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INTEGRALESDELASFUNCIONESRACIONALES. f ( x) ; donde f ( x) y g ( x) son polinomios Si est definida de la forma: q( x) = g ( x) entoncessediceque esunafuncinracional.

al. f ( x) Tericamente cualquier expresin racional q( x) = se puede expresar como una g ( x) , suma de expresiones racionales cuyos denominadores son potencias de polinomios de f ( x) son grado menor o igual que 2. Concretamente, puede demostrarse que si g ( x) , polinomiosyelgradode f ( x ) esmenorqueelde g ( x ) ,entonces: f ( x) A f ( x) Ax + B = = ; o tambin : m 2 g ( x) ( px + q) g ( x) (ax + bx + c)n AyBsonnmerosreales,mynsonenterosnonegativosy a 2 + bx + c esirreducible, (polinomio cuadrtico que no tiene ceros reales; es decir, b 2 4 a c < 0 ). En este caso,

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at

a 2 + bx + c nosepuedeexpresarcomounproductodedospolinomiosdeprimergrado.
f ( x) g ( x)

Guaparaobtenerladescomposicinenfraccionesparcialesde

Puedenocurrirtrescasos: 1)grado f ( x) (numerador)> g ( x ) grado(denominador) 2)grado f ( x) =grado g ( x ) 3)grado f ( x) < g ( x ) Para los casos 1 y 2, hay que dividir un polinomio entre el otro hasta llegar a la forma apropiada,sehaceusodelasiguientepropiedad: f ( x) g ( x) r ( x) f ( x) r ( x) = c( x) + f ( x ) = g ( x )c ( x ) + g ( x) g ( x) g ( x) r ( x) c( x) f ( x) r ( x) g ( x) dx = c( x)dx + g ( x) dx

ww

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at ic

a1

.c om

Donde la integral

c( x)dx

es inmediata y en la integral

g ( x) dx , (ms sencilla de

r ( x)

resolver), r ( x ) esunpolinomiodemenorgradoque g ( x ) yporconsiguienteestamosen eltercercaso Para el caso 3, se factoriza g ( x ) , y luego se expresa como un producto de factores lineales px + q o formas cuadrticas irreducibles ax 2 + bx + c , se agrupan los factores repetidos para que g ( x ) quede expresado como un producto de factores distintos de la forma ( px + q) m obien (ax 2 + bx + c) n ,conmynenterosnonegativos. Una vez agrupados de la forma indicada anteriormente se utiliza las siguientes condiciones: parcialescontieneunasumademfraccionesparcialesdelaforma: Am f ( x) A1 A2 = + + ... + donde cada numerador Am es un nmero 2 ( px + q) m , g ( x) ( px + q) ( px + q) real. Sedeterminanlasconstantesrespectivas: 1.a)Eldenominadortieneracesrealessimples: f ( x) f ( x) A B A( x x2 ) + B ( x x1 ) = = + = g ( x) ( x x1 )( x x2 ) ( x x1 ) ( x x2 ) ( x x1 )( x x2 ) Se iguala f ( x) = A( x x2 ) + B( x x1 ) y se calcula A y B comparando coeficientes o dndolevaloresalax,y por ltimo se resuelven las integrales f ( x) A B dx = dx + dx + ...+ = ALn( x + x1 ) + BLn( x + x2 ) + .. + k g ( x) ( x + x1 ) ( x + x2 )

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(1) Por cada factor de la forma ( px + q) m con m 1, la descomposicin de fracciones

.c om

g ( x) dx = ( px + q) dx + ( px + q)

f ( x)

A1

A2

dx + ... +

Am dx ( px + q)m

1.b)Eldenominadortieneracesrealesmltiples: f ( x) f ( x) A B C D = = + + + 3 2 ( x x1 ) ( x x2 ) ( x x2 ) ( x x2 )3 g ( x) ( x x1 )( x x2 )

f ( x) A( x x2 )3 + B( x x1 )( x x2 )2 + C ( x x1 )( x x2 ) + D( x x1 ) = g ( x) ( x x1 )( x x2 )3
Igualandoelprincipioconelfinal: f ( x ) = A( x x2 )3 + B ( x x1 )( x x2 ) 2 + C ( x x1 )( x x2 ) + D ( x x1 ) CalculamosloscoeficientesA,B,CyD. Resolvemoslasiguienteintegral: f ( x) A B C D g ( x) dx = ( x x1 )dx + ( x x2 ) dx + ( x x2 )2 dx + ( x x2 )3 dx

g ( x) dx = ALn( x x ) + BLn( x x ) + C ( x x ) + D 2( x x )
1 2 2 2

f ( x)

ww w.

f ( x) ( x x2 ) 2+1 ( x x2 ) 3+1 dx = ALn( x x1 ) + BLn( x x2 ) + C +D +k g ( x) 2 + 1 3 + 1 1 1 +k

at

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at

ic

a1

.c om

0, la (2) Por cada factor (ax 2 + bx + c) n , n 1 , donde (ax 2 + bx + c) , es irreducible, descomposicinenfraccionesparcialescontieneunasumadenfraccionesparcialesdela forma: Axn + bn f ( x) Ax1 + b1 Ax2 + b2 , donde todos los Axn , Bn son = + + ... + 2 2 2 g ( x) (ax + bx + c) (ax + bx + c) (ax 2 + bx + c) n nmerosreales.

