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12 jk iy 13 jk fYaK
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.sK
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2012 isg lsh
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=
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x

mgqk

msgq wxlh

1'0

yekau

2'0

Ih ksfoaYfha wruqKq

ii

3'0

ksmqK;d yd ksmqK;d ugj, ixfYdaOkh lrk ,o Ih wka;.;h

iii - vii

4'0

ld,foj, nr ;eu

viii - ix

5'0

ixfYda; Ih ksfoaYh

1 - 31

6'0

bf.kq- b.eka l%fudamdh

32

7'0

mdi,a m%;sm;a;s yd jevigyka

33-34

8'0

;lafiarej yd we.hS

35

xi

1'0 yekau
kj iyi%lf.a m<uqjk Ihud,d m%;sixialrK hgf;a 2009 jIfha w'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm<& IhOdrdjg ksmqK;d mdol Ihud,djla
mdi,a moaO;shg ykajd fok ,'

w'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm<& jdKsc Ih Odrjg wh;a .sKqlrK Ih lafIa;%h ;=< we;s ;sfnk m%jK;d

ie,ls,a,g .kska .sKqlrK Ih ksfoaYh i|yd ksmqK;d mdol Ihud,dj ykajd fok ,'
oekg jir ;=kla ^03& mdi,a moaO;sh ;=< fuu Ihud,dj ls%hd;aul fjka mj;shs' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh yd wOHdmk wud;HdxYh
tlaj cd;sl ugka lrk ,o mfhaIKfha ks.ukj,g wkqj kej; .sKqlrKh Ih ksfoaYh ixialrKh lrk ,' w'fmd'i' ^Wiia
fm< & ugf orefjl=g w;HjYH hehs yefk Ih wka;.;h ;SrKh lr .=rejrhd mka;s ldurh ;=< ienE f,iu /f|k ld,h o
ie,ls,a,g f.k Ih ksfoaYh ilia lr we;'
YslaIK oHd;aul t<Uqu yd Ih wka;.;h fjkia lsu ;=<ska jk ixl,kfhka bf.kSf m%;sM, ,nd ;fha wjidkh olajdu
M, ,nk iudchg nrla fkdjk fjkia jk f,dalfha

;;a;ajhkag wkql,kh h yels mqrjeishka yslsug fuu Ih ksfoaYh

ufmkaula lrkq we;' tfuka u ienE f,iu YsIH flakaSh f,i fuu Ih ksfoaYh mka;s ldurh ;=< Tn iska ls%hd;aul lsu ta i|yd
msgqjy,la imhkq we;ehs o wfmalaId flf'

2'0 Ih ksfoaYfha wruqKq

.sKqlrK ixl,amSh rduqj ms<sn| uQ,sl wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu'

.sKqlrK Ys,amSh l%u ms<sn| uQ,sl kqu ,nd .ekSu yd Nd;h'
.sKqlrK Ih lafIa;%h ;=<ska jD; j we;s kjH wOHdmk wjia:djkag udf.damfoaYhla ,nd .ekSu'
.sKqlrK Ih lafIa;%h ;=<ska ,nd .kakd jQ kqu O jD;a;Sh wjYH;d i|yd Nd;hg .ekSu'
iudc wdl mirhlg M,odhS f,i lghq;= l< yels l<ukdlrK l=i,;d ,nd .ekSu'
O jHdmdr ixOdkj, .sKq ;eu ms<sn| l=i,;d ,nd .ekSu'
Ih lafIa;%h ;=< .fIKh ;=<ska ,nk yqrej wkd.; mfhaIK yd ixjOk lghq;=j, odhl lr .ekSu'
im;a ldhlaIu j yd wrmsueiafuka m%fhdackhg .ekSf ksmqK;d ,nd .ekSu'

ii

3'0 ksmqK;d yd ksmqK;d ugj, ixfYdaOkh lrk ,o Ih wka;.;h

bj;a ls yd iSud ls

ksmqK;dj yd ksmqK;d ug
1'1

wdh;khla flfrys we,aula olajk mdYajhkag ;SrK .ekSu i|yd

.sKqlrK f;dr;=re jeo.;a jk wdldrh .%y lrhs'

1'2

.sKqlrK mir idOlj, fjkiau u; .sKqlrKfha fjkia

yd m%jK;d isjk wdldrh .%y lrhs'

.sKqlrK mirh
wNHka;r mirh yd
ndysr mirh
jYfhka j. fkdflf'
.sKqlrK mirh" .sKqlrK ls%hdj,shg jk
n,mEu f,i idlPd flf'

2'3

.sKqlrK ilrKh weiqka fYaIm;%h wdodh m%ldYh ms<sfh,

lrhs'

uqo,a m%jdyh ykd .ekSu muKla idlPd flf'

uqo,a m%jdy m%ldYhla ms<sfh, fkdflf'

3'2

fYaI mslaiqula weiqka uQ,H m%ldY ms<sfh, lrhs'

uqo,a m%jdy m%ldYh bj;a flf'

4'11

f,c .sKq ;=,kh lr uQ,H m%ldY ms<sfh, lrhs'

uqo,a m%jdy m%ldYh bj;a flf'

iii

.sKqlrKh" uQ,H .sKqlrKh yd l<ukdlrK

.sKqlrKh f,i muKla j. flf'
msjeh .sKqlrKh f,i j. lsu bj;a flf'

bj;a ls yd iSud ls

ksmqK;dj yd ksmqK;d ug
5'0

uQ,H .sK
q lrKfha moku Yaf,aIKh lrka .sK
q lrK ixl,am
Nd;hg fhdod .kshs'

6'2

f;d. .sKq.; lsu yd ta wdY%s; fjk;a oE i<ld n,hs'

msjeh kq lsf Ys,am l%u

m%; msjeh l%uh
is,a,r msjeh l%uh bj;a flf'

7'1

foam< msh; yd WmlrKj,g wod< uQ,sl ixl,am .%y lrhs'

kej; wh l< yels w.h bj;a lrk w;r

ydkslrk w,dNh - OdrK w.h meye,s lrk wjia:df
ydks lrk w,dNh ms<sn| meye,s lsu muKla m%udKj;a h'

8'1

flaj< iajd jHdmdrhl wdodh m%ldYh" fYaI m;%h yd uqo,a m%jdy

m%ldYh ms<sfh, lrhs'

uqo,a m%jdy m%ldYh bj;a flf'

11'4 yjq,a jHdmdrhl wdodh m%ldYh ms<sfh, lr yjq,alrejka w;r

,dNd,dN ickh lrhs'

.eks,s fmd<S yd
,dN$ wdodh iy;sl u bj;a flf'

11'5

yjq,a jHdmrhl fYaIm;%h yd uqo,am%jdy m%ldYh ms<sfh, lrhs'

uqo,a m%jdy m%ldYh bj;a flf' tfy;a jHdmdrhl uqo,a .,dta

iy .,dhE ms<sn| j ir, yekaula is flf'

