phai tt ca cac h thng thng tin s u co y du cac thanh phn nh th nay.
Hu ht tn hiu a vao h thng thng tin s (ting noi, hnh anh, m thanh...) la tn hiu
tng t. Khi nh dang lam nhim vu chuyn i tn hiu t tng t sang day t ma s.
Cac t ma nay c biu din bng cac bit nh phn, ri tuy ng dung cu th ma biu din cac
bit hay nhom bit dang thc thch hp. Vic chuyn i tng t sang s trong h thng
thng tin s thng theo phng phap iu xung ma PCM (Pulse Code Modulation). Khi
giai nh dang thc hin cng vic ngc lai, chuyn i tn hiu t s sang tng t. Vic s
hoa tn hiu tng t lam tng bng thng truyn dn cua tn hiu nhng cho phep b thu
hoat ng ty s tn hiu trn nhiu thp hn. y la mt v du v s mu thun gia tai
nguyn nay (bng thng) so vi tai nguyn khac (cng sut truyn). Vic chuyn i tng
t/s va s/tng t dung ky thut x ly tn hiu s giup cho tn hiu c ma hoa hiu qua
trc khi truyn i va giai ma bn thu khi chung b anh hng bi nhiu, meo va giao thoa.
- 10 -
Chuong I
iu nay khin cho b thu phat phc tap hn nhng cho phep truyn dn chnh xac va khng
co li.







Knh

thng

tin
nh
dang
Ma
hoa
ngun
Mt
ma
hoa
Ma
hoa
knh
Ghep
knh
iu
ch
a
truy
cp
Giai
nh
dang
Giai
ma
ngun
Giai
mt
ma
Giai
ma
knh
Tach
knh
Gai
iu
ch
Giai
truy
cp


