VIN O TO SAU I HC - TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

VIN KHOA HC V CNG NGH MI TRNG

------0O0------

TIU LUN MN HC
TI:

K THUT KIM SOT NHIM KHNG KH

Long- range transport of air pollutants
Ging vin:
Hc vin :

Lp

TS. Nghim Trung Dng

1. Chu Anh Tun (NT)
2. D Quc Bnh
3. Nguyn Th Thy Hn
4. Ng Th Kim Anh
5. Nguyn Th Yn
6. Nguyn Anh Tun
11BKTMT

H Ni
Thng 12 nm 2011
1

CB110756
CB110724
CB110732
CB110723
CB110762
CB110757

MC LC

CH VIT TT .......................................................................................................... 2
M U ..................................................................................................................... 3
CHNG 1 GII THIU CHUNG ............................................................................ 4
1.1. i tng nghin cu v phm vi ca tiu lun. ................................................ 4
1.1.1. i tng nghin cu. ................................................................................ 4
1.1.2. Phm vi nghin cu. ................................................................................... 4
1.2. Xu hng pht thi cc cht nhim................................................................. 4
1.2.1. Xu hng pht thi SO2 ............................................................................. 4
1.2.2. Xu hng pht thi NOx. ........................................................................... 6
1.2.3. Xu hng pht thi VOC. ........................................................................... 7
1.2.4. Xu hng pht thi BC ............................................................................... 8
1.2.5. Xu hng pht thi CH4. .......................................................................... 10
1.2.6. Xu hng pht thi CO............................................................................. 11
1.2.7. Nhn xt. .................................................................................................. 12
CHNG 2 CC QU TRNH LAN TRUYN CC CHT NHIM ................ 16
2.1. Con ng lan truyn chnh. ........................................................................... 16
2.2. nh hng ca cc Qu trnh chuyn i ha hc. .......................................... 17
KT LUN V KIN NGH.................................................................................... 21
1. Kt lun ............................................................................................................. 21
2. Kin ngh. .......................................................................................................... 21
TI LIU THAM KHO.......................................................................................... 22

CH VIT TT
PM
RCP
ABL
NMVOCs
WCB
WCBs

Particulate Matter
Representative Concentration Pathway
Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds
Warm Conveyor Belt
Warm Conveyor Belts
2

M U

Trong nhng nm va qua, nhim khng kh tr thnh vn ng bo

ng nc ta hin nay. Vi c th cc cht gy nhim dng kh, do sau khi
pht sinh chng nhanh chng pht tn v lan truyn sang cc khu vc xung quanh, gy
nhim v nh hng ti cc vng ny. Hu qu l cc vng khng pht sinh cc cht
gy nhim b nh hng rt nng n: v d: ma axit gy ph hy cc cng trnh kin
trc, thm thc vt m ngun gy ra c th cch hng trm Km.
Hin nay con ngi nhn thc r s tm quan trng ca lan truyn xa cc cht
gy nhim khng kh v c nhng nghin cu v bin php nhm gim thiu n.
Nhng, vn nhim khng kh do cc ngun xa mang n l vn kh phc tp.
V: chng lin quan ti vn bin gii, quc gia v lnh th. Do , n phng mt
quc gia no khng th gii quyt c. N phi l vn mang tnh cht ton cu
v c cng ng quc t cng nh cc quc gia cng gii quyt.
nc ta hin nay, vn nhim khng kh khng phi l vn mi nhng
cha c gii quyt do thiu cc cng c k thut v php l. Do , mt mc
no , chng vn cha c gii quyt trit .
Do , hiu r hn v cc qu trnh ny chng ti trnh by nghin cu ti:
Long- range transport of air pollutants. Trong qu trnh nghin cu chng ti c s
dng mt s ti liu t cc t chc quc t (ti liu tham kho)
Trong khun kh gii hn ca bi vit ny, chng ti ch cp ti cc con
ng lan truyn v ngun gc pht sinh ca chng ch cha cp ti din bin ca
qu trnh v nh hng ca n n mi trng v sc khe cng ng nh th no.
Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n s gip ca TS.Nghim Trung Dng cng
cc t chc, c nhn gip chng ti hon thnh Tiu lun ny. Chng ti xin
chn thnh cm n./.
Nhm hc vin 11BKTMT. Nhm trng: Chu Anh Tun, 0904.894.123,
chuanhtuanvt@gmail.com v cc thnh vin.