2.1)Queeldenominadortengaracesrealescomplejassencillas: Sialintentarresolverunaecuacinde2gradonossaleunaraznegativasedicequeno tienesolucinreal,peroscompleja. f ( x) f ( x) Ax + B Cx + D = = + 2 2 2 2 g ( x) (ax + bx + c)(ax1 + bx1 + c1 ) ( ax + bx + c) ( ax1 + bx1 + c1 )

f ( x) ( Ax + B)(ax12 + bx1 + c1 ) + (Cx + D)(ax 2 + bx + c) = (ax 2 + bx + c)(ax12 + bx1 + c1 ) g ( x) f ( x) = ( Ax + B)(ax12 + bx1 + c1 ) + (Cx + D)(ax 2 + bx + c)

Sedeterminanlasconstantesporunsistemadeecuacionesyluegosesustituye f ( x) Ax + b Cx + D g ( x) dx = (ax 2 + bx + c) dx + (ax12 + bx1 + c1 ) dx + ... Eldenominadorcomplejoesnecesariocompletarelcuadradocomosigue: bx b 2 b2 2 2 ax + bx + c = a( x + ) + c = a( x + ) + c a 2a 4a Debemoscolocarlodelaforma(xa)2+b2yresolverlaintegraldelasiguienteforma: f ( x) Ax + B Cx + D g ( x) dx = (x a)2 + b2 + (x1 a1 )2 + b12 apartirdeaqunossaldrcomosolucinun Logaritmo(Ln)yunaarcotangente. 2.2)Queeldenominadortengaracesrealescomplejasmltiples: Sedeterminanlasconstantesrespectivasyporltimoseresuelvenlasintegrales f ( x) f ( x) Ax + B Cx + D = = + 2 2 2 2 g ( x) (ax + bx + c) (ax + bx + c) (ax + bx + c) 2

f ( x) ( Ax + B )(ax 2 + bx + c) 2 + (Cx + D)(ax 2 + bx + c) = (ax 2 + bx + c)(ax 2 + bx + c) 2 g ( x) f ( x) = ( Ax + B )(ax 2 + bx + c) 2 + (Cx + D)(ax 2 + bx + c)

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Seprocedeadeterminarlasconstantescomoseindicanteriormente f ( x) Ax + b Cx + D g ( x) dx = (ax 2 + bx + c) dx + (ax 2 + bx + c)2 dx + ... Unavezsustituidaslasvariablessecompletacuadradosyseresuelvenlasintegrales. x2 + 7 x + 9 1) 3 dx x + 2x2 x 2 x2 + 7 x + 9 x2 + 7 x + 9 A B C dx = = dx + dx + dx x3 + 2 x 2 x 2 x +1 x 1 x+2 ( x + 1)( x 1)( x + 2)

dx 2dx dx x2 + 7 x + 9 x3 + 2 x 2 x 2 dx = x + 1 + 2 x 1 4 x + 2 = Ln( x + 1) + 2Ln( x 1) 4Ln( x + 2) + k 3 x + 12 2) ( x 2)( x + 1) 2 3 x + 12 A B C ( x 2)( x + 1)2 dx = x 2 dx + x + 1 dx ( x + 1)2 dx


A( x + 1) 2 + B ( x 2 )( x + 1) + C ( x 2 ) 3 x + 12 A B C = + + = ( x 2)( x + 1) 2 x 2 x + 1 ( x + 1)2 ( x 2)( x + 1) 2 3 x + 12 ( A + B) x 2 + (2 A B + C ) x + ( A 2 B 2C ) = ( x 2)( x + 1) 2 ( x 2)( x + 1) 2 3 x + 12 = ( A + B) x 2 + (2 A B + C ) x + ( A 2 B 2C )

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A + B + C = -1 A + 3B = 7 A + 2 B -C = 9

A =1

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B=2

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x 2 + 7 x + 9 = ( A + B + C ) x 2 + ( A + 3B ) x + ( A + 2 B C )

a1
C = 4

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A( x 1)( x + 2) + B( x + 1)( x + 2) + C ( x + 1)( x 1) x2 + 7 x + 9 = ( x + 1)( x 1)( x + 2) ( x + 1)( x 1)( x + 2)

A + B = 0 2 A B + C = 3 A = 2 , B = 2 y C = 3 A 2B 2C = 12

( x 2)( x + 1) = x 2 + x +1 + ( x +1)
2

3x + 12

2dx

2dx

3dx

= 2Ln( x - 2) 2Ln( x + 1) +

3 +k ( x + 1)

3)

x+3 x + 2x + 4
2 2

factor cuadrtico irreducible x 2 + 2 x + 4 = ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) 1 + 4 = ( x + 1) + 3

x x
2

x+3 Ax + B x+3 Ax + B = 2 = x + 3 = Ax + B A = 1; B = 3 2 2 + 2x + 4 ( x + 1) + 3 x + 2 x + 4 ( x + 1) + 3

I = Ln Sec +

2 3 +k 3

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I=

3 ( 3tg + 2) Sec 2 d 3 2 3 = 2 ( 3tg + 2)d = tg d + 3 d 3 3 Sec

at

em

( 3tg 1 + 3) 3Sec 2 d 3 ( 3tg + 2) Sec 2 d = ( x + 1)2 + 3 dx = 3tg 2 + 3 3 tg 2 + 1 x+3

at ic

x + 1 = 3tg x = 3tg 1; ( x + 1)2 = 3tg 2 ; dx = 3Sec 2 d

a1

x+3 x+3 = dx De la forma : x 2 + a 2 Cambio : x = atg 2 + 2x + 4 ( x + 1) + 3

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x +1 x +1 ; Sec = = arctg Del cambio : x + 1 = 3tg tg = 3 3 x+3 x2 + 2 x + 4 = Ln x+3 x2 + 2 x + 4 = Ln

( x + 1)
3

+3

( x + 1)
3

+3

2 3 x +1 arctg +k 3 3 2 3 x +1 arctg +k 3 3

( x + 1)
3

+3

4)

