ThS.

H nh Tun

MT S LOI CY CHE PH T A DNG

PHC V PHT TRIN NNG LM NGHIP BN VNG VNG CAO
D n pht trin khun kh cho sn xut v marketing nng nghip hu c ti Vit Nam

ThS. H nh Tun

MT S LOI CY CHE PH T A DNG

PHC V PHT TRIN NNG LM NGHIP BN VNG VNG CAO

LI GII THIU
t rng c ph cao v h sinh thi ca n rt bn vng nh c tn rng che ch bo v v lun c b sung cc cht dinh dng hu c t vic phn hu v r l rng, thn v r ca nhng cy cht. Cng nh c s che ph ca rng m t khng b xi mn, dung tch hp th cao, phn ln nc ma c rngv t rng gi li, thin tai l lt cng c gim nhiu. Tuy nhin, mt khi t b bc trn khi thm thc vt che ph, t s rt d b xi mn v thoi ho. y l yu t hn ch ln nht ang km hm v e do tnh bn vng trong sn xut nng nghip vng cao cng nh an ninh lng thc ton quc. t thoi ho thng ngho dinh dng, chua, c, cng, khng ngm nc v thiu hot ng sinh hc. pht trin sn xut bn vng trn t dc, cn m bo hai iu kin bt buc sau y: (a) Bo v t chng xi mn v thng xuyn bi b dinh dng cho t, v (b) Ci thin l ho tnh ca t, nht l ti xp nhm gim c t v tng dung tch hp th ca t. Mun lm nh vy, cn tun th nhng c ch t nhin trong cc h sinh thi rng, tc l thng xuyn che ph t bng thm thc vt sng hay cht. Tuy nhin cy che ph phi l cy a tc dng, sinh trng nhanh, sinh khi ln, d tnh, c b r kho ph v t rn v khai thc dinh dng t su trong lng t, ng thi phi d kim sot. Trong cun sch nh ny chng ti xin gii thiu mt s loi cy ang c p dng thnh cng trong bo v v ci to t vng ni pha Bc Vit Nam.

Lc di Arachis pintoi
Thuc h ph Papilionaceae

Cng dng:
Trng lm thm che ph bo v v ci to t trong cc vn cy n qu, trn ph gc nhn, nng ng, la v lm thc n gia sc. Ngoi ra lc di ra hoa quanh nm nn c th s dng lm cy cnh trang tr cc cng vin, bi c quanh nh, cc bn hoa trn ph hoc cc chu cy ln.

Cch trng:
Lc di c th trng bng ht, nhng mun sn xut ht th phi trng tha trn t c ph cao. Hn na lc di ra hoa quanh nm nn chn ca c rt khng ng u. V vy, ny mm cng khng ng u nu khng chn lc tt. Theo chng ti, phng php thun tin nht l trng bng cnh ct. Trong trng hp ny, nn chn v ct nhng cnh bnh t thnh nhng on di 20 - 25 cm sao cho mi on c t nht 3 mt; ni rm mt c ti phun trong mt hoc hai ngy lnh vt ct v cnh gim ra r mi, sau em trng ra rung, mt tu . Nu trng dy th s nhanh kn t, nu trng tha th s chm hn. Theo chng ti mt ti u l 50 khm/m2 (1 kg cnh ct c th trng c 5m2, trng hai ba cnh mt hc). Khi trng cn lp t kn hn 2/3 cnh ct; dng chn n cht t ri ti nc. Nh theo di d bo thi tit v chn nhng ngy ma trng th khng phi ti. Ch gi m lin tc cho n khi ra bp v cnh non. Sau lc s t pht trin v khng cn chm sc nhiu. Tuy nhin, mun lc pht trin nhanh th nn lm c v bn phn. Liu lng phn bn khng cn nhiu. C th s dng thuc kch thch ra r song chng ti khng gii thiu v nng dn min ni s kh p dng.

c im:
Lc di l mt loi cy h u lu nm c ngun gc t M La tinh. Lc di c l v hoa nh lc n; thn b st mt t; ra r cc t trn thn; c nh, thng ch c 1 ht to bng ht u tng; r cc c th hnh thnh t cc t v n su vo lng t gip cho cy chu hn rt tt. Hin nay ph bin l hai ging Amarillo v Itacambira. Ging th nht thng b st mt t, sinh khi khng cao nhng chng chu su bnh tt hn v rt thch hp cho cc vn cy n qu. Ging th hai c thn b song cnh non thng mc ng nn c kh nng to sinh khi cao hn. Tuy nhin n hay b pan miu n l nn phi phng tr. Nhn chung, lc di chng chu tt vi su bnh, chu t xu, chu c bng rm, v vy c th trng xen ng, la, cy n qu v cc vn cy lu nm khc ci to t v lm thc n chn nui.

V d cch ng dng:
Ng trng xen cy lc di Phing Ling, Ngc Phi, Ch n, Bc Kn. Ct lc di theo bng rng 30 - 40 cm ri chc l tra ht ng vo hai mp cc bng ct lc di. Sau 20 - 30 ngy lc di s b lan ra v ph kn gc ng. Kt qu l nng sut ng t 4 tn/ ha m khng phi lm c, lm t. Di tn ng lc di vn pht trin tt v cho sinh khi ln. Lc di l cy lu nin nn khng phi trng li. V vy trng lc di l mt bin php n gin, gim c nhiu cng lao ng, gii phng ph n h c th c thi gian gio dc con ci hoc lm cc vic tng thu nhp khc. Trong khi , sn xut s mang tnh bn vng cao. Lc di trng bng dy nh dy lang, khng t pht tn nn khng c nguy c pht trin qu tm kim sot ca con ngi.

Mung l trn kp Cassia rotundifolia

Thuc h ph Caesalpiniaceae

c im:
Xut x t bang Florida M, l loi cy h u thn tho, khng leo, thn b, c mt vi ging thn ng, mnh mai, cao khong 1 m, thch nghi vi nhiu loi t, k c t thoi ho.
Lc di xen ng Lc di che ph

Cng dng:
Nh lc di, song mung l trn kp chu ng tt hn vi iu kin kh khn. Sinh khi khng cao song cng l ngun thc n b sung qu gi trong ma ng.

