THE ISO HANDBOOK

Volume I:

ISO Mission & Satellite Overview

Martin F. Kessler1,2, Thomas G. Mller1,4, Kieron Leech 1, Christophe u 1 1 a-Lario , Leo Metcalfe1, Andy M. T. Pollock1,3, Timo Arviset , Pedro Garc 1,2 Prusti and Alberto Salama1

SAI-2000-035/Dc, Version 2.0

November, 2003
1

3 4

ISO Data Centre, Science Operations and Data Systems Division Research and Scientic Support Department of ESA, Villafranca del Castillo, P.O. Box 50727, E-28080 Madrid, Spain ESTEC, Science Operations and Data Systems Division Research and Scientic Support Department of ESA, Keplerlaan 1, Postbus 299, 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands Computer & Scientic Co. Ltd., 230 Graham Road, Sheeld S10 3GS, England Max-Planck-Institut fr extraterrestrische Physik, u Giessenbachstrae, D-85748 Garching, Germany

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Document Information
Document: Volume: Title: Reference Number: Issue: Issue Date: Authors: Editors: Web-Editor: The ISO Handbook I ISO - Mission & Satellite Overview SAI/2000-035/Dc Version 2.0 November 2003 M.F. Kessler, T. Mller, K. Leech et al. u T. M ller, J. Blommaert & P. Garc u a-Lario J. Matagne

Document History
The ISO Handbook, Volume I: ISO Mission & Satellite Overview is mainly based on the following documents: The ISO Handbook, Volume I: ISO Mission Overview, Kessler M.F., M ller T.G., Arviset C. et u al., earlier versions, SAI-2000-035/Dc. The ISO Handbook, Volume II: ISO The Satellite and its Data, K. Leech & A.M.T. Pollock, earlier versions, SAI-99-082/Dc. The following ESA Bulletin articles: The ISO Mission A Scientic Overview, M.F. Kessler, A. Heske, L. Metcalfe & A. Salama, ESA Bulletin No. 84, November 1995, p.43 The ISO Spacecraft, S. Ximnez de Ferrn, ESA Bulletin No. 84, November 1995, p.51 e a The ISO Scientic Instruments Technical Highlights, H. Eggel, H. Schaap & G. Bagnasco, ESA Bulletin No. 84, November 1995, p.59 The ISO Programme, J. Steinz & A. Linssen, ESA Bulletin No. 84, November 1995, p.67 Using ISO, M.F. Kessler, ESA Bulletin No. 84, November 1995, p.73 Looking Back at ISO Operations, M.F. Kessler, J. Clavel & J. Faelker, ESA Bulletin No. 95, August 1998, p. 87 The ISO Data Archive, C. Arviset & T. Prusti, ESA Bulletin No. 98, June 1999, p.133 The following ISO summary articles: The Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) mission, M.F. Kessler, J.A. Steinz, M.E. Anderegg et al. 1996, Astronomy & Astrophysics 315, 27 Overview of the ISO Mission, M.F. Kessler, in Infrared space astronomy, today and tomorrow, Les Houches Session LXX F. Casoli, J. Lequeux & F. David (Eds.), Springer 1998, p.29 The ISO Mission: Past and Future, M.F. Kessler 1999, in: Proceedings of the Paris Conference The Universe as Seen by ISO, P. Cox & M.F. Kessler (Eds.), ESA SP-427, 23 ISO: The mission and its Results, M.F. Kessler, 2001, in: Proceedings of the Toledo Conference The Promise of the Herschel Space Observatory, ESA SP-460, p.53 The following technical reports (available from the ISO web page): ISO Scientic Instrument In-Orbit Commissioning Report, ISO-RP-Z-12573, 24 January 1996, P. Estaria & H. Schaap, ISO Project, ESA/ESTEC ISO Data Archive, Physical Data Model, SAI/97-107/Dc, Version 4.0, J.L. Dowson, 2001

iii Post-Operations Cross-Calibration Status Reports, P. Garc a-Lario, 1999 - 2002 Final reports of the Polarisation, Beam Prole & Pointing, Spectral Matching, Glitches, Photometry, Transients, Line Prole and Interactive Analysis Working Groups Additional documents are listed in the bibliography chapter. Most of the documents are available in electronic format from the ISO web page: http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/

Document Change Record

Date 07/07/00 01/11/00 31/07/01 31/12/01 19/11/03 Revision Draft 1.0 Version 1.0 Version 1.1 Version 1.2 Version 2.0 Comments Initial Draft for comments First Version of the ISO Handbook, Volume I: ISO Mission Overview update Merging with the Satellite Handbook (previously Volume II) and update update, printed version

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Acknowledgements
During the history of ISO, countless engineers and scientists have contributed to its development, launch and operation and scientic use. Without their expertise, enthusiasm, dedication, professionalism and sheer hard work, the success of ISO, the results discussed in many scientic articles and the data contained in the archive would not have been possible. The following pages list the names of many of these individuals. We apologize to any of who may have been inadvertently omitted. The ISO Handbook has been written on their behalf and serves, we hope, as a testament to their eorts. Wim Aalders Alain Abergel Jack Abolins Peter Abrahm a Jos Acosta Pulido e Juan Jos Adn e a Peter Ade Patrick Agnese Mattew Ahier Michela Alberti-Merri G nter Albrecht u Francisco Alcaraz Godfrey Alexander Ricardo Alonso Mar Teresa Alonso a Bruno Altieri J rgen Altmann u Rubn Alvarez e Manfred Amann Dieter Amend Angel Anaya Michel Anderegg Immo Appenzeller Toms Aragons a e Birgit Arkestijn Christiane Armand Jos Antonio Arteaga e Christophe Arviset Jacques Audric Jean-Louis Augueres Herv Aussel e Debbi Backhaus Eliseo Balaguer Cristiano Baldoni Jean-Paul Baluteau Christian Bambula Mary Ellen Barba Xavier Barcons Lothar Barl Mike Barlow SWS ISOCAM ISOPHOT ISOPHOT SOC TOS/GMV - INSA LWS ISOCAM ESOC-Software ESOC-Software ISOPHOT TOS/OV-INSA ESOC-Network Operations TOS/OV-INSA TOS/OV-INSA SOC ISOPHOT TOS/OV-INSA ISOPHOT ESOC-Network Operations TOS/OV-INSA IST OTAC TOS/OV-INSA SOC LWS TOS/OV-INSA SOC SOC ISOCAM ISOCAM SOC Project ESOC-Flight Operations LWS ESOC-Network Operations IPAC OTAC SWS OTAC

CIST/Collaborator RAL PHT Team PIDT

Collaborator Logica TOS-GCI/Logicasiel Zeiss TOS-ONC/Thorn

CIDT Zeiss Dornier TOS-ONN Project

S/W dev- U LIDT

CIST/Collaborator CIST/Collaborator SOST TOS-OFC/Vitrociset OTAC/LIST TOS-ONF/Thorn