11'6 yjq,alrejka w;r ,dNd,dN fnod .ekSf wkqmd;h fjkiajk

wjia:djkays .kqfokq yd isoaka .sKq.; lrhs'

jd;d fkdjQ j;al .e<mSu hgf;a j;al m%;Hd.Kkh bj;a

lsu'
yjq,alrejl= n|jd .ekSu fyda bj;au jir wdrNfha
fyda jir wjidkfha isjkafka hhs Wml,amkh lr
.Kkh ls is flf'
lS;skduh m%d.aOk .sKq ;=<ska muKla .e<mS is flf'
iv

fuu ksmqK;dj hgf;a .sKqlrK ixl,am mok lrf.k

my; i|yka .e<ms,s muKla idlPd flf'
.eks,s
Wm; wdodh yd ho
bhg f.jQ$ ,enQ ho yd wdodh
wvudk Kh fjka lsu
f;d. ydks
laIh fjka lsu

bj;a ls yd iSud ls

ksmqK;dj yd ksmqK;d ug
12'2 .sKqlrK m%;sm;a;s" .sKqlrK weia;fka;= fjkia yd jer"
inkaOfhka .sKq ;eu yd fy<sor lsu is lrhs'

.sKqlrK m%;sm;a;s fjkia lsj,g wod< .sKqlrKh bj;a

flf'
jer - fmr jIfha jer inkaOfhka jk .sKqlrKh
bj;a flf'

12'5 l,an .sKq.; lsu ms<sn| uQ,sl wjfndaOh ,nd .kS'

l,an i|yd b;d ir, .Kkh ls .ekqlref.a fmd;aj,

muKla idlPd flf' wksYa; fmd<S .sKqu idlPd
fkdflf'

12'6 wdodh inkaO .sKq ;eu yd fy<sor lsu is lrhs

YS% ,xld .sKqlrK m%; 29g wod< ish wka;.;h bj;a

flf'

12'7 wiamDYH j;al inkaO .sKq ;eu yd fy<sor lsu is lrhs'

YS% ,xld .sKqlrK m%; 37g wod< ish wka;.;h bj;a

flf'

13'3 fldgia ksl=;=f fldgil m%;sIaGdj jdl lSmhlska wh lr

.kakd g tu .kqfokq .sKq.; lrhs'

fldgil m%;sIaGdj jdl jYfhka ,nd .ekSug wod< .sKq

;eu bj;a flf'

ysys fldgia kej; mejug wod< .kqfokq bj;a flf'

13'4 ysys fldgia kej; mejug wod< .kqfokq .sKq.; lrhs'

bj;a ls yd iSud ls

ksmqK;dj yd ksmqK;d ug
14'1 uQ,H m%ldY w:l:kh lsf wjYH;dj yd jeo.;alu .%y
lrhs'

14'2 ,dNodhs;aj wkqmd; .Kkh lr" w:l:kh lrhs'

my; oelafjk oE bj;a flf'

fldgil bmhqu
, bmhq wkqmd;h
bmhq M,od wkqmd;h
,dNdxY M,od wkqmd;h
,dNdxY f. wkqmd;h
wkqmd; ieiu
ludka;fha o;a; iu ieiu
bj;a flf'

14'3 jYS,;d wkqmd; .Kkh lr w:l:kh lrhs'

my; oelafjk oE bj;a flf'

fufyhq pl%h
uqo,a pl%h
wkqmd; ieiu
ludka;fha o;a; iu ieiu
bj;a flf'

14'4 uQ,H ia:djr;aj wkqmd; .Kkh lr w:l:kh lrhs'

wkqmd; ieiu ludka;fha o;a; iu ieiu bj;a flf'

14'5 uqo,a m%jdy wkqmd; .Kkh lr w:l:kh lrhs'

ish u uqo,a m%jdy wkqmd; bj;a flf'

uqo,a m%jdy wkqmd; bj;a flf'

ishu wkqmd; i|yd b;d ir, .Kkh ls idlPd flf'
ieiu i|yd ish u wkqmd; .Kkh lrk ,o o;a; ,ndu
wfmalaId flf'

vi

bj;a ls yd iSud ls

ksmqK;dj yd ksmqK;d ug
15'0 msjeh yd l<ukdlrK .sKqlrKfha uQ,sl ixl,am
we.hSulg ,la lrhs'

15'3 jH md,k ms<sfj;a Nd; lrhs'

jH jd;d lsf l%u

ld,fo l%uh yd wLKav f;d. l%uh yekau muKlaa
idlPd flf' .Kkh lsu bj;a flf'
ABC Yaf,aIKh yekau muKs'
wdl weKjq m%udKh i|yd ir, .Kkh ls muKs'
f;d. md,k ug jk h<s weKjq ugu" wju f;d.
ugu yekau yd ir, .Kkh ls muKs'
Wmu f;d. ugu yd idudkH f;d. ugu yekau yd
ir< .Kkh ls muKs'

15'7 fmd ldh msjeh ksIamd;hlg wjfYdaIKh lrhs'

17'2

O m%d.aOk we.hS l%u Nd; lr wdfhdack ;SrK .ekSug

iydh f'

vii

msjeh yd l<ukdlrK .sKqlrKh f,i j. lsu bj;a

lr th l<ukdlrK .sKqlrKh f,i yekaf'

oa;shsl Nckh tla fiajd wxYhla i|yd ir, .Kkh ls

muKs' nyqfiajd uOHia:dk tk" folla fyda ;=kla we;;a
wka;fiajd iemhq fkdue; hk moku u; .Kkh ls
flf' ^wLKavwjfYdaIkh yd oac.Kl wjfYdaIkh wod<
fkdf'&
fmd ldh msjeh hgf;a i;H msjeh wka;.%yK wkqmd;
bj;a flf'
W!k fyda w wka;.%yKh bj;a flf'

uqof,a ld,Sk w.h i|yd ir< .Kkh ls muKla idlPd

flf'

4'0

ld,foj, nr ;eu

wkq
ksmqK;dj
wxlh
^1&
.sKqlrK yd tys wjYH;d .%y lrhs'

ls%hdldrl
wka;.;h
fhda;
ld,fo i|yd ld,fo i|yd ld,fo
02
03
05

^2&

jHdmdrhl .kqfokq yd isoaka .sKqlrK ilrKh weiqka bm;a lrhs'

30

20

10

^3&

oa;aj igyka l%uhg wkqj .kqfokq yd isoaka .sKq.; lrhs'

32

25

07

^4&

uQ,sl fmd;a Wmfhda.S lr .kska .kqfokq f,crhg msgm;a lrhs'

64

54

10

^5&

uQ,H .sKqlrKfha moku Yaf,aIKh lrka .sKqlrK ixl,am Nd;hg fhdod .kshs'

50

35

15

^6&

f;d. .sKq.; lrhs'

12

10

02

^7&

foam< msh; yd WmlrK .sKq.; lrhs'

15

10

05

^8&

flaj< iajd jHdmdrhl uQ,H m%ldY ms<sfh, lrhs'

25

16

09

^9&

wimQK igyka weiqka jHdmdrhl fufyhq m%;sM,h yd uq,H ;;a;ajh wkdjrKh

lrhs'

10

06

04

^10&

,dN wruqKq lr fkd.;a ixOdkhl uQ,H m%ldY ms<sfh, lrhs'

12

08

04

viii

wkq
wxlh
^11&

fhda; wka;.;h i|yd ls%hdldrl

ld,fo
i|yd ld,fo
ld,fo

ksmqK;dj
yjq,a jHdmdrhl uQ,H m%;sM,h yd uQ,H ;;a;ajh wkdjrKh i|yd wdodh m%ldYh yd
fYaIm;%h ms<sfh, lrhs'

55

40

15

20

12

08

^13& iSudiys; iud.ul fufyhq m%;sM,h" uQ,H ;;a;ajh yd uqo,a m%jdyh wkdjrkh lrhs'

