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Develops from the mesoderm and the neural crest. By end of the 4th week loosely woven tissue embryonic connective tissue Differentiation of cells within the skull is different. The flat bones ossifies from the membrane. Whist other bones form cartilage after which ossification takes place
Skull is divided into 2 parts: Neurocranium protecting the brain which is known as the vault. This is subdivided into: 1. Dermatocranium parietal & frontal 2. Chondrocranium occipital, temporal, sphenoid base of the skull. Fusion of cartilage Viscerocranium forms the face starts with the mandible at 6 weeks gestation
Fetal Skull
29 bones 8 form the cranium 14 form the face 7 form the base
Sutures
Lambdoidal suture: separates the occipital bone from the parietal bones Sagital suture: lies between 2 parietal bones
Coronal suture: separates frontal bones from
parietal bones
Frontal suture:runs between two halves of
frontal bones
Found at junction of sagital coronal and frontal suture. Broad, diamond shaped.
Fontanelles.
Posterior fontanelle or lambda: located at junction of lambdoid and sagital sutures. Triangular
Closes by 6 weeks of age
diameter between the furthest points of the coronal suture at the temples.
point placed below one parietal eminence to a point placed above the other parietal eminence. Of the opposite side.
Bi-mastoid diameter-7.5cm- it is the distance
between the tips of the mastoid processes. The diameter is incompressible and it is impossible to reduce the length of the bimastoid diameter by obstetrical operation.
diameter from below the occipital protuberance to the centre of the anterior fontanelle or bregma.
Suboccipitofrontal: This is 10 cm- the
diameter from below the occipital protuberance to the center of the frontal suture
Occipitofrontal: This is 11.5 cm- the diameter
from the point of the chin to the highest point on the vertex
Submentovertical: This is 11.5 cm- the diameter from the point where the chin joins the neck to the highest point on the vertex.
Submentobregmatic: This is 9.5 cm-the
diameter from the point where the chin joins the neck to the centre of the bregma.
Caput succedaneum
Cephal hematoma
Fetal circulation
adult ones by the presence of 3 major vascular shunts. Ductus venosus: between umbilical vein and inferior venacava
Foramen ovale: Between the right and left atrium Ductus arteriosus: Between the pulmonary artery and descending aorta.
oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the fetal body. This vein travels along the anterior abdominal wall of the fetus to the liver, and then the umbilical vein divides into branches.
2. About half of the blood passes into the liver and the rest enters a shunting vessel called ductus venosus that bypasses the liver. The ductus
is mixed with deoxygenated blood from the lower parts of the fetal body. This blood continues through the venacava to the right atrium.
4. As the blood relatively high in oxygen enters
the right atrium of the fetal heart, a large proportion of it is shunted directly into the left atrium through an opening in the atrial septum called the foramen ovale.
enters the left atrium through the foramen ovale is mixed with a small amount of deoxygenated blood returning from the pulmonary veins. This mixture moves into the left ventricle and is pumped into the aorta.
6. Some of this blood reaches the myocardium
by means of coronary arteries. And some reaches the tissues of the brain through the carotid arteries.
as well as the large proportion of the deoxygenated blood entering from the superior venacava, passes into the right ventricle and out through the pulmonary artery
8. Enough blood reaches the lung tissue to
sustain them. Most of the blood in the pulmonary artery bypasses the lungs by entering the ductus arteriosus, which connects the pulmonary artery to the descending portion of the aorta arch
arteries which branch from internal iliac arteries and lead to the placenta.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Noninvasive Assessment of the Early
Department of Neonatology, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia.
Abstract
Background: The early neonatal circulatory transition usually occurs smoothly but occasionally it is incomplete or reverts to the
fetal state of high pulmonary vascular resistance, resulting in significant neonatal morbidity.
and color flow Doppler echocardiography was used to assess healthy term infants in the first 4
(MPI), left ventricular fractional shortening, endsystolic diameter and end-diastolic diameter, ductal size, shunt and peak velocities, tricuspid regurgitation and left pulmonary artery diastolic velocities were documented.
echocardiographic measurements in healthy term infants during the first 4 h after birth.
Jun;16(6):321-4.
Intrauterine spontaneous depression of fetal
without fracture, unassociated with any known trauma during pregnancy or delivery, is extremely rare in Western countries though not so rare in Africa among African women. Usually fetal skull depression is caused by forceps or digital pressure of the obstetrician during manual rotation.
of the rarity of intrauterine spontaneous fetal skull depression in Western countries and the not so infrequent occurrence in African and possibly other developing countries and
of the international society for pediatric neuro surgery . 1996 Feb;12(2):117-20. Craniocerebral birth trauma caused by vacuum extraction: a case of growing skull fracture as a perinatal complication. AUTHOR: Papaefthymiou G, Oberbauer R, Pendl G. Source Universitts-Klinik fr Neurochirurgie, KarlFranzens-Universitt Graz, Austria.
trauma and caused by vacuum extraction is reported in order to emphasize the incidence of this peculiar head injury at the beginning of extrauterine life and to point out its relation to possible neuropsychological disturbances that
incidence of perinatal injuries and consequently the incidence of neurological deficits in children.
lesion are described together with radiological findings before and after surgery. Reports by other authors are reviewed in an attempt to identify the
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