CHNG 1

GII THIU CHUNG

------------------------------------------------1.1. i tng nghin cu v phm vi ca tiu lun.
1.1.1. i tng nghin cu.
Nghin cu qu trnh lan truyn cc cht nhim trong khng kh. nh hng
ca cc yu t ti qu trnh lan truyn cc cht nhim.
1.1.2. Phm vi nghin cu.
Qu trnh lan truyn xa cc cht nhim khng kh tm xa xuyn lc a.
1.2. Xu hng pht thi cc cht nhim.
1.2.1. Xu hng pht thi SO2
Lng kh thi SO2 ton cu tng u t nm 1850 n 1950, nh th hin hnh
1. Sau nm 1950 lng kh thi gia tng mt cch nhanh chng v t cc i vo nm
1980. T nm 1980-2000 lng kh thi ton cu gim xung khong 20% do s gim
thiu kh thi Chu u v Bc M. Lng pht thi chim phn ln Chu u v
Bc M cho ti nm 2000 khi lng pht thi ng (Trung Quc) tr nn tng
ng vi Chu u v Bc M. Lng pht thi SO2 trn ton cu lin tc suy gim
sau nm 2005, v cho n nm 2050 lng kh thi c th s gim xung 30%, 50%
hoc thm tr 70% so vi nm 2000 ty theo kch bn RCP. Lng pht thi Chu
u v Bc M s gim lin tc v ti nm 2050 s ch cn bng 60-90% lng pht
thi vo nm 2000. Ty thuc vo kch bn RCP lng pht thi ng t mc
cao nht vo nhng nm 2005, 2010, 2020 hoc 2040 v sau s gim mnh. Cht
thi trong cc lnh vc nng lng v cht thi cng nghip s chim a s lng SO2
pht thi ton cu (chim 70-75%) trong c ba giai on (2000,2030 v 2050). n
nm 2050 lng kh thi ton cu trong cc lnh vc nng lng cng nghip s gim
hn 70%. S gim mnh lng kh thi t cc lnh vc nng lng v cng nghip
chu u v Bc M c bt u t 2000-2030. Tuy nhin, Chu lng pht thi
t cc lnh vc nng lng v cht thi cng nghip tng ln t nm 2000 n 2030 v
sau gim xung. ng , s suy gim rt nhanh (80%) d kin l cho cc lnh
vc nng lng v cng nghip trong giai on 2030-2050. Lng pht thi t vn ti
hng khng v vn chuyn c gim hn 90% vo nm 2050 tt c cc khu vc.
Lng pht thi t khu dn c gim mnh ng , chu u v Bc M (khong
90%), nhng d kin s tng Nam .

Figure 1. SO2 emissions regional trends, future predictions, and

sources

1.2.2. Xu hng pht thi NOx.

Lng pht thi NOx ton cu tng ln u n t nm 1850-1940, nh c th
hin trong hnh 2. T sau nm 1940 lng kh thi c s gia tng nhanh chng cho n
nm 1990. Sau khi t cc i vo nm 2005 hoc 2010, lng kh thi NOx ton cu
gim khong 25% vo nm 2050 so vi nm 2000. Theo RCP 8,5 pht thi cc i s
vo nm 2020 v s suy gim ch c khong 10% nm 2050. Phn ln lng kh thi
ton cu pht sinh t chu u v Bc M cho n nm 2000. Lng pht thi t chu
u v Bc M tng ng t cc i vo nm 1990 v 2005. n nm 2050, lng
kh thi chu u v Bc M c d on gim 30-50% v 50-70% so vi nm
2000. Lng pht thi ng t cc i trong nm 2010, 2020, hoc 2040, ty
thuc vo kch bn RCP v sau s gim. Lng pht thi t Nam bt u st
gim trong khong thi gian t 2040-2050. Lng pht thi NOx ton cu t nm
2000-2030 ch yu l bi ba lnh vc: nng lng, cht thi cng nghip, vn ti
hng khng v hng hi, v giao thng ng b (chim tng s 70-75% tng lng
pht thi ton cu). Vic tng lng kh thi ton cu t 2000-2030 ch yu l do s
gia tng trong cc lnh vc nng lng v cht thi cng nghip c bit l t chu ,
mc d gim chu u v Bc M trong cng lnh vc. Vic gim lng kh thi ton
cu t 2030-2050 gn nh hon ton l do s suy gim mnh lng kh thi giao thng
vn ti di t, cc nhm ngun khc d kin s ch c s thay i nh.