Hnh 1.4 S khi chc nng cua h thng thng tin s y u
Khi ma hoa ngun lam giam s bit nh phn yu cu truyn ban tin. Vic nay co th xem
nh la loai bo cac bit d khng cn thit, giup cho bng thng ng truyn c s dung
hiu qua hn.
Khi mt ma hoa lam nhim vu mt ma hoa ban tin gc nhm muc ch an ninh. No bao gm
ca s ring t (am bao ch ngi phat co quyn vi tin ang truyn mi c nhn no) va
xa c thc (am bao ch ngi thu nao ma ngi phat yu cu th mi c nhn tin).
Khi ma hoa knh lam nhim vu a thm cac bit d vao tn hiu s theo mt quy lut nao
y, nhm giup cho bn thu co th phat hin va thm ch sa c ca li xay ra trn knh
truyn. Vic nay chnh la ma hoa iu khin li, v quan im tin tc, la tng thm d.
Nh vy co th noi ma hoa iu khin li a thm d la mu thun vi ma hoa ngun
loai bo d. Ca hai qua trnh u c thc hin trong cung h thng, tuy nhin, kiu d
xut hin t nhin trong tin truyn la khng cn thit, khng phai la kiu d phu hp cho bn
thu co th phat hin va sa li.
Giai ma ngun, giai mt ma va giai ma hoa knh c thc hin b thu, cac qua trnh nay
ngc vi cac qua trnh ma hoa bn b phat.
Khi ghep knh giup cho nhiu tuyn thng tin co th cung chia se mt ng truyn vt ly
chung nh la cap, ng truyn v tuyn... Trong thng tin s, kiu ghep knh thng la
ghep knh phn chia theo thi gian (TDM), sp xp cac t ma PCM nhanh vao trong mt
khung TDM. Tc bit cua tn hiu ghep knh se gp N ln tc bit cua tn hiu PCM
nhanh (N la s tn hiu PCM nhanh ghep vao mt khung TDM) va bng thng yu cu se
tng ln. Khi tach knh bn thu phn chia dong bit thu thanh cac tn hiu PCM nhanh.
Khi iu ch giup cho dong tn hiu s co th truyn i qua mt phng tin vt ly cu th
theo mt tc cho trc, vi mc meo chp nhn c, yu cu mt bng thng tn s
cho phep. Khi iu ch co th thay i dang xung, dch chuyn ph tn s cua tn hiu n
- 11 -
Chuong I
mt bng thng khac phu hp. u vao cua b iu ch la tn hiu bng gc trong khi u ra
cua b iu ch la tn hiu thng dai. Khi giai iu ch bn thu chuyn dang song thu c
ngc lai thanh tn hiu bng gc
Khi a truy cp lin quan n cac ky thut hoc nguyn tc nao o, cho phep nhiu cp thu
phat cung chia se mt phng tin vt ly chung (nh la mt si quang, mt b phat ap cua
v tinh...) y la bin phap hu hiu va hp ly chia se tai nguyn thng tin han ch cua
cac phng tin truyn dn. Co mt s kiu a truy cp, mi kiu co nhng u im va
khuyt im ring.
Da theo s khi nay, ni dung chnh cua mn hoc bao gm nhng vn sau:
1. Tn hiu va phn tch tn hiu
2. S hoa va nh dang tn hiu
3. Ma hoa ngun
4. Ma hoa knh
5. Ghep knh va a truy cp
6. iu ch
Do nhng c im ring, phn mt ma hoa khng c trnh bay y.
.3.3 Uu dim cua thng tin s
Qua xem xet cac khi chc nng trong h thng thng tin s trn, ro rang la h thng thng
tin s phc tap hn so vi h thng thng tin tng t. Tuy nhin, thng tin s ngay cang
c a chung hn trong cac h thng thng tin hin ai va tng lai se thay th dn cac h
thng thng tin tng t hin ang tn tai. Co th k ra mt vai ly do cua iu nay nh sau:
- Thch hp cho truyn s liu
- Ha gia thanh
- Thun li cho nen s liu
- Co kha nng ma hoa knh giam anh hng cua nhiu va giao thoa
- D cn i cac mu thun v bng thng, cng sut va thi gian truyn ti u hoa vic
s dung cac tai nguyn han ch nay
- Gia tng vic s dung cac mach tch hp
- Giup cho chun hoa tn hiu bt k kiu, ngun gc, dch vu. . .
- La c s hnh thanh mang tch hp a dch vu ISDN
S gia tng yu cu lin kt truyn thoai va s li u la yu t chnh thuc y s phat trin cua
vin thng.
1.3.4 Duong truyn tin hiu
- 12 -
Chuong I
ng truyn gia b phat va b thu co th la loai co dy hoc khng dy. Loai co dy nh la
cp xon i, cap ng truc hoc cap si quang. Du la loai ng truyn nao, tn hiu cung b
suy hao, meo, giao thoa, nhiu . . . Co th khc phuc suy hao bng cac b khuch ai hoc la
b lp, khc phuc meo bng cac b cn bng, khc phuc giao thoa va nhiu bng cac phng
phap x ly tn hiu. Ban cht cua cac ng truyn la anh hng chnh n vic thit k b
phat, b thu va b lp.
Truyn tn hiu bng dy dn co cac u im nh sau:
- t khi mt tuyn
- Nng lng tn hiu khng b mt mat nhiu va giao thoa gia cac h thng khac nhau t
khi nghim trong va co th bo qua
- Cac c im cua ng truyn (suy hao va meo) thng n nh va d dang bu c
Tuy nhin, truyn tn hiu bng dy dn gp cac khuyt im nh sau:
- Vic lp t cap ngm hoc cap treo thng t tin va cn phai co k hoach lu dai
- Thng tin quang ba yu cu kt ni vt ly n thu bao phc tap
- Khng thc hin c thng tin di ng
- Khng d cu hnh lai mang
Truyn tn hiu khng dy co cac u im nh sau:
- Re va d thc hin
- D thng tin quang ba
- D thng tin di ng
- D dang va nhanh chong cu hnh lai mang, d thm bt nut mang
Tuy nhin, truyn tn hiu khng dy gp cac khuyt im nh sau:
- Nng lng tn hiu b mt mat nhiu trong qua trnh truyn
- Giao thoa gia cac h thng khac nhau la mt vn nghim trong
- Dung lng han ch
- Cac c im cua ng truyn thng thay i khng oan c, do o kho am bao
cht lng thng tin
- Phai lp k hoach phn b tn s cn thn cho cac h thng khac nhau
.4 G|o| fh|u h|p h| v|n fhng quc f |1U
Khi ngay cang co nhiu phat minh mi, ngay cang co nhiu san phm v truyn tin tung ra
th trng th gn nh chung ta ri vao tnh trang hn n. Cac thit b thc hin cung mt
chc nng nh nhau co th khng cung lam vic vi nhau, khng th kt ni vi nhau c
- 13 -
Chuong I
nu xut x t nhng hang khac nhau, nhng quc gia khac nhau. giai quyt tnh trang
nay, cn a ra cac tiu chun (standard) thch hp.
Hip hi vin thng quc t ITU (International Telecommunications Union) la c quan
nghin cu x ly cac vn lin quan n vin thng trn th gii. y la c quan cua Lin
hip quc UN co truc s t tai Geneva. Cac hi ng thng trc bn di ITU gm (hinh
1.5):
Ban th ky, co trach nhim co trach nhim v kinh t va hanh chnh
Ban ng ky tn s quc t IFRB, chu trach nhim phi hp va s dung tt ca cac loai tn s
v tuyn
Uy ban t vn quc t v thng tin v tuyn CCIR, co trach nhim giai quyt cac vn khac
v v tuyn
Uy ban t vn quc t v in thoai va in bao CCITT, co trach nhim v cac kha canh
khac trong vin thng.

