CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW:The main aim of this project is to intimate staff about their class. In this system we use GSM modem to communicate the staff. This is a wireless technology, which shows the improvement in technology in a right ways .GSM (global system for mobile communication) normally the data required is been loaded in microcontrollers ram and the total schedule of the college is considered here. This is an emerging technology which is regularly in use, but data must be loaded. normally staff checks the time table for every class, by using these system we can over come these types of problems. Normally these are placed near HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT or any person who assign time table. He can also change the schedule when a sudden change occurs. By this system, staff - no need to check the time tables every time. Simply they are been intimated through sms before 10 or 20 minutes as required.

1.2 What is Embedded Systems?

Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a generalpurpose computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real time performance constraints that must be met, for reason such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs. An embedded system is not always a separate block - very often it is physically built-in to the device it is controlling. The software written for embedded systems is often called firmware, and is stored in read-only memory or flash convector chips rather than a disk drive. It often runs with limited computer hardware resources: small or no keyboard, screen, and little memory. Wireless communication has become an important feature for commercial products and a popular research topic within the last ten years. There are now more mobile phone subscriptions than wired-line subscriptions. Lately, one area of commercial interest has been low-cost, lowpower, and short-distance wireless communication used for \personal wireless networks." Technology advancements are providing smaller and more cost effective devices for integrating computational processing, wireless communication, and a host of other functionalities. These

embedded communications devices will be integrated into applications ranging from homeland security to industry automation and monitoring. They will also enable custom tailored engineering solutions, creating a revolutionary way of disseminating and processing information. With new technologies and devices come new business activities, and the need for employees in these technological areas. Engineers who have knowledge of embedded systems and wireless communications will be in high demand. Unfortunately, there are few adorable environments available for development and classroom use, so students often do not learn about these technologies during hands-on lab exercises. The communication mediums were twisted pair, optical fiber, infrared, and generally wireless radio.

1.3 Characteristics of Embedded Systems: Low cost and Less Power consumption Programs on an embedded system must run with real-time constraints with limited hardware resources. Embedded systems are routinely expected to maintain 100% reliability while running continuously for long periods, sometimes measured in years

1.4 Applications of Embedded System:We are living in the Embedded World. You are surrounded with many embedded products and your daily life largely depends on the proper functioning of these gadgets. Television, Radio, CD player of your living room, Washing Machine or Microwave Oven in your kitchen, Card readers, Access Controllers, Palm devices of your work space enable you to do many of your tasks very effectively. Apart from all these, many controllers embedded in your car take care of car operations between the bumpers and most of the times you tend to ignore all these controllers. In the 8 bit segment, the most popular and used architecture is Intel's 8031. Market acceptance of this particular family has driven many semiconductor manufacturers to develop something new based on this particular architecture. Even after 25 years of existence, semiconductor manufacturers still come out with some kind of device using this 8031 core.

1.4.1Military and aerospace software applications:From in-orbit embedded systems to jumbo jets to vital battlefield networks, designers of mission-critical aerospace and defense systems requiring real-time performance, scalability, and high-availability facilities consistently turn to the Linux OS RTOS and the LynxOS-178 RTOS for software certification to DO-178B.

1.4.2Communications applications:"Five-nine" availability, Compact PCI hot swap support, and hard real-time response Linux OS delivers on these key requirements and more for today's carrier-class systems. Scalable kernel configurations, distributed computing capabilities, integrated communications stacks, and fault-management facilities make Linux OS the ideal choice for companies looking for a single operating system for all embedded telecommunications applicationsfrom complex central controllers to simple line/trunk cards.

1.4.3 Electronics applications and consumer devices:As the number of powerful embedded processors in consumer devices continues to rise, the BlueCat Linux operating system provides a highly reliable and royalty-free option for systems designers. And as the wireless appliance revolution rolls on, web-enabled navigation systems, radios, personal communication devices, phones and PDAs all benefit from the costeffective dependability, proven stability and full product life-cycle support opportunities associated with Blue Cat embedded Linux. Blue Cat has teamed up with industry leaders to make it easier to build Linux mobile phones with Java integration.

1.4.4 Industrial automation and process control software:Designers of industrial and process control systems know from experience that Linux Works operating systems provide the security and reliability that their industrial applications require. From ISO 9001 certification to fault-tolerance, POSIX conformance, secure partitioning and high availability, we've got it all. Take advantage of our 20 years of experience.

CHAPTER 2

2.1

OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT:The objective of this project is to inform the faculty, about their class. These is most

frequently used system in educational system, office& hospitals .these can alert the working people in any instates .these type of technologies shows the change (improve) of generation .Faculty class allot using gsm is an embedded based project.

2.2

Block Diagram:LCD display Keypad 4x4

Embedded Controller

Max 232

GSM MODEM

RTC MOBILE Hand set

fi Fig 2.1.1 block diagram of faculty class alert using gsm

2.3 Block Diagram Description:In order to demonstrate how a faculty class alert system works we use different

components like a Microcontroller, Power supply ,LCD display,kepad,GSM Modem and a Mobile phone A brief description of components in the system is discussed here and a detailed focus is given in later sections

2.3.1Microcontroller:
Microcontroller is the major component of the system also called as a computer on chip which has features of a Microprocessor like CPU, ALU, PC, SP and Registers. It also had added the other features needed to make complete computer like ROM, RAM, Serial and Parallel I/O, counters and Clock circuit. Like the Microprocessor, a Microcontroller is a general-purpose device, but one that is mean to read data, performs limited calculation on that data, and control its environment based on those calculations. The prime use of Microcontroller is to control the operation of a machine using a fixed program that is stored on ROM and that does not change over the life time of the system.

2.3.2 LCD Display:

A Liquid Crystal Display is used in the system to display welcome messages like welcome to electronic society and faculty class alert system other kind of messages like phone number ,subject, year etc.. An LCD connector is interfaced with Microcontroller through Port0 and Port3. The Power supply of 5V is given to LCD connector through a Power supply Module on the system.

2.3.3 Power Supply:

The Power supply circuit are built using Transformer, Rectifiers, Filters and then Voltage regulators starting with a AC voltage, a steady DC voltage is obtained by rectifying the AC voltage, then filtering to DC level, and finally regulating to obtain a desired fixed DC voltage. The Regulation is usually obtain from an IC voltage regulator unit, which takes a DC voltage and provides a some what lower DC voltage, which remains the same even if the input DC voltage varies, or output load connected to DC voltage changes.

2.3.4 MAX 232:

The MAX 232 from Maxim was the first IC which in one package contains the necessary drivers (two) and Receivers (also two), to adapt the RS232 signal voltage levels to TTL logic. It became popular, because it just needs one voltage (+5V) and generates the necessary RS232 voltage levels (approx -10v and +10v) internally. This greatly simplified the design of circuitry. Circuitry designers no longer need to design and build a power supply with three voltages (eg.12v,+5v and +12v)but could just provide one +5v power supply.

2.3.5 RTC DS1307:

DS1307 is one devices that used widely in microcontroller applications. It provide Serial Real Time Clock is a lowpower, full BCD clock/calendar plus 56 bytes of nonvolatile SRAM.Address and data are transferred serially via the 2wire bidirectional bus. The clock/calendar provides seconds, minutes, hours, day, date, month, and year information. The end of the month date is automatically adjusted for months with less than 31 days, including corrections for leap year. The clock operates in either the 24hour or 12hour format with AM/PM indicator. The DS1307 has a builtin power sense circuit which detects power failures and automatically switches to the battery supply.