Figure 2 NOx emissions regional trends, future predictions, and

sources.

1.2.3. Xu hng pht thi VOC.

Lng pht thi VOC ton cu tng ln dn dn t nm 1850-1940, nh c th
hin trong hnh 3. Sau nm 1940, c s gia tng nhanh hn lng kh thi ton cu,
bc u t cc i vo nm 1990, hi gim vo nm 2000 v sau tng ln. Ty
thuc vo kch bn RCP, lng kh thi VOC ton cu ln nht vo nm 2010, 2030
hoc 2040 sau suy gim. Nhn chung, xu hng pht thi VOC ton cu ch yu l
khng thay i nhiu trong giai on 1980-2050.Lng pht thi t chu u v c
bit l Bc M dn dn suy gim t nm 1980 n nm 2050. Lng kh thi ng
t cc i vo nm 2010, nm 2020, nm 2030, hoc 2040, ty thuc vo kch bn
RCP. Lng pht thi Nam tip tc tng cho n qua nm 2050. Lng pht thi
VOC ton cu c phn b kh ng u mt s loi ngun pht thi trong kch
bn RCT c hin th trong hnh 3. Trong tm loi pht thi, vn ti hng khng v
vn ti bin v nng nghip chim thiu s. Lng pht thi ton cu cho thy mt s
suy gim tng th vo nm 2050 do vic gim thiu t t. Mt loi ngun thng
chim u th pht thi trong mt vi khu vc, v d, nng lng, cng nghip v cht
thi chu u v khu dn c Nam . Khu vc c lng kh thi ng k t mt s
loi ngun.

Figure 3. VOC emissions regional trends, future predictions, and

sources.

1.2.4. Xu hng pht thi BC

Lng kh thi BC ton cu dn dn tng ln t nm 1850 n u nhng nm
2000, mc d c t s thay i t nm1910 n 1950, nh th hin trong hnh 4. Trong
khong thi gian t nm 1970 n 1980, c s gia tng nhanh hn lng kh thi ton
cu, phn ln l do s gia tng kh thi trong khu vc ng . n nm 2050, lng
kh thi ton cu c d bo s gim so vi nm 2000 khong 10% n 35%, ty
thuc vo kch bn RCP. Pht thi Bc M t cc i vo nm 1920, gim dn cho
n nm 1960, tng i n nh cho ti nm 2000 v sau li gim. Lng kh thi
chu u cc i vo nm 1910, tng i n nh t 1910-1980, v sau gim
dn.Lng pht thi ng tng mnh t 1950-1990 v tr thnh ln hn lng
kh thi t bt k khu vc no khc trong khong thi gian t nm 2000 n 2040.
Lng pht thi Nam cho thy mt s gia tng u n trong t nht l ti nm
2020 v nm 2050 l tng ng vi lng kh thi t khu vc ng . Lng kh
thi BC ton cu c d bo s gim vo nm 2050. Gim st ny ch yu l do gim
lng kh thi trong cc lnh vc nng lng, cng nghip v cht thi cng nghip,
chim 30% lng ct gim c hin th trong giai on 2000-2050. Ngoi ra cn do
8

gim lng kh thi giao thng ng b chu u v Bc M v kh thi khu vc

ng .

