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Analisis Faktor Keselamatan Cerun Batuan Di Minyak Beku Batu Pahat Johor
Subtitle as needed (paper subtitle)
Khairulzamil Bin Md Nazimuddin
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam Politeknik Melaka
Melaka, Malaysia
zamil@polimelaka.edu.my
Abstract—This electronic document is a “live” template and already defines the components of your paper [title,
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I. PENGENALAN (HEADING 1)
Bekas kuari di Minyak Beku, Batu Pahat terletak berhampiran pantai telah dimajukan sebagai di antara
lokasi tarikan perlancongan di Johor merujuk Portal Rasmi Majlis Perbandaran Batu Pahat. Namun begitu,
kerja-kerja pengkuarian sebelum ini menjadikannya cerun batuan yang wujud setinggi kira-kira 20 meter.
Disebabkan kawasan ini telah menjadi tumpuan orang ramai maka cerun batuan tinggalan ini akan dikaji
dari segi kestabilannya samada ia berpotensi untuk gagal kerana ia boleh merbahayakan pengunjung-
pengunjung ke situ. Kajian kestabilan cerun batuan adalah berdasarkan kajian terhadap ketakselanjaran
ataupun rekahan jasad batuan. Ketakselanjaran merupakan struktur geologi yang terbentuk akibat dari
pembentukan batuan dan juga kesan daripada proses geologi. la ditakrifkan sebagai sebarang retakan
mekanikal di dalam jasad batuan yang menyebabkan kekuatan tensil sepanjang satah ketakselanjaran adalah
sifar atau hampir sifar. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti kestabilan cerun batuan bekas kuari
dengan pendekatan menganalisa faktor keselamatan cerun batuan. Penumpuan diberikan pada 2 peringkat
iaitu kerja lapangan bagi proses pengumpulan data dan seterusnya kerja menganalisis data. Hasil kajian
projek ini akan memperolehi nilai faktor keselamatan cerun batuan. Sekiranya didapati nilai faktor
keselamatan adalah sama dengan dan lebih besar dari 1.0, maka secara teknikalnya cerun batuan adalah
selamat. Seperti mana, Hoek dan Bray [1] telah memberi pandangan beliau tentang faktor keselamatan :
Based upon these concept of slope stability, the stability of the slope be expressed in the following terms:
Factor of safety, FOS - Stability quantified by limit equilibrium of the slope, which is stable if FS > 1.
Tetapi, sekiranya cerun ini memberikan faktor keselamatan kurang dari 1.0 akan dicadangkan kaedah
penstabilannya bagi memastikan kawasan cerun dan sekitaranya adalah selamat kepada para pengunjung.
Seterusnya pihak bertanggungjawab boleh menggunakan hasil kajian ini bagi membantu proses
perancangan pembangunan dan merekabentuk infrastruktur yang sesuai di masa akan datang.
II. KAJIAN LITERATUR
A. Pendahuluan
Aziman [2] telah menyatakan bahawa pembangunan di lereng-lereng dan cerun-cerun batuan selalunya akan
membawa risiko kepada masalah kejadian kegagalan cerun. Kejadian-kejadian ini berpunca daripada
pelbagai faktor sama ada berpunca dari unsur semulajadi mahupun dari tangan-tangan manusia itu sendiri.
Kejadian yang disebabkan oleh tindakan manusia ini termasuklah kelemahan dari aspek pengurusan
pengendalian projek, rekabentuk dan pembinaan sesuatu projek berkenaan. Manakala kejadian alam
semulajadi pula boleh dikaitkan dengan keadaan cuaca, kelemahan bahan batuan dan ketetapan kajian ilmu
geologi.
B. Kajian Geologi di Kawasan Tapak
Mohamad Faizal Sulaiman [3], telah melakukan kajian lapangan dan petrografi batuan granit di Minyak
Beku. Geologi strukturnya mempamerkan kewujudan sesar normal dengan jurus 350° dan garis miring 22°.
Hasil cerapan lapangan mendapati singkapan batuan adalah jelas kerana ia adalah bekas tinggalan kuari.
Batuan yang hadir adalah granit yang menunjukkan saiz butir halus ke sederhana. Batuan adalah berwarna
putih kelabuan dan telah mengalami peluluhawaan yang hebat. Litologi kawasan ini juga telah mengalami
Aziman Bin Madun
Fakulti Kejuruteraan Awam dan Alam Bina, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Batu Pahat, Johor Malaysia
aziman@uthm.edu.my