MPE LIST

vi Paul Barr Michael Barrett David Bass Hans Peter Batro Alan Batten Otto H. Bauer Harald Baumgartner Kurt Becher Ron Beck Steven Beckwith Lars Behrend Chas Beichman Douwe Beintema Heinrich Bellemann Jean Beresne Jean-Claude Berges Jan Berkhout Neil Berry Johann Bestler Peter Biermann Andrea Biviano Jaime Blanco David Bleakley Joris Blommaert Nicolas Bobrinsky Stefan Bogun Catherine Boisson Antoni Bolagistua Wolfgang Bollinger Reinhold Bolz Jean Francois Bonnal Sylvain Bontemps Albert-Jan Boonstra Ken Booty Fabio Bortoletto Ignacio Botana Andr Bouere e Olivier Boulade Francois Boulanger John Bowers Danny Boxhoorn Huib Braafhart Jim Brauher Michael Braun Michel Breitfellner Walter Breitling Christine Breneol Kurt Brenner Francine van Bruggen Jon Brumtt Mark Buckley Guillermo Buenadicha SOC ESOC-Network Operations SOC ISOPHOT ESOC-FD SWS SWS SWS IPAC ISOPHOT ESOC-FD IPAC SWS ISOPHOT ISOCAM LWS Project SOC ISOPHOT OTAC ISOCAM TOS/OV-INSA ESOC-Flight Operations SOC ESOC-Network Operations ISOPHOT OTAC TOS/OV-INSA ISOPHOT ISOPHOT ISOCAM ISOCAM SWS ESOC-Sim ISOCAM TOS/OV-INSA ISOCAM ISOCAM ISOCAM ESOC-Software SWS SWS IPAC ISOPHOT SOC ISOPHOT SOC ISOPHOT Project SOC LWS ESOC-Flight Operations

TOS-ONN S/W dev- U Zeiss (ex FDD) MPE MPE MPE MPIA (ex FDD) SIDT MPIA Collaborator LIST S/W dev- U Dornier CIDT/Collaborator TOS-OF CIDT/Collaborator TOS-ONN PHT Team

Zeiss Antec Collaborator Collaborator SRON-Utrecht (ex Anite) Collaborator Collaborator CIDT/Collaborator CIST/Collaborator Logica SIDT SRON-Utrecht PIDT Dornier Zeiss

LIST TOS-OFC/INSA

vii Valent Bujarrabal n Martin Burgdorf Maria Busetta Marko Butkovic Heiko Burle a Armin Bhm o Pedro Caldern o Cristina Caldern o Fuencisla Camargo Octavio Camino-Ramos Richard Carr Santos Carretero David Carter Mauro Casale Hector Casta eda n Francisco Javier Castro Peter Catterall Emmanuel Caux Cecilia Ceccarelli Jos Cernicharo e Ricardo Cerulli Diego Cesarsky Catherine Cesarsky Jean-Paul Chabaud Jos Chamorro e Neil Cheek Uwe Christ Sarah Church Peter Claes Arnaud Claret Valeriano Claros Jean Clavel Peter Clegg Mike Clendining Martin Cohen Francoise Combes Jim Condon Angioletta Coradini Angel Corbas Linda Cornwall Carlos Correia Stefan Cos Francis Cotin Matthew Couch Peter Coulter Pierre Cox Jacky Cretolle Anthony Crowson Paul Cruvellier Stephan Czempiel Francesca DAntona Luigi Danese OTAC SOC SOC ESOC-Network Operations ISOPHOT ISOPHOT TOS/OV-INSA TOS/OV-INSA TOS/OV-INSA ESOC-Network Operations SOC TOS/OV-INSA SOC ESOC-Flight Operations ISOPHOT TOS/GMV-INSA ESOC-Network Operations LWS LWS OTAC LWS ISOCAM IST LWS TOS/OV-INSA ESOC-Flight Operations ESOC-Software LWS SOC ISOCAM TOS/OV SOC IST ESOC-Software Calibration OTAC OTAC OTAC TOS/OV-INSA ISOPHOT LWS ISOPHOT LWS ESOC-Software SOC LWS ISOCAM ESOC-Software LWS SWS OTAC OTAC

LIDT SOST TOS-ONF/Thorn Zeiss MPIA

TOS-ONN

TOS-OFC PIDT TOS-ONC/Tecnodata LIST LIST LWS CIDT/CIST CIST

TOS-OFC/Serco TOS-GME LIST CIDT/Collaborator

LIST (ex TOS-GCI)

PIDT LIST IMEC TOS-GLI/Logica LIST Collaborator TOS-OGC/Anite MPE

viii John Danziger John K. Davies Gary Davis Catherine de Bergh Franck de Bruin Marcus de Deus Silva Thijs de Graauw Piet de Groene Raquel de la Cruz Antonio de la Fuente Rob de la Rie Francisco Javier de Miguel Daniel de Pablo Shuji Deguchi Matt Delaney Christophe Deletrez Emilio Deleyto Fabienne Delhaise Francois-Xavier Dsert e Anna di Giorgio Pierre Didelon Bart Dierickx Trevor Dimbylow Peter Dinges Brian Diplock Stephen Dodsworth Henk Doedens J rgen Dohm u Rhona Donald Stefan Dornheim Eric Doumayrou John Dowson Sieged Drapatz Gilbert Drechsel Frank Dreger Duncan Drummond Luke Drury Cees du Maine Eric Dunford Herv Dzitko e Derek Eaton Ricardo J. Ebert Albert Ebert Andreas Efstathiou David Elbaz Martin Ellam Hans Elssser a Roger Emery Threse Encrenaz e Jean Jacques Engelmann Grard Epstein e Pierre Estaria OTAC ISOCAM LWS OTAC SOC SOC IST SWS TOS/GMV-INSA TOS/GMV-INSA SWS TOS/GMV-INSA TOS/GMV OTAC ISOCAM LWS TOS/OV-INSA ESOC-FD ISOCAM LWS ISOCAM ISOPHOT LWS ISOPHOT LWS ESOC-Flight Operations SWS ESOC-Network Operations SOC ISOPHOT ISOCAM SOC SWS SOC ESOC-FD LWS ISOPHOT SWS LWS ISOCAM Project IPAC ISOPHOT ISOPHOT ISOCAM ESOC-Network Operations ISOPHOT LWS IST ISOCAM ISOCAM Project

Collaborator LIST S/W dev- U

SRON-Utrecht

SRON-Utrecht

CIDT-Associated

TOS-GFI/EDS CIST/Collaborator LIDT CIST IMEC Antec TOS-OFC SRON-Groningen TOS-ONF Zeiss Collaborator MPE TOS-GFO LIST DIAS SRON-Utrecht CIST