Cch trng:
Mung l trn kp ra hoa kt qu lin tc t thng 4 nn lng ht sn sinh ra kh nhiu. Nh vy, mung l trn kp c nhn

bng ht mt cch d dng. y cng l loi cy lu nm, hn na do t lun lun c b sung ht mi nn mt khi c thit lp th khng phi trng li.

u mo Mucuna pruriens var. utilis

thuc h ph Papilionaceae v cc loi u leo khc

Lu :
Do ht c lp bo v cng nn trc khi gieo phi dng giy gip tr xc v ht th mi t ny mm cao.

c im:
L mt loi cy h u leo, sinh trng rt nhanh, c th to sinh khi ln trong mt thi gian ngn. C nhiu loi u mo. u mo di c hoa tm, qu thng c nhiu lng rt nga nn khng s dng. Loi u mo chng ti gii thiu khng c lng, hoa trng xanh, ht mu ghi, thch nghi vi iu kin Vit Nam nn c sc chng chu kh tt vi su bnh. u mo i hi t t trung bnh tr ln. C th trng trn t xu nhng i hi phi o l v bn phn.

Cng dng:
Ngoi tc dng ci to t (nh c hm lng m trong thn l kh cao - khong 15-16% cht kh; m ht khong 26-28% v m do vi khun nt sn c nh t kh tri), u mo cn l phng tin dit c di rt hu hiu k c c tranh. Ht u mo sau khi kh c t (luc nhiu ln, giang hoc men) cn l loi thc n cao dinh dng cho gia sc. G con c th n 15% khu phn thc n. Ln ch nn cho n khng qu 20% khu phn n bng ht u mo.

Cch trng:
u mo c sc sinh trng rt nhanh nn khi s dng cn bit li dng c tnh ny s dng tt nht kh nng che ph v lng sinh khi ln ca u mo, v trnh nhng nh hng xu cho cc loi cy khc. V d: Nu trng u mo trong vn cy n qu th phi ct lin tc u mo khi leo cao hoc chm kn cy lm cy khng hp th c nh sng v cht. u mo c cho nng sut ht cao (c th t 3 n 3,5 tn/ha). Ht u mo kh to (P100 ht = 100 gam) nn rt d trng bng ht v thc t ch trng bng ht. Mt gieo tu vo tnh trng ca t. Nu t tt th trng tha (1 hc hai ht/m2). Vi t ngho dinh dng th phi tng mt (v d: 30 cm x 30 cm) v c th phi bn phn giai on u. Thi v trng rt rng, hu nh quanh nm.

sinh trng v pht trin tt, nng sut cao hn trong khi u t thp hn. Tuy nhin, nu ch trng cy lng thc v ma th v xun cn gieo b sung cc loi cy h u duy tr lp che ph v tng sinh khi dng che ph t trong v ma. Nu khng lm nh vy th c di s mc nhiu v gy kh khn cho vic chun b rung gieo cy v ma. Cc loi cy u leo khc cng c th s dng nh u mo. iu ny ph thuc vo la chn ca nng dn, song cch lm l nh nhau. Cng cch lm nh trn, chng ta c th thay th u mo bng cc loi u leo khc c thu nhp trc tip nh u nho nhe (Vigna umbellata), u vn (Lablab purpureus), u a (Vigna sesquipedalis), c u (Pachiryzus erosus), u rng (Prosocarpus tetragonolobus) v.v

Mt vi cch ng dng c th: Xen canh ng xun vi u mo

hn ch cnh tranh, u mo c gieo sau khi ng c 50 ngy tui. Sau khi thu hoch ng xun, u mo c th c gi li che ph t v ly ht cho v sau. Nu cn gieo ng hoc la ma, c thn u mo v ng c pht st t, ch cho ho ri chc l tra ht. C th thay th u mo bng u nho nhe, u di o hoc cy c u tng thu nhp. Tuy nhin, do c sinh khi ln hn v mc nhanh hn, u mo c kh nng ci to t tt v nhanh nht.

Ng ma xen u mo
Nh mc trn, u mo c gieo sau ng 50 ngy. Sau khi thu hoch ng, u mo s tip tc xanh cho n thng 1 nm sau. u mo c th dng lm thc n v ng cho tru b hoc ch che ph v ci to t. Vi cch lm ny, hoa mu v sau s

u kim Canavalia ensiformis

Thuc h ph Papilionaceae

u cng, u Sn Ty, tp m, hm x Flemingia macrophylla (Wild) Merrill.

Thuc h ph Papilionaceae

c im:
L mt loi cy h u thn ng, sng 2 - 3 nm, chu hn tt, sinh khi ln, nt sn nhiu.

c im:
C ngun gc xut x ng Nam chu . L loi cy bi h u, chu ng rt tt vi iu kin t chua, hn, ngho dinh dng. Cy c sc ti sinh mnh sau khi ct, l nhiu, sinh khi ln.

Cng dng:
L loi cy ci to t rt tt (m thn l khong 22-23% cht kh; m ht khong 34 - 37% v m do vi khun nt sn c nh t kh tri); c th trng xen, c bit l trng vo nng hun t vo gia cc hng la; c th trng xen sn, ng. Ht v qu non n c.

Cng dng:
Ci to t, tr c di, lm thc n gia sc, lm ci un hoc cc cho cc loi cy trng leo. V hm lng tanin ln nn tru b khng thch n ti, tuy nhin khi phi kh v trn vi cc loi thc n khc th l ngun thc n b sung rt tt. Nn dng thay ct kh lm hng ng mc v cy sng lu hn v cho sinh khi ln hn.

Cch trng:
Trng bng ht. u kim t b su bnh, d trng.

Cch trng:
Trng bng ht v cnh gim. Phi ch ht trc khi gieo, nn gieo vo bu v m 3 thng trc khi trng ra rung. Phi lm c trong thi gian u v cy mc chm. Cng c tc dng tng t l mung l nhn Indigofera teysmanii, mung cc ro Gliricidia sepium, song hai loi sau c sinh khi ln hn, cy cao to hn, nn cng phi ct ta nhiu hn.