canggaan yang hebat Mineral mafik yang utama adalah biotit yang hadir dengan kelimpahan tinggi. Mineral
biotit ini ada yang menunjukkan orientasi tertentu dan membentuk jaluran terputus-putus. Telerang kuarza
bersama-sama mineral biotit hadir dengan ketebalan 1.5 cm sehingga 3.0 cm dengan jurus 342°. Hasil
pemerhatian mendapati granit menunjukkan kehadiran mineral florit yang dicirikan dengan warna ungu. la
hanya didapati hadir pada batuan yang tidak tercangga sahaja.
C. Kegagalan Cerun Batuan
Menurut kajian Aziman Madun [2] pada tahun 2002, kegagalan cerun secara umumnya ditakrifkan kepada
sebarang pergerakan cerun tanah atau batuan ke bawah atau ke arah luar. Semua fenomena alam seperti
pergerakan dan aliran lumpur, pergerakan bumi dan kegagalan batuan adalah sesuatu yang boleh terjadi
serta dikaitankan secara langsung mahupun tidak langsung dengan aktiviti manusia. la boleh berlaku sama
ada ke atas cerun semulajadi mahupun cerun buatan manusia melalui kerja penambakan dan pemotongan
semasa atau selepas kerja-kerja pembinaan sesebuah projek, tidak kiralah sama ada pembangunan
infrastruktur atau pun pembinaan bangunan. Walau bagaimanapun kejadian-kejadian seumpama ini pada
kebiasaannya adalah banyak yang disebabkab oleh kegiatan manusia itu sendiri. Keadaan kegagalan cerun
pada bahagian lereng bukit menjadi semakin teruk dan kritikal disebabkan oleh tindakan manusia
mencerunkan sesuatu keadaan bukit secara tidak terkawal.
D. Peranan Ketakselanjaran Dalam Kegagalan Cerun Batuan
Menurut Rafek [4] kaedah untuk survei ketakselanjaran ialah kaedah garis imbasan satu garis lurus
bayangan yang ditarik mendatar pada permukaan singkapan dengan semua set ketakselanjaran yang
dipintasinya dirakamkan. Kedua-dua lokasi tapak kajian adalah cerun batuan mendapati terdapat singkapan
batuan pada kedua-duanya serta mempunyai orientasi muka cerun yang berbeza.
E. Ciri-ciri Asas Satah Ketakselanjaran dan Pengaruhnya Ke atas Kestabilan Cerun
Merujuk [5] Kehadiran satah ketakselanjaran adalah penting dalam kestabilan sesuatu cerun batuan
terutamanya satah ketakselanjaran yang miring ke arah muka cerun kerana ia boleh menyebabkan kegagalan
satah, kegagalan baji dan kegagalan lingkaran pada cerun batuan. Satah ketakselanjaran ini sebenarnya
merujuk kepada satah pisahan atau retakan dalam massa batuan di mana ia mungkin satu satah kekar atau
sesar. Satah ketakselanjaran yang hadir di kawasan kajian ialah kekar dan sesar.
F. Analisa Kestabilan Cerun Batuan
Dalam kajiannya Mohamad Faizal Tajul Baharuddin [6] mendapati suatu kaedah menganalisa kestabilan
cerun dengan menggunakan kaedah yang diperkembangkan oleh pejabat kawalan geoteknik, Hong Kong.
Berdasarkan kaedah ini, cara menganalisa kestabilan menggunakan jaring stereoplot yang diperolehi di
lapangan bagi menentukan kestabilan sesuatu cerun. Menggunakan analisa ini, terdapat beberapa syarat
yang perlu dipatuhi. Antaranya: Kehadiran air diabaikan, ciri kekar individu diabaikan Keputusan Analisa
perlu dipastikan kebenarannya di lapangan. Kehadiran air dan ciri kekar individu diabaikan, namun
keputusan analisa ini perlu dipastikan kebenarannya di lapangan. Menurut pula Nor Haliza [7]
menggunakan kaedah survei ketakselanjaran bagi mengkaji kestabilan cerun batuan. Survei ketakselanjaran
i menggunakan teknik garis pengimbasan dan mengambilkira parameter seperti je jarak, pisahan, orientasi,
panjang, bukaan, bahan pengisi, kekasaran permukaan ketakselanjaran serta kehadiran air. Garis bantu
dibuat daripada garis pengimba bagi mendapatkan data yang mencukupi. Data daripada setiap garis
pengimbas: dianalisis secara berasingan. Jurus dan kemiringan setiap ketakselanjaran diplo dalam unjuran
schmidt dan peratus titik kutub dikonturkan seterusnya satah ketakselanjaran dibina mewakili set-set
ketakselanjaran utama.
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tables after they are cited in the text. Use the abbreviation “Fig. 1,” even at the beginning of a sentence. [1] Hoek, Evert, and Jonathan D. Bray. Rock slope engineering. CRC press, 1981.

