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transformation, Loop
Basic Concepts
and node analysis With linearly dependent and independent
sources for DC and AC networks, Concepts of super node and super mesh.
Basic Concepts
Node: It's a point in an electrical circuit, for which two elements are connected
Principal Node: Its the node in an electrical circuit, for which two or more elements are connected
Reference Node: Its the node in an electrical circuit, with the zero potential
Branch: It's a line segment, which represents a network element or a combination of elements connected between two nodes
Path: It's set of braches, traversed in the form that no node is passed through again
Loop: It's an electric circuits closed path. Loop can has other loops within it
Mesh: It's an independent loop in an electric circuit, which doesn't contain any other loops within it. All meshes are loops but all loops are not meshes
Planar circuit: It's a circuit drawn on a plane surface, such that no branch passes over or under any other branch
Non-planar circuit: It's the circuit which can't be drawn without passing over or under any other branch
Dependent Source: It's the source in which the voltage or current depends upon the current and voltage elsewhere in the circuit Symbol: Diamond symbol is used to represent the dependent sources
Unilateral Element: It's the element, in which the current-voltage relationship doesn't remains same for the either direction of the current flow Example: Vacuum diode, Silicon diode, Selenium rectifier and etc., Unilateral Element: It's the circuit containing the unilateral elements
Ideal Source
Its the source, in which the internal resistance is zero Types: 1. Active Ideal Source 2, Passive Ideal Source
Sources Ideal Sources Practical Sources DC Sources DC Sources AC Sources AC Sources Current Voltage Current Voltage Current Voltage Current Voltage
+ E_
+ E_
+ _ E_+
+ E_
+ E_
+ _
+ E _
E + + E _ _
1. Active Ideal Voltage Sources It's the active ideal source, which delivers energy to the load with constant terminal voltage, irrespective of the current drawn by the load
2. Active Ideal Current Source It's the active ideal current source, which delivers energy with the constant current to the load, irrespective of terminal voltage across the load
1. Passive Ideal Voltage Sources Its the passive ideal source, which delivers energy to the load with constant terminal voltage, irrespective of the current drawn by the load
2. Passive Ideal Current Source Its the passive ideal source, which delivers energy to the load with constant terminal voltage, irrespective of the current drawn by the load
Practical Sources
Its the source, in which the internal resistance is not zero. Types: 1. Active Practical Sources 2. Passive Practical Sources
1. Active Practical Sources It's the practical source circuit possess energy of its own imparts it to the other elements of the circuit
1. Active Practical Voltage Source It's the active practical source, which delivers energy to the load with constant terminal voltage, irrespective of the current drawn by the load
2. Active Practical Current Source It's the active Practical current source, which delivers energy with the constant current to the load, irrespective of terminal voltage across the load
2. Passive Practical Sources It's the practical source which doesnt possess energy of its own and depends on the sources elsewhere in the circuit
1. Passive Practical Voltage Source Its the passive practical source, which delivers energy to the load with constant terminal voltage, irrespective of the current drawn by the load
2. Passive Practical Current Source Its the passive practical source, which delivers energy to the load with constant terminal voltage, irrespective of the current drawn by the load
Ideal sources in different combination Types: 1. Ideal Sources in Series combination 2. Ideal Sources in Parallel combination
Sources Voltage Sources Ideal Voltage Sources Practical Voltage Sources Current Sources Ideal Current Sources Practical Current Sources
Series Configuration
Parallel Configruation
Sources Dependent Voltage Sources Ideal Dependent Voltage Sources + Series Configuration Dependent Current Sources
Practica Dependentl Voltage Sources Dependent Current Sources Practical Dependent Current Sources Ideal
Parallel Configruation
1. Ideal Sources in Series combination Types: 1. Ideal Voltage sources in Series 2. Ideal Current sources in Series
1. Ideal Voltage sources in Series Resultant voltage source is of the voltage = VEQ= V1+V2
2. Ideal Current sources in Series Resultant voltage source is of the voltage = IEQ= I1 = I2
2. Ideal Sources in Parallel combination Types: 1. Ideal Voltage sources in Parallel 2. Ideal Current sources in Parallel
1. Ideal Voltage sources in Parallel Resultant voltage source is of the voltage = VEQ= V1 = V2 2. Ideal Current sources in Parallel Resultant current source is of the voltage = IEQ= I1+I2
1. Practical Sources in Series combination Types: 1. Practical Voltage sources in Series 2. Practical Current sources in Series
1. Practical Voltage sources in Series Resultant voltage source is of the voltage = VEQ= V1+V2 Resultant voltage source is of the resistance = rEQ= r1+r2
2. Practical Current sources in Series Resultant Current source is of the voltage = IEQ= VEQ/r, VEQ=V1+V2, V1=I1/r, V2=I2/r Resultant Current source is of the resistance = rEQ= r1+r2
2. Practical Sources in Parallel combination Types: 1. Practical Voltage sources in Parallel 2. Practical Current sources in Parallel
1. Practical Voltage sources in Parallel Resultant voltage source is of the voltage = VEQ= IEQr, IEQ=I1=I2, I1=V1/r, I2=V2/r Resultant voltage source is of the resistance = rEQ= r1r2/r1+r2
2. Practical Current sources in Parallel Resultant current source is of the voltage = IEQ= I1+I2 Resultant voltage source is of the resistance = rEQ= r1r2/r1+r2
Linear Network
Linear Element: It's a passive element, which has the linear voltage-current relationship Linear Dependent Sources: It's dependent current or voltage source whose output current or voltage is proportional only to the first power of some current or voltage parameter in the circuit or the sum of such quantities Linear Network: It's circuit, which consists of only the independent sources, linear dependent sources, and linear elements.