Zeiss PHT Team CIST/Collaborator TOS-ONF/Thorn MPIA LIST OTAC Collaborator Collaborator

ix Colin Evans Jaap Evers David Ewart Dario Fadda J rgen Flker u a Alan Falla Yuhong Fan Jorge Fauste J rgen Fay u Rudolf Faymonville Reiner Felten Mar Teresa Fernndez a a J. Manuel Fernndez Cuena a Helmut Feuchtgruber Harald Feuer Edgar Fink Jacqueline Fisher Ursula Flock Vic Fonderie Rene Fontaine e Luc Fraiture J rgen Frank u Peter Franke Danny Frederickx Otto Frenzl Martin Frericks Wolfgang Fricke Ian Furniss Carlos Gabriel Pascal Gallais Carlos Gallo Fernando Gallo Kevin Galloway Ken Ganga Arturo Garc a Carlos Garc a Faustino Garc a Pedro Garc a-Lario Francisco Garzn o Rene Gastaud Hans-Peter Gem nd u Reinhard Genzel Juan-Carlos Gil Patrick Gladney Bill Glencross Nick Godfrey Paul Godfrey Werner Goebel Hans Golstein Pedro Gmez Cambronero o Salvador Gonzlez a Michel Gorisse ESOC-Network Operations SWS LWS ISOCAM ESOC-Flight Operations ESOC-CompOps SOC TOS/OV-INSA ESOC-Network Operations ISOPHOT ISOPHOT TOS/OV-INSA TOS/OV-INSA SWS ISOPHOT ISOPHOT LWS ISOPHOT ISOPHOT SOC ESOC-FD ISOPHOT ISOPHOT ISOPHOT ISOPHOT SWS ISOPHOT LWS SOC ISOCAM TOS/OV-INSA TOS/OV-INSA SOC IPAC TOS/OV-INSA TOS/OV-INSA TOS/OV-INSA SOC ISOPHOT ISOCAM ISOPHOT SWS ESOC-Software ESOC-FD LWS ESOC-ComOps ESOC-ComOps SWS SWS TOS/OV-INSA TOS/OV-INSA ISOCAM TOS-ONF/Thorn SRON-Groningen LIDT Collaborator TOS-OFC TOS-GMC/Serco CIDT TOS-ONF Antec Antec

SIDT Dornier MPIA LIST MPIA IMEC (ex FDD/ESA) Dornier MPIA IMEC Antec SRON-Utrecht Dornier LIST PIDT CIDT/Collaborator

ESOC-Software

SOST/IDC IAC CIST/Collaborator MPIfR OTAC GMV/Logica TOS-GFS/CR TOS-GMC/Serco TOS-GMC/Serco MPE SRON-Groningen

Collaborator

x Ron van Gorp Naoteru Gouda Hans Goulooze Peter Gray Matt Greenhouse Derek Greer Matt Grin Phil Griths Harry Gritter Amanda Grunes Ccile Gry e Ulrich Grzinger o Eberhard Gr n u Steve Guest Bernard Guillaume Jean-Jaques Gujer Theo Gunsing Vippin Gupta Bengt Gustafsson Hans Ghringer o Joachim G rtler u Arnt Haaland Martin Haas Harm Habing Peter Hackel Gerhard Haerendel Christian Hajduk Graham Hall Peter Hammersley Mark Hampson Lars Hansson Phil Harper Michael Harr Booth Hartley Gernot Hartmann Martin Harwit Andrew Harwood Leo Haser Adam Hazell Angela Head Peter Heal Norbert Heinecke Ingolf Heinrichsen Danielle Heinzer Hannelore Heissler George Helou Peter Henneberg Thomas Henning Ana Heras Edgar Herbst Uwe Herbstmeier Lou Hermans Project SOC SWS LWS LWS SOC LWS LWS SWS SOC SOC ISOPHOT ISOPHOT ISOCAM Project ESOC-Sim SWS ESOC-FD OTAC ISOPHOT ISOPHOT ESOC-Network Operations ISOPHOT IST ISOPHOT SWS ISOPHOT ISOPHOT Calibration ESOC-Software SOC ESOC-Flight Operations ISOPHOT IPAC ISOPHOT IST LWS SWS SOC ESOC-Software Project SWS ISOPHOT ESOC-ComOps ISOPHOT IST ISOPHOT ISOPHOT SOC ISOPHOT ISOPHOT ISOPHOT

SRON-Utrecht

LIST

LIDT/IDC PHT Team MPIK CIDT/Collaborator TOS-GMS SRON-Utrecht (ex FDD) Zeiss Friedrich S (ex TOS-OFS) PHT Team Zeiss MPE PHT Team RAL ISOPHOT Logica TOS-OFC/Vega Antec DLR LIDT MPE TOS-GMS MPE PIDT TOS-GMC MPIA Zeiss Friedrich S SIDT Dornier PHT Team IMEC

xi Domingo Hermoso Jos Hernndez e a Silvia Hernndez a Ottmar Hertel Astrid Heske Steven Hickey Phil Hingston Hans Hippelein Reinhard Hofacker Hermann Hohl John Holmes Hilary Hope Wim Horinga Alan Hughes Stephan Huth Rik Huygen Manfred von Hgen o Danielle Imbault Freek van Ingen Herman Jacobs Gerd Jakob Guy Janin Wim Jansen Alex Jeanes Neil Jenkins Per Jensen Bob Joseph Annelies Jos-Veldkamp e Martine Joubert Marie Jourdain de Muizon Blanca Jurez a Joachim Junghans Amanda Kaas Aman Kabir Norbert Kamm Theo Kamperman Reinhard Katterloher Kimiaki Kawara Hartmut Kehrer Uwe Keller Martin Kessler Iat Khan Sabine Kielbassa Ken King Ulrich Kinkel Ulrich Klaas Wolfgang Kl ck u Mary Koksvik Bernard Komasa Sasha Konechni Mihseh Kong Adriaan Koning ESOC-Flight Operations SOC SOC ISOPHOT SOC ESOC-FD LWS ISOPHOT ISOPHOT ISOPHOT LWS IPAC SWS SOC ISOPHOT SWS Project ISOCAM Project SWS SWS ESOC-Flight Operations SWS SOC SOC ESOC-Network Operations ISOPHOT SWS LWS Calibration ESOC-Flight Operations ISOPHOT ISOCAM ESOC-Network Operations SWS SWS SWS SOC ESOC-ComOps OTAC IST IPAC ESOC-FD LWS ISOPHOT ISOPHOT ISOPHOT SOC ESOC-ComOps SOC IPAC SWS TOS-OFC/INSA