Ct kh Tephrosia candida
Thuc h ph Papilionaceae

V d cch ng dng:
Trng lm hng ng mc trn nng, trng xen trong vn cy n qu, trng bi t trng bo v v ci to t.

c im:
L mt loi cy h u thn bi rt ph bin vng trung du min ni pha Bc. u im ln nht ca ct kh l chu chua, chu hn rt tt, mc nhanh giai on u, khng cn chm sc, c bit l ht d ny mm khng cn qua x l.

Cng dng:
Ct kh c tc dng ci to t v che bng cho cy con. Ct kh l cy lm hng ng mc l tng giai on u khi mi kin thit rung nng. Tuy nhin, v sau nn thay bng cc loi cy khc c nhiu chc nng hn hoc trng hng ng mc kp vi cc loi khc nh da, c chn nui. Ghi nh: ct kh tn ti lu th phi ct cnh trong nhng ngy nng, lc ro sng, vo bui tra.

Cch trng:
Trng bng ht theo hc hoc theo hng. Ht d ny mm, khng cn x l. Cy con mc nhanh nn d thit lp.

Sc sc Crotalaria spp.
Thuc h ph Papilionaceae

Mt vi ng dng c th:
Ct kh thng c trng lm hng ng mc chng xi mn t trn nng t dc. Tuy nhin, do ct kh cha mt s c t nn khng th s dng lm thc n gia sc. y l nguyn nhn m nng dn nhiu ni khng a thch ct kh. tng hp dn, nn trng thnh hng kp vi da, nh vy da s tt hn v ct kh cng tt hn. Nh mc nhanh nn ct kh l cy che bng tt nht cho ch mi trng. Ngoi ra, nn trng ct kh ci to cc vng t hoang ho hoc t cha s dng. Sau 3 nm trng ct kh, mu m ca t c th tt trng cy lng thc. Hin nay Vin Khoa hc k thut Nng lm nghip min ni pha Bc ang th nghim p dng mt loi ct kh mi c sinh khi cao hn v chng chu tt hn vi cc iu kin kh hu bt thun.

c im:
L nhng cy h u mc di rt nhiu Vit Nam, thn tho hoc ho g, chu hn v t xu rt tt, d trng, nhiu loi c th duy tr mu xanh hon chnh trong ma ng. y l mt c tnh rt qu duy tr che ph t trong ma ng kh v lnh.

Cng dng:
Che ph ci to t, lm phn xanh v ci un.

Cch trng:
Trng bng ht, mt gieo tu . Ht d ny mm v khng cn phi chm sc nhiu.

V d cch ng dng:
C th trng xen ng, trn cc bi trng, ven ng, ven b rung lm phn xanh.

u triu Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.

Thuc h ph Papilionaceae

Cng dng:
u triu c dng lm lng thc (ht u), thc n cho sc vt (qu u, v qu u, l). Ngoi ra, u triu cn c th lm ci un hoc nui cnh kin v c tc dng ci to t rt tt.

c im:
L mt loi cy h u, thn tho (cy 1 nm) v thn g nh (cy lu nm), chu kh hn rt tt song khng chu c t qu xu. u triu thuc dng cy bi, cao khong 2 - 6 m, l cy c nh m, m chi nhiu, khi bm ngn khong 0,15 m. Loi cy ny ch tn ti trong mt thi gian ngn v c nhn ging bng cch gieo ht trc tip. Xut x t Nam v Ty Phi sau xut hin nhiu nc khc trn th gii.u triu thch hp vi nhiu loi t, c mi trng phn b rng ln (thm ch c nhng ni c cao trn 3000 m so vi mc nc bin v lng ma hng nm t 400 n 2500mm).

Cch trng:
Trng bng ht. Cn quan tm phng tr su c qu. S dng cc ging u triu lu nin s trnh c tc hi ca loi su ny.

Lu :
Phi lm c thng xuyn trong 4 6 tun u tin, l loi cy khng chu bng, rt nhy cm i vi nhng loi su bnh cng nh d mc cc bnh g st v nm. u triu chu c hn v t mn nhng khng chu c ng nc.

u Stylo Stylosanthes guianensis

Thuc h ph Papilionaceae

Lu :
u stylo lu thit lp giai on u nn cn phi quan tm lm c. Mt khi hnh thnh qun th th u stylo c th mc cao ti 1,5 m, cho sinh khi ln v dit ht cc loi c di khc.

V d cch ng dng:
Trng cy stylo xen sn v ng gip chng xi mn, ci to t v tng nng sut cy trng.

c im:
L loi cy h u, thn tho, ng, chu su bnh v cc iu kin kh khn.

Cng dng:
Ci to t, lm thc n chn nui. Cng chc nng nh u stylo l cy rt di (Aeschynomene histris). Cy ny cng c th lm thc n cho c, thc n c c cho ln, g.

Cch trng:
Trng bng ht, song cn phi ch ht trc khi gieo th mi t ny mm cao. C th trng bng cnh ct trong ma ma.

Yn mch Avena sativa L.

Thuc h la Gramineae

C tn hiu Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst) Stapf.

Thuc h la Gramineae

c im:
L loi cy ng cc rt thch hp vi v ng vng ni pha Bc Vit Nam, c sc chng chu cao vi cc iu kin kh khn, c bit l kh v lnh.

c im:
C lu nm, sinh khi ln, c b r pht trin mnh v n su nn c kh nng chu chuyn dinh dng t nhng lp t su v to sinh khi trn mt t. Chu ng rt tt vi cc iu kin kh v lnh cng nh sng mui trong v ng.

Cng dng:
L loi cy thc n gia sc giu dinh dng, chu lnh v kh nn l ngun thc n qu gi trong ma ng. Ngoi tc dng che ph bo v t, c tn hiu cn lm cho t ngy cng ti xp vi dung tch hp th cao hn nn t tr nn rt thch hp cho nhiu loi cy khc nhau.

Cng dng:
Ngoi thc n cho ngi v gia sc, yn mch cn l mt loi cy bo v v ci to t rt tt, sinh khi ln, l ngun thc n qu him trong v ng Vit Nam.