1 dx x + 4 x + 13
2 2 2

factor cuadrtico irreducible x 2 + 4 x + 13 = ( x + 2 ) 4 + 13 = ( x + 2 ) + 9

x x

dx = + 4 x + 13

( x + 2)

( Ax + B )dx
2

+9

1 = x + 4 x + 13
2

Ax + B

( x + 2)

+9

1 = Ax + B A = 0; B = 1

dx dx = De la forma : x 2 + a 2 Cambio : x = atg 2 + 4 x + 13 ( x + 2) + 9

x + 2 = 3tg x = 3tg 2; ( x + 2) 2 = 9tg 2 ; dx = 3Sec 2 d

ic

dx 1 x+ 2 = arctg +k 3 + 4 x + 13 3

a1

.c o

( x + 2)

dx

+9

3Sec 2 d = d = + k 9tg 2 + 9

5)

1 dx 2 x 4 x + 10
2

factor cuadrtico irreducible 2 x 2 4 x + 10 = 2( x 2 2 x + 5) = 2(( x 1) + 4)


2

2x 2x

dx Ax + B 1 ( Ax + B ) dx 1 = = 1 = Ax + B B = 1 2 2 4 x + 10 2 ( x 1) + 4 2 x 4 x + 10 ( x 1)2 + 4 dx dx 1 = De la forma : x 2 + a 2 Cambio : x = atg 2 4 x + 10 2 ( x 1) + 4

x 1 = 2tg x = 2tg + 1; ( x 1) 2 = 4tg 2 ; dx = 2 Sec 2 d 1 dx 1 2 Sec 2 d 1 Sec 2 d 1 1 ( x 1)2 + 4 = 2 4tg 2 + 4 = 4 tg 2 + 1 = 4 d = 4 + k 2

2x

dx 4 x + 10

1 x 1 arctg +k 4 2

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6)

3x + 2 dx x 4x + 8
2 2

factor cuadrtico irreducible x2 4x + 8 = ( x 2) + 4

(3x + 2)dx ( Ax + B)dx 3x + 2 Ax + B = 2 = 3x + 2 = Ax + B A = 3; B = 2 2 2 2 4x + 8 ( x 2) + 4 x 4 x + 8 ( x 2) + 4

(3x + 2)dx (3x + 2)dx = De la forma : x2 + a2 Cambio : x = atg 2 2 4x + 8 ( x 2) + 4

x 2 = 2tg x = 2tg + 2; ( x 2)2 = 4tg 2 ; dx = 2Sec2 d 3x + 2 (3(2tg + 2) + 2)2Sec2 d 2 (3(2tg + 2) + 2)Sec2 d = x2 4x + 8 dx = 4tg 2 + 4 4 tg 2 + 1

em at

3x + 2 dx = 3 tg d + 4 d = 3Ln Sec + + k 4x + 8

ic

a1

3x + 2 1 1 1 dx = (3(2tg + 2) + 2)d = (6tg + 6 + 2)d = (6tg + 8)d 4x + 8 2 2 2

ww

3x + 2 x2 4x + 8 dx = 3 Ln

( x 2)
2

M at

x2 Del cambio : x 2 = 2tg tg = Sec = 2


2

( x 2)
2

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2

+4

; = arctg

x2 2

+4

w.

+ arctg

x2 +k 2

2x 3 + 3 x 2 6 x 12 7) dx x2 4 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 6 x 12 2 x3 3x
2

x2 4 2x + 3

+ 8x 3 x 2 + 2 x 12 + 12 + 2x

2 x 3 + 3 x 2 6 x 12 3x = 2x + 3+ 2 x2 4 x 4
2

2 x 3 + 3 x 2 6 x 12 dx = x2 4

( 2 x + 3 ) dx + x

2x dx = x 2 + 3 x + L n x 2 4 + k 4

8)

2 x 3 5 x 2 4 x + 13 dx x2 4x + 4 x2 4x + 4 2x + 3

2 x 3 5 x 2 4 x + 13 2 x3 + 8 x2 8 x 3 x 2 12 x + 13 3 x 2 + 12 x 12 1

M at

2 x 3 5 x 2 4 x + 13 1 1 dx = x 2 + 3 x + dx = x 2 + 3 x +k 2 x2 4x + 4 x2 x 2) (
x + 3x 4 dx x2 2 x 8
2

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2 x 3 5 x 2 4 x + 13 dx = x2 4x + 4

ic
+

( 2 x + 3 ) dx

a1

1 dx x2 4x + 4

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2 x 3 5 x 2 4 x + 13 1 = 2x + 3+ 2 2 x 4x + 4 x 4x + 4

9)

x2 + 3x 4 x + 3x 4
2

x2 2 x 8 1 x2 + 3x 4 5x + 4 =1+ 2 x2 2 x 8 x 2x 8

5x + 4 x2 + 3x 4 5x + 4 dx = dx + 2 dx 2 x 2x 8 x 2x 8 2 4 + 32 2 6 x1 = 4 5x + 4 = = dx x2 2x 8 = 0 x = x2 2 x 8 2 2 x2 = 2

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5x + 4 dx = x2 2x 8

5x + 4 A dx = dx + x4 ( x 4 )( x + 2 )

B dx x+2

A (x + 2)+ B (x 4) 5x + 4 = 5x + 4 = A (x + 2)+ B (x 4) x 2x 8 ( x 4 )( x + 2 )
2

x = 4 24 = 6 A A = 4 x = 2 6 = 6B B =1

5x + 4 dx = x2 2x 8

4 dx + x4

1 dx = 4 Ln x 4 + Ln x + 2 x+2

x2 + 3x 4 dx = x + 4 Ln x 4 + Ln x + 2 + k x2 2x 8
4 3

x4 x3 x 1 x4 + x3 x 1

x3 x2 x

x 1 x4 x3 x 1 dx = x dx + 3 2 dx 3 2 x x x x x 1 x 1 x 1 A B C dx x3 x2 = x2 ( x 1) 3 2 dx = 2 dx = dx + 2 dx + dx 3 2 x x x x ( x 1) x x x 1