[2] Madun, Aziman. Stability Analysis of Weathered Rock Cut Slope using Geological Mapping and Laboratory Tests.
TABLE I. TABLE STYLES
Diss. Universiti Putra Malaysia, 2002.

Table Column Head

[3] Sulaiman, Mohamad Faizal. Petrografi granit dan gabro di Batu Pahat, Johor. Diss. Jabatan Geologi, Universiti
Table Head Malaya, 2001/2002., 2002.
Table column subhead Subhead Subhead

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“Magnetization (A ( m(1),” not just “A/m.” Do not label axes with a ratio of quantities and units. For [4] Rafek, Abdul Ghani, Bok Cheng Ong, and Thian Lai Goh. "Pencirian geomekanik jasad batuan dan analisis
example, write “Temperature (K),” not “Temperature/K.” kestabilan cerun di Laman Granview, Saujana Puchong, Selangor, Malaysia." Sains Malaysiana 48.4 (2019): 757-763.

[5] Highland, Cameron, And Mohd Faisal Bin Hj Nawawi. "Penilaian Kestabilan Cerun Di Laluan Tapah-Ringlet."
ACKNOWLEDGMENT (Heading 5) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 2019.

The preferred spelling of the word “acknowledgment” in America is without an “e” after the “g.” Avoid the [6] Baharuddin, Mohamad Faizal Tajul. Geologi am dengan penekanan kajian geoteknik keatas kestabilan cerun pada
batuan granit Bukit Tinggi di jalan raya ke Bukit Temran dan kajian geologi kejuruteraan terowong baru Lebuhraya Karak Genting
stilted expression “one of us (R. B. G.) thanks ...”. Instead, try “R. B. G. thanks...”. Put sponsor
Sempah, Bentong Pahang. Diss. Jabatan Geologi, Universiti Malaya, 1995/1996., 1996.
acknowledgments in the unnumbered footnote on the first page.
[7] HIGHLAND, CAMERON, and MOHD FAISAL BIN HJ NAWAWI. "PENILAIAN KESTABILAN CERUN DI
LALUAN TAPAH-RINGLET” Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 2020.

REFERENCES [8] M. Young, The Technical Writer’s Handbook. Mill Valley, CA: University Science, 1989.