90

65

25

^14& wkqmd; u.ska uQ,H m%ldY Yaf,aIKh yd w:l:kh lr l<ukdlrK ;SrK .ekSug
odhl fjhs'

40

30

10

^15& l<ukdlrK .sKqlrK uQ,sl ixl,am we.hSulg ,la lrhs'

90

80

10

^16& msjeh yeisu yd msjeh mud ,dN Yaf,aIKh ;=<ska l<ukdlrK ;SrK .ekSug
odhl fjhs'

30

25

05

^17& m%d.aOk wdfhdack ;SrK .ekSu i|yd iydh fjhs'

20

15

05

600

454

146

^12&

uQ,H m%ldY ms<sfh, lsf yd bm;a lsf YS% ,xld .sKqlrK m%; Nd; lrhs'

ix

5'0 ixfYda; Ih ksfoaYh

ksmK
q ;dj
1' .sKqlrKh
yd tys
wjYH;dj
.%y lrhs'

ksmK
q ;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo
05

1'1 wdh;khla flfrys we,aula .sKqlrKh yd tys wjYH;dj

yd Wkkajla olajk
.sKqlrKfha m%fNao yd tajdfha ldhhka
mdYajhkag ;SrK
uQ,H .sKqlrKh
.ekSu i|yd .sKqlrK
l<ukdlrK .sKqlrKh
f;dr;=re jeo.;a jk
wdh;kh flfrys we,aula yd Wkkajla olajk mdYaj yd ta ta
wdldrh .%y lrhs'
mdYajhkag f;dr;=rej, we;s jeo.;alu
.sKqlrK f;dr;=rej, ,laIK

1'2 .sKqlrK mir idOlj, .sKqlrK mirh yd .sKqlrK ls%hdj,shg tys we;s n,mEu
fjkia u;
.sKqlrKfha
fjkia yd m%jK;d
isjk wdldrh .%y lrhs'

ksmK
q ;dj
2' jHdmdrhl
.kqfokq yd
isoaka
.sKqlrK
ilrKh
weiqka
bm;a lrhs'

ksmK
q ;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

2'1 jHdmdrhl uq j;al" uq

jHdmdr tall ixl,amh
j.lS yd yslj, tl;=jg .sKqlrK fhojq ksujq yd ls%hdj,sh$.kqfokq yd isoaka
iudk jk wdldrh .%y lrhs' jHdmdrhl uq j;alj,g ysl yd j.lSj, tl;=j iudku
.sKqlrK ilrKh yd tys uQ,sldx.
j;al
j.lS
m%d.aOkh$ ysl
j;al" j.lS yd yslug n,mE jk .kqfokq yd isoaka
2'2jHdmdrhl .kqfokq yd isoaka
uska yslu fjkiajk
wdldrh wkdjrKh lrhs'

wdodhu
hou
,dNh fyda w,dNh
.eks,s
wu;r m%d.aOkh fhou
yslu fjkiau
wdodhu fyda ,dNh ksid yslu jeu
hou fyda w,dNh ksid yslu wvqu
.eks,s ksid yslu wvqu
wu;r m%d.aOkh fhu ksid yslu jeu

2'3.sKqlrK ilrKh weiqka .kqfokq yd isoaka .sKqlrK ilrKh ;=<ska .%y lsu'
fYaI m;%h yd wdodh m%ldYh hlsis klg jHdmdrh i;= j;al yd tajd uQ,Hhkh lr
ms<sfh, lrhs'
we;s wdldrh'
fYaI m;%hla ;=<ska jHdmdrhl lsish klg uQ,H ;;a;ajh
fmkakq lsu'
2

ld,fo
30

ksmK
q ;dj

ksmK
q ;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

2'4

ld,fo

.sKqlrK ilrKh weiqka fYaI m;%h lau'

wdodh m%ldYh
wdodh m%ldYh h lsis ld,mfohla i|yd ms<sfh, lsu
wdodh m%ldYh yd fYaI m;%h w;r inkaO;dj
jHdmdrhl uqo,a m%jdyh ykd .kshs'

Y=oaO j;al weiqka ,dNh uq j;al yd uq j.lS w;r fjki yslu$ Y=oaO j;al
fyda w,dNh .Kkh lrhs' Y=oaO j;alj,g ialkaOhfyj;a yslu iudk jk nj'
Y=oaO j;alj,g my; i|yka oE .e<mSfuka jIfha ,dNh .Kkh
.eks,s
wu;r m%d.aOkh

3' oa;aj igyka

l%uhg wkqj
3'1 jHdmdrsl .kqfokq yd isoaka
.kqfokq yd
iso
a ka .sK
q .; .sKq.; lrhs'
lrhs'

32
oa;aj igyka l%uh
.kqfokqjl oa;aj iajrEmh
.sKqu yd tys wdlD;sh yd f,crh
.kqfokqjl oa;aj igyk
yr igyka
ner igyka
.sKq j.
j;al
j.lS
m%d.aOkh$yslu
wdodh
ho

ksmK
q ;dj

ksmK
q ;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo

3'2' fYaI mslaiu

q la weiqfrka uQ,H .sKq ;=,kh lsu
fYaI mslaiqu
m%ldY ms<sfh, lrhs'
wdodh m%ldYh
fYaI m;%h

4' uQ,sl fmd;a

Wmfhda.S lr
4'1 uQ,sl fmd;a mj;ajdf.k
.kska .kqfokq
hdf wjYH;dj ;yjqre
f,crhg msgm;a
lrhs'
lrhs'

64

uQ,sl fmd;a
wjYH;dj
uQ,dY% f,aLk
uQ,dY% f,aLk yd uQ,sl fmd;a w;r in|;dj

4'2 uqo,a ,e yd f. jd;d uqo,a fmdf;a oa;aj ldhh

lrhs'
uQ,sl fmd;la f,i Nd; lsu
.sKqula f,i Nd; lsu
uqo,a fmdf;a wdlD;sh
uQ,dY% f,aLk
jHdmdrhl uqo,a .,dta yd .,dhE
.kqfokq igyka lsu
uqo,a ,eu
uqo,a f.u
uqo,a fmd; ;=,kh lsu
f,crhg msgm;a lsu
4

ksmK
q ;dj

ksmK
q ;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

4'3 nexl=jl mj;ajd .kakd cx.u nexl= .sKqf wdlD;sh

.sKqula ;=<ska is lrk
uQ,dY% f,aLk
.kqfokq jd;d lrhs'
.kqfokq igyka lsu
uqo,a yd fplam;a ;ekam;a ls
f. i|yd fplam;a ksl=;a ls
w.re fplam;a
;ekam;a l<
ksl=;a l<
nexl= fYaIh
jdisodhl
wjdisodhl
f,crhg msgm;a lsu

4'4 uqo,a jg yd ne .kqfokq uqo,a jg

igyka lsug uqo,a fmd;$
oqka jg
nexl= .sKqu mj;ajd .kshs'
,o jg
f,crhg msgm;a lsu

ld,fo

ksmK
q ;dj

ksmK
q ;d ug
4'5Yaf,aIK ;Sre iys; uqo,a
fmd; mj;ajd .kshs'

Ih wka;.;h
wjYH;dj
,e uqo,a fmd;
f. uqo,a fmd;
f,crhg msgm;a lsu

4'6 nexl= iei m%ldYh ms<f

s h, wjYH;dj
lrhs'

nexl= m%ldYh
nexl= m%ldYh yd nexl= .sKqu ieiu ;=<ska fjkial ykd .ekSu
nexl= .sKqu ixfYdaOkh lsrSu
nexl= iei m%ldYh ms<sfh, lsu
jdisodhl fYaIhla mj;sk g
whsrdjla mj;sk g

