1

CHUONG 1
CAC MACH TINH TOAN, DIU KHIN VA TAO HAM
DUNG KHUCH DAI THUT TOAN
Chng nay nhm gii thiu vic ng dung mach khuch ai thut toan
(KTT) trong cac mach khuch ai, tnh toan, iu khin, tao ham. Khao sat cac mach
cng, tr, nhn chia, khai cn, mach khuch ai loga va i loga, mach vi, tch phn,
PD,PID, mach chnh lu chnh xac, mach so sanh tng t...
1.1 Khai nim chung
Hin nay, cac b khuch ai thut toan (KTT) ong vai tro quan trong va c
ng dung rng rai trong ky thut khuch ai, tnh toan, iu khin, tao ham, tao tn
hiu hnh sine va xung, s dung trong n ap va cac b loc tch cc... Trong ky thut
mach tng t, cac mach tnh toan va iu khin c xy dng chu yu da trn b
KTT. Khi thay i cac linh kin mc trong mach hi tip ta se co c cac mach tnh
toan va iu khin khac nhau.
Co 2 dang mach tnh toan va iu khin : tuyn tnh va phi tuyn.
Tuyn tnh : co trong mach hi tip cac linh kin co ham truyn at tuyn tnh.
Phi tuyn : co trong mach hi tip cac linh kin co ham truyn phi tuyn tnh.
V mt ky thut, tao ham phi tuyn co th da vao mt trong cac nguyn tc
sau y :
1. Quan h phi tuyn Volt - Ampe cua mt ghep pn cua diode hoc BJT khi
phn cc thun (mach khuch ai loga)
2. Quan h phi tuyn gia dc cua c tuyn BJT lng cc va dong Emit
(mach nhn tng t).
3. Lam gn ung c tuyn phi tuyn bng nhng oan thng gp khuc (cac
mach tao ham dung diode).
4. Thay i cc tnh cua in ap t vao phn t tch cc lam cho dong in ra
thay i (khoa diode, khoa transistor).
2
1.2 Cac mach tinh toan va diu khin
1.2.1 Mach cng dao








Ap dung quy tc dong in nut cho N ta co :
0
R
v
R
v
...
R
v
R
v
N
out
n
inn
2
2 in
1
1 in
= + + + +

+ + + =
inn
n
N
2 in
1
N
1 in
1
N
out
v
R
R
... v
R
R
v
R
R
v
1.2.2 Mach khuch dai dao voi tro khang vao lon







Vit phng trnh dong in cho nut N:
0
R
v
R
v
N
3
1
in
= +
Ma
3 2
3
out 3
R R
R
v v
+
= (iu kin R
N
R
3
)


in
3
2
1
N
out
v )
R
R
1 (
R
R
v + =
h s khuch ai cua mach : K =
3
2
1
N
R
R
1 (
R
R
+ )
v
in1
R
N
v
in2
v
inn
v
out
R
1
R
2
R
n
Hnh 1.1. S mach cng ao
R
N
v
3 R
3
R
2
v
in
v
out
R
1
Hnh 1.2. S mach khuch ai ao vi tr khang vao l n
3
Trng hp yu cu h s khuch ai ln th phai chon R
1
nho. Luc o tr khang
vao cua mach Z
V
= R
1
nho. Co th khc phuc nhc im o bng cach chon R
1
= R
N

ln. Do o K ch con phu thuc vao
3
2
R
R
, co th tng ty s nay tuy y ma vn khng
anh hng n tr khang vao Z
V
= R
1
= R
N
cua mach. Vi cac cu tao nh vy co th
tng thm s u vao thc hin cac mach cng hoc mach tr co tr khang vao ln.
1.2.3 Mach tru





in ap ca vao thun :

a
R
R
R
v v
P
P
P
2 in P
+
=
in ap ca vao ao :
( )
out
N
N
N
out 1 in N
v
a
R
R
R
v v v +
+
=
V v
d
= v
p
- v
N
= 0 v
p
= v
N

v
in2
.
a
R
R
R
P
P
P
+
=
a
R
R
R
N
N
N
+
( v
in1
-v
out
) + v
out

v
out
= a (v
in2
-v
in1
) (Nu R
N
= R
P
)
1.2.4 Mach tru voi tro khang vao lon





R/n
KR
R
V
n2
v
out
V
in1
Hnh 1.4.a. S mach tr co mt ngo vao tr khang ln
v
in2

R
2
R
p
v
in1
v
out
R
1
Hnh 1.3. S mach tr
R
N
4
Vit phng trnh dong in nut cho nut N
1
va N
2
ta co :
0
KR
v v
n
R
v
R
v v
N out N N 1 in
=