2.3.6 GSM Modem:

A GSM Modem is used to get the status of security of home. When anyone breaks through the door, a message Gate is opened is sent to the mobile of the house owner. This is done by inserting any working SIM card in the GSM Modem and it works like mobile using some commands and send messages which are sent by the Microcontroller to receiver mobile. GSM Modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. A wireless modem behaves like a dial-up modem. The main difference between them is that dial-up modems sends and receives data through a fixed telephone line via wireless modem sends and receives data through radio waves. A GSM Modem can be an external device or PC Card / PCMCIA Card. Typically, an external GSM Modem is connected to a computer through a serial cable or USB cable. A GSM Modem is a form of a PC Card / PCMCIA Card is designed for use with a laptop computer. It should be inserted into one of the PC Card /PCMCIA Card slots of a laptop computer. Like a GSM mobile phone, a GSM Modem requires a SIM card from a wireless carrier in order to operate

CHAPTER 3 GSM

3.1 WHAT IS GSM?

GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communications. It was introduced in 1991. Normally the radio spectrum can be shared by different users accessing the same frequency band without causing interference. The techniques used for this are TDMA (Time division multiple access), FDMA (Frequency division multiple access) and CDMA (Code division multiple access). GSM is a form of multiplexing, which divides the available bandwidth among the different channels. GSM is a combination of Time and Frequency-Division Multiple Access (TDMA/FDMA). The FDMA part involves the division by frequency of the (maximum) 25 MHz bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies spaced 200 kHz apart. Each of these carrier frequencies is then divided in time, using a TDMA scheme. The fundamental unit of time in this TDMA scheme is called a burst period and it lasts 15/26 ms (or approx. 0.577 ms). Eight burst periods are grouped into a TDMA frame (120/26 ms, or approx. 4.615 ms), which forms the basic unit for the definition of logical channels. One physical channel is one burst period per TDMA frame. Thus GSM allows eight simultaneous calls on the same radio frequency.

3.2 WHY GSM?

Digital Transmission Nationwide Coverage Future-proof Cheap Mobile Voice Channel Transmission GPRS Transmission SMS Transmission

3.3 GSM Call Routing:3.3.1 Mobile Subscriber Roaming:When a mobile subscriber roams into a new location area (new VLR), the VLR automatically determines that it must update the HLR with the new location information, which it does using an SS7 Location Update Request Message. The Location Update Message is routed to the HLR through the SS7 network, based on the global title translation of the IMSI that is stored within the SCCP Called Party Address portion of the message. The HLR responds with a message that informs the VLR whether the subscriber should be provided service in the new location.

3.3.2Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN) Call Routing:When a user dials a GSM mobile subscriber's MSISDN, the PSTN routes the call to the Home MSC based on the dialed telephone number. The MSC must then query the HLR based on the MSISDN, to attain routing information required to route the call to the subscribers' current location. The MSC stores global title translation tables that are used to determine the HLR associated with the MSISDN. When only one HLR exists, the translation tables are trivial. When more than one HLR is used however, the translations become extremely challenging; with one translation record per subscriber (see the example below). Having determined the appropriate HLR address, the MSC sends a Routing Information Request to it. When the HLR receives the Routing Information Request, it maps the MSISDN to the IMSI, and ascertains the subscribers' profile including the current VLR at which the subscriber is registered. The HLR then queries the VLR for a Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN). The MSRN is essentially an ISDN telephone number at which the mobile subscriber can currently be reached. The MSRN is a temporary number that is valid only for the duration of a single call.

The HLR generates a response message, which includes the MSRN, and sends it back across the SS7 network to the MSC. Finally, the MSC attempts to complete the call using the MSRN provided GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephone system that is widely used in many parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephone technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. GSM operates in the 900MHz, 1800MHz, or 1900 MHz frequency bands. The ranges of appliances that can be controlled through tele remote systems are many in numbers. Some of them are as follows and this depends upon the usage priority of the appliances i.e. parking Lights, Music System or other electrical / electronic appliances. GSM has been the backbone of the phenomenal success in mobile telecoms over the last decade. Now, at the dawn of the era of true broadband services, GSM continues to evolve to meet new demands. One of GSM's great strengths is its international roaming capability, giving consumers a seamless service. This has been a vital driver in growth, with around 300 million. In the Americas, today's 7 million subscribers are set to grow rapidly, with market potential of 500 million in population, due to the introduction of GSM 800, which allows operators using the 800 MHz band to have access to GSM technology too. GSM together with other technologies is part of an evolution of wireless mobile telecommunication that includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HCSD), General Packet Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), and Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS). GSM security issues such as theft of service, privacy, and legal interception continue to raise significant interest in the GSM community. The purpose of this portal is to raise awareness of these issues with GSM security.

The mobile communications has become one of the driving forces of the digital revolution. Everyday, millions of people are making phone calls by pressing a few buttons. Little is known about how one person's voice reaches the other person's phone that is thousands of miles away. Even less is known about the security measures and protection behind the system. The complexity of the cell phone is increasing as people begin sending text messages and digital pictures to their friends and family. The cell phone is slowly turning into a handheld computer. All the features and advancements in cell phone technology require a backbone to support it. The system has to provide security and the capability for growth to accommodate future enhancements. General System for Mobile Communications, GSM, is one of the many solutions out there. GSM has been dubbed the "Wireless Revolution" and it doesn't take much to realize why GSM provides a secure and confidential method of communication. Digital containers offer an alternative way of securely delivering content to consumers. They can offer many advantages, particularly for content delivery over mobile phone networks: Scalability Microtransactions/Micropayments compatibility Content channel neutrality (heterogeneous networks, nicast/multicast/broadcast etc) Possibility of DRM Consumer anonymity .Etc. The GSM standard was designed to be a secure mobile phone system with strong subscriber authentication and over-the-air transmission encryption. The security model and algorithms were developed in secrecy and were never published. Eventually some of the algorithms and specifications have leaked out. The algorithms have been studied since and critical errors have been found. Thus, after a closer look at the GSM standard, one can see that the security model is not all that good. An attacker can go through the security model or even around it, and attack other parts of a GSM network, instead of the actual phone call. Although the GSM standard was supposed to prevent phone cloning and over-the-air eavesdropping, both of these are possible with little additional work compared to the analog mobile phone systems and can be implemented through various attacks. One should not send anything confidential over a GSM network without additional encryption if the data is supposed to stay confidential.

3.4 AT-Commands:This protocol defines a set of AT-commands by which a mobile phone can be used and controlled as a modem for fax and data transfers. AT (short form of attention) commands are used from a computer or DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) to control a modem or DCE (Data Circuit terminating Equipment). Commands always start with AT (which means Attention) and finish with a <CR> character. Responses start and end with <CR><LF> (except for the ATVO DCE response format) and the ATQ1 (result code suppression) commands. If the command syntax is incorrect, the ERROR string is returned. If command syntax is correct but transmitted with wrong parameters, the +CME ERROR: <Err> or +CMS ERROR: <SmsErr> Strings is returned with adequate error codes. If the command line has been executed successfully, and OK string is returned.

To display the time and date, we need to give <date and time string>.

3.5 SMS (SHORT MESSAGE SERVICES):SMS is a service that allows subscribers to send short messages (up to 160 characters) to other mobile subscribers. Rather than having to set up a call on a traffic channel, SMS uses spare capacity on the Standalone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH). Short Message Service ((SMS)) Categorized under GSM as a Teleservice Text-based messaging Uses GSM signaling channels (SDCCH) . 160-character messages Uses store-and-forward packet switching protocol Three SMS Teleservice types defined: TS 21 Mobile terminated point-to-point messaging TS 22 Mobile originated point-to-point messaging TS 23 Short Message cell broadcast (SMSCB)

CHAPTER 4 MICROCONTROLLER

4.1 INTRODUCTION:A Micro controller consists of a powerful CPU tightly coupled with memory, various I/O interfaces such as serial port, parallel port timer or counter, interrupt controller, data acquisition interfaces-Analog to Digital converter, Digital to Analog converter, integrated on to a single silicon chip. If a system is developed with a microprocessor, the designer has to go for external memory such as RAM, ROM, EPROM and peripherals. But controller is provided all these facilities on a single chip. Development of a Micro controller reduces PCB size and cost of design. One of the major differences between a Microprocessor and a Micro controller is that a controller often deals with bits not bytes as in the real world application. Intel has introduced a family of Micro controllers called the MCS-51.The microcontroller plays the major role in any embedded project. In this my project we use two microcontrollers they are made by the ATMEL Company. That is AT89S52.