Cch trng: Cch trng:

C th gieo ht quanh nm, song trnh cnh tranh vi t canh tc nn gieo sau khi thu hoch la ma. C th trng xen vi cc loi cy thc n gia sc khc trn ng c. C th gieo bng ht vo u ma ma, gieo vi hoc theo khm. Tuy nhin do ht hay rng nn mun thu ht th phi dng bao li hoc vi mn bc bng c. Cng v vy nn vic trng bng thn, cnh s thun tin hn mc d tc nhn ging s chm li. C th trng di tn cy rng tng ngun thc n gia sc v bo v ci to t cy rng mc tt hn.

V d cch ng dng:
Trng yn mch v ng bo v t v sn xut thc n gia sc, ng thi cng l ngun vt liu che ph t cho cc loi cy trng khc.

C Xurinam Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.

Thuc h la Gramineae

Cng dng:
Che ph bo v, ci to t v lm thc n chn nui. y l loi c lun xanh tt thm ch trong ma ng v vy nn dng sn xut thc n cho gia sc vng cao. C ny c bit thch hp cho vic th gia sc ti ch, ngoi ra cng c th ct mang v. B r rt kho ca n cho php ci to l tnh ca t rt tt.

Cch trng:
Vic to ht khu vc ng Nam rt km. Ht rt d rng khi c ma cho nn cn c ti nha bc bng thu ht. Hn na vic trng bng ht khng m bo lm v cht lng ht thng km, ny mm khng cao. Vic ti sinh bng cnh gim l phng php nhn ging c a chung hn.

Lu :
Khng c dng loi c ny chn d, cu v sc vt nh (di 1 tui) nh cc loi Brachiaria sp khc (ngoi tr B. humidicola l c th cho n vi khi lng nh). Nu cho n khi lng ln c th lm cho con vt b photoensitization v dn n t vong.

c im:
L loi c kho, c chiu cao trung bnh (pht trin ti 1 m), mc thnh tng khm r rng. Nu sng trong nhng iu kin kh hu t ai nht nh th n s l loi c lu nm (vng i c th ti 3 nm). Cng nh c tn hiu, c xurinam c th trng trong nhiu iu kin khc nhau. Trong nhng vng nhit i kh/ m vi ma kh ko di cng nh trong iu kin kh hu lnh hn (nhit di 10oC, c sng mui trong ma ng). C ny pht trin v duy tr c vng t chua c mu m trung bnh.

C Ruzi Brachiaria ruziziensis Germ. & ruzi Brachiaria ruziziensis Germ. & C.E.Eur. C.E.Eur.
thuc h La Gramineae

V d cch ng dng:
Trng xen di tn rng tha, rng non v vn cy n qu bo v ci to t v to iu kin cho cy pht trin nhanh hn. C th trng xen trong cc hng ng mc tng lng thc n gia sc. C th trng vo thng 3 trn cc rung nng b ho, va bo v, ci to t va sn xut thc n chn nui v l vt liu che ph t cho cy trng chnh.

c im:
L loi c mc nhanh, sinh khi ln, chu rt km song ti sinh rt nhanh sau ma kh. C kh nng sinh trng v pht trin bnh thng trong bmg rm.

Cng dng:
L loi cy thc n gia sc giu dinh dng, song cng c s dng rng ri che ph v ci to t.

Cch trng:
Nh cc loi c trn, c ruzi c th trng bng thn, cnh song do c nhiu ht nn trng bng ht c khuyn dng. C th gieo vi hoc theo khm (6 8 kg ht/ha).

C Brachiaria Humidicola
Thuc h la Gramineae

cho vic chn th gia sc ti ch. Loi c ny rt ph hp cho vic chng xi mn t (nh b r v thm c dy c m n to ra). B r cc kho v pht trin rt mnh ca n cho php ci to nhanh xp ca t.

Cch trng:
Vic to ht khu vc ng Nam thng l rt km, v vy vic ti sinh bng cnh lan v tch khm c s dng ph bin hn.

Lu :
Ngc li vi cc loi Brachiaria khc, B. humidicola c th chn d, cu v sc vt di 1 tui nhng ch cho n mt khi lng nh. Tuy nhin loi c ny c cht lng km hn so vi cc loi Brachiaria khc.

c im:
L loi c mc thp nhng c sc cnh tranh rt cao vi cc loi c di khc. N lan rt nhanh nh h thn ngm pht trin mnh. Nu c trng trong nhng iu kin kh hu, t ai nht nh th n s l loi c lu nm (sng c ti 3 nm). C B. humidicola sng c nhiu loi t khc nhau t loi t chua t xu ht mu m cho ti t ct c pH cao. N thch nghi v mc tt nht trong vng nhit i m khng c ma kh hoc ma kh tht ngn. N chu c ngp nc v cng thch nghi c vi iu kin lnh hn (nhit di 10oC, c sng mui trong ma lnh). Cng nh lc di ( A. pintoi ), n c th trng c di bng rm.

Cng dng:
Lm thc n gia sc, che ph bo v v ci to t. L loi c thp nn khng thch hp cho vic ct v mang i nhng li thch hp

C Ghin Panicum maximum

Thuc h la Gramineae

thng khc, loi c ny c bit thch hp vi phng php ct v mang i, nhng cng c th chn th ti ch. Tuy nhin, nu khng ct thng xuyn th thn v l s tr nn cng v khng hp dn vi gia sc. V c im hnh thi ca n l thng, mc thnh khm ring bit nn c th s dng lm bng xanh chng xi mn. B r kho ca n cho php ci to l tnh ca t rt tt.

Cch trng:
C ny c th d dng ti sinh bng phng php gim cnh, gieo ht hoc tch khm.

c im:
L loi c c thn cao (cao ti 2 m), thng ng v mc thnh tng khm ring bit. Nu c trng trong iu kin t ai, kh hu nht nh th s l mt loi c lu nm (c th sng ti 3 nm). So vi B. brizantha th loi ny nn c s dng nhng ni c ma kh ngn hoc khng c ma kh (mc d n c th sng trong nhng vng c ma kh ko di). Loi c ny i hi t c ph cao hn so vi Brachiaria. N cn c bn thm phn chung v phn ho hc c th duy tr pht trin tt.