Antec (ex FDD) MPIA MPIK Zeiss

SRON-Groningen PIDT KU-Leuven Collaborator SRON-Utrecht MPE TOS-OFA SRON-Utrecht ESOC-Software TOS-ONF IRTF SRON-Utrecht LIST TOS-OFC/INSA Zeiss Collaborator TOS-ONF MPE SRON-Utrecht MPE SOST TOS-GMC/Serco SOC TOS-GFI/EDS LIST PIDT PIDT Antec TOS-GMC S/W dev- U

xii Axel Koppe Thilo Kranz Rainer Kresken Ernst Kreysa Anders Krogvig Wolfgang Krtschmer a Harald Kr ger u Heribert Kr ger u Henk Kuiper Michael Kunkel Dietmar Kunze Hans Kppen o Fred Lahuis David Lambert David Landriu Stephen Lane Jacques Lapegue Toms Lara a Gary Lattimer Rene Laureijs Olivier Laurent Kieron Leech Sarah Leeks Koos Leertouwer Alain Lger e Hansjrg Lehle o Christoph Leinert Dietrich Lemke Peter Lemke Ludovic Lemonon Werner Lenz Rafael Len o James Lequeux Klaus Lethaus Deborah Levine Jing Li Jean Li Kam Ti Kate Lidiard Tanya Lim Dominic Lindars Michael Linden-Voernle Reinhard Link Ton Linssen Rene Liseau Anne Litzelmann Xiaowei Liu Alvaro Llorente Santiago Llorente Antonio Lobato Tim Lock Diane Locke Hans Loidl ISOPHOT ISOPHOT ESOC-FD ISOPHOT ESOC-Sim ISOPHOT ISOPHOT ISOPHOT SWS ISOPHOT SWS ISOPHOT SWS OTAC ISOCAM ESOC-ComOps ISOCAM TOS/OV-INSA ESOC-Network Operations SOC ISOCAM SOC LWS Project LWS ISOPHOT ISOPHOT IST ESOC-Network Operations ISOCAM ISOPHOT TOS/OV-INSA OTAC ISOPHOT IPAC IPAC SOC LWS LWS ESOC-Software ISOPHOT ISOPHOT Project LWS ISOPHOT LWS TOS/OV-INSA ESOC-ComOps TOS/GMV-INSA SOC IPAC SWS Dornier PHT Team TOS-GF/EDS MPIfR TOS-GMS MPIK PHT Team Antec PHT Team MPE Zeiss SIDT CIST/Collaborator TOS-GMC/SSL Collaborator TOS-ONF/Thorn PIDT CIST SIDT LIST

Zeiss MPIA TOS-ON CIST Dornier

Dornier

S/W dev- U LIDT Logica PIDT Zeiss

Zeiss LIST TOS-GMC

MPE

xiii Judy Long Ray Long Pedro Lpez o Steve D. Lord Rosario Lorente Dario Lorenzetti Nanyao Lu Angeles Luchena Reinhard Ludewig Georg Luichtel Willem Luinge Dieter Lutz Peter L tzow-Wentzky u Susan Madden Andr Maeder e Pierre Maigne Paolo Maldari Silvano Manganelli Francisco Manso Miguel Angel Manzanares Francisco Marcelo Kevin Marston Horst Martens Begoa Mart n Tarsicio Mart n Fernando Mart Parra n Diego Mart nez Luis Mart nez Juan Gabriel Mart nez Arcas Francisco Mart nez-Fadrique Alberto Martos Giuseppe Mastrominico Jean Matagne Kalevi Mattila Joe Mazzarella Alastair McDonald Steve McNally Hans J rgen Meier u P. Meijering Klaus Meisenheimer Michael Meister Stig Mejnertsen Fiedhelm Melzner David Merricks Bernhard Merz Leo Metcalfe Klaus Meyer Peter Mezger Alberto Micol Ole Mikkelsen George Miley Nigel Minchin LWS SOC TOS/OV-INSA IPAC TOS/OV-INSA LWS IPAC TOS/OV-INSA ISOPHOT ISOPHOT SWS SWS ISOPHOT ISOCAM OTAC ESOC-Software ESOC-Flight Operations ESOC-Flight Operations ESOC-Flight Operations TOS/OV-INSA TOS/OV-INSA ESOC-Software ESOC-Site TOS/OV-INSA TOS/GMV-INSA TOS/OV-INSA Project TOS/OV-INSA TOS/GMV-INSA ESOC-FD TOS/OV-INSA ESOC-Software SOC ISOPHOT IPAC ESOC-FD ESOC-Network Operations ISOPHOT SOC ISOPHOT ESOC-FD Project SWS ESOC-Flight Operations SWS SOC ISOPHOT ISOPHOT SOC ESOC-FD OTAC LWS LIST SOST

SIDT/IDC

Zeiss Zeiss SRON-Groningen MPE PHT Team CIST TOS-GCI TOS-OGI TOS-OFC/Vitrociset TOS-OFC/INSA

Logica ADM-GC

TOS-GF/GMV Logicasiel SOST/IDC Helsinki TOS-GF/Logica TOS-ONF/Thorn Zeiss MPIA (ex FDD) MPE TOS-OFC/Serco MPE CIDT Antec MPIfR SOST (ex FDD) LIST

xiv Kiana Mohseni Sergio Molinari Esther Moll Andrea Moneti Judith Mood Phillip Moore Alan Moorwood Victoria Morales Allan Morecroft Keith Morgan Trevor Morley Patrick Morris Huw Morris Christian M ller u Roland M ller u Thomas M ller u Rolf M nch u Jes s Municio u Ramn Mu oz Peir o n o Wim Muysert Bob Narron Antonella Natta David Naylor Ture Nesgaard Peter Neumeister Stephan Nicklas Jrg Niekerke o Marco Nijdam Brunella Nisini Javier Noguero John Nolan Lennard Nordh Hans Ulrik Norgaard-Nielsen Alberto Noriega-Crespo Keith Norman Howard Nye Eduardo Ojero Haruyuki Okuda Koryo Okumura Alejandro Olazbal a Peter Oldeman Bert Oldenburger Graeme Oldham Ernesto Oliva Sebastian Oliver Goran Olofsson Rob Oremus Renato Orfei Alain Ormont Luciano Orsini Georg Orthuber Sabine Osterhage ESOC-Software IPAC TOS/OV-INSA SOC ESOC-Flight Operations ESOC-Network Operations IST TOS/OV-INSA ESOC-Network Operations SOC ESOC-FD SWS ISOPHOT ESOC-Software ISOPHOT SOC ESOC-FD TOS/OV-INSA SOC SWS IPAC OTAC LWS ESOC-FD ESOC-ComOps ISOPHOT SWS SOC LWS ESOC-Software SOC ISOCAM ISOPHOT IPAC LWS ESOC-Flight Operations TOS/GMV-INSA IST ISOCAM TOS/OV-INSA SOC SWS LWS OTAC ISOPHOT ISOCAM Project LWS LWS SOC SWS SWS Logica LIDT

TOS-O/Serco TOS-ONF/Thorn

TOS-ONF/Thorn TOS-GFI SIDT RAL Logica Dornier ISOPHOT TOS-GF S/W dev- U SRON-Utrecht

LIST (ex FDD) TOS-GMC PHT Team MPE S/W dev- U Calibration GMV/Logica Collaborator DSRI