4.2 NECESSITY OF MICROCONTROLLERS:Microprocessors brought the concept of programmable devices and made many applications of intelligent equipment. Most applications, which do not need large amount of data and program memory, tended to be costly. The microprocessor system had to satisfy the data and program requirements so, sufficient RAM and ROM are used to satisfy most applications .The peripheral control equipment also had to be satisfied. Therefore, almost all-peripheral chips were used in the design. Because of these additional peripherals cost will be comparatively high. An example: 8085 chip needs: An Address latch for separating address from multiplex address and data.32-KB RAM and 32-KB ROM to be able to satisfy most applications. As also Timer / Counter, Parallel programmable port, Serial port, and Interrupt controller are needed for its efficient applications.

In comparison a typical Micro controller 8051 chip has all that the 8051 board has except a reduced memory as follows.

4K bytes of ROM as compared to 32-KB, 128 Bytes of RAM as compared to 32-KB. Bulky: On comparing a board full of chips (Microprocessors) with one chip with all components in it (Micro controller). Debugging: Lots of Microprocessor circuitry and program to debug. In Micro controller there is no Microprocessor circuitry to debug. Slower Development time: As we have observed Microprocessors need a lot of debugging at board level and at program level, where as, Micro controller do not have the excessive circuitry and the built-in peripheral chips are easier to program for operation. So peripheral devices like Timer/Counter, Parallel programmable port, Serial Communication Port, Interrupt controller and so on, which were most often used were integrated with the Microprocessor to present the Micro controller .RAM and ROM also were integrated in the same chip. The ROM size was anything from 256 bytes to 32Kb or more. RAM was optimized to minimum of 64 bytes to 256 bytes or more.

4.3 Typical Micro controller has all the following features: 8/16/32 CPU Instruction set rich in I/O & bit operations. One or more I/O ports. One or more timer/counters. One or more interrupt inputs and an interrupt controller One or more serial communication ports. Analog to Digital /Digital to Analog converter One or more PWM output Network controlled interface

4.4 ADVANTAGES OF MICRO CONTROLLERS:1. If system is developed with a microprocessor, the designer has to go for external memory such as RAM, ROM or EPROM and peripherals and hence the size of PCB will be large enough to hold all the required peripherals. But, the micro controller has got all these peripheral facility on a single chip o development of a similar system with a micro controller reduces PCB size and cost of the design. 2. One of the major differences between a micro controller and a microprocessor is that a controller often deals with bits, not bytes as in the real world application, for example switch contacts can only be open or close, indicators should be lit or dark and motors can be either turned on or off and so forth.

4.5 Why AT 89C51? : The system requirements and control specifications clearly rule out the use of 16, 32 or 64 bit micro controllers or microprocessors. Systems using these may be earlier to implement due to large number of internal features. They are also faster and more reliable but, the above application is satisfactorily served by 8-bit micro controller. Using an inexpensive 8-bit Microcontroller will doom the 32-bit product failure in any competitive market place. Coming to the question of why to use P89V51RD2 of all the 8-bit Microcontroller available in the market the main answer would be because it has 64 kB Flash and 1024 bytes of data RAM. . The Flash program memory supports both parallel programming and in serial InSystem Programming (ISP). The P89V51RD2 is also In-Application Programmable (IAP), allowing the Flash program memory to be reconfigured even while the application is running. The generic 8051 architecture supports a Harvard architecture, which contains two separate buses for both program and data. So, it has two distinctive memory spaces of 64K X 8 size for both programmed and data. It is based on an 8 bit central processing unit with an 8 bit Accumulator and another 8 bit B register as main processing blocks. Other portions of the architecture include few 8 bit and 16 bit registers and 8 bit memory locations.

4.6 FEATURES OF 8051 ARCHITECTURE: Optimized 8 bit CPU for control applications and extensive Boolean processing capabilities. 64K Program Memory address space. 64K Data Memory address space. 128 bytes of on chip Data Memory. 32 Bi-directional and individually addressable I/O lines.

 Two 16 bit timer/counters. Full Duplex UART. 6-source / 5-vector interrupt structure with priority levels. On chip clock oscillator . Now we may be wondering about the non-mentioning of memory space meant for the program storage, the most important part of any embedded controller. Originally this 8051 architecture was introduced with on-chip, one time programmable version of Program Memory of size 4K X 8. Intel delivered all these microcontrollers (8051) with users program fused inside the device. The memory portion was mapped at the lower end of the Program Memory area. But, after getting devices, customers couldnt change any thing in their program code, which was already made available inside during device fabrication.

4.7 8051 micro controller architecture:The 8051 architecture consists of these specific features: Eight bit CPU with registers A (the accumulator) and B Sixteen-bit program counter (PC) and data pointer (DPTR) Eight- bit stack pointer (PSW) Eight-bit stack pointer (Sp) Internal ROM or EPROM (8751) of 0(8031) to 4K (8051) Internal RAM of 128 bytes: 1. Four register banks, each containing eight registers 2. Sixteen bytes, which maybe addressed at the bit level 3. Eighty bytes of general- purpose data memory Thirty two input/output pins arranged as four 8-bit ports:p0-p3 Two 16-bit timer/counters: T0 and T1

Full duplex serial data receiver/transmitter: SBUF Control registers: TCON, TMOD, SCON, PCON, IP, and IE Two external and three internal interrupts sources. Oscillator and clock circuits.

4.8 PIN DIAGRAM:-

FIG-4.8.1 PIN DIAGRAM OF 89C51 IC

4.9 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MICROCONTROLLER:-

FIG-4.9.1 Functional block diagram of micro controller

Port Pin Alternate Function:-

P3.0- RxD (serial input port) P3.1 -TxD (serial output port) P3.2 -INT0 (external interrupt 0) P3.3- INT1 (external interrupt 1) P3.4 -T0 (timer 0 external input)

P3.5 -T1 (timer 1 external input) P3.6 -WR (external data memory write strobe) P3.7 -RD (external data memory read strobe) VCC: -Supply voltage VSS: -Circuit ground potential

All four ports in the 89C51 are bidirectional. Each consists of a latch (Special Function Registers P0 through P3), an output driver, and an input buffer. The output drivers of Ports 0 and 2, and the input buffers of Port 0, are used in accesses to external memory. In this application, Port 0 outputs the low byte of the external memory address, time-multiplexed with the byte being written or read. Port 2 outputs the high byte of the external memory address when the address is 16 bits wide. Otherwise, the Port 2 pins continue to emit the P2 SFR content. All the Port 3 pins are multifunctional. They are not only port pins, but also serve the functions of various special features as listed below: Port Pin Alternate Function P3.0 RxD (serial input port) P3.1 TxD (serial output port) P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt) P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt) P3.4 T0 (Timer/Counter 0 external input) P3.5 T1 (Timer/Counter 1 external input) P3.6 WR (external Data Memory write strobe) P3.7 RD (external Data Memory read strobe)

4.10 The 8051 Oscillator and Clock:The heart of the 8051 circuitry that generates the clock pulses by which all the internal all internal operations are synchronized. Pins XTAL1 And XTAL2 is provided for connecting a resonant network to form an oscillator. Typically a quartz crystal and capacitors are employed. The crystal frequency is the basic internal clock frequency of the microcontroller. The manufacturers make 8051 designs that run at specific minimum and maximum frequencies typically 1 to 16 MHz.

Fig-4.10.1 Oscillator and timing circuit

4.11 Types of memory:The 8051 have three general types of memory. They are on-chip memory, external Code memory and external Ram. On-Chip memory refers to physically existing memory on the micro controller itself. External code memory is the code memory that resides off chip. This is often in the form of an external EPROM. External RAM is the Ram that resides off chip. This often is in the form of standard static RAM or flash RAM.