Ma v
N
= v
in2
v
in1
-v
in2
= nv
in2
+
K
v v
2 in out

= 0
Kv
in1
- (n + 1) Kv
in2
+ v
out
- v
in2
= 0
v
out
= v
in2
+ K(n + 1) v
in2
-Kv
in1

v
out
= (1 + K + nK) v
in2
-Kv
in1

H s cua V
in2
lun lun ln hn h s cua V
in1
mach khng tao c in ap
ra co dang : K (V
in2
-V
in1
). Tr khang vao cua ca P ln (Z
v
= r
d
), nn khng yu cu
ngun v
in2
co cng sut ln.










Hnh 1.4.b trnh bay mach in co tr khang vao cua ca hai ca (ca v
in1
va v
in2
)
u ln.
Vit phng trnh dong in nut cho N
1
va N
2
ta co :

0
R
v v
R
v v
R
v v
0
R
v
R
v v
R
v v
1
2 in 1 in
2
2 in out
3
2 in 3
2
1 in
1
1 in 2 in
3
1 in 3

Suy ra: v
out
= (1 + R
2

3 1
3 1
R R
R 2 R +
)(v
in2
-v
in1
)
v
in2

v
3
N
2
N
1
R
3
R
1
R
1
R
3
R
2
v
out
v
in1
Hnh 1.4.b. S mach tr co hai ngo vao tr khang u ln
5
Ta thy tr khang vao cua ca hai ca u ln va bng r
d
cua KTT. Co th thay
i c h s khuch ai K = 1 + R
2
3 1
3 1
R R
R 2 R +
khi thay i R
1.
K = K
min
khi R
1
=
Luc o: v
out
= (1 +
3
2
R
R
)(v
in2
-v
in1
)
V R
2
0, R
3
nn K > 1
1.2.5 Mach tao din ap ra co cuc tinh thay di






Ta co : v
N
=
2
v v
out 1 in

+ v
out
=
2
v v
out 1 in
+

v
P
= q v
in1

V : v
P
= v
N

2
v v
out 1 in
+
= qv
in1
v
out
= (2q - 1)v
in1

Khi thay i tip im trn chit ap R
2
ta co h s cua v
out
luc dng, luc m.
Khi q = 1/2 v
out
= 0 mc du v
in1
0
Khi q > 1/2 v
out
va v
in1
cung pha
Khi q < 1/2 v
out
va v
in1
ngc pha
1.2.6 Mach tich phn dao





qR
2
R
2
R
1
R
1
v
out
v
in1
Hnh 1.5. S mach tao in ap ra co cc tnh thay i
i
C
i
1
v
in1
v
out
R
Hnh 1.6.a. S mach tch phn ao
6
Phng trnh dong in nut tai N:
i
1
+ i
c
= 0 hay
0
dt
dv
C
R
v
out 1 in
= +

Suy ra
) 0 t ( v dt ) t ( v
RC
1
dt ). t ( v
RC
1
v
t
0
out 1 in 1 in out
= + = =


in ap ra t l vi tch phn in ap vao.
Thng chon hng s thi gian = RC = 1s
v
out
(t = 0) la iu kin u, khng phu thuc vao in ap vao v
in1
.
Nu v
in1
la in ap xoay chiu hnh sin: v
in1
= V
in1
sint th:

t cos V t cos .
RC
V
dt . t sin . V
RC
1
v
out
1 in
1 in out

= = =


bin in ap ra ty l nghch vi tn s.
c tuyn bin - tn s cua mach tch phn :

1 in
out
V
V
= f () co dc - 20dB/decade.
Mach c goi la mach tch phn trong mt pham vi tn s nao o nu trong
pham vi tn s o c tuyn bin - tn cua no giam vi dc 20dB/decade.
giam anh hng cua dong tnh I
t
va in ap lch khng co th gy sai s ang
k cho mach tch phn, ca thun cua b KTT ngi ta mc thm mt in tr thay
i c R
1
va ni xung masse.