Ax ( x 1) + B ( x 1) + C x2 x 1 A B C = + 2 + = x 1 = Ax ( x 1) + B ( x 1) + C x2 x2 ( x 1) x x x 1 x2 ( x 1) x = 0 1 = B B =1 x = 1 2 = C C = 2 x = 2 3 = 2 A + B + 4C 3 = 2 A + 1 8 2 A = 4 A = 2

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x 1 x4 x3 x 1 =x+ 3 2 3 2 x x x x

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x x x 1 10) dx x3 x2

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x 1 2 dx = dx + x3 x 2 x

1 x2 dx +

2 1 dx = 2 Ln x 2 Ln x 1 + k x 1 x

x 4 x3 x 1 x2 1 x3 x2 dx = 2 + 2 Ln x x 2 Ln x 1 + k

11) 8x2 +6x + 6 dx x3 3x2 +7x5

1 3 7 5 2 420 2 16 3 2 2 2 = 1 1 2 5 x 3x +7x5=( x 1) ( x 2x+5) x 2x+5 = 0 x = 2 2 1 2 5 0 8x2 +6x + 6 8x2 +6x + 6 A Bx + C dx = x3 3x2 +7x5 ( x1) ( x2 2x+5 ) dx = x1dx + x2 2x+5 dx

8x2 +6x + 6 5 3x + 19 x3 3x2 +7x5 dx = x1 dx + x2 2x+5 dx = 5 Ln x1 + I1 ParaI1 : 3x + 19 2 2 dx x2 2x+5 = ( x1) 1 + 5 = ( x1) + 4 x 2x+5
2

x 2x+5 = ( x1) +4 De la forma: x +a Cambio: x = atg


2 2 2 2

(3x +19)dx

(3x +19)dx

x 1= 2tg x = 2tg +1; (x 1)2 = 4tg2; dx = 2Sec2d

( x1) +4
2

(3x +19)dx

(3(2tg +1) +19)2Sec2d 2 (3(2tg +1) +19)Sec2d = 4tg2 +4 4 tg2 +1

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x = 1 20 = 4A A=5 x = 0 6 = 5A C C=5A 6 = 25 6C= 19 x = 2 50 = 5A + 2B +C 50 = 25 +2B + 19 2B = 50 25 19 = 6B = 3

em at

ic

A( x2 2x+5 ) +( Bx + C)( x1) 8x2 +6x + 6 8x2 +6x + 6 = A( x2 2x+5 ) +( Bx + C)( x1) = 2 2 ( x1) ( x 2x+5 ) ( x1) ( x 2x+5 )

a1

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( x 1) ( x 1)

(3 x + 19)dx
2

+4

1 1 1 (3(2tg + 1) + 19)d = 2 (6tg + 3 + 19)d = 2 (6tg + 22)d 2 22 d = 3Ln Sec + 11 + k 2

(3x + 19)dx
2

+4

= 3 tg d +

x 1 Sec = Del cambio : x 1 = 2tg tg = 2 3x + 19 x 2 2 x + 5 dx = 3 Ln


( x 1)
2

+4

; = arctg

x 1 2

( x 1)
2

+4

+ 11arctg

x 1 +k 2

A ( x + 2)2 + B ( x 1) + C ( x 1) ( x + 2) 5 x 2 + 12 x + 1 = ( x 1) ( x + 2)2 ( x 1) ( x + 2) 2 5 x 2 + 12 x + 1 = A ( x + 2)2 + B ( x 1) + C ( x 1) ( x + 2) 5 x 2 + 12 x + 1 = ( A + B) x 2 + (4 A + B + C ) x + 4 A 2 B 2 B C A + B = 5 4 A + B + C = 12 4 A 2 B C = 1 A = 2; B = 3; C = 1

5 x 2 + 12 x + 1 2 3 dx dx = dx + dx + x3 + 3x 2 4 x 1 ( x + 2) 2 ( x + 2) 5 x 2 + 12 x + 1 3 x3 + 3x 2 4 dx = 2 Ln x 1 x + 2 + Ln x + 2 + k

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5 x 2 + 12 x + 1 5 x 2 + 12 x + 1 A B C x3 + 3x 2 4 dx = ( x 1) ( x + 2)2 dx = ( x 1) dx + ( x + 2)2 + ( x + 2) dx

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x3 + 3x 2 4 = ( x 1) ( x + 2) 2

ic

5 x 2 + 12 x + 1 dx 12) 3 x + 3x 2 4

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13)

5x2 + 20 x + 6 dx x3 + 2 x2 + x

x3 + 2 x2 + x = x ( x + 1) ( x + 1) 5x2 + 20 x + 6 5x2 + 20 x + 6 A B C dx = dx = dx + dx + dx 2 x3 + 2 x2 + x x ( x + 1) ( x + 1) x ( x +1) ( x + 1) 5x2 + 20 x + 6 x ( x + 1)


2

5x2 + 20 x + 6 A ( x + 1) + B x + C x ( x + 1) A B C = + + = 2 2 x ( x + 1)2 ( x +1) x ( x + 1) x ( x + 1)


2 2

5x2 + 20 x + 6 = A ( x + 1) + B x + Cx ( x + 1) 5x2 + 20 x + 6 = A x2 + 2x + 1 + Bx + Cx2 + Cx 5x2 + 20 x + 6 = Ax2 + 2 Ax + A + Bx + Cx2 + Cx

x ( x + 1)