4.11.1 Code memory

Code memory is the memory that holds the actual 8051 programs that is to be run. This memory is limited to 64K. Code memory may be found on-chip or off-chip. It is possible to have 4K of code memory on-chip and 60K off chip memory simultaneously. If only off-chip memory is available then there can be 64K of off chip ROM. This is controlled by pin provided as EA

4.11.2 Internal RAM

The 8051 have a bank of 128 bytes of internal RAM. The internal RAM is found on-chip. So it is the fastest Ram available. And also it is most flexible in terms of reading and writing. Internal Ram is volatile, so when 8051 is reset, this memory is cleared. 128 bytes of internal memory are subdivided. The first 32 bytes are divided into 4 register banks. Each bank contains 8 registers. Internal RAM also contains 128 bits, which are addressed from 20h to 2Fh. These bits are bit addressed i.e. each individual bit of a byte can be addressed by the user. They are numbered 00h to 7Fh. The user may make use of these variables with commands such as SETB and CLR.

4.12 Special Function registered memory:

Special function registers are the areas of memory that control specific functionality of the 8051 micro controller. 4.12.1 Accumulator (0E0h) As its name suggests, it is used to accumulate the results of large no of instructions. It can hold 8 bit values.

4.12.2 B register (0F0h)

The B register is very similar to accumulator. It may hold 8-bit value. The b register is only used by MUL AB and DIV AB instructions. In MUL AB the higher byte of the product gets stored in B register. In div AB the quotient gets stored in B with the remainder in A.

4.12.3 Stack pointer (81h)

The stack pointer holds 8-bit value. This is used to indicate where the next value to be removed from the stack should be taken from. When a value is to be pushed onto the stack, the 8051 first store the value of SP and then store the value at the resulting memory location. When a value is to be popped from the stack, the 8051 returns the value from the memory location indicated by SP and then decrements the value of SP.

4.12.4 Data pointer

The SFRs DPL and DPH work together work together to represent a 16-bit value called the data pointer. The data pointer is used in operations regarding external RAM and some instructions code memory. It is a 16-bit SFR and also an addressable SFR.

4.12.5 Program counter

The program counter is a 16 bit register, which contains the 2 byte address, which tells the 8051 where the next instruction to execute to be found in memory. When the 8051 is initialized PC starts at 0000h. And is incremented each time an instruction is executes. It is not addressable SFR.

4.12.6 PCON (power control, 87h)

The power control SFR is used to control the 8051s power control modes. Certain operation modes of the 8051 allow the 8051 to go into a type of sleep mode which consume much lee power.

fig 4.12.6 (a): PCON REGISTER

4.12.7 TCON (timer control, 88h)

The timer control SFR is used to configure and modify the way in which the 8051s two timers operate. This SFR controls whether each of the two timers is running or stopped and contains a flag to indicate that each timer has overflowed. Additionally, some non-timer related bits are located in TCON SFR. These bits are used to configure the way in which the external interrupt flags are activated, which are set when an external interrupt occurs.

FIG 4.12.7 (a):TCON REGISTRES

4.12.8 TMOD (Timer Mode, 89h)

The timer mode SFR is used to configure the mode of operation of each of the two timers. Using this SFR your program may configure each timer to be a 16-bit timer, or 13 bit timer, 8-bit auto reload timer, or two separate timers. Additionally you may configure the timers to only count when an external pin is activated or to count events that are indicated on an external pin.

FIG 4.12.8(a): TMOD

4.12.9 TO (Timer 0 low/high, address 8A/8C h)

These two SFRs taken together represent timer 0. Their exact behavior depends on how the timer is configured in the TMOD SFR; however, these timers always count up. What is configurable is how and when they increment in value.

4.12.10 T1 (Timer 1 Low/High, address 8B/ 8D h)

These two SFRs, taken together, represent timer 1. Their exact behavior depends on how the timer is configured in the TMOD SFR; however, these timers always count up.

4.12.11 P0 (Port 0, address 90h, bit addressable)

This is port 0 latch. Each bit of this SFR corresponds to one of the pins on a micro controller. Any data to be outputted to port 0 is first written on P0 register. For e.g., bit 0 of port 0 is pin P0.0, bit 7 is pin p0.7. Writing a value of 1 to a bit of this SFR will send a high level on the corresponding I/O pin whereas a value of 0 will bring it to low level.

4.12.12 P1 (port 1, address 90h, bit addressable)

This is port latch1. Each bit of this SFR corresponds to one of the pins on a micro controller. Any data to be outputted to port 0 is first written on P0 register. For e.g., bit 0 of port 0 is pin P1.0, bit 7 is pin P1.7. Writing a value of 1 to a bit of this SFR will send a high level on the corresponding I/O pin whereas a value of 0 will bring it to low level

4.12.13 P2 (port 2, address 0A0h, bit addressable) :

This is a port latch2. Each bit of this SFR corresponds to one of the pins on a micro controller. Any data to be outputted to port 0 is first written on P0 register. For e.g., bit 0 of port 0 is pin P2.0, bit 7 is pin P2.7. Writing a value of 1 to a bit of this SFR will send a high level on the corresponding I/O pin whereas a value of 0 will bring it to low level.

4.12.14 P3 (port 3,address B0h, bit addressable) :

This is a port latch3. Each bit of this SFR corresponds to one of the pins on a micro controller. Any data to be outputted to port 0 is first written on P0 register. For e.g., bit 0 of port 0 is pin P3.0, bit 7 is pin P3.7. Writing a value of 1 to a bit of this SFR will send a high level on the corresponding I/O pin whereas a value of 0 will bring it to low level

4.12.15 IE (interrupt enable, 0A8h):

The Interrupt Enable SFR is used to enable and disable specific interrupts. The low 7 bits of the SFR are used to enable/disable the specific interrupts, where the MSB bit is used to enable

or disable all the interrupts. Thus, if the high bit of IE is 0 all interrupts are disabled regardless of whether an individual interrupt is enabled by setting a lower bit.

FIG 4.12.15 A: IE Registers

4.12.16 IP (Interrupt Priority, 0B8h)

The interrupt priority SFR is used to specify the relative priority of each interrupt. On 8051, an interrupt maybe either low or high priority. An interrupt may interrupt interrupts. For e.g., if we configure all interrupts as low priority other than serial interrupt. The serial interrupt always interrupts the system, even if another interrupt is currently executing. However, if a serial interrupt is executing no other interrupt will be able to interrupt the serial interrupt routine since the serial interrupt routine has the highest priority.

FIG:4.12.16(a):IP registers

4.12.17 PSW (Program Status Word, 0D0h)

The program Status Word is used to store a number of important bits that are set and cleared by 8051 instructions. The PSW SFR contains the carry flag, the auxiliary carry flag, the parity flag and the overflow flag. Additionally, it also contains the register bank select flags, which are used to select, which of the R register banks currently in use.

Fig 4.12.17 a: psw registers

4.12.18 SBUF (Serial Buffer, 99h)

SBUF is used to hold data in serial communication. It is physically two registers. One is writing only and is used to hold data to be transmitted out of 8051 via TXD. The other is read only and holds received data from external sources via RXD. Both mutually exclusive registers use address 99h.

4.13 I/O ports:

One major feature of a microcontroller is the versatility built into the input/output (I/O) circuits that connect the 8051 to the outside world. The main constraint that limits numerous functions is the number of pins available in the 8051 circuit. The DIP had 40 pins and the success of the design depends on the flexibility incorporated into use of these pins. For this reason, 24 of the pins may each used for one of the two entirely different functions which depend, first, on what is physically connected to it and, then, on what software programs are used to program the pins.

PORT 0
Port 0 pins may serve as inputs, outputs, or, when used together, as a bi directional loworder address and data bus for external memory. To configure a pin as input, 1 must be written into the corresponding port 0 latch by the program. When used for interfacing with the external memory, the lower byte of address is first sent via PORT0, latched using Address latch enable (ALE) pulse and then the bus is turned around to become the data bus for external memory.