iu chnh R
1
sao cho R
1
R th giam c tac dung cua dong in lch khng I
o
= I
P

- I
N
va in ap lch khng v
o
= v
P
- v
N
(khi v
out
= 0)

R
1
C
R
v
in1
v
out
Hnh 1.6.b. Mach tch phn ao co bin tr R
1
bu dong lch khng.
7
1.2.7 Mach tich phn tng







Dung phng phap xp chng va vit phng trnh dong in nut i vi nut N ta tm
c:

dt
R
v
...
R
v
R
v
C
1
v
n
inn
2
2 in
1
1 in
out

+ + + =

1.2.8 Mach tich phn hiu






Vit phng trnh i vi nut N :
0
dt
) v v ( d
. C
R
v v
N out
N
1
N 1 in
=

(1)
i vi nut P : 0
dt
dv
. C
R
v v
P
P
2
P 2 in
=

(2)
Bin i va cho v
N
= v
P
, R
1
C
N
= R
2
C
P
= RC
(1) v
in1
- v
N
= - R
1
C
N
.
dt
dv
. C R
dt
dv
N
N 1
out
+
(2) v
in2
- v
P
= R
2
C
P
.
dt
dv
P

Suy ra: v
in2
- v
in1
= RC
dt
dv
out

C
P
C
N
v
in1
v
out
v
in2
R
1
R
2
Hnh 1.8. S mach tch phn hi u
v
in1
R
1
R
2
C
v
out
R
P
R
n
v
in2
v
inn
Hnh 1.7. S mach tch phn tng
8
v
out
=

dt ) v v (
RC
1
1 in 2 in

1.2.9. Mach vi phn






Ta co : i = C
1

N
out 1 in
R
v
dt
dv
=
v
out
= - R
N
C
1

dt
dv
1 in

gia thit: v
in1
= V
in1
sint
v
out
= -R
N
C
1
V
in1
cost = -V
out
cost
H s khuch ai cua mach: K =
1 in
out
V
V
= R
N
C
1

K tng theo tn s va th bode co dc 20dB/decade.
Vy : Mach c goi la mach vi phn trong mt pham vi tn s nao o nu trong
pham vi tn s o c tuyn bin - tn cua no tng vi dc 20dB/decade.
1.2.10 Mach PI (Proportional Integrated)









Mach thng c s dung trong cac mach iu khin.
Mach co in ap ra c biu din theo dang: v
out
= Av
in
+ B

dt v
in

Ap dung phng trnh cn bng dong tai N: i
1
+ i
N
= 0 i
N
= -i
1
= - v
in
/R
1
(1)
R
N
v
out
v
in1
C
1
Hnh 1.9. S mach vi phn
R
1
i
1
i
N
N

R
N
v
1
C
v
out
v
in
Hnh 1.10.a. S mach PI
9
Mt khac: v
out
= v
c
+ v
1
=
N N in
i R dt i
C
1
+

(2)
Thay (1) vao (2) v
out
= -

R
N
/R
1
v
in
-

dt v
C R
1
in
1

Gia s v
in
= V
in
cost
) t cos( V t sin
C R
V
t cos V
R
R
v
out
1
in
in
1
N
out
+ = =

c tuyn bin tn:

2 2
2
o
1
2 2
2 2
N
2
1
2 2
2
N
1 in
out '
C
1
R
1
C
1 C R
R
1
C
1
R
R
1
V
V
K

=
+
= + = =
t:
C R
1
N
o
= Khi
o
<< th
C
1
R
1
K
1
'

Suy ra c tuyn bin tn s co dc -20dB/decade (tng ng khu vc I)
Suy ra s lam vic nh mt mach tch phn











Khi >>
1
N '
o
R
R
K Mach mang tnh cht khuch ai nhiu hn (tng ng
vi khu vc P). Khu vc trung gian la khu vc chuyn tip.
1.2.11 Mach PID (Proportional Integrated Differential)







'
K log
1
N
R
R
log
C R
1
N
o
=
log
-20dB/decade
I
P
Hnh 1.10.b. c tuyn bin tn cua mach PI
R
1
i
N
N