I1 = 6 I2 = 9

dx = Ln x + k x dx = u = x + 1 du = dx 9 9 9 du 9 u2 du I2 = I2 = +k 2 ( x + 1) u u

( x + 1)

I3 =

dx = Ln x +1 + k x +1 9

5x2 + 20 x + 6

dx =Ln x

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5x2 + 20 x + 6

dx = 6

dx dx dx + 9 2 x ( x + 1) x + 1

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5 = A + C 20 = 2 A + B + C A = 6; B = 9; C = 1 6 = A

Ln x +1 + k

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ic

5x2 + 20 x + 6 = x2 [ A + C] + x [ 2 A + B + C] + A

a1

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14)

ex dx (1 ex )( 2 + ex ) du A B du + du = 2+u (1u)( 2 + u) 1 u

Cambio de Variable : u = ex du = exdx

(1u)( 2 + u)

1 A B A(2 + u) + B (1u) + = 1 u 2 + u (1 u)( 2 + u) (1 u)(2 + u)

1 = A (2 + u) + B (1u) 1= 2A+ Au + B Bu 1 = u [ A B] + (2A+ B) 0 = A B A = B B = 2A + 1 A = 2A + 1 3A =1 A = 1 B = 1 3 3 1 = 2A + B

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1 15) x dx 2 +3

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ex dx 1 1 ex dx = Ln 1 ex + Ln 2 + ex + k = 3 Ln(1 ex ) (2 + ex ) + k (1 ex )( 2 + ex ) 3 x x 3 (1 e )( 2 + e )

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ic

(1u)(2 +u)

du

1 du 1 du 1 1 1u + 3 2 +u = 3 Ln 1 u + 3 Ln 2 + u + k 3

a1

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Cambio deVariable : u = 2x +32x = u 3du = 2x Ln( 2) dx dx = du du dx = 2 Ln( 2) (u 3)Ln( 2)
x

du B 1 1 1 A 1 1 = du = du du + x dx = 2 +3 u (u 3) Ln( 2) Ln( 2) u(u 3) Ln( 2) u (u 3) A B 1 = + 1= A( u 3) + Bu 1= u(A+ B) 3A u( u 3) u ( u 3) A+ B = 0 1 1 A= ; B = 3 3 3A=1 1 1 1 du 1 du du = u(u 3) 3Ln( 2) u (u 3) =3ln( 2) ln u ln u 3+k Ln( 2)

1 1 1 ln 2x + 3 ln 2x + k = ln 2x + 3 x ln 2 + k dx = x +3 3ln ( 2) 3ln ( 2)

x x ln 2 + 3 1 2x + 3 dx = 3 3ln ( 2) + k

16)

x2 x 21 dx 2x3 x2 +8x 4

2x3 x2 +8x 4 = x2 ( 2x 1) + 4( 2x 1) = (x2 + 4)(2x 1) x2 x 21 x2 x21 Ax + B C dx = 2 dx = 2 dx+ dx 2x3 x2 +8x 4 (x + 4)(2x 1) (x + 4) ( 2x 1)

1 = 2A + C 1 = A +2B 21 = B+ 4C

A = 3; B = 1;C = 5

x2 x 21 dx x2 x21 dx dx 3x +1 3xdx (x2 +4)(2x 1) dx = (x2 +4) dx5 ( 2x 1) (x2 +4)(2x 1) dx = (x2 +4) + (x2 +4) 5 ( 2x 1)

3 1 5 x2 x21 2 2x3 x2 +8x 4 dx = 2 Ln(x +4) + 2 arctg(2x) 2 Ln(2x 1) +k

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x2 x 21= ( Ax + B)( 2x 1) +C(x2 + 4)

em at

( Ax + B)( 2x 1) +C(x2 + 4) x2 x 21 Ax + B C x2 x 21 = 2 + = 2 = (x2 + 4)(2x 1) (x + 4) ( 2x 1) (x + 4)(2x 1) (x2 + 4)(2x 1)

ic

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17)

dx 9x + x2
4

9 x 4 + x 2 = x 2 ( 9 x 2 + 1)

9x
2

dx = + x2

dx A B ( Cx + D ) dx = 2 dx + dx + 2 x x x ( 9 x + 1) ( 9 x 2 + 1)
2

1 A B (Cx + D) = 2+ + 1 = A(9 x2 + 1) + Bx(9 x2 + 1) + x2 (Cx + D) 2 2 x x ( 9x + 1) x ( 9 x + 1) 9B + C = 0 9 A + D = 0 C = 0; D = 9 B = 0 A =1

x=

1 9

tg x2 = 1 tg 2 ; 9
1 9

dx = =

1 9

1 dx = 3arctg (3x) + k 9 x4 + x2 x

18)

x +1 dx x 9 x +14
2

x2 9 x + 14 = ( x 2) ( x 7)

( x + 1)dx ( x + 1)dx Adx Bdx = = + 9 x + 14 ( x 2) ( x 7) ( x 2) ( x 7)

ww

w.

dx 2 (x +

1 9 1 9

tg 2 + 1 9

M at

Sec2 d

em at
1 9

dx dx = 2 2 ( 9x + 1) ( x +

1 9

De la forma : x2 + a2 Cambio : x = atg Sec2 d

1 9

Sec2 d tg 2 +1 = 3 d = 3 + k = 3arctg(3x) + k

ic

a1

x ( 9x
2

+ 1)

.c o

dx

dx 0 (0x 9)dx dx dx dx + dx + 2 = 2 9 2 2 2 x x x x ( 9x + 1) ( 9x + 1) ( 9x2 + 1)