Cng dng:
L loi cy thc n gia sc c cht lng cao, ng thi cng che ph bo v v ci to t. Ging nh nhiu loi c thn cao v

C ng Paspalum atratum
Thuc h la Gramineae

Cch trng:
Loi ny d trng bng ht nhng c th ti sinh d dng bng tch v gim nhnh.

c im:
L loi c cao (mc cao ti 2 m), thn thng v mc thnh khm ring bit. Nu c trng trong nhng iu kin t ai, kh hu nht nh th y s l loi c lu nm. N sinh trng tt trong nhng vng nhit i c ma kh ngn hoc khng c ma kh (c th tn ti nhng khng thch hp vi nhng vng c ma kh qu di) cng nh cc khu vc c thi tit lnh (nhit di 10oC v c sng mui). N pht trin c ni t cn, t chua. Cng nh B. humidicola, P. aspalum c th thch nghi vi iu kin b ngp nc tt hn so vi cc loi c khc.

V d cch s dng:
C th trng thun, trng xen, trng thnh hng ng mc. C th gieo xung quanh b ao thun tin cho vic nui c.

Cng dng:
Lm thc n gia sc, c bit l nhng ni t cn trong vng nhit i m. Sc vt rt thch loi c ny, thm ch n tr nn cng v khng ngon trong ma kh, c kh nng ti sinh nhanh trong ma xun. Loi ny c th ct hoc l th cho n ti ch. Cng nh B. brizantha, n c th c dng lm bng xanh chng xi mn. P. atratum c th dng nui c. B r ca n khng pht trin tt nh r ca cc loi Brachiaria hay Panicum nn tc dng ci to l tnh ca t km hn.

C voi Pennisetum purpureum and related hybrids

Thuc h la Gramineae

c im:
L loi c cao (mc cao hn 2 m), thn thng v l c lu nm (vng i hn 3 nm), mc thnh tng khm ring bit. C ny nn trng nhng ni nhit i m t, c ma kh ngn hoc khng c ma kh v cng c th trng iu kin lnh hn (nhit di 10oC, c sng mui). C ny c nhiu l v cho nng sut cao trong iu kin t c ph cao, nhng li sinh trng v pht trin km trong iu kin t thoi ho dn v trong ma kh (tuy khng thch hp vi ma kh ko di nhng n vn c kh nng tn ti trong thi gian kh di).

cc loi Pennisetum u cn rt nhiu dinh dng v c kh nng cnh tranh vi nhng cy trng gn. V c ny c bit thch nghi vi t c ph cao v iu kin c ma nhiu cho nn tt nht l nn trng gn nh hoc chung tru b tin chm sc. Phi ct st mt t th chi non mi mc kho v mp.

Cch trng:
C ny c th d dng trng bng thn. Nn ct thn c thnh tng on c 3 mt. Khi trng th vi kn hai mt, cn mt mt h. C th trng theo hng cch nhau 50 cm hoc theo khm.

Cng dng:
`L cy thc n gia sc c cht lng cao. Cng ging nh nhiu loi c cy cao thn thng khc, n c bit thch hp vi vic ct v mang i, nhng khng nn th gia sc n ti ch. Nn ct thng xuyn cho l xanh non (nu cao n 1,5 m n s c thn rt cng, gia sc khng n c). C ny cng c th lm bng xanh hoc lm hng ro xung quanh l t mc d tt c

Keo l trm Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth.

Thuc h ph Mimosaceae

rt nhanh. C th dng lm nguyn liu giy, lm ci un v than trong cc vng m, lm trang tr. Ngoi ra cy cn cho bng mt, c kh nng ti to v bo v t.

Cch trng:
C th trng bng ht nhng qun th cy s khng ng u, v vy vic gim cnh c p dng ph bin hn.

c im:
Xut x t Australia, Papua New Guinea; sau c a vo Indonesia, Malaysia, n , Tazania, Kenya, Nigeria, Vit Nam v mt s nc c cng h sinh thi. Keo l trm thng xut hin nhng vng nhit i m (ni c cao so vi mt bin trn 600 m v c lng ma hng nm ti thiu l 750 mm), song cng chu c ma kh ko di trong 6 thng, thch ng vi nhiu dng kh hu, chu c t xu v pH t 3 - 9.

Cng dng:
L loi cy rt thch hp trong cc h thng nng lm kt hp. Cy c th mc tt trong nhiu iu kin sinh thi nn c ph bin

Keo tai tng v keo lai Acacia mangium Willd.

Thuc h ph Mimosaceae

liu giy. Chng c tc dng bo v khu vc u ngun, lm hng ro chn la, dng lm trang tr, thc n cho gia sc v c tc dng ti to t nh kh nng c nh m v sinh khi ln. C kh nng pht trin trn mt phm vi rng khin keo tai tng tr nn ph bin cho vic ti trng rng, nhng khu t trng loi cy ny nhanh chng tr thnh vm kn mt tiu chun l tng cho vic phng tr c tranh (Imperata cylindrica).

Cch trng:
C th trng bng ht nhng qun th cy s khng ng u, v vy vic gim cnh c p dng ph bin hn.

c im:
Bt ngun t Australia, Papua New Guinea v xut hin mt s nc chu . Xut hin trn t chua hu ht nhng vng nhit i t thp, m (ni c cao so vi mt bin t 100 800 m, vi lng ma hng nm cao nht l 1500 3000 mm v thp nht l 1000 mm). Cy c th mc cao ti 30 m (chiu cao trung bnh l khong 15m) v c ng knh khong 60cm, thn mc thng ng, th vng, tuy nhin rt d b h hi do gi mnh.

Cng dng:
Cng nh keo l chm, keo tai tng v keo lai rt thch hp cho cc h thng nng lm kt hp. Cy mc nhanh nn c th cho thu hoch trong ba nm. c dng lm g, lm ci un, nguyn

Mung hoa pho Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner

Thuc h ph Mimosaceae

Cng dng:
c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng nng lm kt hp. L cy h u lm thc n chn nui, ci to t v cng l cy cnh. Ngoi ra, cn c s dng nui ong ly mt.