Figure 4. BC emissions regional trends, future predictions, and

sources

1.2.5. Xu hng pht thi CH4.

Lng kh thi CH4 ton cu tng ln dn dn t nm 1850-1950, nh c th
hin trong hnh 5. Sau nm 1950, c s gia tng nhanh hn lng kh thi ton cu,
bc u t cc i vo nm 1990, hi gim vo nm 2000 v sau tng ln. Lng
kh thi d on trong tng lai rt khc nhau ty thuc vo kch bn RCP. Trong
RCP 8.5 lng kh thi CH4 ton cu tng ln nhanh chng t nm 2000 cho ti nm
2050, tng 125%. Trong RCP 4.5 v 6.0 cho thy mt s gia tng khim tn lng kh
thi ton cu khong 15% t nm 2000. Trong RCP 2.6, lng kh thi ton cu ln
nht trong nm 2010 v sau gim gn 40% so vi nm 2000 vo nm 2050. Tt c
cc vng cho thy c xu hng tng t nh trong trng hp ton cu: trong lch s
s gia tng dn dn v t cc i l vo nm 1990, d kin s tng nhiu trong RCP
8.5 v gim ng k trong RCP 2.6. Trong RCP 4.5 v 6.0 c nhng thay i nh hn
nhng c th l tng hoc gim, ty thuc vo khu vc. Lng pht thi t khu vc
ng v Nam cho thy s gia tng mnh nht ca lng kh thi trong RCP 8.5.
Trong khong thi gian t nm 2010 n nm 2020 c s suy gim ln lng kh thi
trn ton cu do gim ng v Bc M trong RCP 2.6. Lng kh thi CH4 ton
cu ang b chi phi bi hai loi: nng nghip v nng lng, v cht thi cng
nghip. Lng pht thi ton cu t hai loi ny chim hn 80% tng lng pht thi
ton cu trong giai on 2000-2050 v tng t nh trong nm 2000. Lng pht thi
ton cu tng gn 70% t 2000 n 2030 v suy gim mnh t nm 2030 n 2050, t
hn gn 40% so vi lng kh thi nm 2000. Nhng thay i lng pht thi ny ch
yu phn nh nhng thay i trong kh thi t ngnh nng lng, cht thi cng
nghip. Tt c cc khu vc cho thy mt m hnh tng t ca vic gia tng tng
lng kh thi vo nm 2030 v gim t 2030-2050 do s thay i trong nng nghip,
c bit l ngnh nng lng v cht thi cng nghip.

10

Figure 5. CH4 emissions regional trends, future predictions, and

sources.

1.2.6. Xu hng pht thi CO.

Lng pht thi CO ton cu dn dn tng ln 1850-1940, nh c th hin
trong hnh 6. Sau nm 1940, c mt s gia tng nhanh hn lng kh thi ton cu v
t cc i vo nm 1990. Ty thuc vo kch bn RCP, lng kh thi ton cu t
cc i vo nm 1990, nm 2005, hoc 2020 sau suy gim. T nm 2000-2050, xu
hng pht thi CO ton cu gim khng nhiu khong 15-20% trong tt c cc kch
bn, ngoi tr RCP 6.0 cho thy gim t hn 5%. Cc khu vc pht thi ln nht
chuyn t Bc M sang ng t nm 1990 n nm 2020. Ty thuc vo kch bn
RCP, khu vc pht thi ln nht hoc l ng hoc l Nam t nm 2030-2050.
Lng kh thi CO ton cu l ng k trong mt s loi ngun. Trong s tm loi
c hin th, th ch c vn ti hng khng v vn chuyn tu thy, nng nghip, v
cc dung mi l thp. Lng pht thi ton cu cho thy gim 25% vo nm 2050ch
yu l do gim cc loi giao thng ng b v mt phn gim nh hn l trong s
dng t v nng lng, cht thi cng nghip. Xu hng pht thi do cc m chy
tho nguyn v khu dn c gn nh khng i.
11

Figure 6. CO emissions regional trends, future predictions, and

sources.