( x + 1) A B 8 3 = + ( x + 1) = A( x 7) + B( x 2) A = ; B = 5 5 ( x 2) ( x 7) ( x 2) ( x 7)

( x 2) ( x 7) = 5 ( x 2) 5 ( x 7) x

( x + 1)dx

dx

dx

3 ( x + 1)dx 8 = Ln x 2 Ln x 7 + k 5 9 x + 14 5

19)

2x 1 dx x + x2 2x
3

x3 + x2 2x = x( x 1) (x + 2)

x + x 2x = x( x1) (x + 2) =
3 2

(2x 1)dx

(2x +1)dx

Adx Bdx Cdx + + (x 1) (x + 2) x

(2x +1) A B C = + + 2x 1= A(x 1)(x + 2) + Bx(x + 2) + Cx(x 1) x( x 1) (x + 2) x (x 1) (x + 2)


5 1 1 A= ; B = ; C = 2 3 6

em at
3

x( x1) (x + 2) = 2 x + 3 (x 1) 6 (x + 2) x + x 2x
2

1 dx 1

dx

dx

ic

(2x +1)dx

(2x 1)dx

a1
1 1 5 = Ln x + Ln x 1 Ln x + 2 + k 2 3 6

20)

(3x2 +5x) dx x3 + x2 x1
2

(3x2 +5x) (3x2 +5x) Adx Bdx C x3 + x2 x1 dx = ( x1)( x + 1)2 dx = ( x1) + ( x + 1)2 + ( x +1) dx (3x2 +5x) = A B C 2 + + (3x2 +5x) = A( x+1) + B( x1) +C( x1)( x + 1) 2 ( x1) ( x + 1) ( x +1)

( x1)( x + 1)

A= 2; B =1 C =1 ;

( x1)( x + 1)

(3x2 +5x)

dx = 2 2

dx dx dx (3x2 +5x)dx 1 + + 3 2 = 2Ln( x1) + Ln( x+1) +k 2 x+1 ( x1) ( x + 1) ( x +1) x + x x1

ww

x3 + x2 x1=( x1)( x + 1)

w.

M at

.c o

21)

3 dx x + x2 +1
4

x4 + x2 +1 = x4 + x2 +1+ x2 x2 = x4 + 2x2 +1 x2 = (x2 +1)2 x2 = ((x2 +1) x)((x2 +1) + x) x4 + x2 +1= (x2 + x +1)(x2 x +1) 3dx 3dx Ax + B Cx + D x4 + x2 +1 = (x2 + x +1)(x2 x +1) = (x2 + x +1) dx + (x2 x +1) dx Ax + B Cx + D 3 = 2 + 2 3 = ( Ax + B)(x2 x +1) + (Cx + D)(x2 + x +1) 2 (x + x +1)(x x +1) (x + x +1) (x x +1)
2

3 = ( A + C)x3 + ( A + B + C + D)x2 + ( A B + C + D)x + (B + D) A + C = 0 A + B + C + D = 0 A B + C + D = 0 B + D = 3 3 3 3 3 A= ; B = ; C = ; D= 2 2 2 2

Para I1 :

x+ 1 = 2

3 4

tg x =

3 4

tg 1 ; (x + 1 )2 = 3 tg2; dx = 2 2 4
3 4

ww

w.

x +1 2 3 dx x2 + x + 1 +1 1 = ( x + 1 ) + 4 4 4 2 (x + x +1) (x +1)dx (x +1)dx = De la forma : x2 + a2 Cambio : x = atg 2 3 1 2 (x + x +1) ( x+ 2 ) + 4


2

M at

em at
1
3 4

ic
(

x +1 x 1 3dx 3 3 dx 2 = 2 (x2 + x +1)(x2 x +1) 2 (x + x +1) 2 (x x +1) dx

( x+ ) ( x+ )
x+ =
1 2

(x +1)dx
1 2 2

3 4

( 3 tg 1 +1) 4 2
3 4

Sec2 d

a1
3 4

Sec2 d

tg +
2

3 4

3 4

tg + 1 )d = tg d + 2

.c o

1 3

(x +1)dx
1 2 2

3 4

= Ln Sec + 13 + k

3 4

(2x +1)2 + 3 2x +1 2x +1 tg tg = = arctg ; Sec = 3 3 3

(2x +1)2 + 3 1 x +1 2x +1 dx = Ln + 3 arctg +k (x2 + x +1) 3 3 x +1 (x +1)dx (x +1)dx 2 3 dx x2 x + 1 +1 1 = ( x 1 ) + 4 2 = 4 4 2 2 3 (x x +1) (x x +1) x 1 ) + 4 ( 2


2

ParaI2 :

(2x 1)2 + 3 1 x +1 2x 1 Solucionando de forma similar : 2 dx = Ln + 3 arctg +k (x x +1) 3 3 (2x +1)2 + 3 1 (2x 1)2 + 3 1 3dx 2x +1 2x 1 = Ln + 3 arctg Ln + 3 arctg +k x4 + x2 +1 3 3 3 3

B C (Dx + E) (x4 +8x3 x2 + 2x +1) A = + + + 2 2 2 2 x(x +1) (x x +1) x (x +1) (x +1) (x x +1) Resolver el sistemadeecuaciones : A=1; B = 3; C =2; D = 2; E = 0 (x4 +8x3 x2 + 2x +1)dx dx dx dx 2xdx = +3 2 + 2 x(x +1)2(x2 x +1) x (x +1)2 (x +1) (x x +1) I1; I2; I3 son inmediatas I4 = 2xdx 2xdx = De la forma : x2 + a2 Cambio: x = atg 2 3 2 (x x +1) ( x 1 ) + 4 2

ww

w.