Cch trng:
c trng bng cch gieo ht trc tip hoc trng t cy con. V ht c v cng nn phi ch ht trc khi gieo. Cy c kh nng cnh tranh tt vi cc loi c di, tuy nhin kh nng sn xut ht thp do hoa d su b gy hi.

c im:
C ngun gc min Trung v Nam M, sau c a n Indonesia, Philippin, mt s nc thuc chu phi v vnh Carib. Xut hin trong nhng vng nhit i m ( nhng ni c lng ma hng nm t 2000 4000 mm v c kh nng chng chu vi ma kh) cao so vi mc nc bin khong t 250 800 m. Loi mung hoa pho c th mc trn nhiu loi t khc nhau (k c t cn cng nh t st). Cy cao ti 10 m nu khng ct ta, thuc dng cy bi, c nh m, nhiu chi.

Mung sim Cassia siamea Lam.

Thuc h ph Caesalpiniaceae

dng, dng c gia nh, lm cc ro, v.v Ngoi ra mung sim cn c trng ven ng ph, trong cng vin, lm cy cnh. Trung Quc, mung sim c trng nhiu vng cao ven ng i che bng mt, bo v t li. Cch lm ny khng ch gip chng ta thay th cc cc mc bng b tng ven ng va tn km va khng pht huy c my tc dng bo v. Cy mung sim c chn v thn g khng ln, r khng mc thnh v nn khng th ph v ng nha nh mt s loi cy khc.

Cch trng:
c nhn ging bng cch gieo ht trc tip, bng cy con hay chi c.

Lu :
Cc cy ging con phi c bo v cn thn khi gia sc v th rng, v ca cy rt c i vi heo v mt s loi khc (khng phi l ng vt nhai li). Mung sim khng phi l cy c nh m.

c im:
C ngun gc ng Nam t Indonesia n Sri Lanka, ngy nay c pht trin rng ri cc vng nhit i thuc chu Phi v M. Trng c nhiu loi t vi cao khc nhau (t ng bng ti cao hn 2000 m so vi mt bin), c kh nng thch nghi vi nhiu dng kh hu t kh n m (vi lng ma hng nm t 500 1000 mm), chu rt v ma kh ko di 4 5 thng. Cy cao ti 20 m, cy thng xanh quanh nm, ngoi tr nhng giai on cc hn, chi pht trin mnh.

Cng dng:
Rt thch hp trong cc h thng nng lm kt hp (cy che bng, cy chn gi, cy ci to t, v.v). Dng lm ci un, lm g xy

Mung cc ro (Hng Mai) Gliricidia-sepium (Jacq.) Walp.

Thuc h ph Papilionaceae

ng mc, ci to t v lm thc n gia sc. Ngoi ra, mung cc ro cn dng nui ong ly mt, lm cc c bng g, vt trang tr. Cy c trng thnh hng ro bo v, thnh ng ng mc chng xi mn, c tc dng ci to t rt tt.

Cch trng:
Cy thng c nhn ging bng cch gieo ht trc tip, bng cy ging con song cng rt d trng bng cnh.

V d s dng:
Dng che bng cho cc cy cacao, c ph, vani v ch, lm phn xanh, lm cht t, l thc n gia sc v lm hng ro sng. Cy c hoa rt p nn cng c trng lm cy cnh.

c im:
C ngun gc xut x t Trung M, sau c trng ph bin Ty n , chu Phi, ng Nam v Nam . Mc nhng vng nhit i kh hoc m, trn t m, kh, thm ch mc trn c t mn (ni c lng ma hng nm khong 600 3000 mm v cao so vi mc nc bin t 500 1600m). Cy cao n 10 m, cao to hn v sinh khi ln hn u cng, u triu, sinh trng nhanh v ti sinh rt mnh. y l loi cy c kh nng c nh m, nhiu chi v c sc ti sinh kho.

Cng dng:
Rt thch hp trong cc h thng nng lm kt hp. Cy mc nhanh, sinh khi ln nn c th dng lm cy che bng, lm hng

Keo du Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit.

Thuc h ph Mimosaceae

c im:
Xut x t Trung M v Mexico, sau c a n nhiu nc thuc Nam v ng Nam , chu Phi, Nam M v vnh Carib. Xut hin nhng vng t thp kh v nhit i m (ni c cao so vi mc nc bin di 500 m v c lng ma hng nm t 600 1700 mm) trn t trung tnh, t kim nhng khng chu c ngp nc. Cy cao n 18 m, thuc dng cy bi v c mt s ging l cy to, c r bm su, nhiu chi.

Cng dng:
c dng rt ph bin trong cc h thng nng lm kt hp. Lm cy che bng cho ch, c ph, lm chi cho ht tiu, ci to t. L, cnh non lm thc n gia sc, thn lm g xy dng, lm nguyn liu giy. Qu non c th lm rau xanh. C th trng lm hng ng mc, bng cy phn xanh chng xi mn v ci to t.

Cch trng:
c nhn ging bng cch gieo ht trc tip, bng cy ging con hay gim cnh. Cn x l ht ging trc khi gieo ht.

Ho Sophora japonica
Thuc h Papilionaceae

Mung l nhn Indigofera teysmanii

Thuc h ph Papilionaceae

c im:
Cy nh, cao ti 10 m, c ngng thch nghi rt rng. Cy c trng nhiu ni, t ng bng n min ni cao, t cc nc nhit i n n i.

C tc dng tng t nh mung sim, keo du v ho. Tuy nhin, mung l nhn sinh trng nhanh hn, sinh khi ln hn nn hay c trng ci to t. Mung l nhn l cy che bng l tng cho ch v l ca n rng trong ma ng nn s gim thiu s cnh tranh v nc v nh sng vn rt thiu trong ma ng. V ht b nn cy con rt mnh mai, sc cnh tranh km, nn phi c gim trong vn m cho n khi cy cao 30-50 cm mi em trng ra rung. Do ht c v cng nn phi ch ht trc khi ngm mm.

Cng dng:
Hoa thng c dng lm thuc cha cao huyt p, h nhit. cc thnh ph, cy c trng lm cy cnh. Tuy nhin cy c vai tr quan trng trong cc h thng nng lm kt hp. Ngoi tc dng che bng, cy cn cho thu nhp nhanh t hoa. c im ny lm cho hoa ho c a chung hn keo du v mung cc ro.