4'7iq ho yd ne .kqfokq

iq uqo,a fmdf;a wjYH;dj

igyka lsug iq uqo,a fmd; iq uqo,a .kqfokq

mj;ajd .kshs'

iq uqo,a .kqfokqj,g wod< uQ,dY% f,aLk

iq uqo,a w.s%uh ksjpkh
iq uqo,a fmdf;a wdlD;sh
jd;d lsf l%u ms<sfj;a
m%Odk uqo,a Ndrlref.ka w.s%uh ,nd .ekSu
iq uqo,a .kqfokq igyka lsu'

ld,fo

ksmK
q ;dj

ksmK
q ;d ug

Ih wka;.;h
iq uqo,a fYaIh .Kkh lsu
w.s%uh m%;smQKh
Yaf,aIK ;Sre tl;= lr f,crhg msgm;a lsu

4'8 Khg .eKq ms<sn| f;dr;=re .ekq ck,h

wdlD;sh
mj;ajd .kshs'
uQ,dY% f,aLk
igyka lsf l%uh
fmd f,crhg msgm;a lsu
.eKq .sKqu
Khys .sKq
wdmiq hejq ck,h
wdlD;sh
uQ,dY% f,aLk
fjf<| jg
igyka lsf l%uh
fmd f,crhg msgm;a lsu
wdmiq hejq .sKqu
Khys .sKq

ld,fo

ksmK
q ;dj

ksmK
q ;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

4'9 Khg l=Kq ms<sn|

f;dr;=re mj;ajd .kshs'

l=Kq ck,h
wdlD;sh
uQ,dY% f,aLk
igyka lssf l%uh
fmd f,crhg msgm;a lsu
l=Kq .sKqug
Kh.e;s .sKq
wdmiq tjq ck,h
uQ,dY% f,aLk
igyka lsf l%uh
fmd f,crhg msgm;a lsu
wdmiq tjq .sKqu
Kh.e;s .sKqu

4'10 fmd ck,hla mj;ajd

.kshs'

fmd ck,h
wdlD;sh
uQ,dY% f,aLk
igyka jk .kqfokq j.
wdrNl igyka
jer ksjer lsf igyka
.e<mq igyka
wfkl=;a igykaz
ia:djr j;al
Khg .ekSu
Khg lsKSu
bj;a lsu
yqjudre lsu
8

ld,fo

ksmK
q ;dj

ksmK
q ;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

4'11 f,c .sKq ;=,kh lr uQ,H fmd f,crh

f,c .sKq ;=,kh
m%ldY ms<sfh, lrhs'
fYaI mslaiqu
wdodh m%ldYh
fYaI m;%h

4'12 .kqfokq jd;d lsf

isjk jer ksjer lrhs'

.kqfokq jd;d lsf isjk jer

fYaI mslaiqfuka wkdjrKh fkdjk jer
fYaI mslaiqfuka wkdjrKh jk jer
jer ksjer lrhs
,dNhg we;s n,mEu iy ,dN ixfYdaOkh

4'13 Wmf,cr mj;ajd .kshs'

wjYH;dj
Wmf,crh ^fm!oa.,sl f,crh&
Kh.e;s f,crh$l=Kq f,ch
Khys f,crh$.eKq f,crh

ld,fo

ksmK
q ;dj

ksmK
q ;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo

md,k .sKq
Kh.e;s md,k .sKqu$ l=Kq f,c md,k .sKqu
Khys md,k .sKqu$ .ekq f,cr md,k .sKqu
md,k .sKqu iy Wmf,crfha fYaI ,ehsia;= ikaikaokh lr jer

5'0uQ,H .sKqlr-Kfha moku

Yaf,aIKh
lrka
5'1' .sKqlrK tallh hkak
.sKqlrK
Yaf,aIKh lrhs'
ixl,am
Nd;hg fhdod
5'2'uQ,H .sKqlrKfha
.kshs'

ykd f.k ksjer lsu

50
tall ixl,amh
yekau yd wjYH;dj
yekau iy wjYH;dj

ixl,amSh rduqj .%y lrhs' uQ,H m%ldY ilia lsf yd bm;a lsf wdlD;suh rduqj
uQ,H m%ldY
fmd mrud: i|yd uQ,H m%ldY
fYaIs; mrud: i|yd uQ,H m%ldY
uQ,H m%ldYj, ixrpl iy Wkkajla olajk mdYaj
ixl,amSh rduqf Wmdx.
uQ,H m%ldYj, mrud:
uQ,H m%ldYj, .=Kd;aul ,laIK
uQ,H m%ldY uQ,sldx.
uQ,sldx. ksjpkh
uQ,sldx. ykd .ekSu

10

ksmK
q ;dj

ksmK
q ;d ug

Ih wka;.;h
uQ,sldx. kq lsu

idOdrK w.h
ft;sydisl msjeh
.sKqlrK ixl,am yd m%; yekau

5'3 wLKav meje;af ixl,amh

Nd; lrhs'

yekau yd jeo.;alu
ixl,amfha fh
j;al j.SlrKh
j.lS j.SlrKh
j;al laIh lsu

5'4 ld,fo ixl,amh Nd;

lrhs'

yekau yd jeo.;alu
ixl,amfha fh
ld,fohg fYaI m;%h ieliSu
ld,fofha wdodh m%ldYh ieliSu
ld,fofha wdodhu ykd .ekSu
ld,fofha hou ykd .kshs'

5'5 uQ,H kq ixl,amh Nd; yekau yd jeo.;alu

lrhs'
ixl,amfha fh
uqo,ska ueksh yels .kqfokq yd isoaka muKla ykd .ekSu
wdodh m%ldYkfha iEu whs;uhla bfha u jkdlula ;su
fYaI m;%fha iEu whs;uhla bfha u jkdlula ;su

11

ld,fo

ksmK
q ;dj

ksmK
q ;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

5'6 Wm; ixl,amh Nd; lrhs' yekau yd jeo.;alu

ixl,amfha fh
Wm; ho ykd .ekSu
bhg f. ykd .ekSu
Wm; wdodh ykd .ekSu
bhg ,o wdodh ykd .ekSu'
Kh.e;sfhda iy Khysfhda we;s u
5'7 h:drEmS ^yrd;aul nf&
ixl,amh Nd; lrhs'

yekau yd jeo.;alu
ixl,amfha fh

5'8 .e<mq ixl,amh fhdod .kshs' yekau yd jeo.;alu

ixl,amfha fh
wdodhug tfrysj hou .e<mSu
wdodh cks; lsug odhl jQ ho ,dNh .Kkh lsug
i<ld ne,sh hq;= u

5'9 ix.;;d ixl,amh Nd;

lrhs'

yekau yd jeo.;alu
f;dard .kakd ,o .sKqlrK m%;sm;a;s wLKavj Nd; lsu
ixl,amfha fh

12

ld,fo

ksmK
q ;dj

ksmK
q ;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

5'10 Wm, ixl,amh fhdod

.kshs'

yekau yd jeo.;alu
wdodhu Wmhd ;sh hq;= u
NdKav lsKSu
fiajd iemhSu
fmd,S wdodhu
mqrialdrh
,dNdxY