(x4 +8x3 x2 + 2x +1)dx Adx (Dx + E)dx x4 +8x3 x2 + 2x +1 Bdx Cdx = + + + 2 dx = (x2 + x)(x3 +1) x(x +1)2 (x2 x +1) x (x +1)2 (x +1) (x x +1)

at

em

(x2 + x)(x3 +1) = x(x +1)(x +1)(x2 x +1) = x(x +1)2(x2 x +1)

at

x4 +8x3 x2 + 2x +1 dx 22) (x2 + x)(x3 +1)

ic

a1

.c om

x 1 = 2

3 4

tg x = 2(

3 4

tg + 1 ; ( x 1 )2 = 3 tg 2 ; dx = 2 2 4 tg + 1 ) 2
3 4 2 3 4

3 4

Sec2 d

( x )
1 2

2xdx
2

+3 4

3 4

Sec2 d
3 4

tg +

3
3 4

3 4

tg + 1 )d = 2 tg d + 2

2 3

( x+ )
x =
1 2

(x +1)dx
1 2 2

3 4

= 2Ln Sec + 23 + k

3 4

x3 5x2 + 4x = x (x 4)(x 1)

25x2 20x + 2 (25x2 20x + 2)dx A B C dx = = dx + dx + dx x3 5x2 + 4x x (x 4)(x 1) x (x 4) (x 1)

25x2 20x + 2 A B C = + + 25x2 20x + 2 = A(x 4)(x 1) + Bx(x 1) + Cx(x 1) x (x 4)(x 1) x (x 4) (x 1) A = 1 ; B = 161 ; C = 37 2 6 (25x2 20x + 2)dx 1 dx 161 dx 7 dx = 2 + 6 3 x (x 4)(x 1) x (x 4) (x 1) 5x3 + 2 6 x3 5x2 + 4x dx = 5x + 12 Ln x + 161 Ln x 4 37 Ln x 1 + k

ww

w.

5x3 + 2 25x2 20x + 2 23) 3 dx (5 + 3 )dx x 5x2 + 4x x 5x2 + 4x

M at

em

(2x +1)2 + 3 2 3 x4 + 8x3 x2 + 2x +1 2x 1 + 3 arctg +k (x2 + x)(x3 +1) dx = Ln x 2Ln x +1 x +1 + 2Ln 3 3

at

ic a1

I1 =

(2x +1) + 3 2 2xdx 2x 1 = 2Ln + 3 arctg +k (x2 x +1) 3 3


2

.c o

(2x +1)2 + 3 2x 1 2x 1 tg tg = = arctg ; Sec = 3 3 3

24)

x2 8x + 7 dx ( x2 3x 10)2

( x2 3x 10)2 = (( x 5)( x + 2))2 = ( x 5)2 ( x + 2)2 x 2 8x + 7 x2 8x + 7 Adx Bdx Cdx Ddx dx = dx = + + + ( x2 3x 10)2 ( x 5)2 ( x + 2)2 ( x 5)2 ( x 5) ( x + 2)2 ( x + 2) x2 8x + 7 A B C D = + + + 2 2 2 2 ( x 5) ( x + 2) ( x 5) ( x 5) ( x + 2) ( x + 2)
30 resolver el sistema deecuaciones : A = 8 ; B = 343 ; C = 27 ; D = 30 49 49 343

NOTA:COMOPUEDENOBSERVARLASOLUCINDEINTEGRALESRACIONALESSEBASA ENPRIMERLUGAR,DETERMINARLOSVALORESDELASCONSTANTESQUEAPAREZCAN SEGN LOS CASOS ANTERIORMENTE ESTUDIADOS, Y UNA VEZ QUE TENEMOS ESOS VALORES,LASINTEGRALESACALCULARSERESUELVENPORMTODOSYACONOCIDOS.

ww w.

M at

27 x 2 8x + 7 8 30 30 ( x2 3x 10)2 dx = 49( x 5) + 343 Ln ( x 5) + 49(x + 2) 343 Ln ( x + 2) + k

em

Las Integrales son inmediatas

at ic

a1

x 2 8x + 7 dx dx dx dx 30 30 49 49 ( x 5)2 (x + 2)2 dx = 8 ( x 5)2 + 343 ( x 5) + 27 ( x + 2)2 343 ( x + 2)

.c o

INTEGRALESVARIAS

1) x( Arctgx) dx Seleccin : u = ( Arctgx)


2 2

( 2 Arctgx) dx ; dv = xdx v = x2 + k du =
1 + x2 2

( ArcTgx ) dx = ( ArcTgx ) + k dx z2 (I4 ) z = Arctgx dz = z dz = + k 1 + x2 2 1 + x2 2 dw xdx 1 dw 1 (I5 ) w = 1 + x2 dw = 2 x dx = xdx = Ln 1 + x2 + k 2 2 2 w 1+ x 2


2

x2 ( Arctgx ) ( Arctgx ) 1 Ln 1 + x2 + k I= ( Arctgx )( Arctgx x ) + 2 2 2


2 2

x2 ( Arctgx ) ( Arctgx ) 1 Ln 1 + x2 + k 2 ( Arctgx ) + xArctgx + x ( Arctgx ) dx = 2 2 2


2 2

ww

(I3 )

( ArcTgx ) dx
1+ x (I4 )
2

xdx 1 + x2 (I5 )

w.

at

x2 ( Arctgx ) ( Arctgx x) dx ( Arctgx) ( Arctgx x ) + x ( Arctgx) dx = 1 + x2 2 (I3 )


