KE 2

2.1.

1.
(i) A =

xy3

x2y3

1
: y
x3

4 12
9
9
= x y x = y6 x = y9 x9 = x y 9
x4y6 y3
y3

(ii) x = 2010 y =

1 x y = 1
2010

= 19 = 1.
2

2
2
2. = x : 1
= x x3 y7 = x5 y5 = xy
y
x3 y7
y2

10

x = 0,4 y = 2,5 xy = 1 = (1)10 = 1.

3. i) 10012 9992 = (1001 999) (1001 + 999) = 2 2000 = 4.000.
ii) 99 101 = (100 1) (100 + 1) = 1002 1 = 10000 1 = 9.999.
iii)

7,23 2 4,23 2 7,23 + 4,23 7,23 4,23

=
= 11,46 3 = 3
11,46
11,46
11,46

4. i)
( + )2 ( )2 = 2 + 2 + 2 (2 2 + 2)
= 2 + 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 = 4
ii) (i):
999 + 1000
1000 999

2
999 1000 = 4 999 1000 = 4
1000 999
1000 999

14

2:

5. i)
2 ( 1) ( + 1) = 2 (2 1) = 2 2 + 1 = 1
ii) (i) = 1,3265
1.
6. v v + 1 :

(v + 1)2 v2 = (v + 1 v) (v + 1 + v) = (v + 1) + v
7.
2v + 2v+1 + 2v+2 = 2v (1 + 2 + 22) = 2v 7

1.

i)

3 22 + = (2 2+1) = ( 1)2 = 1
( 1)
1
2

ii)

2 + 2 2 = ( 1) + 2( 1) = ( 1) ( + 2) = + 2
( 1) ( + 1)
( 1) ( + 1) + 1
2 1

2.
2

1 2 3 + 2 = 2 1 2 ( + 1)
i)
( + 1)3

( + 1)3
= ( 1)

( + 1)2
2

ii)

( + 1)

= ( 1)

2 + + 1 2 1 = 2 + + 1 ( 1) ( + 1)
=1
+1
+1
3 1
( 1) (2 + + 1)

3.
2 1
+1
i) (x + y)
x y

= (x + y) 2 y + x
xy

= (x + y) 2 x y
x+y

= (x y) 2 = x2 y2

2.1.

15

11
11
x + y x1 y1 = x + y x y = x + y
x y
ii)
2
2
xy x y
xy 1 1 xy 1 1 1 + 1
x y x y
x2 y2
= x + y 1 = x + y xy = xy
xy y+x xy x+y xy
xy
4.
x3 + y3 : x2 y = (x + y) (x2 xy + y2) : x2 xy + y2
(x y) (x + y)
xy
x2 y2 x y
2
2
xy
= x xy + y
=1
2
xy
x xy + y2

5. i) : 1iv) (. 1, . 26)
= = = + + = 1,
++
= = .
: = = = k,

= k, = k = k
(1)
, , (1),
+ + = k( + + )
k = 1 ( + + 0, , , ).
, (1) = = .
: , 1.3, :
(1),
= k3() , 0, k3 = 1 k = 1.
, (1) = = .
: , ,
, ,

+ + 0.

16

2:

ii) : = (1) = (2), ,

(1) (2)
2 2 = 3 = 3 =
, (1) = . = =
.
: = = = k,
= k, = k = k
(2)
(2), k = 0,
, , = = .
6. x y ,
L = 2x + 2y

= xy
, ,
2x + 2y = 4

xy = 2

y = 2 x (1)

xy = 2 (2)
(1), (2) :
x(2 x) = 2 2x x2 = 2 x2 2x + 2 = 0
(x )2 = 0 x = 0 x =
(1) y = .
7. .
i) + = . T =
( ), .

ii) = . T =

( ), .

2.2.