5'11 wdrlaIK ixl,amh Nd;

lrhs'

yekau yd jeo.;alu
ixl,amfha fh
f;d." msjeh yd Y=oaO Wm, w.hg ;lafiare lsu
wkd.; w,dN i|yd fjka lsu

5'12 m%udKd;aul nf ixl,amh yekau yd jeo.;alu

Nd; lrhs'
ixl,amfha fh
5'13 ft;sydisl msjeh ixl,amh yekau yd jeo.;alu
Nd; lrhs'
ixl,amfha fh
Yajdijka; nj jeu
ft;sydisl msjeh ixl,amfhka neyer jk wjia:d
j;al m%;Hd.Kkh
f;d. Y=oaO Wm, w.hg f.ktau
5'14 ixl,am w;r mj;sk
inkaO;dj .%y lrhs'

wLKav nf ixl,amh
ixl,am w;r inkaO;dj meye,s lsu

13

ld,fo

ksmK
q ;dj
6' f;d.
.sK
q .; lrhs'

ksmK
q ;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo
12

6'1 f;d. inkaO uQ,sl ixl,am f;d. inkaO YS% ,xld .sKqlrK m%;h yd ksjpk
.%y lrhs'
f;d.
f;d. msjeh
f;d. Y=oaO Wm, w.h
6'2 f;d. .sKq.; lsu yd ta
msjeh iQ;%
wdYs%; fjk;a oE i<ld n,hs'
ldhhg$ NdKavhg wod< j msjeh uQ,sldx. ksYa;j ykd
.kska f;d. w.h lsu
fmr we;= fmr msg l%uh
nr ;enQ idudkH l%uh
f;d. houla f,i ykd .ekSu

15

7' foam< msh; yd

WmlrK
.sKq.; lrh
lrhss'
7'1 foam< msh; yd WmlrKj,g foam< msh; yd WmlrKj,g mok lr .kakd YS% ,xld .sKqlrK
wod< uQ,sl ixl,am .%y lrhs'
m%;h yd ksjpk
foam< msh; yd WmlrK
msjeh
laIh
laIh l< yels w.h
OdrK w.h
14

ksmK
q ;dj

ksmK
q ;d ug

Ih wka;.;h
idOdrK jkdlu
iqkanqka w.h
M,odhS ; ld,h

foam< msh; yd WmlrK ykd .ekSu'

7'2foam< msh; yd WmlrK
inkaOfhka .sKq ;eu yd miqld,Sk msjeh
ykd .ekSf Kq lsu
fy<sor lsu is lrhs'
msjeh uQ,sldx.
msjeh Kq lsu
ykd .ekSfuka miq Kq lsu
msjeh wdlD;sh
m%;Hd.Kk wdlD;sh
iuq; laIh j;alf o< OdrK w.hg tfrysj wfydais fldg j;alf
Y=oaO w.h m%;Hd.Kk w.hg f.ktau
laIh lrk l%u
ir, ud. l%uh
ySkjk fYaI l%uh
bj;a lsu ykd .ekSu

15

ld,fo

ksmK
q ;dj

ksmK
q ;d ug

8' flaj< iajd

jHdmdrhl
8'1 flaj< iajd jHdmdrhl
uQ,H m%ldY
wdodh m%ldYh" fYaI m;%h
ms<sfh, lrhs'
ms<sfh, lrhs'

Ih wka;.;h
uQ,H m%ldY
wdodh m%ldYh
fYaI m;%h
wdlD;sh
wdodh m%ldYh
fYaI m;%h

8'2'ksIamdok jHdmdrhl
ksIamdok .sKqu ms<sfh, lsf wjYH;dj
ksIamdok .sKqu ms<sfh, lrhs' ksIamdok msjeh uQ,sldx.
m%d:l msjeh
iDcq jH msjeh
iDcq Y%u msjeh
iDcq fjk;a ho
ksIamdok fmd ldh msjeh
ksIamdok jHdmdrhl we;s f;d.
wuqjH f;d.h
fkdks f;d.h ^m%d:l msjehg fyda ksIamdok msjehg&
ks f;d.h
ksIamdok .sKqf wdlD;shla
ksIamdok msjeh wdodh m%ldYhg udre lsu
8'3 ksIamdok .sKqula iu.
wdodh m%ldYh ms<sfh,
lrhs'

ksIamdok .sKqu
wdodh m%ldYh

16

ld,fo
25

ksmK
q ;dj

ksmK
q ;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

9' wimQK
igyka$jd;d
9'1 Y=oaO j;al weiqka fufyhq
weiqka

m%;sM, .Kkh lrhs'

jHdmdrhl
fufyhq
9'2wimQK igyka oa;aj igyka
m%;sM, yd

njg mj;kh lr uQ,H

uQ,H ;;a;ajh
m%ldY ms<sfh, lrhs'
wkdjrKh lrhs'

10' ,dN wruqKq

lr fkd.;a
ixOdkhl 10'1,dN wruqKq lr fkd.;a
ixOdkhl uqo,a ,e yd
uQ,H m%ldY
uqo,aa f. wkdjrKh
ms<sfh, lrhs'

ld,fo
10

wjYH;dj
Y=oaO j;al weiqka Y=oaO ,dNh
wjYH uQ,sl fmd;a yd f,c .sKq
uQ,H m%ldYk ms<sfh, lsu

12
,dN wruqKq lr fkd.;a ixOdk
,e yd f. .sKqu

lrhs'
,dN wruqKq lr fkd.;a ixOdkj, uQ,H m%ldY
10'2,dN wruqKq lr fkd.;a
ixOdkhl ldhM,h yd
wdodh ho .sKqu
fYaI m;%h
uQ,H ;;a;ajh wkdjrKh
,e yd f. .sKqu
lrhs'
fjf<| jHdmdrhl yd ,dN wruqKq lr fkd.;a ixOdkhl uQ,H
m%ldY fjkia jk wdldr
idudl uqo,a
hdjj idudl uqo,a

17

ksmK
q ;dj
11' yjq,a
jHdmdrhl
uQ,H m%;sM,h
iy uQ,H
;;a;ajh
wkdjrKh
lsu i|yd
wdodh
m%ldYh" fYaI
m;%h ms<sfh,
lrhs'

ksmK
q ;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo
55

11'1 yjq,a jHdmdrhl

.sKqlrKhg wod< uQ,dY%
fhdod .kshs'

yjq,a jHdmdr ksjpkh

yjq,a .siqu
wKmk;a
1890 yjq,a jHdmdr wd{dmk;
24 j.ka;sh
42 j.ka;sh
2007 wxl 07 ork iud. mkf;a 519 j.ka;sh

11'2 yjq,a jHdmdrhl uQ,sl

l<ukdlrKhg odhl u'

,laIK .sKqlrK oDIa

m%d.aOk odhl;ajh

fldaKfhka .%y lrhs'

wjodk eu

11'3 yjq,alrejkaf.a ysl

wkdjrKh lrhs'
11'4 yjq,a jHdmdrhl wdodh
m%ldYh ms<sfh, lr

m%d.aOk .sKqu
cx.u .sKqu
wdodh m%ldYh
,dNd,dN ickh

yjq,alrejka w;r ,dNd,dN ,dN ickfha ie,ls,a,g .kakd lreKq

ickh lrhs'