PORT 1
Port 1 is exclusively used for input/output operations. PORT 1 pins have no dual function. When a pin is to be configured as input, 1 is to be written into the corresponding Port 1 latch.

PORT 2
Port 2 maybe used as an input/output port. It may also be used to supply a high order address byte in conjunction with Port 0 low-order byte to address external memory. Port 2 pins are momentarily changed by the address control signals when supplying the high byte a 16-bit address. Port 2 latches remain stable when external memory is addressed, as they do not have to be turned around (set to 1) for data input as in the case for Port 0.

PORT 3
Port 3 may be used to input /output port. The input and output functions can be programmed under the control of the P3 latches or under the control of various special function registers. Unlike Port 0 and Port 2, which can have external addressing functions and change all eight-port b se, each pin of port 3 maybe individually programmed to be used as I/O or as one of the alternate functions. The Port 3 alternate uses are:

Table-4.14.1: Port 3 Alternate Uses

Pin (SFR)
P3.0-RXD (SBUF) P3.1-TXD (SBUF) P3.2-INTO 0 (TCON.1) P3.3 - INTO 1 (TCON.3) P3.4 - T0 (TMOD) P3.5 T1 (TMOD)

Alternate Use
Serial data input Serial data output External interrupt 0 External interrupt 1 External Timer 0 input External timer 1 input

P3.6 - WR

External memory write pulse

P3.7 - RD

External memory read pulse

4.14 INTERRUPTS:
Interrupts are hardware signals that are used to determine conditions that exist in external and internal circuits. Any interrupt can cause the 8051 to perform a hardware call to an interrupt handling subroutine that is located at a predetermined absolute address in the program memory. Five interrupts are provided in the 8051. Three of these are generated automatically by the internal operations: Timer flag 0, Timer Flag 1, and the serial port interrupt (RI or TI) Two interrupts are triggered by external signals provided by the circuitry that is connected to the pins INTO 0 and INTO1. The interrupts maybe enable or disabled, given priority or otherwise

controlled by altering the bits in the Interrupt Enabled (IE) register, Interrupt Priority (IP) register, and the Timer Control (TCON) register. . These interrupts are mask able i.e. they can be disabled. Reset is a non maskable interrupt which has the highest priority. It is generated when a high is applied to the reset pin. Upon reset, the registers are loaded with the default values. Each interrupt source causes the program to do store the address in PC onto the stack and causes a hardware call to one of the dedicated addresses in the program memory. The appropriate memory locations for each for each interrupt are as follows:
Table-4.15.1: Interrupts

Interrupt
RESET

Address
0000

IE0 (External interrupt 0) 0003 TF0 (Timer 0 interrupt) 000B

IE1 (External interrupt 1) 0013 TF1 (Timer 1 interrupt) SERIAL 001B 0023

CHAPTER 5 RTC DS1307

5.1 INTRODUCTION:DS1307 is a Real Time Clock one devices that used widely in micrcontroller applications. It provide Serial Real Time Clock is a lowpower, full BCD clock/calendar plus 56 bytes of nonvolatile SRAM.Address and data are transferred serially via the 2wire bi directional bus.The clock/calendar provides seconds, minutes, hours, day, date, month, and year information. The end of the month date is automatically adjusted for months with less than 31 days, including corrections for leap year.The clock operates in either the 24hour or 12hour format with AM/PM indicator. The DS1307 has a builtin power sense circuit which detects power failures and automatically switches to the battery supply.

Figure 5.1(A). DS1307 PIN OUT It 's importance to have some knownledge about I2C when we want to interface with DS1307because the DS1307 operates as a I2C slave device on the serial bus. Access is obtained by(see fig. 3)implementing a START condition and providing a device identification code followed by a register address. Subsequent registers can be accessed sequentially until a STOP condition is executed. The START and STOP conditions are generated using the low level drives, SEND_START and SEND_STOP found in the attached microcontroller code. Also the subroutines SEND_BYTE and READ_BYTE provide the 2wire handshaking required for writing and reading 8bit words to and from the DS1307.For more informatio about I2C see at phillips web site.

Figure 5.1 B:. I2C BUS CONFIGURATION

Figure 5.1 C: DATA TRANSFER ON 2WIRE SERIAL BUS

5.2 2-Wire Timing Interface:5.2.1 Start data transfer:-A change in the state of the data line from high to low, while the
clock line is high, defines a START condition.

5.2.2 Stop data transfer:- A change in the state of the data line from low to high, while the
clock line is high, defines the STOP condition. Data valid:- The state of the data line represents valid data when, after a START condition, the data line is stable for the duration of the high period of the clock signal. The data on the line must be changed during the low period of the clock signal. There is one clock pulse per bit of data. Each data transfer is initiated with a START condition and terminated with a STOP condition. The number of data bytes transferred between the START and the STOP conditions is not limited, and is determined by the master device. The information is transferred bytewise and each receiver acknowledges with a ninth bit.

5.2.3 Acknowledge:- Each receiving device, when addressed, is obliged to generate an

acknowledge after the reception of each byte. The master device must generate an extra clock pulse which is associated with this acknowledge bit. A device that acknowledges must pull down the SDA line during the acknowledge clock pulse in such a way that the SDA line is stable low during the high period of the acknowledge related clock pulse. Of course, setup and hold times must be taken into account. A master must signal an end of data to the slave by not generating an acknowledge bit on the last byte that has been clocked out of the slave. In this case, the slave must leave the data line high to enable the master to generate the STOP condition.

5.3 Interfacing with PIC:There are two method to programming to interface I2C devices with PICMicro: Software I2C and Hardware I2C interface.But, here is only software I2C which programming with CCS. The DS1307 signal pin must pulled up with external resistor about 10K to ensure logic level. The software will reads all data from RTC then send to PC via RS232 interface with baud rate 9600,8,N,1. In main loop just read and send data every 500 mS to refresh Hyper terminal program.

Figure5.3 A:.Connecting DS1307 with PIC for this example

In this example I use Hyper terminal software to show all data received from DS1307 and you can use other terminal programs that you can find.

5.4 Real Time Clock IC: DS1307

Although the PIC16F88 has a built in oscillator for a 32 kHz watch crystal a DS1307 is easier to use on a bread board. This is because you can control the layout of the circuit more easily. The RTC also makes the software easier as it takes care of all calendar functions; accounting for leap years etc. The DS1307 (RTC) Real Time Clock IC (an I2C real time clock) is an 8 pin device using an I2C interface (although the data sheet does not mention I2C to avoid royalty payments!). It has 8 read/write registers that store the following information: Address 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Register function

Seconds 0-59 Minutes 0-59 Hours 0-24,1-12 Day 1-7 Date 1-31 Month 1-12 Year 0-99 Control

Note: Addresses 0x08 to 0xf3 are user RAM and if you use a backup battery these are then non volatile ram i.e. they will save their contents after the power is off - so you have an extra 56 bytes of ram to play with! The last address 0x08 is the CONTROL address and it determines what is generated at the SQW/OUT pin. You can control the level directly via I2C or set it to 1Hz, 4096Hz, 8192Hz, or 32768 kHz.

In the same way as the I2C pins you need to add a pull-up to V+ at the SQW/OUT pin to see any output signal as it is an open drain output!

5.5 Real Time Clock IC: Embedded control bits:There are two specific 'gotcha' type controls embedded in the addresses which make using the chip slightly more complicated.

5.6 Real Time Clock IC DS1307: Clock halt:The most important is the Clock Halt Bit (CH) which is bit 7 of address 0. This is the register that controls 'seconds' and the CH bit has to be preserved otherwise the chip stops the clock. Writing zero to this bit resets the CH bit so that the clock runs. You have to reset the CH bit to zero to let the chip operate!