2

1. i) + 9 6 6 + 9 0 ( 3) 0 .
ii) 2(2 + 2) ( + )2 22 + 22 2 + 2 + 2
22 + 22 2 2 2 0
2 + 2 2 0
( )2 0, .

17

2.2.

2. 2 + 2 2 + 1 0 2 2 + 1 + 2 0
( 1)2 + 2 0 .
= 1 = 0.
3. i) (x 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 0 x 2 = 0 y + 1 = 0
x = 2 y = 1.
ii) x2 + y2 2x + 4y + 5 = 0 x2 2x + 1 + y2 + 4y + 4 = 0
(x 1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 0
x 1 = 0 y + 2 = 0
x = 1 y = 2.
4. i)
4,5 < x < 4,6 5,3 < y < 5,4

4,5 + 5,3 < x + y < 4,6 + 5,4
9,8 < x + y < 10.
ii)
5,4 < y < 5,3
4,5 < x < 4,6

4,5 5,4 < x y < 4,6 5,3 0,9 < x y < 0,7.
iii) 5,3 < y < 5,4
1 > 1 > 1 1 <1 < 1
5,3 y 5,4
5,4 y 5,3
1 < x 1 < 4,6 1 45 < x < 46
4,5
5,4
y
5,3
54 y 53
iv)

(4,5)2 < x2 < (4,6)2 20,25 < x2 < 21,16
2

(5,3) < y < (5,4) 28,09 < y < 29,16

20,25 + 28,09 < x2 + y2 < 21,16 + 29,16 48,34 < x2 + y2 < 50,32.

18

2:

5.

x :
2 + 0,2 < x + 0,2 < 3 + 0,2 2,2 < x + 0,2 < 3,2, (1)
y :
3 0,1 < y 0,1 < 5 0,1 2,9 < y 0,1 < 4,9, (2)
(i)
= 2(x + 0,2) + 2(y 0,1) = 2(x + y + 0,1)
(1) (2) 5,1 < x + y + 0,1 < 8,1

2 5,1 < 2(x + y + 0,1) < 2 8,1 10,2 < < 16,2.
(ii)
= (x + 0,2)(y 0,1)
(1) (2)
2,2 2,9 < (x + 0,2)(y 0,1) < 3,2 4,9 6,38 < < 15,68.
6. (1 + )(1 + ) > 0
< (1 + ) (1 + ) < (1 + ) (1 + )
1+ 1+
1+
1+
(1 + ) < (1 + )
+ < + < , .
7. 5 x < 0 .
x(5 x) > (5 + x)(5 x) x < 5 + x 0 < 5, .

1. i) , , ,
+ > ( + ) > ( + ) + > +
+

> > < 1, .

ii)
+ < ( + ) < ( + ) + < +
+

19

2.3.

< <

> 1,
.

2. + > 1 + + 1 > 0
(1 ) (1 ) > 0
( 1)(1 ) > 0, , > 1 < 1.
3.
( + ) 1 + 1 4 ( + ) + 4 ( + )2 4

2 + 2 + 2 4 0
2 + 2 2 0 ( )2 0, .
4. i) 2 + + 2 0 22 + 2 + 22 0
2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 0
( + )2 + 2 + 2 0, .
ii) 2 + 2 0 22 2 + 22 0
2 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 0
( )2 + 2 + 2 0, .

2.3.

1. i) | 3| = 3, > 3.
ii) | 4| = 4 , < 4.
iii) |3 | + |4 | = 3 + 4 = 1.
iv) 2 3 3 2 = 3 2

3 2 =0

2. |x 3| = x 3, x > 3 |x 4| = 4 x, x < 4
|x 3| + |x 4| = x 3 + 4 x = 1.
3. i) x < 3, x < 4, x 3 < 0 4 x > 0.
|x 3| |4 x| = (3 x) (4 x) = 3 x 4 + x = 1.
ii) x > 4, x > 3, x 4 > 0 x 3 > 0.
|x 3| |4 x| = x 3 + (4 x) = 1.
4.