Y=oaO ,dNh$ w,dNh

m%d.aOk fmd,S

18

ksmK
q ;dj

ksmK
q ;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo

yjq,alrejkaf.a f;k
ickhka wod< ysl .sKqug udre lsu

11'5 yjq,a jHdmdrhl fYaI m;%h yjq,a jHdmdrhl fYaI m;%h

ms<sfh, lrhs'
m%d.aOk .sKq fYaI
cx.u .sKq fYaI

11'6 yjq,alrejka n|jd .ekSf .e<mS lsf wjia:d

" bj;af isjk
jir wdrNfha fyda wjidkfha yjq,alrejl= n|jd .ekSu
.kqfokq yd iso
a ka .sK
q .; jir wdrNfha fyda wjidkfha yjq,alrejl= hhdu fyda bj;au
lS;skduh m%d.aOk .sKqu ;=< .e,mSu
lrhs'

300
19

3'2 -

13 jk fYaK
% h
s

ksmK
q ;d" ksmK
q ;d ug"Ih wka;.;h yd ld,fo
ksmK
q ;dj

ksmK
q ;d ug

12'0 uQ,H m%ldY

ms<sfh, lsf
yd bm;a lsf
12'1 YS% ,xld .sKqlrK m%;j,
YS% ,xld
ffk;sl miqu .%y lrhs'
.sKqlrK
m%; Nd;
lrhs'

12'2 ".sKqlrK m%;sm;a;s,

.sKqlrK weia;fka;=
fjkia yd jer"

Ih wka;.;h

20
1995 wxl 15 ork .sKqlrK yd .Kk m%; mk;
.sKqlrK m%; lgqf ldhNdrh
YS% ,xld .sKqlrK yd .Kk m%; wlaIK uKav,fha ldhNdrh
YS% ,xld jr,;a .KldlrK wdh;kfha ldhNdrh

".sKqlrK m%;sm;a;s" .sKqlrK weia;fka;= fjkia yd jer "

inkaO YS% ,xld .sKqlrK m%;h

.sKqlrK m%;sm;a;s f;dard .ekSu

inkaOfhka .sKq ;eu ^.sKqlrK m%;sm;a;s fjkia lsj,g wod< .Kkh ls bj;a flf'&
yd fy<sor lsu is lrhs' .sKqlrK weia;fka;= fjkia
jer ^fmr jIfha jer i|yd .sKqlrKh bj;a flf'&

12'3 "fYaI m;% kg miqj

ld,fo

fYaIm;% kg miqj isjk isoakaj,g wod< YS% ,xld .sKqlrK m%;h

isjk isoaka" inkaOfhka fYaIm;% kg miqj isjk isoaka ykd .ekSu yd kq lsu
.sK
q ;eu yd fy<sor lsu .<mk isoa
is lrhs'
fkd.<mk isoa
,dNdxY
wLKav meje;au

20

ksmK
q ;dj

ksmK
q ;d ug
12'4 "m%;smdokhka" wiNjH
j.lSu iy wiNjH

Ih wka;.;h
m%;smdokhka" wiNdjH j.lS iy wiNdjH j;alj,g wod<

YS% ,xld .sKqlrK m%;h

j;al" inkaOfhka .sKq m%;smdokhka

;eu yd fy<sor lsu is wiNjH j.lS
lrhs'
wiNjH j;al

12'5 "l,an" i|yd .sKq.; lsu fufyhq l,anoaO ksjpkh muKs

ms<sn| uQ,sl wjfndaOh ,nd uQ,H l,anoaO
.kshs'
wksYa; fmd<S .sKqu yer uQ,H l,an i|yd .ekqlref.a fmd;aj, ir,
.Kkh ls .sKq.; lsu

21

ld,fo

ksmK
q ;dj

ksmK
q ;d ug

13' iSudiys;
iud.ul
fufyhq
m%;sM,h" uQ,H
;;a;ajh yd 13'1 iSudiys; iud.ula wdYs%;j
uqo,a m%jdyh
we;s kS;suh miqu uid
wkdjrKh
n,hs'
lrhs'

Ih wka;.;h

90

iSud iys; iud.ul iajNdjh

iud. j.SlrKh
iud. .sKqlrKh i|yd jk kS;suh miqu
iud.ula iska mj;ajd .; hq;=

fmd;am;a yd jd;d
m%ldYs; fldgia m%d.aOkh
58 j.ka;sh
iS; iud.ul fldgia j.

13'2 fldgia ksl=;=f

ld,fo

fldgia ksl=;a lsf m%;sIaGdj

m%;sIaGdj tljr ,nd .kakd fldgia ksl=;a lsu

g tu .kqfokq .sKq.; uqo,a ,eu jd;d lsu
lrhs'

22

ksmK
q ;dj

ksmK
q ;d ug
13'3 ix; m%d.aOkSlrKh yd
ysl ksl=;=j inkaO

Ih wka;.;h
m%ido fldgia ksl=;a lsu
ysl fldgia ksl=;a lsu

.kqfokq .sKq.; lrhs'

13'4 iSudiys; iud.ul wdodh

wNHka;r m%fhdackh i|yd uQ,H m%ldY ms<sfh, lsu

m%ldYh" ysl fjkiaf YS% ,xld .sKqlrK m%;fha ksfoaY wkqj uQ,H m%ldY bm;a lsu
wdodh m%ldYh ms<sfh, lsu
m%ldYh" fYaI m;%h yd uqo,a
ysl fjkiaf m%ldYh ms<sfh, lsu
m%jdy m%ldYh ms<sfh,
fYaI m;%h ms<sfh, lsu
lrhs'
YS% ,xld .sKqlrK m%;fha ksfoaYh wkqj uqo,a m%jdy m%ldYh
ms<sfh, lsu
fufyhq ls%hdldrl
uQ,Hk ls%hdldrl
wdfhdack ls%hdldrl

23

ld,fo

ksmK
q ;dj

ksmK
q ;d ug

14'wkqmd; uska
uQ,H m%ldY
Yaf,aIKh yd
w:l:kh lr 14'1 uQ,H m%ldY w:l:kh
lsf wjYH;dj yd
l<ukdlrK
jeo.;alu .%y lrhs'
;SrK .ekSug
odhl fjhs'

Ih wka;.;h

uQ,H m%ldY Yaf,aIKh yd w:l:kh lsf wruqKq

wkqmd; j.SlrKh
,dNodhS;aj wkqmd;
jYS,;d wkqmd;
uQ,H ia:djr;aj wkqmd;

14'2 ,dNodhs;aj wkqmd; .Kkh o<,dN wkqmd;h

Y=oaO,dN wkqmd;h
lr w:l:kh lrhs'
uq j;alj,g m%;s,dN wkqmd;h
yslug m%;s,dNh wkqmd;h
.Kkh lrk ,o wkqmd; ieiu
fmr jI o;a; iu
whjeh.; o;a; iu
;r.ld wdh;kj, iudk o;a; iu

24

ld,fo
40

ksmK
q ;dj

ksmK
q ;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

14'3 jYS,;d wkqmd; .Kkh lr cx.u wkqmd;h

laIKsl wkqmd;h
w:l:kh lrhs'
Kh.e;s msjegq wkqmd;h
Kh tl;= lsf ld,h ^Kh ld,h&
f;d. msjegq wkqmd;h
f;d. /|jq ld,h
Khyshkag uqo,a f.f ld,h
.Kkh lrk ,o wkqmd; ieiu
fmr jI o;a; iu
whjeh .; o;a; iu
;r.ld wdh;kj, iudk o;a; iu