1.2.7. Xu hng pht thi NH3.

Lng kh thi NH3 ton cu dn dn tng ln t nm 1850-1940, nh c th
hin trong hnh 7. Sau nm 1940, lng kh thi ton cu c s gia tng nhanh hn,
12

bc u t cc i vo nm 1990, hi gim vo nm 2000 v sau dn dn cho ti

nm 2050. n nm 2050, lng kh thi ton cu c d bo s tng khong 1545% so vi nm 2000, ty thuc vo kch bn RCP. Lng pht thi c d bo s
tng vo nm 2050 tt c cc khu vc, mc d mc gia tng thay i ng k theo
tng khu vc v khc nhau theo kch bn RCP t gim di 5% chu u trong RCP
4.5 n tng hn 100% Nam trong RCP 2.6. Cc vng pht thi ln hn trong th
k 21 l khu vc ng , Chu u, v Nam . Lng kh thi NH3 ton cu phn ln
bi nng nghip. Nng nghip chim khong 75-85% tng lng pht thi ton cu
trong sut giai on 2000-2050. Lng pht thi ton cu tng ln 30% t nm 20002030 do s gia tng 45% lng kh thi t nng nghip, sau tng dn t nm 20302050 khong 40% lng pht thi ton cu so vi nm 2000.

13

Figure 7. NH3 emissions regional trends, future predictions, and sources

1.2.8. Xu hng pht thi OC.

Lng kh thi OC ton cu OC dn dn tng ln t nm 1850 n u nhng
nm 2000, nh c th hin trong hnh 8. Sau nm 2005 hoc 2020, lng kh thi
ton cu c d bo s gim vo nm 2050 khong 20% so vi nm 2000, ngoi tr
trong RCP 6.0 cho thy mt s tng nh. Lng kh thi chu u t cc i vo
nm 1940 sau dn dn gim cho ti nm 2000. Pht thi Bc M t cc i vo
nm 1870-1920 v gn nh khng i trong giai on 1960-2000. n nm 2050,
lng kh thi chu u v Bc M c d on s gim t 30-70% v 15-45% so
vi nm 2000. T khong nm 1980 n 2030, khu vc pht thi ln nht l ng .
Lng pht thi Nam lin tc tng v ti nm 2040 s tng ng vi lng kh
thi t khu vc ng . Kh thi OC ton cu c d bo s gim vo nm 2050.
Gim st ny ch yu do gim lng kh thi trong cc lnh vc nng lng v cng
nghip, chim 30% lng ct gim c hin th trong giai on 2000-2050. Ngoi ra
cn do gim lng kh thi giao thng ng b chu u, Bc M v kh thi khu
vc ng .

14

Figure 8. OC emissions regional trends, future predictions, and

sources

1.2.9. Nhn xt.

S lng pht thi trn th gii tp trung ch yu vo 5 khu vc chnh, bao gm:
Bc M, Chu u, ng v Nam . Xu hng pht thi gim dn ti cc nc pht
trin ti Chu u v Bc M, tng dn ti cc nc ang pht trin ti ng v
Nam . Lng pht thi c xu hng gim dn trong cc lnh vc cng nghip v
nng lng; tng dn ti khu vc dch v: Hng khng, hng hi v nng nghip. Mt
khc, nhim khng kh c lan truyn ton cu c ngun gc pht sinh t cc khu
vc ny. Do , c s lin quan gia nhim ti cc khu vc ny v nhim khng
kh ton cu (chng s c cp chng tip theo)