5.7 Real Time Clock IC DS1307: 24/12 Hour control

The second is the 24/12 hour control which is bit 6 of address 2. It is set high for 12 hour mode and low for 24 hour mode. The problem with these two bits is that you have to preserve them when accessing the registers to write data and ignore them when reading out values for display. Its not a big problem and you can see how it's done when you look at the code.

5.8 Real Time Clock IC : 32 kHz oscillator

Surprisingly making an accurate 32 kHz oscillator is a difficult task (much more than a high speed oscillator e.g. a MHz crystal oscillator). This is because low speed oscillator drivers are designed for low power operation. That means high impedance and therefore low current which makes the driver extremely sensitive to noise (or any nearby signals which can capacitively couple to the crystal wire). Using the DS1307 lets you put the crystal in the least noisy part of the board. In addition it sets the crystal load capacitance which is critical in making the crystal oscillate at exactly 32 kHz - controlling its initial error i.e. for the specified ppm error value the load capacitance must be exact.

Note: A common way of calibrating a crystal (not in this project) is crystal pulling or changing the capacitance at one crystal pin relative to the other - so load capacitance is crucial. The DS1307 loads the crystal with 12.7pF so you need to buy a crystal that is defined to use this load capacitance. Circuit layout also affects the capacitance at the crystal pins so you must keep the crystal as close as possible to the chip and the tracks from crystal to chip must be short. To ensure the crystal oscillates correctly you must ensure that : 10n There are no signal tracks near to the crystal. For a pcb: It has a guard ring and a ground plane and away from digital signals. If you are doing a board layout there is good advice in the PIC 16F88 datasheet (Timer 1 section) on crystal pcb guard rings. Dallas recommends Application note 58 which I have not read yet. Crystal uses 12.7pf load capacitance (correct crystal type). The crystal is close to the IC. The tracks are short. The chip supply has lots of decoupling (capacitors from +5V to GND). e.g. A 100n and a

5.9 Real Time Clock IC : Power failure.

The DS1307 detects a power failure if its input voltage (Vcc) falls below (VBat) and automatically switches to the Vbat supply input (you should use a lithium 3V battery here as the backup battery). It also inhibits I2C control signals until Vcc is 1.25 x Vbat so you won't be able to put bad data into the chip as the power is failing!

5.10 Input keys:To save microcontroller pins there are four input keys which are all connected to a single analogue input pin. This pin also drives one of the seven segment display LEDs so it has to be switched between input (to read the analogue voltage) and output (to drive the led). Each key pulls the analogue input to a different voltage level which you can easily read using the ADC (RA0).

5.11Using the Real time Clock IC project:When the system powers up the ram location 0x3f is checked for value 0x20. If this exists then it means that the backup battery has saved contents of the RAM and all the registers have therefore been initialized. So the software skips the initialization sequence. If 0x20 is not found then the Real Time Clock IC is initialized to the following values: Address 0 Seconds 1 Minutes 2 Hours 3 Day 0x07 4 Date 0x31 5 Month 6 Year 0x99 These are all Binary Coded Decimal numbers which the Real Time Clock IC works with. Note that the initialization values have been chosen so you can easily understand what the display is showing. 0x12 Initialization value 0x59 (bit 7 cleared). 0x59 0x24 (bit 6 cleared).

5.12 Mode button:Pressing mode button cycles the display showing different data after each button press. The following display sequence is followed: 1. 2. 3. 4. Minutes, Secs. Hours, Minutes. Date, Month. '20', Year.

Edit, Up and Down buttons To change a value the Edit button must be pressed. When it is the left hand two digits are flashed on and off and the Up and Down buttons now let you edit the value. Hitting Edit again flashes the two right hand digits and you can change the value as before. Hitting the Edit button or the Mode button exits the edit mode. The clock is only stopped when editing the Minutes/Seconds display and restarted at the end of the edit sequence or when the Mode button is hit. This lets you set the seconds accurately but does not disturb the clock in other modes. Real Time Clock IC hardware Real Time Clock IC project

FIG5.12 A: REAL TIME CLOCK DS1307

CHAPTER 6 MAX 232

6.1 INTRODUCTION:In order to connect microcontroller to a modem or a PC to modem a serial port is used. Serial is a very common protocol for device communication that is standard on almost every PC.Most computers include two RS-232 based serial ports .Serial is also a common communication protocol that is used by many devices for instrumentation numerous GPIBcompatible devices also come with an RS-232 port. Furthermore, serial communication is used for data acquisition in conjunction with a remote sampling device. The concept of serial communication is simple. The serial port sends and receives bytes of information one bit at a time. Although this is slower than parallel communication, which allows the transmission of an entire byte at once, it is simpler and can be used over long distances. For example, the IEEE 488 specifications for parallel communication state that the cabling between equipment can be no more than 20 meters total, with no more than 2 meters between any two devices. Serial, however, can extend as much as 1200 meters. Typically, serial is used to transmit ASCII data. Communication is completed using three transmission lines: 1. 2. 3. Ground Transmit Receive Since serial is asynchronous, the port is able to transmit data on one line while receiving data on another. Other lines are available for handshaking, but are not required. The important serial characteristics are Baud rate, Data bits, Stop bits, and Parity.

6.2 WHAT IS RS-232?

RS-232(ANSI / EIA-232 Standard) is serial connection found on IBM-compatible PCs.It is used for many purposes, such as connecting a mouse, printer, or modem, aswellas industrial instrumentation. Because of improvements in line drivers and cables, applications often increase the performance of RS-232 beyond the distance and speed listed in the standard. RS-232 is limited to point-to-point connections between PC serial ports and devices.RS-232 hardware can be used for serial communication up to distance of 50 feet.

DB-9pin connector Fig.6.2 A: Pin Description of RS-232

Pin
Data: Handshake :

Functions:
TxD on pin-3, RxD on pin-2 RTS on pin-7, CTS on pin-8, DSR on pin-6, CD on pin-1 DTR on pin-4

Common : Other:

common pin-5(ground) RI on pin-9

The method used by RS-232 for communication allows for a simple connection of three lines: Tx, Rx, and Ground. The three essential signals for two ways RS-232 Communications are these:

TXD: RXD: SG:

carries data from DTE to DCE carries data from DCE to DTE signal ground

6.3 MAX 232(Full duplex):The circuit below use MAX232 which is the Maxims devices. This circuit is very stable and use for professional design. This device is inexpensive and it can provide 2 channel for RS232. The MAX232 line drivers/receivers are designed for RS-232 and V.28 communications in harsh environments. Each transmitter output and receiver input is protected against? 15kV electrostatic discharge (ESD) shocks, without latchup.It can operate from a Single +5V Power Supply.

Fig 6.3 A:. Use MAX232 for RS232 transceiver

CHAPTER 7 LCDDISPLAY

7.1 INTRODUCTION:The alphanumeric 16character X 2line LCD requires 8data lines and also 3 control signals and they are interfaced to 3664.By using 2 ports, port 0&3 data pins are connected to LCD as data bus. Port0 can be basically used as I/O port i.e. it can be programmed as an input or as an output port. That means if it is programmed as output port, suppose if it is required to read data from LCD immediately it is not possible. Before reading the data it is required to make the port as an input port. Data reading from LCD gives an erroneous reading & should not be implemented. Because of this port5 is made as input / output port depending on the situation. The control signals are connected to port 3 pins. They are EN bar & RS bar, RW bar. At different instance such as data write / command write / data read etc. Various signals are to be provided as indicated by the by the LCD manufacturers. To interface the LCD, to the Micro controller it require an 8 bit and also three control signals differentiate the data from the control words send to the LCD. The Micro controller has to send the necessary control words followed by the data to be displayed. Depending on the operation to be performed the control words are selected and passes to the LCD. The data to be displayed on the LCD is to be sent in the ASCII format. Thus all the character to be displayed are converted into ASCII form and then sent to the LCD along with different control words. The control word differentiated the various operations and are executed. It is also possible to read the LCD data if required. The control signals to the LCD are also provided by the Micro controller. This is also done through pins 3.5,3.6&3.7.Through program necessary control signals are passed to the LCD by using the bits of the port. The remaining can be used for some other purpose if there is a need. The software controls the necessary ports and performs the task it is designed for. The soft ware and associated hardware perform the LCD interface.