R
N
v
1
C
V
out
V
in
R
Hnh 1.11.a. S mach PID
10
PID cung la mach hay c s dung trong ky thut iu khin m rng pham
vi tn s iu khin cua mach va trong nhiu trng hp tng tnh n nh cua h
thng iu khin trong mt dai tn s rng.
in ap ra co dang:

+ + =
dt
dv
C dt v B Av v
in
in in out

T phng trnh dong in nut tai N: 0 i
dt
dv
C
R
v
N
in
1
1
in
= + + (1)
Va phng trnh in ap ra trn nhanh ra:

+ = dt i
C
1
R i v
N
N
N N out
(2)
Thay (1) vao (2):

+ +

+ = dt
dt
dv
C
R
v
C
1
R
dt
dv
C
R
v
v
in
1
1
in
N
N
in
1
1
in
out

Suy ra:
dt
dv
C R dt v
C R
1
v
C
C
R
R
v
in
1 N in
N N
in
N
1
1
N
out

+ =

(*)
* tn s thp
N N
N
C R
1
= << th thanh phn tch phn trong (*) chim u th.
* tn s cao
1 1
N
C R
1
= >> th thanh phn vi phn trong (*) chim u th.
Trong dai:
1 N
< < th thanh phn khuch ai
in
N
1
1
N
v
C
C
R
R

+ chim u th.
Do o c tuyn bin tn cua mach co dang nh hnh ve:






1.3 Cac mach khuch dai va tinh toan phi tuyn lin tuc
1.3.1 Mach khuch dai Loga





K log
log
I
P
D

N

1
I: tch phn
P: t l
D: vi phn
Hnh 1.11.b. c tnh bin tn mach PID
D
v
out
v
in
R
Hnh 1.12.a. S mach khuch ai Loga dung Diode
11
tao mach khuch ai loga, mc diode hoc BJI mach hi tip cua b KTT.
Mach in dung diode (1.12.a.) co th lam vic tt vi dong in I nm trong
khoang nA mA
Dong in qua diode va in ap t ln diode co quan h :
i
D
= I
o
exp

T
D
v
v

Trong o :
i
D
, v
D
: dong in qua diode va ip ap t ln diode.
I
o
: dong in ban u, co tr s bng dong qua diode ng vi in ap ngc
cho phep.
v
T
: in ap nhit. nhit bnh thng th v
T
= 26mV
v
out
- v
D
= - v
T
o
D
I
i
ln = - v
T
o
in
RI
v
ln






Mach (1.12.b.) lam vic tt vi dong in trong khoang pA mA
Dong Colect i
C
phu thuc vao in ap Baz - emit theo quan h :
i
C
= A
N
i
E
= A
N
I
Ebh
( 1 e
T
BE
v
v
)
Vi A
N
: h s khuch ai dong in khi mc Baz chung (BC)
I
Ebh
: la dong in emit trang thai bao hoa.
Khi 1 e
T
BE
v
v
>> 0 1 e
T
BE
v
v
>>
Ta co: i
C
= A
N
I
Ebh

T
BE
v
v
e
Ma v
out
= - v
BE
va i
C
=v
in
/R
v
out
= - v
T

R I A
v
ln . v
I A
i
ln
Ebh N
in
T
Ebh N
C
=
R
v
in
v
out
Hnh 1.12.b. S mach khuch ai Loga dung BJT
12
Mach ch lam vic vi in ap vao dng (do mi ni p-n)
Mun lam vic vi in ap m thay BJT npn bng BJT pnp.
1.3.2 Mach khuch dai di Loga






v
out
= - I
D
R = - RI
o
T
D
V
V
e
V: v
D
= v
in
nn v
out
= - RI
o
T
in
V
V
e





i
C
= A
N
I
Ebh
T
BE
v
v
e = A
N
I
Ebh
T
in
v
v
e

( Do v
BE
=-v
in
)
v
out
= i
C
R = RA
N
I
Ebh
T
in
v
v
e

1.3.3 Mach nhn dung nguyn tc khuch dai loga va di loga






D
v
out

v
in

R
Hnh 1.13.a. S mach khuch ai i Loga dung Diode
R
v
in
v
out
Hnh 1.13.b. S mach khuch ai i Loga dung Transitor
ln
ln
Tng
Kai
1/K
1
exp
K
1
ln(v
x
/K
2
)
K
1
ln(v
y
/K
2
)
K
1
ln(v
x
v
y
/K
2
2
) v
Z
= K
3
v
x
v
y
/K
2
2
v
x