Cy xoan n Azadirachta indica Adr.Juss.

Thuc h xoan Meliaceae

bng cch gieo ht hoc trng t cy con.

Cng dng:
c s dng kh ph bin trong cc h thng nng lm kt hp. Dng lm ci un, lm g cho cc cng trnh xy dng. Cn c dng lm hng ro chn gi, p du hoc sn xut cc loi thuc bo v thc vt v che bng.

Cch trng:
Trng bng ht trc tip hoc t cy con trong vm m.

Lu :
Ht ca cy rt d b mt kh nng pht trin v tn ti c lp, c th tr nn yu t. Kh nng cnh tranh ca cy ging con vi c di km nn cn quan tm chm sc trong thi gian u.

c im:
Xut x t Nam , sau c a sang nhiu vng thuc Chu phi. Loi ny thng sng ni t kh vi lng ma hng nm t 130 1150 mm, nhng vng nhit i thp hn so vi mc nc bin, cy sng c nhiu loi t khc nhau nhng khng c kh nng chng chu c t ngp nc hay t mn. Cy cao n 15 m, c r bn su, cy thng xanh ngoi tr trong giai on kh hn. Giai on u tng trng t chi th nhanh hn s tng trng t cc cy ging con. Cy xoan n c nhn ging

Xoan ta Melia azedarach L.

Thuc h Meliaceae

Cng dng:
L loi cy c s dng rng ri trong h thng qun l t b ho truyn thng. G xoan chu c mi mt nn hay c dng lm ct nh, g gia dng. Nu lm cht t, ci xoan chy rt tt, than m v c nng lng ln. L lm phn xanh. L xoan dng lm thc n cho d. Ngoi ra, l v qu xoan phi kh dng lm thuc tr su, hoc bo qun ht ging khi mi mt.

Cch trng:
Rt d trng bng ht, nhn c bng chi r. C th gieo ht trc tip hay s dng cy ging t vn m.

c im:
C ngun gc xut x t nc tiu lc a thuc n , sau c a n vng Trung ng, Ty n , min Nam Hoa K, Achentina, Brazil, cc nc ng Nam v nhiu vng thuc ng v Ty Phi. Xut hin nhng vng t thp v trung du (ni c cao so vi mt nc bin ti hn 2000 m v c lng ma hng nm t 600 1000 mm) trn a dng cc loi t. Cy cao n 30 m, tng trng nhanh, tn ti trong khong thi gian 20 30 nm, nhiu chi, khng chu bng.

Mung giy Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielson.

Thuc h ph Mimosaceae

Cy So a Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir.

Thuc h ph Papilionaceae

c im:
Xut x t vng Nam , ng Nam v cc hn o thuc Thi Bnh Dng. Sng trong nhng vng nhit i m khng c ma kh (ni c cao so vi mc nc bin khong 800 1500 m v lng ma hng nm t 1000 4500 mm) trn t thm ht nc tt. Cy cao n 45 m, tn l xo hnh , trong giai on u sinh trng, pht trin nhanh (chiu cao ca cy tng khong 15 m trong vng 3 nm), l cy c nh m.

c im:
C ngun gc xut x t Nam v ng Nam , sau lan rng sang cc nc thuc vng Trung v Nam M, vnh Carib, c v cc nc chu Phi. Xut hin cc vng t thp nhit i m (vi cao so vi mc nc bin t 0800 m v lng ma hng nm khong 1000 mm) trn a dng cc loi t, c kh nng chng chu nhng t ma l nh k. Cy cao n 10 m v tng trng nhanh, c nh m, nhiu chi.

Cng dng:
c s dng nhiu trong cc h thng nng lm kt hp. Cy pht trin rt nhanh nn chng c thu hoch. Sn phm dng lm g dn, lm thng, hp, lm cht t (nhng cht lng khng cao). Ngoi ra, cy cn c tc dng ci to t, lm cho t ti xp.

Cng dng :
c dng nhiu trong cc h thng nong lm kt hp. Dng lm cy che bng, ci to t, lm ci un, lm phn xanh, lm bt giy, gp phn vo vic ti trng rng. V ca qu v l cy dng lm thc n gia sc. L non, v qu v hoa c dng ch bin lng thc. Cht dnh v cht ng tit ra t v cy c dng thuc da.

Cch trng:
Trng bng ht (sau khi xi t) hay bng cy ging con.

Cch trng:
c nhn ging bng cch gieo ht trc tip, bng cy ging hay gim cnh.

Li th (Tu h) Gmelina arborea Roxb.

Thuc h Verbenaceae

Cy hng ( ch xi, my dc, my hang ) Paulownia fortuney Hemsl.

Thuc h Scrophulariaceae

c im:
C ngun gc t n , Sri Lanka, Myanmar, nhiu nc vng ng nam v min Nam Trung Quc, sau c a n Brazil v cc nc thuc Chu Phi. Mc cc vng t thp m ni c 6 7 thng ma kh (vi cao so vi mc nc bin l 0 1200 m v lng ma hng nm t 750 4500 mm) trn a dng cc loi t (t t chua n t trung tnh nhng khng chu c ngp ng). Cy mc nhanh, cao n 30 m, l loi cy rng l, a sng, nhiu chi, sinh khi ln.

c im:
Phn b nhiu Trung Quc v Vit Nam. L cy g to c ng knh 20 - 50 cm, c khi ln n 200 cm, cao n 20 - 30 m, rng l theo ma. L cy a sng, thch nghi vi c iu kin nng v lnh. L n, mc i, to n 25 - 30 cm hoc hn, trn cy gi l bin dng c hnh tim pha cung l v nhn pha nh l. Cung di 6-15 cm. Hoa trng, c 5 cnh. Ht nhiu v c cnh.

Cng dng:
Rt thch hp trong cc h thng nng lm kt hp. Lm cy che bng cho cc loi cy ngn ngy. Do cy mc rt nhanh nn ch sau 3-4nm c th cho thu hoch g. G mu vng sng, p v nh, t b nt, c th dng sn xut g sinh hot, nhc c, trong ngnh hng khng v nguyn liu giy. V cy c dng p nn c th trng ven ng hoc trong cng vin.