LCD DISPLAY
Gnd vcc preset rs rw en d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 vcc gnd

FIG:7.1 A: LCD PINS ASSIGMNMENT

A liquid crystal is a material (normally organic for LCDs) that will flow like a liquid but whose molecular structure has some properties normally associated with solids. The Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is a low power device. The power requirement is typically in the order of microwatts for the LCD. However, an LCD requires an external or internal light source. It is limited to a temperature range of about 0C to 60C and lifetime is an area of concern, because LCDs can chemically degrade. There are two major types of LCD s which are: 1) Dynamic-scattering LCD s 2) Field-effect LCD s Field-effect LCD s are normally used in such applications where source of energy is a prime factor (e.g., watches, portable instrumentation etc.).They absorb considerably less power than the light-scattering type. However, the cost for field-effect units is typically higher, and their height is limited to 2 inches. On the other hand, light-scattering units are available up to 8 inches in height. Field-effect LCD is used in the project for displaying the appropriate information. The turn-on and turn-off time is an important consideration in all displays. The

response time of LCD s is in the range of 100 to 300ms.The lifetime of LCD s is steadily increasing beyond 10,000+hours limit. Since the color generated by LCD units is dependent on the source of illumination, there is a wide range of color choice. LCD:To send any of the commands from given table to the led, make pin RS =0.For data, make RS=1.then send a high to low pulse to the E pin to enable the internal latch of the LCD. As FIG

7.1 A: LCD CONNECTIONS

Table .7.1 B:, Pin assignment for <= 80 character displays Pin number 1 2 3

Symbol Level I/O

Function

Vss Vcc Vee

- Power supply (GND) - Power supply (+5V) - Contrast adjust

Table .7.1 B:, Pin assignment for <= 80 character displays Pin number

Symbol Level I/O

Function

RS

0/1

0 = Instruction input 1 = Data input 0 = Write to LCD module 1 = Read from LCD module

R/W

0/1

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

E DB0 DB1 DB2 DB3 DB4 DB5 DB6 DB7 E2 n.c.

1, 1->0 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 1, 1->0

I Enable signal I/O Data bus line 0 (LSB) I/O Data bus line 1 I/O Data bus line 2 I/O Data bus line 3 I/O Data bus line 4 I/O Data bus line 5 I/O Data bus line 6 I/O Data bus line 7 (MSB) I Enable signal row 2 & 3 (2ndcontroller)

CHAPTER 8 POWER SUPPLY

8.1 INTRODUCTION:There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronics circuits and other devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function. For example a 5V regulated supply can be shown as below

Fig8.1 A:: Block Diagram of a Regulated Power Supply System

Similarly, 12v regulated supply can also be produced by suitable selection of the individual elements. Each of the blocks is described in detail below and the power supplies made from these blocks are described below with a circuit diagram and a graph of their output:

8.2 Transformer:A transformer steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC. Here we are using a

center-tap transformer whose output will be sinusoidal with 36volts peak to peak value.

Fig 8.2 A: Output Waveform of transformer

The low voltage AC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and special AC motors. It is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a rectifier and a smoothing capacitor. The transformer output is given to the rectifier circuit.

8.3 Rectifier:A rectifier converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying. There are several types of rectifiers; here we use a bridge rectifier. The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge. For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL.

For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas, D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into unidirectional.

Fig8.3 A: the output waveform of the rectifier is shown as below

FIG 8.3 B: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF RECTIFIER & OUTPUT WAVEFORM

The varying DC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and standard motors. It is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a smoothing capacitor.

8.4 Smoothing:The smoothing block smoothes the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple. The ripple voltage is defined as the deviation of the load voltage from its DC value. Smoothing is also named as filtering.

Filtering is frequently effected by shunting the load with a capacitor. The action of this system depends on the fact that the capacitor stores energy during the conduction period and delivers this energy to the loads during the no conducting period. In this way, the time during which the current passes through the load is prolongated, and the ripple is considerably decreased. The action of the capacitor is shown with the help of waveform.

Fig8.4 A: The waveform showing the action of capacitor

Fig 8.4 b: rectifier with capacitor & o/p wave form of regulated dc

8.5 Regulator:Regulator eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage. Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output voltages. Negative voltage regulators are also available Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads (input, output and high impedance). They include a hole for attaching a heat sink if necessary. Zener diode is an example of fixed regulator which is shown here.

Fig 8.5 a: REGULATOR

CHAPTER 9 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

In our project we used software that is Keil micro vision for the simulation of the program.

9.1 Keil Software:Keil development tools for the 8051 Microcontroller Architecture support every level of software developer from the professional applications engineer to the student just learning about embedded software. The industry-standard Keil C Compilers, Macro Assemblers, Debuggers, Real-time Kernels, Single-board Computers, and Emulators support all 8051 derivatives and help you get your projects completed on schedule.

9.2 program code

#include<facltyhdr.c> // store the mobile nos in this array uc xdata

mobilenos[9][12]={"9010077520","9951230577","9052967720","9440349092","9966153324"," 9440222283","9959320757","9949023909"};

//maintain a data base of year and subjects uc xdata EC1[8][5]={"NTA","EDC","PHY","MAT","ENG","CDSL","EDCL"}; uc xdata EC2[8][5]={"PDC","PTSP","ECA","AC","STLD","PDCL","ECAL"}; uc xdata EC3[8][5]={"DC","AWP","MWE","DSP","MPI","MPL","DCL"}; uc xdata EC4[8][5]={"CMC","DIP","WN","CN","TVE","DSPL","MWL"}; int chk_time(); // to check the period timings void alert(ui ); // to generate messages to the lecturers as per the period timings void init(); // void getmobile();// void ldval();// volatile uc mblenoid,yr,sub; uc mnoflag=0;

void main() { uc mdfy=0; init(); lprintf("welcome to ES",1,1); write_rtc(0x00,0x12); // WRITE THE VALUES TO SEC REG OF RTC delay(10); write_rtc(0x01,0x39); delay(10); write_rtc(0x02,0x69); delay(10); ClrLCD(); lprintf("FACULTY ALERT SYSTEM",1,1); Delay(75); ClrLCD(); while(1) { EA=0; get_time(); // read the RTC // WRITE THE VALUES TO HRS REG OF RTC // WRITE THE VALUES TO MNS REG OF RTC

lprintf(dt_tm,1,1); Delay(25); EA=1; alert(chk_time()); nos if(mnoflag) { ldval(); // to generate msg to the newly entered mobileno with subject and year Delay(50); mnoflag=0; } } } // if new data is entered // check the time for period no and generate messages as per period

// function to check time for the period number int chk_time() {

ui pc=0;

if(dt_tm[0]=='0' && dt_tm[1]=='9' && dt_tm[3]=='4' && dt_tm[4]=='0' && dt_tm[6]=='0' && dt_tm[7]<='0') { pc=1; return pc; // 9.40 am - 10.30 am

} else if(dt_tm[0]=='1' && dt_tm[1]=='0' && dt_tm[3]=='3' && dt_tm[4]=='0' && dt_tm[6]=='0' && dt_tm[7]<='0') { pc=2; return pc; // 10.30 am - 11.20 am

} else if (dt_tm[0]=='1' && dt_tm[1]=='1' && dt_tm[3]=='2' && dt_tm[4]=='0' && dt_tm[6]=='0' && dt_tm[7]<='0') { pc=3; return pc; // 11.20 am - 12.10 pm

} else if(dt_tm[0]=='1' && dt_tm[1]=='2' && dt_tm[3]=='1' && dt_tm[4]=='0' && dt_tm[6]=='0' && dt_tm[7]<='0') { pc=4; // 12.10 pm - 01.00 pm

return pc;