2. Homogeneity property: It states that, if all the sources in the linear network are multiplied by some constant, then the response across or through any other element of the linear network also gets multiplied by the same constant
Source Transformations
Identical Sources: Sources are said to be the identical sources, if their terminal voltages and load currents are same Equivalent Sources: Sources are said to be the equivalent sources, if their the open circuit voltage and the short circuit current are same
Types of Source Transformations 1. Voltage source to the Current source transformation 2. Current source to the Voltage source transformation
r + E _ RL VL I r VL RL
Source Transformations
Let the two sources, voltage and current above are identical sources. So, load current IL flowing in them are identical Expression for Load Current, IL: Practical Voltage Source: IL=E/r+RL Practical Current Source: IL=I(r/r+RL) From, Eq. 1 and Eq. 2, E=Ir ------------- 1 ------------- 2
I=E/r = Current in the Equivalent Current Source Transformation of Sources: Practical Voltage Source with Series internal resistance = Practical Current Source with Parallel internal resistance
1. Voltage source to the Current source transformation Procedure: 1. Calculate the current of the current source, given by I=V/R or I=V/Z 2. Note down the internal resistance of the current source, which is the same as the internal resistance of the voltage source 3. Convert voltage source with its internal resistance in series, to the current source with its internal resistance in parallel
1. Calculate the voltage of the voltage source, given by V=IR or V=IZ 2. Note down the internal resistance of the voltage source, which is the same as the internal resistance of the current source 3. Convert current source with its internal resistance in parallel, to the voltage source with its internal resistance in series
Source Shifting
Its the shifting of the position of the sources in the circuit, in such a way that the resultant current or voltage of the circuit remains same
1. Voltage Source Shifting Single voltage source can be considered equivalent to the two identical voltage sources in parallel, when they are pushed through the node, in such a way that the current through the various elements of the network remains unchanged
R1
L1
RL
VL
R1
L1
RL VL
R1 L1
RL VL
+ Vin _
+ Vin _
+ Vin _
+ Vin _
+ Vin _
2. Current source Shifting Single current source can be considered equivalent to the two identical current sources, when they are pushed in such a way that, the current at all nodes remains unchanged
I C C
C Star ( ) Network
Delta ( ) Network Star ( ) Network Conversion RA+RB=RAB(RBC+RCA)/RAB+RBC+RCA=RAB(RBC+RCA)/RAB -------- 1 RB+RC= RBC(RCA+RAB)/RAB RC+RA=RCA(RAB+RBC)/RAB Eq.1 Eq. 2 : Eq.3 + Eq. 4 : RA-RC=RABRCA-RBCRCA/RAB 2RA=2RABRCA/RAB -------- 4 -------- 5 -------- 6 -------- 2 -------- 3
Eq. 4, Eq 5, and Eq. 6 from, RARB+RBRC+RCRA=RABRBCRCA(RAB+RBC+RCA)/R2AB =RBC RARAB/RAB=RARBC RBC=RARB+RBRC+RCRA/RA=RB+RC+RBRC/RA RAB=RA+RB+RARB/RC RCA=RC+RA+RARC/RB from Eq. 5
Loop and Node analysis with linearly dependent and independent sources for DC and AC networks
DC Source Network: Its the network, in which only the DC source is present AC Source Network: Its the network, in which only the AC source is present DC-AC Source Network: Its the network, in which both DC and AC sources are present Linearly Dependent Sources: It's dependent current or voltage source whose output current or voltage is proportional only to the first power of some current or voltage parameter in the circuit or the sum of such quantities Linearly Independent Sources: It's independent current or voltage source whose output current or voltage is proportional only to the first power of some current or voltage parameter in the circuit or the sum of such quantities
Types of Network Analysis 1. Mesh-Current Analysis (Loop Analysis) 2. Node-Voltage Analysis (Node Analysis)
Loop analysis with linearly dependent and independent sources for DC and AC networks