14'4 uQ,H ia:djr;aj wkqmd;

Kh wkqmd;h

.Kkh lr w:l:kh lrhs' ysl wkqmd;h

Kh-ysl wkqmd;h
fmd<S wdjrK wkqmd;h
j;al msjegq wkqmd;h
.Kkh lrk ,o wkqmd; ieiu
fmr jI o;a; iu
whjeh .; o;a; iu
;r.ld wdh;kj, iudk o;a; iu

25

ld,fo

ksmK
q ;dj

ksmK
q ;d ug

15'l<ukdlrK
.sKqlrKfha
uQ,sl ixl,am 15'1 l<ukdlrK .sKqlrKh
;SrK .ekSf ls%hdj,shg
we.hSulg ,la
inkaO lr .kshs'
lrhs'

15'2 l<ukdlrK .sK

q lrKfha
uQ,sl ixl,am .%y lrhs'

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo
90

yekau
;SrK .ekSf ls%hdj,sh
msjeh ksjpkh lsu yd j.SlrKh yd msjeh ixl,am

msjeh tallh
msjeh j.SlrKh
f;d. ;lafiare mrud:h i|yd
ksIamd; msjeh" ld,fo msjeh yd ho
iDcq msjeh" jl% msjeh
;SrK .ekSu i|yd
p,H msjeh yd ia:djr msjeh
wod< msjeh yd wod< fkdjk msjeh
.sKq msjeh
wdjial msjeh
md,k ldh i|yd
md,kh l< yels yd md,kh l< fkdyels msjeh

26

ksmK
q ;dj

ksmK
q ;d ug
15'3 jH md,k ls%hdms<sfj;a
Nd; lrhs'

Ih wka;.;h
jH md,kfha jeo.;alu
jH , .ekq
jH md,kfha Nd; jk fmd;am;a yd ,sh,s
fmd;am;a yd ,sh,s
kald m;%h
.nvd f,crh
jH whdpkdm;a
, uiS
,g .ekq weKjqu
jH ,e m;%h
jH Ndrf m;%h
bkafjdhsish
jH ,e
jH ksl=;a ls
jH jd;d lsf l%u yekau muKs
ld,fo l%uh
wLKav l%uh
jH ksl=;a lsu , lsu
fmr we;= fmr msg , l%uh (FIFO)
nr ;enQ idudkH , l%uh (WA)
ABC Yaf,aIKh yekau muKs'
wdl wekjq m%udKh i|yd ir, .Kkh ls
h<s wekjq ugu
wju f;d. ugu ir, .Kkh ls
Wmu f;d. ugu ir, .Kkh ls
idudkH f;d. ugu

27

ld,fo

ksmK
q ;dj

ksmK
q ;d ug
15'4 Y%u ld,h inkaOfhka
jd;dj ;nhs'

Ih wka;.;h
Y%u msjeh
Y%u msjeh md,kfha jeo.;alu
Y%u ld,h jd;d lsu

15'5 ld, moku yd ksujq

moku u; jegqma .Kkh
lrhs'

jegqma f.f l%u

ld, moku
ksuejq moku
w;sld,

15'6 jegqma f,aLkhla ms<sfh,

lrhs'

jegqma f,aLkh
uQ,sl jegqm
ukd
taldnoaO jegqm
o< jegqm
wvq ls
Y=oaO jegqm
jegqma f,aLkfha wdlD;sh
jegqma f,aLkh ilia lsf Nd; lrk ,sh,s
jegqma f,aLkhl we;s f;dr;=re .sKq.; lrhs'

28

ld,fo

ksmK
q ;dj

ksmK
q ;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

fmd ldh msjeh

15'7 fmd ldh msjeh
ksIamdok fmd ldh
ksIamd;hlg wjfYdaIKh
ksIamdok fkdjk fmd ldh
lrhs'
fmd- ldh msjeh fnodyeu
/ia lsu
m%;smdokh
Ndckh
m%d:l Ndckh
oa;shsl Ndckh tla fiajd wxYhla i|yd muKs'
fmd ldh msjeh wka;.%yK wkqmd;h ^i;H msjeh wka;.%yK
wkqmd; idlPd fkdflf'&

15'8 ksIamd;hl msjeh .Kkh iDcq jH msjeh

iDcq Y%u msjeh
lrhs'
wfkl=;a iDcq ho
m%:l msjeh
ksIamdok fmd ldh msjeh
ksIamdok msjeh
ksIamdok fkdjk msjeh
uq msjeh
,dN wdka;slh

29

ld,fo

ksmK
q ;dj
16'msjeh
yeisu yd
msjeh
mud ,dN
Yaf,aIKh
;=<ska
l<ukdlrK
;SrK .ekSf
ls%hdj,shg
odhl fjhs'

ksmK
q ;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo
30

16'1 msjeh yeisu .%y lrhs ia:djr msjeh

p,H msjeh
wO p,H msjeh
wO ia:djr msjeh
msjeh yeisu fh YS%;hla ;=<ska .%y lsu

16'2 msjeh- mud ,dN

tallhl odhlh

Yaf,aIKh fhdodf.k

uq iyNd.h

;SrK .ekSug odhl fjhs'

odhl l=Kq wkqmd;h

iufok ,laIH
msjeh mud ,dN Yaf,aIKh m%ia:dr uska bm;a lsu
ixf;d Yaf,aIKh ^b;d ir, .Kkh ls muKla&
l=Kq , fjkiau
l=Kq mudj fjkiau

30

ksmK
q ;dj

ksmK
q ;d ug

17' m%d.aOk
wdfhdack
;SrK .ekSu 17'1 .=ld,Sk ;SrK .ekSf
i|yd iydh
ls%hdj,sh ie,iq lrhs'
fjhs'
17'2 O m%d.aOk we.hS l%u

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo
20

.=l,Sk ;SrK .ekSf ls%hdj,sh

wdfhdackhg m%;s,dN wkqmd;h

Nd; lr wfhdack ;SrK

wdfhdackhg m%;s,dN wkqmd;fha jdis yd wjdis

.ekSug iydh fjhs'

ms<sf.jq ld,h
ms<sf.jq ld, l%ufha jdis yd wjdis
uqo,a - m%jdy
wod< yd wod< fkdjk msjeh
m%d.aOk wdfhdack kHdh
uqof,a ld,Sk jkdlu i|yd ir, .Kkh ls
m%d.aOkfha wdjial msjeh
Y=oaO j;udk w.fha jdis yd wjdis

300
31

6'0

bf.kq- b.eka l%fudamdh

ls%hdldr mdol m%fYhla Tiafia bf.kq- b.eka l%shdj,sh ie,iq lr we;'

ish u ksmqK;dj,g wod< j bf.kq M, fhdackd lr we;s fyhska tajd <d lr .ekSug YsIH flakaSh bf.kq- b.eka ls%hdj,shla
ie,iq lsu jvd;a fhda.H jkq we;'

bf.kq- b.eka l%ufoh yels;dlarg mKduk .=re N+ldjg (Transformation Role) wod< j is lsrSug wfmalaIs; h' mKduk
.=re N+ldj mka;s ldur ugka ls%hd;aul lsrSug 5-E wdlD;shg (5-E Model) wkqj ie,iq l< f;dard.;a ls%hdldrl lsysmhla
.=re udf.damfoaYfha bm;a flf'

kj m%fYh fhda; ls%hdldrl ;=<ska fndfyda g m%dfhda.sl w;aoelS mok lr .kska ixl,am" uQ,Ou yd isoaOdka; idOkh lr
.ekSu wfmalAId flf'

tla ls%hdldrlula mka;s ldur ugka is lsu i|yd tla ld,fohlg jvd je ld,hla .; f' tneka ld,igykla ilia
lsf hdno ld,fo o ,nd .; yels m ld,igyk ilia lsug mdi,a l<ukdlrKh wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=f'

lsish ls%hdldrlula ld,fo lsysmhla uq,af,a wLKav j lsug jvd" .fIKfhka miqj t<fUk kfha bm;a lsu i|yd
wjia:dj ie,iSfuka isiqkaf.a w;aoelS jvd;a M,odhSug bv we;'