} else if(dt_tm[0]=='0' && dt_tm[1]=='1' && dt_tm[3]=='4' && dt_tm[4]=='0' && dt_tm[6]=='0' && dt_tm[7]<='0') { pc=5; return pc; // 01.40 pm - 04.10 pm lab

} else return 0; } // function to generate messages to the corresponding mobile nos from data base void alert(ui prd) { ui period; period=prd;

switch(period) { case 0: _nop_(); break; case 1: TxMsg(EC1[0],mobilenos[0],period+0x30);// year,subject,mobile no and period no Delay(250); TxMsg(EC2[0],mobilenos[3],period+0x30); Delay(250); TxMsg(EC3[0],mobilenos[1],period+0x30); Delay(250); to generate msg, it takes

TxMsg(EC4[0],mobilenos[2],period+0x30); Delay(250); break; case 2: TxMsg(EC1[1],mobilenos[2],period+0x30); Delay(250); TxMsg(EC2[1],mobilenos[1],period+0x30); Delay(250); TxMsg(EC3[1],mobilenos[3],period+0x30); Delay(250); TxMsg(EC4[1],mobilenos[0],period+0x30); Delay(250); break; case 3: TxMsg(EC1[2],mobilenos[1],period+0x30); Delay(250); TxMsg(EC2[2],mobilenos[0],period+0x30); Delay(250); TxMsg(EC3[2],mobilenos[2],period+0x30); Delay(250); TxMsg(EC4[2],mobilenos[3],period+0x30); Delay(250); break; case 4: TxMsg(EC1[3],mobilenos[3],period+0x30); Delay(250); TxMsg(EC2[3],mobilenos[2],period+0x30); Delay(250); TxMsg(EC3[3],mobilenos[0],period+0x30); Delay(250); TxMsg(EC4[3],mobilenos[1],period+0x30);

Delay(250); break; case 5: TxMsg(EC1[5],mobilenos[6],period+0x30); Delay(250); TxMsg(EC2[5],mobilenos[4],period+0x30); Delay(250); TxMsg(EC3[5],mobilenos[7],period+0x30); Delay(250); TxMsg(EC4[5],mobilenos[5],period+0x30); Delay(250); break;

// to initialize different modules used in this project(LCD,Keypad,UART(serial),external interrupt) Void init () { Sconfig(); // set baud rate(9600)

LCD_Init (); // initialize LCD Delay(25); Keypad=0xff; // initialize keypad EA=1; EX0=1; } // enable interrupt

// function for reading the mobile no id, subject id, and year Void ext_int0 () interrupt 0 using 1 {

EA=0; getmobile(); // to read mobile no id, subject id, year EA=1; }

// function to read data from keypad (mobile no id, subject id, year) void getmobile() { uc exkey,nmno=0;

EA=0; lprintf("enter mobile no:",2,1); Delay(25); lprintf(" ",3,1); Delay(10);

mblenoid=key_get(); // to read mobile no id Delay(50);

if((exkey=key_get())=='#') nmno=1; ClrLCD(); Delay(10); if(nmno) { lprintf("enter year:",3,1); yr=key_get(); Delay(50);

// to read pass code

// if mobile no id is entered with pass code successfully

// to read year

lprintf("enter subject code:",3,1); sub=key_get(); Delay(50); mnoflag=1; // to read subject code

} nmno=0; ClrLCD(); Delay(10);

// function to generate msgs to the newly entered values void ldval() { uc subj,mblno;

subj=sub-0x30; mblno=mblenoid-0x30;

if(yr=='1')

TxMsg(EC1[subj],mobilenos[mblno],' '); Delay(50); }

else if(yr=='2') { TxMsg(EC2[subj],mobilenos[mblno],' '); Delay(50); }

else if(yr=='3') { TxMsg(EC3[subj],mobilenos[mblno],' '); Delay(50); }

else if(yr=='4') { TxMsg(EC4[subj],mobilenos[mblno],' '); Delay(50); }}

9.3. Simulation:The Vision Simulator allows you to debug programs using only your PC using simulation drivers provided by Keil and various third-party developers. A good simulation environment, like Vision, does much more than simply simulate the instruction set of a microcontroller it simulates your entire target system including interrupts, startup code, onchip peripherals, external signals, and I/O.

9.3.1 Use of software for execution of microcontroller programs:Keil development tools for the MC architecture support every level of software developer from the professional applications engineer to the student just learning about embedded software development. The industry-standard Keil-C compilers, macro assemblers, debuggers, real, time Kernels, Single-board computers and emulators support all microcontroller derivatives and help you to get more projects completed on schedule. The Keil software development tools are designed to solve the complex Problems facing embedded software developers. Those are listed below.

9.3.2 Problems facing embedded software developers: When starting a new project, simply select the microcontroller you the device database and the vision IDE sets all compiler, assembler, linker, and memory options for you. The Keil Vision debugger accurately simulates on-chip peripherals (PC, CAN, UART, SPI,Interrupts,I/O ports, A/D converter, D/A converter and PWM modules)of your aver device. Simulation helps you understand h/w configurations and avoids time wasted on setup problems. Additionally, with simulation, you can write and test applications before target h/w is available. When you are ready to begin testing your s/w application with target h/w, use the MON51, MON390, MONADI, or flash MON51 target monitors, the ISD51 In-System Debugger, or the ULINK USB-JTAG adapter to download and test program code on your target system.

9.3.3 Source Code:1. 2.

Click on the Keil uVision Icon on Desktop The following fig will appear

3. 4.

Click on the Project menu from the title bar Then Click on New Project

5.

Save the Project by typing suitable project name with no extension in u r own folder sited in either C:\ or D:\

6. 7. 8.

Then Click on save button above. Select the component for u r project. i.e. Atmel Click on the + Symbol beside of Atmel

9.

Select AT89S51 as shown below

10. 11.

Then Click on OK The Following fig will appear

12. 13. 14.

Then Click either YES or NOmostly NO Now your project is ready to USE Now double click on the Target1, you would get another option Source group 1 as shown in next page.

15.

Click on the file option from menu bar and select new

16.

The next screen will be as shown below, and just maximize it by double clicking on its blue boarder.

17. 18.

Now start writing program in either in C or ASM For a program written in Assembly, then save it with extension . asm and C based program save it with extension .C for

19.

Now right click on Source group 1 and click on Add files to Group Source

20.

Now you will get another window, on which by default C files will appear.

21. 22. 23.

Now select as per your file extension given while saving the file Click only one time on option ADD Now Press function key F7 to compile. Any error will appear if so happen.

24. 25.

If the file contains no error, then press Control+F5 simultaneously. The new window is as follows

26.

Then Click OK

27.

Now Click on the Peripherals from menu bar, and check your required port as shown in fig below

28.

Drag the port a side and click in the program file.

29. 30.

Now keep Pressing function key F11 slowly and observe. You are running your program successfully

CONCLUSION &FUTURE SCOPE

In this project a low cost, flexible, solution to the automation of alerting the faculty about their class is introduced. The novel approach in this project discusses the migration of the automation of alerting the faculty through sms which has not been discussed at this level before. The system is simple to use and the head of department/principal can send to another faculty when a faculty is absent. As technology brings the world closer together, our college becomes the focus for working and learning. FACULTY CLASS ALERT USING GSM allows the head/principal to intimate the faculty with out calling the attainder and saying him to call the required faculty. This project can also be added to smart card attendance system so that the controller gets the detail of absentee of a faculty and also can send the message to hod/principal about the absence of the faculty and the controller it self sends the message to another faculty to take the class of the absented faculty.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1 2 3 4

WWW.MITEL.DATABOOK.COM WWW.ATMEL.DATABOOK.COM WWW.FRANKLIN.COM WWW.KEIL.COM

REFERENCES:1 8051-MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED SYSTEM. Mohd. Mazidi. 2 EMBEDDED SOFTWARE PRIMER. David .E. Simon.