Cng dng:
Rt thch hp trong cc h thng nng lm kt hp. Lm cy che bng, mc rt nhanh, sn xut g ci, nguyn liu giy, c th dng lm g xy dng, nui ong mt, qu v l cy lm thc n cho gia sc rt tt.

Cch trng:
Trng bng cch gieo ht trc tip, bng cy ging con, gim cnh hay bng chi gc.

Cch trng:
Trng bng cch gieo ht trc tip, bng cy ging con hoc cy ti sinh t chi gc.

MT S LOI CY HOANG DI C CH KHC

Paulownia xen la ti Shondong Trung Quc (nh C.B. Sastry, IDRC)

Cc qu, cc ng Tithonia diversifolia

Thuc h cc Asteraceae

Trng nguyn Euphorbia pulcherima

Thuc h Euphorbiaceae

Cc qu l mt loi cy di mc khp ni trn lnh th Vit Nam v cc nc nhit i khc trong vng. Do c sinh khi ln, c kh nng tch lu ln, thn l phn hu rt nhanh nn cc qu l mt loi phn xanh l tng cho min ni. Cy c th trng thnh hng ro bo v, lm cy cnh quanh vn, lm bng xanh chng xi mn trn nng t dc. Trng cy cc qu u t thp nhng cho hiu qu rt cao.

Cy trng nguyn thng c trng lm cy cnh. Tuy nhin do d trng bng cnh nn trng nguyn hay c dng lm hng ro sng. y l mt u im qu v khng phi ro li hng nm, va tit kim lao ng va bo v ti nguyn rng do nng dn khng phi khai thc cy que trong rng lm hng ro.

Vng nem Erithryna variegata

Thuc h Papilionaceae

Du m (vng trn) Jatropa curcas

Thuc h Euphorbiaceae

min ni, do c chn th t do nn gia sc thng gy tn thng cho cc loi cy trng tri v, cn tr vic thm canh tng v tng thu nhp cho nng dn. Vic trng hng ro sng bi cc loi cy d trng bng cnh l iu cn ph bin nhn rng. Cy vng nem cng l loi cy rt d ti sinh bng cnh nn c khuyn co trng rng ri lm hng ro sng bo v hoa mu v ma mng, nht l cy n qu v cy v ng min ni.

Du m (vng trn), cc qu, trng nguyn, vng nem (vng gai)... l nhng cy mc di, rt ph bin nhiu ni trn t nc ta. Bnh thng, mi ngi cho rng nhng loi cy hoang di ny t c tc dng. Tuy nhin, trong iu kin th rng gia sc cn rt ph bin min ni th vic s dng chng trng hng ro bo v phc v thm canh, tng v l rt quan trng, gp phn n nh sn xut, nng cao thu nhp cho nng dn v bo v mi trng. iu ny s gip nng dn min ni tit kim cng sc v vt liu lm hng ro. c bit, hng nm nng dn khng phi cht tre, na v cy g nh lm li hng ro. Vic ny c ngha rt quan trng trong vic bo v rng v y mnh ti sinh t nhin. Ngoi ra, du m cng l cy sn xut du diesel sinh hc quan trng ang c nhiu nc nghin cu s dng.

Cy nc nc Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent.

Thuc h Bignoniaceae

Mc lc
Lc di Mung l trn kp u mo u kim u cng, u Sn Ty, tp m, hm x Ct kh 6 9 11 14 15 17 19 20 22 24 25 26 28 28 30 32 34 36

c im:
Phn b nhiu Trung Quc, Vit Nam, Lo, n v Malaysia. Cy nh n trung bnh, thng ch cao 10 - 15 m, ng knh 10 - 15 cm. L kp nhiu ln, l cht nhiu v c hnh dng khc nhau. Hoa tp trung cc bng cui ngn, di 30 cm, mu tm. Qu to, di ti 30 - 90 cm, rng 6 - 8 cm. Ht nhiu v c cnh.

Cng dng:
L cy rt d nhn bng cnh nn rt thch hp trong kin thit hng ro sng, bo v hoa mu v khng phi trng li, do vy hn ch vic cht cy lm cc, gp phn bo v ti nguyn rng. Qu non c v ng ngt, mt, c th n thay rau. Sc sc u triu u Stylo Yn mch C tn hiu C xurinam C ruzi C Ruzi C Brachiaria Humidicola C Ghin C ng C voi

Cch trng:
Trng bng cch gieo ht trc tip, bng cy ging con, song ch yu l trng bng cnh ct hoc on thn cy. Ngoi ra cn c rt nhiu loi cy khc nh cy go, cy gn, cy xoan o, cy ba u Ty, v.v... cng c nhng u im tng t v c th dng lm ro bo v. Rt nhiu cy cn c tc dng dc l, c th lm thc n chn nui v thuc bo v thc vt.

Keo l trm Keo tai tng v keo lai Mung hoa pho Mung sim Mung cc ro (Hng Mai) Keo du Ho Mung l nhn Cy xoan n Xoan ta Mung giy Cy So a Li th (Tu h) Cy hng ( ch xi, my dc, my hang ) Cc qu, cc ng Trng nguyn Vng nem Du m (vng trn) Cy nc nc

38 40 42 44 46 48 50 51 52 54 56 57 58 59 62 63 64 65 66

MT S LOI CY CHE PH T A DNG

PHC V PHT TRIN NNG LM NGHIP BN VNG VNG CAO

Chu trch nhim bin tp Nhm qun l d n

NGUYN TH LOAN V L Y VOAN KOEN DEN BRABER

(C vn k thut)

Trnh by

63-630 - 28/90-08 NN-2008

Nh xut bn Nng nghip. GPXB s: 1079-2008/CXB/28-90/NN cp ngy 2/12/2008. In 2500 cun kh 18x25cm ti ---. In xong v np lu chiu qu IV/2008

MT S LOI CY CHE PH T A DNG

PHC V PHT TRIN NNG LM NGHIP BN VNG VNG CAO
D n pht trin khun kh cho sn xut v marketing nng nghip hu c ti Vit Nam