TOS-OF

CIDT/Collaborator

LIST ICSTM Collaborator

MPE MPE

xv Linna Osterman Pedro Osuna Stephan Ott Manfred Otterbein Uwe Pagel Siegmar Pallaschke Tim Panton Santiago Pascual Reinhold Passenheim Thomas Passvogel Tom Patrick Soren Paulsen Guido Pelz Alejandro Pena Fany Pe a n Daniel Pequignot Michel Prault e Diego Prez e Miguel Prez e Francisco Prez e Diego Prez-Olea e Christian Peschel Sibylle Peschke Wolfgang Peterhnsel a Ton Peters Carsten Petersen Stefano Pezzuto G nther Pfaller u Cees Pieters Max Pignede Juan Pi eiro n Pita Leira Ger Ploeger Arno Plug Jos Poblet e Luis Poci a n Elizabeth Poindron Andy Pollock Daniel Ponz Emil Popow Jes s Portero u Dominique Pouliquen Justo Povedano Mariano Pozas Karl Prantl-Baumann Mark Price Steve Price Klaus Proetel Timo Prusti Jean-Loup Puget Pascal Puget Julio Pulido SOC TOS/OV-INSA SOC ISOPHOT SWS ESOC-FD SOC TOS/OV-INSA ISOPHOT Project LWS SOC ISOPHOT ESOC-Flight Operations TOS/OV LWS ISOCAM SOC TOS/OV-INSA TOS/OV-INSA TOS/OV-INSA ISOPHOT SOC ESOC-FD SWS ESOC-FD LWS SWS SWS ESOC-Software ESOC-Flight Operations SOC SWS SOC TOS/OV-INSA TOS/OV-INSA ISOCAM SOC TOS/GMV ISOPHOT TOS/GMV-INSA LWS TOS/OV-INSA TOS/OV-INSA ESOC-Site LWS SWS ISOPHOT SOC IST ISOCAM TOS/OV-INSA

CIDT/Collaborator DLR MPE TOS-GFM S/W dev- U Zeiss

S/W dev- U PIDT TOS-OFC/INSA

CIST/Collaborator

Zeiss TOS-GF/EDS SRON-Utrecht TOS-GF/Terma LIDT MPE TOS-GCM TOS-OFC/Vitrociset SRON-Groningen

Collaborator CIDT AIP

ADM-GCG LIDT AFRL/VSBC DLR

Collaborator

xvi Terry Purkins Carlos Queija Eusebio Quijada Mario Radovich Robert Rae Mar Ram a rez Raquel Ramos Ib Rasmussen Tom Ray Peter Reiss Toms Reneses a Lisa Retbll Steen Retbll Jos Revuelta e Pascal Richard Phil Richards Gotthard Richter Johannes Riedinger Rieu NGuyen-Quang Yvon Rio Thrse Robert e e David Robinson Andrew Robson Brigitte Rocca-Volmerange Adolfo Rodero Cosano Jos Miguel Rodr e guez Espinosa Peter Roelfsema Alan Rogers Pilar Romn a Diego Romero Steph Rosser Daniel Rouan Helene Roussel Michael Rowan-Robinson Andr Roy e Georges Rudaz Jes s Ruiz u Alison Rushworth Michael Rser o Olivier Saint-Pe Michel Saisse Alberto Salama Jes s Salgado u Monica Salomone Jacqui Sam-Lone David Snchez a Miguel Snchez a Sergio Sanjuan Paolo Saraceno Lakshmi Sastry Yasunori Sato Marc Sauvage ISOCAM TOS/OV-INSA TOS/OV-INSA ISOPHOT ESOC-Network Operations TOS/OV-INSA TOS/OV-INSA ISOPHOT OTAC SWS ESOC-Flight Operations ESOC-Software ESOC-FD TOS/OV-INSA ESOC-Flight Operations ISOPHOT ISOPHOT SOC LWS ISOCAM ISOCAM LWS ESOC-Flight Operations OTAC ESOC-Flight Operations ISOPHOT SWS LWS TOS/OV-INSA ESOC-Flight Operations ESOC-Flight Operations ISOCAM ISOCAM OTAC ISOCAM ESOC-Software TOS/GMV-INSA ISOPHOT ISOPHOT ISOCAM LWS SOC TOS/OV-INSA SOC ISOCAM TOS/OV-INSA TOS/OV-INSA ESOC-Flight Operations LWS LWS SOC ISOCAM Collaborator

PIDT TOS-ONF/Thorn

DSRI MPE TOS-OFC/INSA Logica (ex FDD) TOS-OFC/Thomson RAL AIP

CIST/Collaborator Collaborator TOS-OF TOS-OFC/INSA IAC SIDT LIST CIDT/PIDT TOS-OFC/INSA TOS-OFC/Serco CIST/Collaborator Collaborator ISOPHOT Collaborator TOS-GSP PHT Team Antec Collaborator LIST SIDT/IDC

CIST

TOS-OFC/INSA LIST SOST CIST/Collaborator

xvii Aymeric Sauvageon Richard Saxton Harm Schaap Stephan Schaeidt Madelaine Schfer a Bernhard Scheiner Rudolf Schlegelmilch Michael Schmidt Herbert Schnopper Pedro Schoch Rosanne Scholey Joseph Schubert Bernhard Schulz Rita Schulz Alain Sch tz u Heike Schweitzer Christel Schfer a Alex Scohier Andrs Scola e G nter Seger u Ramon Segura-Oto Karla Seidenschwang Guy Serra Pierre Servan Giancarlo Setti Mike Sheldon Francois Sibille Roger Sidey Sunil Sidher Ralf Siebenmorgen Nico Sijm Nancy Silbermann Frances Sirou Sjef Kikken Boris Smeds Ursule Smissaert van de Haere Alan Smith Alan Smith Howard Smith Raymond Smith Kees Smoorenburg Martyn Snelling Axel Sohn Anders Srensen Richard Southworth Jan Spakman Karlheinz Spindler Luigi Spinoglio Henrik Spoon Phil Spurrett Heinrich Spth a Gordon Stacey ISOCAM SOC Project SWS ESOC-FD SWS ISOPHOT ESOC-Flight Operations ISOPHOT ESOC-Software IPAC ISOPHOT SOC OTAC ESOC-FD ESOC-Flight Operations SWS SOC TOS/OV-INSA ISOPHOT ESOC-Network Operations SWS LWS ESOC-Flight Operations OTAC ESOC-Network Operations ISOCAM LWS LWS SOC SWS IPAC ISOCAM SWS ESOC-Network Operations SWS LWS ESOC-Flight Operations LWS ESOC-ComOps SWS Project ISOPHOT ESOC-FD ESOC-Flight Operations SWS ESOC-FD LWS SWS LWS SWS LWS CIDT