=
= 1.

20

2:

x y
5. x > 0 y > 0, A = + = 1 + 1 = 2
x y
x > 0 y < 0, A = x y = 1 1 = 0
x y
x y = 1 1 = 2
x < 0 y < 0, A =
x y
x + y = 1 + 1 = 0.
x < 0 y > 0, A =
x
y
6. i) d(2,37, D) 0,005 (1)
ii) (1) |2,37 D| 0,005 2,37 0,005 D 2,37 + 0,005
2,365 D 2,375.
7.

21

2.3.

B
1.
| | = |( ) + ( )| | | + | |.
2. > > 0 | | = :
i)

+ + | | = + + = 2 =
2
2
2

ii)

+ | | = + + = 2 = .
2
2
2

3. |x| 0 |y| 0, :
|x| + |y| 0
|x| = 0 |y| = 0, x = 0 y = 0.
. :
i) |x| + |y| = 0 x = 0 y = 0.
ii) |x| + |y| > 0 x 0 y 0.
4. i) 0 < <

< 1 > 1. < 1 < .

ii) 1 < 1 , , 1 < 1.

> 0
2
2
< <

0 < 2 + 2 2
( )2 > 0, .
5. |x 2| < 0,1 1,9 < x < 2,1 (1)
|y 4| < 0,2 3,8 < y < 4,2 (2)

22

2:

i) 1 1 = x + 2y. (2)

7,6 < 2y < 8,4
(3)
(1) (3), :
1,9 + 7,6 < x + 2y < 2,1 + 8,4 9,5 < 1 < 10,5.
ii) 2 , 2 = 4x + 2y. (1)
7,6 < 4x < 8,4
(4)
(4) (3), :
7,6 + 7,6 < 4x + 2y < 8,4 + 8,4 15,2 < 2 < 16,8.
iii) L L = 2x. (1)
2 1,9 < 2x < 2 2,1 3,8 < L < 4,2.

2.4.

1. i)

100 = 10,
4

1000 = 103 = 10,

10000 = 104 = 10,

ii)

4 = 22 = 2,

iii)

0,01 =
4

2. i)

100000 = 105 = 10.

1 = 1 ,
100 10

0,0001 =

8 = 23 = 2,
3

16 = 24 = 2,

0,001 =

1
= 1 ,
10000 10

32 = 25 = 2.

1 = 1 ,
1000 10

0,00001 =

1
= 1 .
100000 10

( 4)2 = | 4| = 4 .

ii)

(20)2 = |20| = 20.

iii)

(x 1) = |x 1|.

iv)

x2 = |x| .
4
2

3.
2 5

3 5

= 2 5 + 3 5 = 5 2 + 3 5 = 1.

23

2.4.

4.

x5 x+3

x5 + x+3 = x5 x+3
= (x 5) (x + 3)
= x 5 x 3 = 8,
x 5 0 x + 3 0, x 5.

5. i)

8 18

50 + 72 32

24 2 9

2 25 + 2 36 2 16

= 2 2 3 2 5 2 +6 2 4 2
= 2
ii)

7 2 = 7

2 = 14.

28 + 7 + 32

63 32

4 7 + 7 + 2 16

7 9 2 16

= 2 7 + 7 +4 2 3 7 4 2 = 3 7 +4 2
2

3 7 4 2

= 3 7 4 2 = 9 7 16 2 = 63 32 = 31.
6. i)

2 2 2 2+ 2 = 2
22

= 2
3

ii)

= 2 2 = 2.

2 3+ 5 3 5 = 2

= 2

32

2 2 2+ 2

3+ 5 3 5
3

= 2 9 5 = 2 4 = 2 4 = 8 = 2.

7. i) 1 :
3

2 2 =

2 2 =
3

12

2 =

1/3

2 = 2.