Mesh-Current Analysis (Loop-Current Analysis) Procedure: 1. Network must be the planar network and non-planar network analysis is not possible to do from the mesh-current analysis 2. Nodes are to be named by letters, to identify the meshes in the circuit 3. Practical current sources are to be converted into the practical voltage sources 4. Voltage sources in series and parallel combinations are to be replaced by their equivalents 5. Neglect the resistance and/or impedance, in parallel with the ideal voltage sources or in series with the ideal current sources
6. Arbitrarily, clock or anti-clockwise direction is to assigned for mesh currents. Usually, clock-wise directions are used 7. Mesh current equations are written for the meshes in the circuit 8. Cramers rule or any other method is used to solve the equations for the meshes and obtain the mesh currents 9. Branch currents are calculated, with the mesh currents obtained
1. Unknown Voltage Assignment Method Procedure: 1. Assign an unknown voltage across the ideal current source 2. Apply KVL for each mesh and source current and mesh current relation equations to obtain 3. Solve the obtained equations Its found to be the difficult and lengthy, when compared to the other method
2. Super Mesh Creation Method Procedure: 1. Consider the two meshes having ideal current source in common, as only one mesh called the super mesh 2. Ignore the mesh, having an ideal current source at its perimeter, not common with other meshes (Since, it can be considered as the element in common with other outside mesh) 3. Apply the KVL, to the meshes to be considered
Node analysis with linearly dependent and independent sources for DC and AC networks
Node-Voltage Analysis Node: Its the point in the network, where tow elements meet Principal node: Its the node, where two or more elements meet Reference Node: Its the node with the zero potential
Procedure: 1. Network can be Planar or Non-planar network for using the node-voltage analysis 2. Reference node is to be selected among the principal nodes 3. Node voltages are to be assigned to all, except the reference node 4. Practical voltage sources are to be converted into practical current sources 5. Current sources in series and parallel combinations are to be replaced by their equivalents 6. Neglect the resistance and/or impedance, in series with the ideal voltage sources or in parallel with the ideal current sources 7. Currents in the all branches are assumed arbitrarily in any direction 8. Node-voltage equations are to be written at each node 9. Cramers rule or other methods are to be used to solve the node-voltage equations and obtain the node voltages 10. Branch currents are to be calculated, using the node voltages obtained
1. Unknown Current Assignment Method Procedure: 1. Assign an unknown current to the branch having the ideal current source 2. Apply KCL at each node obtain the equations and solve the equations Its found to be the difficult and lengthy, when compared to the other method
2. Super Node Creation Method Procedure: 1. Consider the two nodes having ideal voltage source between them, as only one node called the super node 3. Apply the KCL, at each node to obtain the equations and solve the equations
1. Unknown Voltage Assignment Method: Procedure: 1. Assign an unknown voltage across the ideal current source 2. Apply KVL for each mesh and source current and mesh current relation equations to obtain 3. Solve the obtained equations Its found to be the difficult and lengthy, when compared to the other method
2. Super mesh creation method Procedure: 1. Consider the two meshes having ideal current source in common, as only one mesh called the super mesh 2. Ignore the mesh, having an ideal current source at its perimeter, not common with other meshes (Since, it can be considered as the element in common with other outside mesh) 3. Apply the KVL, to the meshes to be considered
1. Unknown Current Assignment Method Procedure: 1. Assign an unknown current to the branch having the ideal current source 2. Apply KCL at each node obtain the equations and solve the equations Its found to be the difficult and lengthy, when compared to the other method
2. Super Node Creation Method Procedure: 1. Consider the two nodes having ideal voltage source between them, as only one node called the super node 3. Apply the KCL, at each node to obtain the equations and solve the equations