15

CHNG 2

CC QU TRNH LAN TRUYN CC CHT NHIM

------------------------------------------------Trn quy m lc a hoc ton cu, cht lng khng kh gy ra bi mt ngun
no v lan truyn n mt a im c th theo hng gi ph thuc vo ba yu t:
1) S lng cht nhim pht ra hoc c sn xut ti ngun
2) Cc iu kin kh tng vn chuyn nhim t mt lc a khc v
3) Cc qu trnh chuyn i vt l v ha hc lm thay i s lng v thnh
phn nhim trong qu trnh vn chuyn ko di t ngy n vi tun. Nhng vn
ny nh sau:
2.1. Con ng lan truyn chnh.
Lan truyn cc cht nhim pht ra vng nhit i b thng tr bi gi thi t
pha ng vng nhit i, gi mu dch b mt. Trong bn vng kh thi ln bn
cu pha Bc, ch c Nam b chi phi bi cc gi thi t pha ng trong ma ng,
mc d lng kh thi t chu u vn c th di chuyn t pha nam ti pha bc chu
Phi, v mt s pht thi t Bc M v ng cng c th t n cc vng nhit i.
Trong ma h gi thi t pha ng m rng nh hng ca n v pha Bc cho php
lng kh thi t NA, EU v EA ti nh hng n cc vng nhit i. Cng trong
ma ny, gi ma ma h Bc M v chu pht trin thc y pht thi b mt pha
Bc, trong khi ti cng mt thi gian s hnh thnh cc cn bo lan rng nhanh chng
c th pht tn cc cht gy nhim t b mt pha trn tng i lu. Trong tng i
lu trn, gi mnh c th vn chuyn cht gy nhim xa hn khi chng vn cn gn
vi b mt tri t.
V tr ca cc khu vc pht thi i vi cc con ng vn chuyn, kh quyn chi
phi c nh hng mnh m v tn sut v cng ca vic vn chuyn nhim
xuyn lc a. V d, cc khu vc pht thi dc theo b bin pha ng ca chu v
Bc M c ngun gc ca Bc i Ty Dng v Bc Thi Bnh Dng gia v
cc cn bo lc c th nht lng kh thi vo gia tng i lu v thng lu v vn
chuyn chng vo theo chiu gi chu lc trong mt vi ngy. Ngc li, chu u l
kt thc ca cn bo Bc i Ty Dng v kh thi ca n gn b mt, c bit l
vo ma ng.

16

Figure 9. con ng giao thng vn ti nhim lin lc a Bc

bn cu. Cc di cho thy v tr ca mt CO nh du trn cc lc
a Bc bn cu sau 8-10 ngy k t ngy vn chuyn, v trung
bnh hn 15 nm. c hin th l con ng vn chuyn trong
ma h (thng su, thng by, thng tm, trn bng), v ma
ng (thng, thng mt, thng hai, thp hn bng). Mi tn mu
xm cho thy vn chuyn trong tng i lu thp hn (<3 km) v
mi tn mu en cho thy giao thng gia tng i lu v
thng lu (3 km).

2.2. nh hng ca cc Qu trnh chuyn i ha hc.

nhim khng kh xuyn lc a xy ra vo khong thi gian mt ngy n vi
tun, lu hn thi gian sng ca mt s cht gy nhim (Bng 1), v thi gian d
kh PM ti ngun pht ra tri qua vic loi b hoc bin i ha hc. Bi thi gian
cc khi khng kh b nhim n mt lc a theo hng gi c kh nng c tnh
cht ha hc rt khc so vi ti ngun. Qu trnh chuyn i ha hc xy ra trong
nhim khng kh xuyn lc a rt nhiu v phc tp. Mt vi trong s cc qu trnh
chuyn i ha hc quan trng nht l cc khi khng kh nhim tri qua trong
qu trnh vn chuyn c m t trong hnh 8 v m t di y, s dng vn chuyn
t chu n Bc M l mt v d. Nhng m t ca cc qu trnh ny c h tr
17

bi cc nghin cu c tin hnh qua nhiu "th gii i dng v thng c p

dng i vi hu ht cc tuyn lan truyn lin lc a.
Bng 1. Thi gian tn ti (xp x) ca kh v PM trong lp bin kh quyn v
tng i lu t do. Thi gian tn l rt khc nhau ty thuc vo cao, thi gian
trong ngy, ma, v gn vi cc khu vc pht thi.
Trace gas or PM