v
y

ln(v
x
v
y
/K
2
2
)
Hnh 1.14. Mach nhn dung nguyn tc khuch ai Loga va i Loga
13
Cac mach khuch ai loga va i loga co th dung mach nh a xet muc trn.
Coi mach tng co th dung mt khuch ai tng KTT. Mach nhn nay co sai s
khoang 0,25% n 1% so vi gia tr cc ai cua tn hiu vao.
Mach ch lam vic c vi cac tn hiu v
X
, v
Y
> 0 (do tnh cht ham loga). Mach
nhn 4200 la mt trong nhng mach tiu biu c ch tao theo nguyn tc nay.
1.3.4 Mach luy thua bc hai
u hai u vao cua mach nhn vi nhau ta se co mach luy tha:




Luc nay v
X
= v
Y
v
Z
= K.
2
X
v
Gia s in ap vao co dang sin: v
X
= Vcost
Th in ap ra: v
out
= K(Vcost)
2
=
2
KV
2
(1 + cos2t)
=
2
KV
2
(1 + cos2t)
co th dung mach luy tha bc hai nhn tn s.
1.3.5 Mach chia theo nguyn tc nhn dao
a. Mach chia thun





Ta co tai ca thun :
v
N
= Kv
X
v
Y

v
P
= v
Z
ma v
P
= v
N

v
Z
= Kv
X
v
Y

v
in
= v
Y
=
X
Z
Kv
v

K
v
Z
v
x
Hnh 1.15. S mach luy tha bc hai
Mach nhn
K>0
Kv
x
v
y
v
x
v
Z
v
y
= v
Z
/Kv
x
Hnh 1.16. S mach chia thn
14

b. Mach chia ao







PTCB dong tai N :
R
v
R
v . K
Z X
+ = 0
X
Z
Y
Kv
v
v = = 0
Trong cac biu thc trn v
Z
co th ly du tuy y, con v
X
lun lun dng.
Nu v
X
< 0th hi tip qua b nhn v u vao b KTT la hi tip dng, lam
cho mach chuyn sang trang thai bao hoa gy meo ln.
v
X
> 0 ch ung vi mach nhn thun (K > 0)
v
X
< 0 ch ung vi mach nhn i du (K < 0)
1.3.6 Chia mach dung khuch dai loga va di loga







A = K
1
x
z
1
2
x
1
2
z
v
v
ln K
K
v
ln K
K
v
ln =
v
Y
= K
3
.
x
z
x
z
3
v
v
ln
v
v
K
v
v
K e
x
z
= =
iu kin : v
Z
, v
X
, v
Y
: ch ly gia tr dng
1.3.7 Mach khai cn
K>0
R
R
v
x
v
Z
Kv
x
v
y
v
y
Hnh 1.17. S mach chia ao
ln
ln
Hiu
Kai
1/K
1
exp
K
1
ln(v
Z
/K
2
)
K
1
ln(v
x
/K
2
)
K
1
ln(v
Z
/v
x
)
ln(v
Z
/v
x
)
V
y
= K
3
v
Z
/v
x
v
Z

v
x

Hnh 1.18. Mach chia tng t dung nguyn tc khuch ai Loga va i Loga
15
Mach khai cn c thc hin bng cach mc vao mach hi tip cua b KTT
mt mach luy tha.








v
P
= 0; v
N
=
2
Kv
2
v
2
x Z
+ (dung phng phap xp chng)
Do : v
P
= v
N
= 0
2
Kv
2
v
2
x Z
+ = 0

K
v
v v v
Z 2
out
2
Y
2
X

= = =
v
out
= ) v (
K
1
Z
vi v
Z
< 0






Ta co: v
Z
= v
N

Ma v
N
=
2
out
2
Y
2
X
Kv Kv Kv = =

K
v
v v Kv
Z
out Z
2
out
= = vi v
Z
0
Mach in hnh 1.19.a ch lam vic vi in ap vao v
Z
< 0, con mach in hnh
1.19.b th v
Z
> 0. Trong trng hp ngc lai th mach se co hi tip dng lam mach
b ket. ngn nga ngi ta mc thm diode (mi mach mt diode) u ra cua b
KTT nh hnh ve.
K
v
x
= v
y
v
Z
Kv
x
2
R
R
Hnh 1.19.a. Mach khai cn ao
R
v
x
= v
y
v
Z
K