2 2

em

at

x2 ( Arctgx ) ( Arctgx) dx ( Arctgx )( Arctgx x ) x ( Arctgx) dx = 2 1 + x2


2 2

ic a1

x2 ( Arctgx ) x2 Arctgx dx x ( Arctgx) dx = 2 1 + x2 x2 Arctgx dx dx x2 I1 = ; dv = dx Seleccin : u = Arctgx du = 1 + x2 1 + x2 1 + x2 x2 v= dx Cambio de Variable : x = atg x2 = tg 2 ; dx = Sec2 d 2 1+ x tg 2 Sec2 d v= v = tg 2 d = (1 Sec2 ) d d Sec2 d = tg + k 2 1+ tg v = Arctg ( x) x + k

.c om

2)

Senx + x Senx + x Senx x dx dx = dx + dx Cosx +1 Cosx +1 Cosx +1 Cosx +1 (I1 ) (I2 )

u = Cosx +1 du Senx Senx (I1 ) dx = Ln Cosx +1 + k dx = du = Senx dx = = Ln u + k u Cosx +1 Cosx +1 du = Senx dx

( I2 )

( Cosx +1)dx = x ( Cosx 1)dx = x ( Cosx 1) dx x x dx = Cosx +1 Sen2 x ( Cosx +1) ( Cosx 1) Cos2 1

xCtgxCscx dx = x Cscx + Cscx dx xCtgxCscxdx = xCscx Ln Cscx Ctgx + k


( I4 )

Sen x x Csc x dx
2

x dx

u = x du = dx

dv = Csc x dx
2

v = Ctgx + k

x Cscx dx =

x Ctg Ctgx dx = x Csc2 x dx = x Ctgx Ln Senx + K

ww

w.

M at

dv = Ctgx Cscx dx v = Cscx + k sust.

em at

( I3 )

x Cosx dx = x Ctgx Cscx dx Por Partes : u = x du = dx Senx Senx

ic

a1

.c o

x ( Cosx 1) xCosx x dx dx = dx + 2 2 Sen x Sen x Sen2 x ( I3 ) (I4 )

3)

( Cos x + x )dx
S en x + 1 Sen x + 1 =

( Cos x + x )dx
Cos x dx du u

Sen x + 1 dx

Cos x

Sen x + 1

x dx

( I1 ) = ( I1 ) =

Sen x + 1 Cambio de Variable : u = Sen x + 1 du = Cos x dx


Ln u + k Ln Sen x + 1 + k x dx Sen x 1 = S en x + 1 Se n x 1 x ( Sen x 1) dx = Cos 2 x

(I2 ) =

x ( Sen x 1) dx x ( Sen x 1 ) dx = 2 Sen x 1 1 Sen 2 x Sen x x ) x Sen x dx x dx dx = + 2 2 Cos x Cos x Cos 2 x ( I3 ) (I4 )

Seleccin : u = x du = dx ;

dv = tgxSec xdx v = Sec x + k

(I3 ) =

xtgx Sec x dx xSec x + Ln Sec x + tg x + k Cos


x dx 2 x

(I4 ) =

ww

x Sec

w.

( I 3 ) = xtg xSec x dx = x Sec x Sec x dx

M at

x dx

Sel eccin : u = x du = dx ; (I4 ) =

dv = Sec

x Sec

x dx = xtg x tgx dx =

em at

Para : ( I 3 ) =

x Sen x x Sen x dx dx = = xtgx Sec x dx 2 Cos x Cos x Cos x

ic

a1

(I2 ) =

.c o

(x

( P .P )

( P .P )
2

x dx v = tg x + k
2

xSec

x dx = xtg x Ln Sec x + k

Cos x + x dx = Ln Sen x + 1 x Sec x + Ln Sec x + tg x + xtgx Ln Sec x + k Sen x + 1

1 x 4) xLn dx 1+ x 2 dx x2 1 x 1 x du = ; dv = xdx v = + k xLn dx Seleccin; u = Ln 1+ x 1 x2 2 1+ x


1 x x2 1 x2 dx x2 Ln( 1+ x ) x2 dx 1 x 1 x + ( 2) = + (S.T ) xLn dx = Ln 1 + x 1 + x 2 2 1 x2 2 1 x2 ( I1 )

( I1 )

x 2 dx De la forma : x = aSen x = Sen x2 = Sen2 ; dx = Cos d 2 1 x

em at

Sen2 Cos d 1 Sen2 = Sec d Cos d = Ln Sec + Tg Sen + k x = Sen x2 dx 1 x2 = Ln 1 1 x2 + x

ic

a1

d Cos 2 1 Cos 2 Sen2 Cos d Sen2 d d = d = = 1 Sen2 Cos Cos Cos Cos

.c o

M at

1 x2

x + k = Ln

1+ x 1 x2

x + k = Ln

(1 + x ) (1 x )(1 + x )
2

x+k

x2 Ln( 1 x ) 1 1 + x 1 x 1+ x xLn dx = + Ln x+ K 1+ x 2 2 1 x
5) 1 + tgx dx Sen 2 x 1 + tgx dx tgx Sen2 x dx = Sen2 x + Sen2 x dx ( I1 ) (I2 )

( I1 ) Csc 2 x dx = Ctgx + k Senx dx tgx dx Senx dx dx Cosx = = (I2 ) 2 2 Sen2 x Cosx = Senx Cosx = Sen x Sen x ( Sen 2 x + Cos 2 x) dx Senx Cosx

ww

w.

Sen2x dx Cos2x dx Senx dx Cosx dx Senx Cosx + Senx Cosx = Cosx + Senx = tgx dx + Ctgx dx = Ln Secx + Ln Senx +k

Sen x dx =Ctg + Ln Secx + Ln Senx +k


2

1+tgx

ww

w.

at

Sen2x = 2 Sen2x

em at

dx

dx

2Csc(2x)dx

ic a1

Otra Forma :

.c o

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