Approximate lifetime in the

atmospheric boundary layer

Approximate lifetime in the

free troposphere

NO2

hours

days

SO2

days

days to weeks

CO

weeks to months

weeks to months

VOCs

hours to months

hours to months

CH4

8-9 years

8-9 years

NH3

days

days

PM

hours to days

days to weeks

Ozone

hours to days

weeks to months

nhim mi trng vn chuyn t chu n Bc M bt ngun t cc lp

bin kh quyn (ABL) ca ng , ni cc cht gy nhim khng kh chnh nh
NOx, SO2, CO, NMVOC v PM trc tip pht sinh t qu trnh t chy v cc ngun
cng nghip. Vo ban ngy, nh sng mt tri khi mo cc phn ng quang ha cho
php NOx v NMVOC phn ng v hnh thnh cc cht gy nhim th cp, ozone.
Ozone tr thnh ngun gc OH, mt cht oxy ha mnh m phn ng vi bin i cc
cht nhim trong bu kh quyn. i khi, c gi l tc nhn lm sch ca kh
quyn, OH cng l cht u th loi b CH4 v CO t bu kh quyn, v n ng
mt vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh oxy ha ca SO2 v H2SO4. Sulfuric acid l
ngun gc ca ht sulfat. Cc loi kh khc c th phn ng vi hnh thnh PM c
gi l cc sol kh th cp l NOx, NH3, v NMVOC. Trong khi cc qu trnh bin i
ha hc khc xy ra trong ABL lc a, kh theo di v PM cng b loi b t bu
khng kh qua lng ng t v kh. Lng ng kh xy ra khi cc cht kh hoc PM
n tip xc vi b mt Tri t "v a ln hoc hp ph trn b mt. T l lng ng
kh ph thuc vo loi b mt (v d nh thc vt, nc, nc ) v t l m ti
cc thnh phn c vn chuyn n mt t. Lng ng t xy ra khi ma vn
chuyn kh nc theo dng ha tan (chng hn nh axit sulfuric hoc nitric) v PM
trn b mt tri t.
18

Figure 10. Tng quan qu trnh vn chuyn xuyn lc a cc cht gy nhim khng kh. Mu xanh hin
th cc lp lc a. Mu p dng cho vn chuyn mc thp v mu en cho vn chuyn mc cao.

Khi h thng thi tit lm pht tn mt khi khng kh nhim t ABL lc a

chu trn khp Bc Thi Bnh Dng Dng v pha Bc M, loi b v cc cht
sau chuyn i ph thuc vo thi tit. Cho d cc khi khng kh c lan truyn
ti tng i lu thp hn, thng t hn 3 km v cao, hoc gia tng i lu v
thng lu. Cc khi khng kh nhim lan truyn ln gia tng i lu trn vi tri
qua mnh m thng qua i lu su (WCBs) tng t 3 n 15 km trn Tri t b mt
(Figure 10) . Nh nhng khi khng kh v hi nc mt t ABL ngng t thnh
nhng m my. Lng ma sau loi b hu ht nhng g cn li ca kh nc ha
tan v PM thng qua lng ng t. Thi gian ny, khi khng kh b nhim i ln
gia tng i lu hoc pha trn, hu ht cc NOx c chuyn i vi cc cht
khc nh peroxyacetile nitrate (PAN) hoc axit nitric v cn li tng i t cho tip
tc to ra ozone. Nit phn ng trong cc hnh thc ca PAN, mt phn quan trng
ca NOx. iu kin lnh v kh ca tng i lu trn cng dn n cc thnh phn ha
hc khc nhau ng k hn so vi b mt.
Cui cng, nhng khi khng kh nhim i xung v pha b mt, khng kh
nng ln khi n i xung, cho php nhit phn PAN m to thnh NOx. iu ny cung
cp mt lng NOx mi, ti sn xut ozone. Tuy nhin khi khng kh gim dn c th
gp hi nc nng cao tng i lu, ph hy mt s nhn t to thnh ozone.
Nng ozone tng cng c th dn n qu trnh oxy ha SO2 cn li ca khi kh,
vi acid sulfuric mi c ngng t to thnh khi ht.
Cc qu trnh chuyn i ha hc khc nhau khng ch xy ra trong cc khi
khng kh m cn din ra trong tng i lu thp hn. Tng i lu thp hn c
cha nhiu hi nc hn so vi tng i lu gia v phi trn. Dn n s hy dit
mng li ozone khi nng NOx thp. Tuy nhin, nu nng NOx. Tuy nhin, nu
nng NOx c duy tr trn mt ngng no , sn xut ozone s xy ra trn i
dng, thp nht vi trm mt ca tng i lu thp hn b chim bi lp ranh gii
19