Ban th ky
ITU
IFRB CCIR CCITT
UN






Hnh 1.5 T chc cua ITU
Vy CCITT la mt chi nhanh cua ITU lin quan hu ht n cac khuyn ngh
(recommendation) trong vin thng. Cac khuyn ngh mi c a ra bn nm mt ln, mi
ln xut ban tai liu bng mt mau khac nhau, v du sach vang nm 1981, sach o nm
1985... Cac nhom khuyn ngh c ky hiu bng cac ky t khac nhau. V du nh khuyn
ngh loat V cho truyn s liu trong mang in thoai, loat X cho cac vn khac v truyn s
liu, loat I cho ISDN...
TOM TT CHUONG
1. Tin tc co th tam hiu la s cam hiu cua con ngi v th gii xung quanh thng qua s
tip xuc vi no. Thng tin la s trao i tin tc gia cac i tng co nhu cu bng mt
cng cu nao o. Vin thng la mt trong cac cng cu truyn thng. " Vin thng" am ch
mt khoang cach a ly c bc cu thc hin trao i thng tin t xa.
2. trao i thng tin t xa, ngi ta phai xy dng ma ng vin thng. Co th k ra mt s
mang vin thng nh: mang in thoai, mang s liu chuyn mach knh cng cng
CSPDN, mang s liu chuyn mach goi cng cng PSPDN...
- 14 -
Chuong I
3. Dch vu vin thng la hnh thai trao i thng tin ma mang vin thng cung cp. Cac dch
vu vin thng rt phong phu va a dang, phuc vu cho nhu cu trao i thng tin ngay
cang cao cua ngi s dung. Co th k ra mt vai dch vu vin thng nh: dch vu thoai
gm ca c nh va di ng, truyn s liu, m thanh, hnh anh, videotex, fax, teletex, canh
bao t xa, thoai hi ngh, video hi ngh ...
4. Thanh phn chnh cua mang vin thng bao gm: nhom mt la thit b u cui hay con
goi la thu bao, la ngi s dung (user), co nhim vu a tin tc vao mang va ly tin tc
t mang; nho m hai la trung tm mang hay con goi la tng ai, la nut mang, co nhim vu
thu thp tt ca nhu cu cua cac i tng, x ly thng tin, chuyn mach t chc vic
trao i thng tin gia cac i tng; nhom ba la mang truyn dn, co nhim vu kt ni
nhom mt vi hai goi la ng dy thu bao va kt ni nhom hai vi hai goi la ng dy
trung k; nhom bn la phn mm cua mang, co nhim vu phi hp hoat ng cua ba
nhom trn sao cho hiu qua .
5. Mang vin thng tng t la mang vin thng co cac c im sau:
2 Tn hiu truyn trn trung k la tng t
3 Tn hiu truyn trn ng dy thu bao la tng t
4 Cac nut mang x ly tn hiu tng t
6. Mang vin thng s la mang vin thng co cac c im sau:
5 Tn hiu truyn trn trung k la tng t
6 Tn hiu truyn trn ng dy thu bao la tng t
7 Cac nut mang x ly tn hiu s
7. H thng thng tin la h thng c xy dng nn nhm muc ch truyn tin tc t bn
phat n bn thu. Mt h thng thng tin tng quat gm co ba khu chnh: ngun tin,
knh tin va nhn tin. Ngun tin la ni san sinh ra hay cha cac tin cn truyn i. Knh tin
la mi trng truyn lan thng tin, mg thi cung san sinh ra nhiu pha huy tin. Nhn tin
la c cu khi phuc lai thng tin ban u t tn hiu ly u ra cua knh tin.
8. Hu ht tn hiu a vao h thng thng tin s (ting noi, hnh anh, m thanh...) la tn
hiu tng t. Khi nh dang lam nhim vu chuyn i tng t sang s, sau o tm cach
biu din cac bit hay nhom bit dang thc thch hp vi tng ng dung cu th. Khi ma
hoa ngun lam giam s bit nh phn yu cu truyn ban tin. Khi mt ma hoa lam
nhim vu mt ma hoa ban tin. Khi ma hoa knh lam nhim vu a thm cac bit d vao
theo mt quy lut nao y, nhm giup cho bn thu co th phat hin va thm ch sa c
ca li xay ra trn knh truyn. Khi ghep knh giup cho nhiu ngun tin co th cung chia
se mt ng truyn vt ly chung. Khi iu ch giup cho dong tn hiu s co th truyn
i qua mt phng tin vt ly cu th theo mt tc cho trc, vi mc meo chp
nhn c, yu cu mt bng thng tn s cho phep. Khi a truy cp lin quan n cac
- 15 -
Chuong I
ky thut hoc nguyn tc nao o, cho phep nhiu b phat cung chia se mt phng tin
vt ly chung.
9. Uy ban t vn quc t v in thoai va in bao CCITT, co trach nhim v nhiu kha
canh trong vin thng. y la mt c quan quc t thuc Hip hi vin thng quc t
ITU, lin quan n nhiu khuyn ngh trong vin thng. V du nh khuyn ngh loat V
cho truyn s liu trong mang in thoai, loat X cho cac vn v truyn s liu, loat I
cho ISDN...



.



- 16 -