SIDT TOS-GF MPE Zeiss TOS-OFC DSRI GMV/Logica PHT Team PIDT TOS-GFS TOS-OF MPE

Antec TOS-ONN MPE TOS-OFC/Thomson TOS-ONF/Thorn Collaborator LIDT CIDT SRON-Utrecht Collaborator TOS-OFS SRON-Utrecht LIST TOS-OF LIST TOS-GMC/Serco TNO-TU Delft Antec (ex FDD) TOS-OFC/Vega SRON-Groningen (ex FDD) MPE MPE

xviii Jean-Luc Starck Rick Starczewski Michael Steinmayer Johan Steinz Silke Stenzel Craig Stephenson Julian Sternberg Manfred Stickel Eckhard Sturm Wilhelm Stberl o Jakob Stcker o Eva Surez a Frank S rth u Jean-Pierre Swings Bruce Swinyard Bill Sydenham Roger Sylvester Brian Taylor Andrs Teijo e Oscar Tejedor Charles Telesco Francisco Terleira Roberto Terlevich Damien Texier Gtz Thieme o Mark Thomas Graham Thomas Mark Thompson Clemens Tilgner Didier Tiphne e Colin Todd Laura Toms Caldern a o Elisabetta Tommasi Steve Tonkmor Carlos Topham Jos Torrente e Norman Trams Dan Tran Ulrike Trautwein Friedrich Trebstein Philip Tregoning Michael Trunz Takashi Tsuji Richard Tus Mark Tuttlebee David Twynam Victor Tth o Sarah Unger Javier Unzalu Edwin Valentijn Juan-Carlos Vallejo Herman van Agthoven ISOCAM SOC SWS Project ESOC-Site ESOC-FD SOC ISOPHOT SWS SWS SWS TOS/OV-INSA ESOC-Network Operations OTAC LWS Project LWS Project TOS/OV-INSA ESOC-Software ISOPHOT TOS/OV-INSA OTAC SOC ISOPHOT SOC ESOC-FD ESOC-Network Operations ISOPHOT ISOCAM SOC SOC LWS SOC TOS/OV-INSA TOS/OV-INSA SOC ISOCAM ESOC-Network Operations ISOPHOT ESOC-ComOps ISOPHOT IST ISOPHOT ESOC-Sim ESOC-FD ISOPHOT LWS ESOC-Software SWS ESOC-Software SWS CIST/Collaborator MPE ADM-GC TOS-GFI/SSL PHT Team MPE MPE MPE TOS-ONF/Thorn LIST LIST

GMV/Logica Univ. Florida

LIDT Dornier (ex FDD) TOS-ONF/Thorn PHT Team Collaborator

LIDT

LIDT CIST TOS-ON/Tecnodata Zeiss TOS-GMC/SSL Zeiss MPIK TOS-GMS/Anite (ex FDD) PHT Team LIST/IPAC TOS-GCI SIDT GMV/Logica TNO-TU Delft

xix David van Buren Ruud van de Haar Nicole van der Bliek Karel van der Hucht Siep van der Lei Rien van der Linden Peter van der Plas Rob van der Schuur Carel van Dijkhuizen Jan van Geen John van Genechten Frans van Gool Duc van Nguyen Gertjan van Oosten Jelle van Zeijl Bart Vandenbussche Pedro Vargas Peter Vaughan Jes s Vzquez u a Stephane Veillat Kees Veldkamp Adolfo Ventero Giulio Ventura Eva Verdugo Jan Vermeiren Rob Verschoor Pierre Viau Derek Vickers Laurent Vigroux Osmi Vilhu Javier Villanueva Huib Visser Florence Vivares Berthold Vogt Heinrich Vlk o Christoel Waelkens Hans Wagenaar Helen Walker Gustav Wallum Ray Walsh Mark Walter Martin Ward Rens Waters Karsten Weber Erhard Wedel Ann E. Wehrle Martin Wells Johan Wensink Paul Wesselius Bengt Westerlund Inge van de Wetering Glenn White IPAC SWS Calibration SWS SWS SWS SOC SWS SWS SWS SWS SOC SWS SOC SOC SWS ESOC-Flight Operations ISOPHOT ESOC-Flight Operations SOC SWS TOS/OV-INSA ISOCAM TOS/OV-INSA ISOPHOT SOC SOC LWS ISOCAM OTAC TOS/OV-INSA SWS ISOCAM/LWS ISOPHOT ISOPHOT SWS/OTAC SWS ISOPHOT ESOC-Site SOC ESOC-ComOps OTAC SWS ESOC-Network Operations ISOPHOT IPAC ISOPHOT SWS SWS OTAC Project LWS

SRON-Utrecht SRON-Utrecht SRON-Utrecht SRON-Utrecht

SRON-Utrecht SRON-Utrecht SRON-Utrecht S/W dev- U SRON-Groningen S/W dev- U S/W dev- U SIDT TOS-OFC/INSA RAL TOS-OFC/INSA SRON-Utrecht Collaborator IDC IMEC

CIDT/Collaborator

TNO-TU Delft CIST/LIST Dornier MPIK KU-Leuven SRON-Utrecht RAL ADM-GCT TOS-GMC/Serco UvA TOS-ONF/Thorn Dornier ROE SRON-Groningen SRON-Groningen

xx Peter White Ekkehard Wieprecht Erich Wiezorrek Jan Wijnbergen Klaas Wildeman Hans Willaczek G. William Iwan Williams Peter Williams Rupert Williams Ana Willis Derek Wilson Gary Wilson Tom Wilson Yvonne Windsor Henny Witjes G nter Wittig u J rgen Wolf u Lo Woltjer Andy Woodcock Santiago Ximnez de Ferrn e a Erick Young Ignacio Yurrita Carlos Yuste Rafael Zarza Rob Zondag Frans Zwart ESOC-Network Operations SWS SWS SWS SWS ISOPHOT SOC OTAC ESOC-FD ESOC-ComOps INSA/SOC Project ESOC-Sim OTAC LWS Studio Blanche ESOC-Network Operations ISOPHOT OTAC SOC Project SWS TOS/OV-INSA TOS/OV-INSA ESOC-Software SOC SWS TOS-ONF/Thorn SIDT MPE SRON-Groningen SRON-Groningen Zeiss

(ex FDD) TOS-GMC/Serco IDC TOS-GMS/Anite

TOS-ONN PHT Team

Steward Obs.

GMV/Logica SRON-Utrecht

Contents
List of Figures List of Tables Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 ISO The Infrared Space Observatory . 1.2 The ISO Legacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 How to Refer to the ISO Documentation 1.3.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . 1.3.3 Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 ISO Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1 Data Centres . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.2 ISO Data Analysis Software . . . 1.5 Document Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix xxxiii 1 3 3 5 6 6 7 9 9 9 11 12 13 13 14 14 16 17 19 20 20 20 22 22 24 25 25 25

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2 The ISO Project 2.1 The Project Organisation . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Satellite Development . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 Industrial consortium . . . . . . . . 2.2.2 Model development and costs . . . . 2.3 Principal Investigators and Science Team . 2.4 Science and Spacecraft Operations . . . . . 2.5 Operational Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.1 Launch and Early Orbit Phase . . . 2.5.2 Commissioning Phase . . . . . . . . 2.5.3 Performance Verication Phase . . . 2.5.4 Routine Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.5 From end of helium to switch o . . 2.6 Post-Operational Activities . . . . . . . . . 2.6.1 Transition Phase to Post-Operations 2.6.2 Post-Operations Phase . . . . . . . . xxi

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xxii 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 The 3.1 3.2 3.3