bin, thng n nh, m t v b c lp t khng kh trn . Ozone to ra trong lp

ranh gii bin thng xy ra trong vng vi ngy u tin lan truyn nhim t lc
a, t nht l trong ma m p. Trong qu trnh ph hy ozone ma ng dng nh
vn chuyn nhng khi khng kh trong tng i lu thp hn, trn lp ranh gii
bin, c th dn n NOx c sinh ra nh l PAN dn n nng ozone tng cng
nh trn Azores gia Bc i Ty Dng Dng 3 km. Tuy nhin, trong tng i
lu thp, axit nitric c hnh thnh u tin PAN v trong s hin din ca cc m
my s tan thnh nhng git nc, m my dn n gim NOx. Trong trng hp
ny, mc d ozone tng ng k trong lc a, ph hy tng ozone, do nng hi
nc cao theo hng gi. Nu ozone v nng hi nc vn cn cao, OH to thnh
c th ph hy cc cht nhim nh CO.
i vi PM, vn chuyn tng i lu thp hn c xu hng to lng ma t
hn vi cc khi khng kh c nht gia tng i lu v thng lu. Kt qu l:
lng ng t t hn v nng PM ln hn nhiu trong tng i lu thp hn v
trong tng i lu gia trn. Hn na, lng ma ln hn vo ma ng gii thch l
do ti sao nng PM thp c vn chuyn n b mt pha Ty Bc M trong ma
ng so vi ma h.
Kt qu: S lng cht nhim c vn chuyn t mt lc a khc c xc
nh bi s lng ban u ca cc cht gy nhim pht ra hoc c sinh ra ti lc
a, cao cc cht nhim c, tc vn chuyn, lng ng v ha hc chuyn
i xy ra trong qu trnh vn chuyn

20

KT LUN V KIN NGH

1. Kt lun
Bng chng v s lan truyn xa cc cht nhim c quan st t mt t, my
bay v v tinh cho thy: Cc cht gy nhim lan truyn theo v trung bnh Bc
bn cu b tc ng bi nhng cn gi ty lng kh thi lan truyn t ng qua
Bc Thi Bnh Dng n Bc M, t Bc M qua Bc i Ty Dng sang chu u,
v t chu u vo Bc Cc v Trung .
Bng chng ca qu trnh vn chuyn cht gy nhim tm xa trong cc php o
thc hin theo hng gi ca ngun ph thuc vo s tn ti ca cht gy nhim
trong mi trng. Cc lung gy nhim c nng cao vi thi gian tn ti ngn
trong khng kh khng c s quang ha, trong khi phn phi lin tc nhng ngun lan
truyn nhim c thi gian tn ti lu trong khng kh. Trong trng hp cc cht
nhim tp trung ch yu trong tng i lu v c s thay i lin tc v nng cng
nh qu trnh phn tn cht nhim. VD: i vi PM, bng chng quan trng ca s
lan truyn xa cc cht nhim c cung cp bi cc nh v tinh c th nhn thy khi
v bi t cc m chy rng v sa mc ko di hng ngn cy s.
2. Kin ngh.
Vic lan truyn xa cc cht gy nhim mang cc cht nhim t vng b
nhim ti vng cha nhim. Gy nh hng n h sinh thi, ng thc vt v con
ngi. Do , cn c bin php ton cu ngn nga, gim thiu nhng tc ng ca
n gy ra.

21

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Hemispheric transport of air pollution 2010. Part A: ozone and particulate matter.
New York and Geneva,USA 2010.
2. Auvray, M., and I. Bey (2005), Long-range transport to Europe: Seasonal variations
and implications for the European ozone budget, Journal of Geophysical Research.
3.
Marina
Astitha.
PhD
in
Environmental Physics.
Range Transport of Air Pollution to and from North Africa. 2009

Long-

4. Stohl, A., and S. Eckhardt (2004), Intercontinental Transport of Air Pollution: An

Introduction, in Intercontinental Transport of Air Pollution, edited by A. Stohl,
Springer, Berlin.

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