Kv
x
2
Hnh 1.19.b. mach khai cn thun
16
1.4 Cac mach phi tuyn khng lin tuc
1.4.1 Nguyn tc thuc hin cac mach phi tuyn khng lin tuc va cac phn tu co
ban cua no
Cac phn t c ban dung tao ham phi tuyn khng lin tuc la cac b so sanh
tng t va diode ly tng. Diode ly tng c cu tao bng cach mc vao mach hi
tip cua b KTT mt diode thc. Ta so sanh nguyn ly lam vic va sai s trong
trng hp dung diode thc va diode ly tng.






v
out
= v
in
- v
D

- Khi v
in
< v
ng
th mach khng lam vic, v
out
= 0
- Khi v
in
< v
ng
th v
out
0
mach in dung diode thc co in ap ngng v
ng
nn khng th lam vic vi
in ap vao be c.






v
o
= K
o
v
d
= K
o
(v
in
-v
out
)
v
D
+ v
out
= K
o
(v
in
-v
out
) vi K
o
1
v
out
v
in
-
o
D
K
v

in ap ngng: v
ng
=
o
ng
K
v

R
~
v
out
v
in
v
D
Hnh 1.20.a. Mach phi tuyn khng lin tuc dung diode thc
R
~
v
out
v
D
Hnh 1.20.b. Mach phi tuyn khng lin tuc dung diode ly tng
V
in
17
Vi K
o
c 10
4
10
5
va V
ng
0,6V th mach in nay co th chnh lu c in
ap c mV.
1.4.2 Mach chnh luu chinh xac
c dung chu yu trong cac b ngun cung cp, trong cac may o.
Phn loai mach chnh lu:
- Mach chnh lu na song.
- Mach chnh lu toan song : gm chnh lu cn bng va chnh lu cu.
1.4.2.1 Mach chnh luu nua song








Khi v
in
< 0 th v
o
< 0 D
1
tt v
out
= 0
Khi v
in
> 0 th v
o
> 0 D
1
m v
out
= v
o

Mt khac : v
N
=
2
v
out
= v
in
v
out
= 2 v
in

1.4.2.2 Mah chnh luu toan song dung so d cu: (chnh lu gia tr trung bnh s
hoc)
Khi v
in
> 0 i
in
=
1
in
R
v
chay qua R
1
, diode D
1
, in tr tai (dung cu o), diode D
3

ri n u ra b KTT va v t.
Khi v
in
< 0 i
in
chay t u ra b KTT, qua D
2
, qua dung cu o, qua diode D
4
,
qua R
1
ri tr v u vao.
Do o dong in qua dung cu o bng:
i
out
=
R
v
in


v
out
v
in
Hnh 1.24. Mach chnh lu na song
v
in
v
out
R
D
1
R
v
0
18









v
out
= v
t
(trn c cu o) = v
in
(ly N lam mc).
1.4.2.3 Mach chnh luu gia tri hiu dung
Khi mc thm vao ca ao mach ni tip R
2
, C
2
th ta co mt mach chnh lu gia
tr hiu dung.








Ta a bit: I
Sh
=

T
0
dt t sin I
T
1

I
Sh
=

I 2
dt t sin
T
I 2
2
T
0

I
hd
=

T
0
2
dt ) t sin I (
T
1
= I
2
I
2 / T
T
1
=
so vi tr trung bnh s hoc th tr hiu dung ln gp
2 2

ln.
D
1
D
2
D
4
v
in
v
out
D
3
Hnh 1.25. Mach chnh lu toan song dung s cu
R
1
C
2
R
2
D
1
D
1
D
4
V
in
V
out
D
3
R
1
Hnh 1.26. Mach chnh lu gia tr hiu dung
19
I
hd
=
2 2
I
2 2
1
Sh

= I
Sh

Luc o in ap mt chiu th R
2,
C
2
khng co tac dung.
Luc o in ap xoay chiu th R
2,
C
2
tham gia vao in tr R
1
di dang R
1
// R
2
.
ng h ch gia tr hiu dung th ta phai co :