CONTENTS Active Archive Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outlook: ISO and the Virtual Observatory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronology of the ISO Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ISO Spacecraft Payload Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spacecraft subsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1 The cryostat subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.1 Design of the cryostat . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.2 Cryostat operations . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.2 The optical subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.2.1 Telescope mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.2.2 Focal plane geometry . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.3 Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem (AOCS) . 3.3.3.1 AOCS system components . . . . . . . 3.3.3.2 AOCS operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Scientic Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.1 The ISO Camera: ISOCAM . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.2 The ISO Long Wavelength Spectrometer: LWS . 3.4.3 The ISO Imaging Photo-Polarimeter: ISOPHOT 3.4.4 The ISO Short Wavelength Spectrometer: SWS . 26 27 28 29 30 30 32 32 33 34 34 35 35 37 37 39 40 41 43 44 47 49 49 50 50 51 52 52 56 58 58 58 59 59 60 61 62 62 62 64 64

3.4

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4 ISO Operations 4.1 The ISO Orbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1.1 Orbit phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1.2 Pointing constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 The Ground Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.1 Ground stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.2 The Spacecraft Control Centre (SCC) . . . . 4.2.3 The Science Operations Centre (SOC) . . . . 4.3 Observing with ISO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.1 Observing strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.2 Guaranteed time and open time programmes 4.3.3 The ISO observing cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.3.1 Calls for proposals . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.3.2 Proposal evaluation and selection . 4.3.3.3 Proposal data entry . . . . . . . . . 4.3.4 Community Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 Overview of the Scientic Programme . . . . . . . . 4.4.1 Large survey programmes . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.2 Target of opportunity programmes . . . . . . 4.4.3 Discretionary time programmes . . . . . . . .

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CONTENTS 4.4.4 Parallel and serendipity programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview of Satellite Observing Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview of Instrument Observing Modes and AOTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In-Orbit Performance Satellite Operation Performance . . . . . . . . Cryostat Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Optical Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.1 ISO Point Spread Function . . . . . . . 5.3.2 Straylight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pointing Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.1 Pointing accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.2 Tracking of solar system objects . . . . 5.4.3 Guide stars and eects on pointing . . . Satellite Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Detector Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.1 Radiation eects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.1.1 Space radiation environment . 5.6.1.2 Glitches in ISO detectors . . . 5.6.1.3 Other radiation induced eects 5.6.2 Detector transients . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.2.1 Si:Ga detectors . . . . . . . . . 5.6.2.2 Ge:Ga detectors . . . . . . . . 5.6.2.3 Other detectors . . . . . . . . Events and Conicts during Operations . . . .

xxiii 64 66 70 73 73 73 74 74 77 79 79 81 81 82 84 84 84 86 89 91 93 97 107 112 117 117 118 118 120 120 120 122 123 124 126 126 128 129 130 134 134

4.5 4.6 5 ISO 5.1 5.2 5.3

5.4

5.5 5.6

5.7

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6 ISO Cross-Calibration 6.1 Cross-Calibration Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.1 Denition of cross-calibration sources . . . . . . . 6.1.2 Limitations and caveats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Internal Cross-Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1 Between the ISO spectrometers . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1.1 SWS versus PHT-S . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1.2 SWS versus CAM-CVF . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1.3 CAM-CVF versus PHT-S . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1.4 SWS/LWS overlap region . . . . . . . . . 6.2.2 Filter measurements versus spectroscopy . . . . . . 6.2.2.1 ISOCAM lters versus chopped PHT-S . 6.2.2.2 ISOCAM lters versus SWS . . . . . . . 6.2.2.3 ISOPHOT lters versus ISO spectroscopy 6.2.2.4 ISOPHOT lters versus LWS . . . . . . . 6.3 External Cross-Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3.1 Comparison with IRAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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xxiv 6.3.1.1 6.3.1.2 6.3.1.3 6.3.1.4 6.3.1.5 6.3.2 6.3.3

CONTENTS SWS versus IRAS photometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 LWS versus IRAS photometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 ISO composite SWS+LWS spectra versus IRAS photometry at 60 and 100 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 LWS raster scans of extended sources versus IRAS photometry . . . . . . 145 ISOPHOT-P and -C versus IRAS photometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Comparison with MSX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Comparison with COBE/DIRBE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 6.3.3.1 6.3.3.2 PHT-S spectroscopy versus COBE/DIRBE photometry . . . . . . . . . . 153 PHT-C versus COBE/DIRBE photometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

6.4

Comparison with Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 6.4.1 6.4.2 6.4.3 6.4.4 ISOCAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 LWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 ISOPHOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 SWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

6.5

Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 177

7 The ISO Data Archive (IDA) 7.1 7.2

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 IDA Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 7.2.1 O-Line products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 7.2.1.1 7.2.1.2 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 Scientic validation and accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Quality control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Browse products after OLP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Highly Processed Data Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Other products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9

Database Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Business Logic/Middle-Tier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Publication Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Interoperability Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Using the ISO Data Archive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Historical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

7.10 IDA usage statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 A Infrared Astronomy 193

A.1 Infrared Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 A.2 Astronomical Background Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 A.2.1 The celestial background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 A.2.2 Source Confusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 A.3 Infrared Astronomical Calibrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

CONTENTS B ISO Scientic Observations B.1 Performed Guaranteed Time Proposals . . . . . . . . . B.1.1 Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B.1.2 Stellar/Circumstellar Physics . . . . . . . . . . B.1.3 Interstellar Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B.1.4 Extragalactic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B.1.5 Cosmology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B.2 Performed Open Time Proposals . . . . . . . . . . . . B.2.1 Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B.2.2 Stellar/Circumstellar Physics . . . . . . . . . . B.2.3 Interstellar Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B.2.4 Extragalactic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B.2.5 Cosmology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B.3 Performed Discretionary Time Proposals/Calibration . C List of Solar System Objects D Satellite Files D.1 Attitude and Orbit Control System (AOCS) . . . . D.1.1 Primary header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D.1.2 Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D.2 ISO Operational Guide-Star List (APHSTAR) . . D.2.1 Primary header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D.2.2 Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D.3 Aperture Pointing History (APPH) . . . . . . . . . D.3.1 Primary header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D.3.2 Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D.4 Aperture Programmed Pointing History (APPM) . D.4.1 Primary header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D.4.2 Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D.5 Executed Observation History per AOT (EOHA) . D.5.1 Primary header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D.5.2 Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D.5.3 CAM AOT specic information . . . . . . . D.5.4 LWS AOT specic information . . . . . . . D.5.5 PHT AOT specic information . . . . . . . D.5.6 SWS AOT specic information . . . . . . . D.6 Continuous Executed Observation History (EOHC) D.6.1 Primary header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D.6.2 Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D.7 Executed Observation History per ICS (EOHI) . . D.7.1 Primary header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D.7.2 Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xxv 199 200 200 200 201 203 204 205 205 206 215 222 229 231 233 235 235 235 235 238 238 239 240 240 241 242 242 243 244 244 245 246 246 247 247 248 248 249 250 250 250

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CONTENTS D.7.3 CAM AOT specic information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 D.7.4 LWS AOT specic information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 D.7.5 PHT AOT specic information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 D.7.6 SWS AOT specic information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