.fIK wkdjrK bm;a lsj,g fmr" isiq ksuejq lsish ia:dkhl /ia lr ;eug isiqka fhduq lsu;a" .fIKh l< lKavdh
is hk m mka;s ldurfha wiqka .ekau;a u.ska jvd;a ixf nka hq;=j isiqka jrKhg yd ia;drKhg iyNd.s lrjd .;
yels h'
32
xii

7'0

mdi,a m%;m
s ;a;s iy jevigyka ixOdkh

fha; Ihud,d m%;sixialrKj,g wkqj w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& .sKqlrKh i|yd i;shlg ld,fo oyhla fjka lr we;'
y,am;sjreka wxY Ndr m%OdkSkaf.a uey;afuka hq;= j jdrhla wdrNg fmr ksjdvq ld,fha wod< Ihfha .=re Nj;=kaf.a
jevuqqjla mj;ajd" mdi,g .e<fmk f,i;a" mj;akd im;a fhdod .; yels f,i;a" ls%hdldrl ie,iq ixfYdaOkh lr .ekSu yd ta ta
ls%hdldrlug wjYH .=Kd;aul fhojq lg, fjka fjka jYfhka weiqrej, nyd ix;hla jYfhka ilia lr .ekSu ;=<ska .=re
Nj;df.a ldhh jvd;a M,odhS yd myiq jkq we;' ;jo 2011 jIfha Ihud,dj m%;sixialrKh lsrSf oS jI fol i|yd wod<
ld,fPao 600" wka;.;h i|yd ld,fPao 454la f,i;a" ls%hdldrl i|yd ld,fPao 156la f,i;a fjka fldg we;' ta ms<sn|j o .=re
Nj;=ka iu idlPd lsrSu jeo.;a f'

mdi,a l<ukdld;ajh kdhl;ajh f.k" wjYH wjia:dj, m%cdf iyfhda.h o ,nd .kska .=Kd;aul fhojq imdokh lr .ekSu
jvd;a iqiq h'

.fIK Wfmoia m;s%ld yd lshe jH lg, ,efka lr .ekSfuka tajd jir lSmhla uqq,af,a Nd;hg .; yels h'
fhda; ls%hdldrlj,g wu;r j bf.kq jvd;a mqq,a flfrk yd isiqkaf.a iqfYaI l=i,;d Tma kexfjk wkaof"
jdo
;a;s mqj;am;a
ird
mdi,a jdKscoHd iudc$ ix.
jdKscoHd k
jdKscoHd m%oYk
wd Ih iu.d ls%hdldrl ixOdk lsu o w;HjYH f'
kHdhd;aul j bf.k .kakd Ih lreKqj, m%dfhda.sl jHjydrhka ms<sn| j w;aoelS ,ndu" wfmalaIs; ksmqK;d jvd;a M,odhS j
jOkh lsu iy Ih flfrys we,aula we;s lsu i\yd O jevigyka mdi, ;=< ls%hd;aul l< yels h' fuu jevigyka ls%hd;aul lsu
xiii

33

i|yd mdi,a m%;sm;a;s ilia lr .ekSu o jeo.;a h' tfuka u fuu m%;sm;a;sj,g wkqj ls%hd;aul l< yels ls%hdldrl mdi,a jdIsl
jevigykg we;=<;a lr .ekSu fhda.H f'

jdKscuh jHdmD;s weru' ta i|yd iqiq ixOdk msysgqu yd .kqfokq jd;d lsu'
jdKsc k meje;au
lsish jHdmdrhla ie,iq lsu yd th uQ,H wdh;k iyfhda.fhka ls%hd;aul lsu yd .kqfokq jd;d lsu'
mdi,a wdmk Yd,df isjk .kqfokq wOHhkh lr jd;d ;nd .ekSug ie,eiau'
mdi,a ldhd,fha we;s wod< fmd;a wOHhkh i|yd fhduq lsu'
.=re Nj;df.a iyfhda.fhka mdif,a nexl= iei ia;rh ms<sfh, lsu'
mka;s ldurfha jdKsc mqia;ld,fhla mj;ajdf.k hdu'
;u ksjfia mqia;ld,hla mj;ajdf.k hdug YsIHhska Wkka lsu'

m%cdj inkaO lr .kakd wdldrh

f;dard.;a ksmqK;d ixjOkh lsug mok lr .; yels im;a mqoa.,hska mdi,g le|jd orejka iu lghq;= lsug bv ie,eiau'
mdi,a wlaIKfha wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq

ie,iq lrk ,o kj ksudKd;aul ls%hdldrl

.=rejrhd iska ilia lrk ,o bf.kq- b.eka ls%hdj,sh > lsf WmlrK mdi,g W; wdldrhg kj bf.kq- b.eka
l%ufoh wkqj mdi, ;=< bf.kq- b.eka ls%hdj,sh isf o hkak'
ls%hdldrl wdYs%; j .=re isiq idlPd
orejkaf.a w;aoelS ms<sn| woyia m%ldY lsug bvlv ,ndu
.=Kd;aul fhojq Nd;h
we.hS ls%hdj,sh
xiv

34

ls%hd;aul lsf u;=jk .eg yd ta i|yd fhdackd

8'0

tla tla mdi,a jdrh ;=< Ih bf.kq- b.eka lghq;= islsf u;=jk .g ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
m<uqj mdif,a O mdYajhka iu idlPd lrka i lrd <dug lghq;= fhdokak' Wod( mka;s ldur .eg" wjYH jH
yslu" ld,h fjka lr .ekSf .eg
fojkqj .=re WmfoaYljreka iy fjk;a wod< mqoa.,hkag yd wdh;kj,g bm;a lrka i ,nd .ekSug lghq;= fhu'
;lafiarej yd we.hSu
mdi, mok lr.;a we.hS jevms<sfj, hgf;a tla tla jdrh i|yd ksh; ksmqK;d y ksmqK;d ug wdjrKh jk m bf.kq-

b.eka we.hS WmlrK ksudKd;aul j ms<sfh, fldg ls%hd;aul lsu wfmalaIs; h'
13 jk fYa%Ksh wjidkfha cd;sl ugf we.hSu jk w'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm<& Nd.h i|yd fuu Ih ksfoaYh ksfoaYs; h' 2011 jIfha
ixfYdaOkh lrk ,o fuu Ih ksfoaYh mok lrf.k" YS% ,xld Nd. fomd;fka;=j u.ska mj;ajkq ,nk cd;sl ugf Nd.h m<uqjrg 2012
jIfha meje;af' fuu Nd.fha m%Yak m;%j, wdlD;sh yd iajNdjh ms<sn| wjYH ia;r Nd. fomd;fka;=j u.ska iemfhkq we;'

35
xv