2 :
3

2 2 =
=

22

1/3

4/3 1/2

2
2/3

= 2

4/3
2/3 1/2

= 2

=2 = 2 .

ii) 1 :
5

2 2 2 =
=

2
5

23 2 =

2 24 =

5 6

26 24 =

24
5 6

210 =

30

210 = 2 .

24

2:

ii) 2 :
5

2 2 2 =

2 2 21/3 =

2 24/3 =

= 2 22/3 = 25/3 = 25/3

8. i)

ii)
iii)

3 +1
3

3 3 = 34 33 = 34
8

2
3

8 +5
6

5 5

16 + 15
18

12

31

13

= 218 = 2 218 = 2

3 +1 + 4
3 6

5 = 52 53 56 = 52
5

= 21/3 = 2 .

13

= 218

1/2

2 24/3

= 312 = 3 312 = 3 3 .

= 312

2 = 29 26 = 29

9 +2 + 4
6 6

= 56

18

15

13

2 .
5

= 5 6 = 52 =

5 = 5 5 = 25 5.

9. i)

9 +4
12

1/5

25 12 = 25 4 3 = 25 2 3 = 10.
75
25 3
5 3

ii) 216 216 = 23 33

216 75
50

23 33 25 3
2 25
3

2 3 =
2

5 23 34
5 2
4

2 3 = 2 3 = 18.

10. A :
i)

45+ 3
45+ 3
45+ 3
4 =
=
=
= 10 + 2 3 .
25

3
22
11
5 3 5 3 5+ 3

ii)

8
8
=
7 5

7+ 5
=4
75

iii)

7+ 6 =
7 6

7+ 6
7+ 6
=
76

7+ 5 .

7+ 6

= 7 + 6 + 2 42 = 13 + 2 42.

25

2.4.

11. i) 162 98
162 = 2 34 98 = 2 72
162 + 98 = 2 3 + 2 7 = 9 2 + 7 2 = 16 2 = 16.
50 32
2 25 2 16 5 2 4 2
2
4

ii) 912 + 320 = 912 + (32)10 = 912 + 910 = 910 (92 + 1) = 82 910.
911 + 276 = 911 + (3 9)6 = 911 + 36 96 = 911 + (32)3 96
= 911 + 99 = 99(92 + 1) = 82 99

912 + 320 =
911 + 276

82 910 = 9 = 3.
82 99

3 3 2 2 = 3 3 2 2
3 2
3 2

1. i)

ii)

3+ 2
3+ 2

= 9 + 3 6 2 6 4 = 5 + 6.
32

+
+

2
2
= +

= ( ) ( + ) + ( ) = + +

2. i) :
2

3 + 2 7 = 9 + 4 7 + 12 7 = 37 + 12 7
2

3 2 7 = 9 + 4 7 12 7 = 37 12 7.
ii) (i)
37 + 12 7 37 12 7
=

3+2 7

32 7

= 3 + 2 7 3 2 7 = 3 + 2 7 2 7 3 = 6.
3. i)
2 +
3

3
3

2 +
3
=2 +3 +2=
3 2
.
=

3
2

2
3
4 + 9 + 12 = 25
6 6
6
6
+2

3
2

26

2:

ii)
2
+ 1 =

2
2
+ 1 +2 1

+1
= + 1 + 2 = + 1 + 2 =

4. i)
3 5+ 3
5 5 3
3
5
+
=
+
53
53
5 3
5+ 3
= 3

5 +3+5
2

3 = 8 = 4.
2

ii)
2 3 2 = 4 4 3 + 3 = 7 4 3
2 + 3 2 = 4 + 4 3 + 3 = 7 + 4 3

1
1
1
1

2
2
74 3 7+4 3
2 3
2+ 3
= 7 + 4 3 7 4 3 = 7 + 4 3 7 + 4 3 = 8 3.
49 48
49 48
5. i)
2 = 2 + 2 = + , = + .
ii) < +
+ < + .
iii)
+ +

+++2

0 2 , .

= = 0 = 0.