2 2
2 2
R
2 2
R
R R
R R
2 1
2 1
2 1

= =
+
R
1

Tu C
2
phai chon sao cho tr khang cua no i vi thanh phn xoay chiu khng
ang k, nu khng ha ap trn no se gy ra sai s o.
Gia thit sai s o cho phep la 1% ng vi tn s vao thp nht f
min
bng cach
tnh toan tr khang Z cua R
1
// (R
2
+ 1/jC
2
) ta co th tm c gia tr C
2
.
C
2
=
1 min
R f 2
32 , 0

1.4.2.4 Mach chnh luu gia tri dnh











Khi v
in
> 0 va v
in
> v
c
th diode thng va dong ra cua b KTT A
1
nap in cho
tu C cho ti khi bng in ap cc ai cua tn hiu vao (in ap nh): v
c
V
inmax
.
Nu sau o v
in
giam th D ngt, tu C phong in qua in tr ngc cua diode va
tao dong tai i
t
. Nu in tr ngc cua diode va in tr vao A
1
ln in ap trn tu
C la in ap nh co gia tr n nh.
Nu i chiu diode D th in ap trn tu C la in ap nh m A
2
la mach lp
in ap lam tng m tng tr khang tai cho mach chnh lu.
i
C
v
C
A
1
A
2
v
out
v
in
C
K
D
v

v
in
v
out
t

Hnh 1.27. Mach chnh lu gia tr nh va dang song ra
20
Khoa K tao ng xa cho tu khi cn o gia tr mi.
1.4.2.5 Mach so sanh tuong tu
Mach so sanh tng t co nhim vu so sanh mt in ap vao v
in
vi mt in ap
chun V
ch
. Tn hiu vao dang tng t se c bin thanh tn hiu ra di dang ma nh
phn. Ngha la u ra hoc mc thp (L) hoc mc cao (H). No la mach ghep ni
gia ANALOG va DIGITAL.
c im: Phn bit gia b KTT thng thng vi b so sanh chuyn dung
(ma thc cht cung la mt b KTT).
- B so sanh co tc ap ng cao hn thi gian xac lp va phuc hi nho.
- La KTT lam vic trang thai bao hoa nn mc ra thp (L) va mc ra cao (H)
cua no la mc dng va mc m cua ngun. Cac mc nay phai tng ng vi
mc logic.







1.4.2.5.1 Dc tuyn truyn dat tnh cua b so sanh
v
P
- v
N
> 0 v
out
= v
RH
: in ap ra ng vi mc cao.
v
P
- v
N
< 0 v
out
= v
RL
: in ap ra ng vi mc thp.
1.4.2.5.2 Dc tuyn truyn dat thuc







v
N
v
P
v
out
v
out
v
in
V
RH
v
P
- v
N
Hnh 1.28. Mach so sanh va c tuyn vao ra
v
P
- v
N
v
out
v
0
v
CO BU LCH
KHNG
CHUA BU LCH
KHNG
v
out
v
out
Hnh 1.29. c tuyn truyn at thc
21
v: c trng cho b nhay cua b so sanh v
o
: in ap lch khng.
1.4.2.5.3 Dc tinh dng cua b so sanh










t
c
10ns : goi la thi gian cht.
Sn dc cua c tuyn ra ty l thun vi bin v
in
.
B so sanh yu cu phai co nhay cao : ap ng nhanh.
t
c
nho va phai co dc ln : vung khuch ai be.
1.4.2.5.4 B so sanh khng co tr






Hnh a) v
in
= v
ch
+ V
o

Hnh b)
2
O ch
1
O in
R
V V
R
V v
+

= I
N

v
in
= -
2
1
R
R
V
ch
+ V
0
( 1 +
2
1
R
R
) + I
N
.R
1

v
in
= -
2
1
R
R
V
ch
+ V
0
( 1 +
2
1
R
R
) + I
N
.R
1

V
ch
V
o
v
in
v
out
R
2
R
1
V
ch
+
V
o
v
in
v
out
1
t
v
in
= v
P
- v
N
v
out
t
v
in
= 20mV
v
in
= 1mV
t
c
Hnh 1.30. c tnh ng cua b so sanh
Hnh 1.31. B so sanh khng tr
(a) (b)