D.8 General Housekeeping (GEHK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 D.8.1 Primary header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 D.8.2 Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 D.8.3 CAM frame 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 D.8.4 LWS frame 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 D.8.5 PHT frame 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 D.8.6 SWS frame 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 D.9 General Housekeeping (Sampled) (GSHH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 D.10 ISO Guide-Star Hipparcos Catalogue Data (HIPPARCHOS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 D.10.1 Primary header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 D.10.2 Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 D.11 ISO Focal Plane Geometry (IFPG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 D.11.1 Primary header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 D.11.2 Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 D.12 Instrument Instantaneous Pointing History (IIPH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 D.12.1 Primary header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 D.12.2 Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 D.13 Instrument Reference Pointing History (IRPH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 D.13.1 Primary header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 D.13.2 Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 D.14 ISO Star-Tracker Calibration Data (ISTR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 D.14.1 Primary header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 D.14.2 Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 D.15 ORBIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 D.15.1 Primary header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 D.15.2 Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 D.15.3 MC ORBIT subroutine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 D.16 ISO Guide-Star Tycho Catalogue Data (TYCHO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 D.16.1 Primary header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 D.16.2 Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 E IDA content details E.1 O-Line Products 277 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

E.1.1 Quality ags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 E.2 Browse Products after OLP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 E.2.1 Survey products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 E.2.2 Icons and postcards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 E.3 Other Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

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xxvii

E.3.1 Auxiliary data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 E.3.2 Ancillary data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 E.3.3 Observation details and associated les . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 E.3.4 Calibration data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 E.3.5 Historical and chronological data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 E.3.6 Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 E.3.7 Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 F Quaternions G IDA SQL-Queries: Worked Examples H Acronyms Bibliography Index 285 287 295 303 313

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List of Figures
1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 The ISO satellite ight model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The ISO Data Centre at VILSPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ISO project organisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Structure of the industrial consortium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial contractors by country contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . The pre-launch ISO project schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Principal Investigator (PI) organisations by country and instrument The ISO Spacecraft Control Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The ISO Instrument Control Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cut-away schematic of the ISO satellite . . . . . . . . . Denition of the spacecraft axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cryostat and telescope design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helium ow diagram for ISO in orbit . . . . . . . . . . . ISO telescope optical layout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ISO focal plane map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . Schematic of the Camera (ISOCAM) . . . . . . . . . . . Schematic of the Long Wavelength Spectrometer (LWS) Schematic of the Photo-polarimeter (ISOPHOT) . . . . Schematic of the Short Wavelength Spectrometer (SWS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 10 13 15 16 17 18 20 23 29 31 32 34 35 37 38 42 43 45 48 49 51 52 53 55 56 59 63 68 69 72

The ISO orbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Visibility constraints of ISO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ESAs Villafranca Satellite Tracking Station in Spain . . . . . . Skeleton schedule of ISO activities along an orbit . . . . . . . . The ISO Mission Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data ow within the Spacecraft Control Centre at Villafranca . Distribution of observing time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of ISO observation pointings . . . . . . . . . . . . Mapping with ISO: Orientation 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mapping with ISO: Orientation 47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Usage of the instrument observing modes by time and number xxix

xxx 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9

LIST OF FIGURES Image of the ISOCAM PSF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plot of the ISOCAM PSF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Straylight observed in a PHT22 raster map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Straylight observed in a CAM parallel image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trapped electron uxes as a function of ISO orbital time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Daily proton uence during the ISO mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eect of the solar proton event of November 1997 on ISOCAM images . . . . . . . . . . . Example of a fader glitch in ISOCAM data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example of a dipper glitch in ISOCAM data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 76 78 79 85 86 87 90 90 94 95 96 98 99

5.10 Short term transient and long term drift in ISOCAM LW detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.11 Raster observation suering from long term drift and the correction . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.12 Transients in ISOPHOT-P1 detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.13 Transients in SWS detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.14 Transients in ISOPHOT-P3 detector at intermediate ux level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.15 Transients in ISOPHOT-P3 detector at low ux level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 5.16 Transients in ISOPHOT-C100 detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 5.17 Transients in ISOPHOT-C200 detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 5.18 Transients in LWS-SW4 detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 5.19 Transients in LWS-LW2 detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 5.20 Transients in LWS-LW5 detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 5.21 Forward and backward scans in LWS-SW4 detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 5.22 Forward and backward scans in LWS-LW2 detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 5.23 Forward and backward scans of Uranus in LWS-LW2 detector after transient correction . 106 5.24 Memory eects in ISOCAM SW detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 5.25 ISOPHOT-P2 detector transients induced by chopper modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 5.26 Transients in LWS-SW1 detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 5.27 Forward and backward scans of Uranus in LWS-SW1 detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 5.28 Forward and backward scans of Uranus in LWS-SW1 detector after transient correction . 110 5.29 Forward and backward scans of NGC 6302 in LWS-SW1 detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 5.30 Forward and backward scans of NGC 6302 in LWS-SW1 detector after transient correction 111 5.31 Memory eects in band 4 of SWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 Bad pointing and extended source eects in SWS spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 SWS versus PHT-s cross-calibration comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 SWS versus PHT-S cross-calibration comparison in two faint sources . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 SWS versus CAM-CVF cross-calibration comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 CAM-CVF versus PHT-S cross-calibration comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Composite SWS+LWS spectra of sources used for cross-calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 PHT-S versus ISOCAM LW2 and LW7 lter measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 ISOCAM lter versus SWS cross-calibration comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 ISOPHOT photometry versus PHT-S, SWS and LWS spectroscopy of Comet Hale-Bopp . 129

6.10 LWS xed grating versus LWS grating scan and ISOPHOT measurements of Ceres . . . . 132

LIST OF FIGURES

xxxi

6.11 LWS xed grating versus ISOPHOT measurements of Pallas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 6.12 LWS xed grating versus ISOPHOT measurements of Vesta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 6.13 LWS xed grating versus LWS grating scan and ISOPHOT measurements of Hygiea . . . 134 6.14 SWS versus IRAS photometry at 12 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 6.15 SWS versus IRAS photometry at 25 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 6.16 Distribution of discrepancies between ISO and IRAS photometry at 12 and 25 m . . . . 137 6.17 LWS/IRAS ux density ratios versus IRAS ux density at 100 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 6.18 LWS versus IRAS photometry at 100 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 6.19 Dierence between LWS and IRAS uxes at 60 and 100 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 6.20 LWS versus IRAS photometry at 60 and 100 m for a sample of extragalactic sources . . 142 6.21 ISO/IRAS ux density ratios versus IRAS ux density at 60 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 6.22 ISO/IRAS ux density ratios versus IRAS ux density at 100 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 6.23 LWS raster scans versus IRAS photometry at 100 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 6.24 Chopped PHT-P and -C photometry versus IRAS photometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 6.25 SWS versus MSX lter A photometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 6.26 SWS versus MSX lter C photometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 6.27 SWS versus MSX lter D photometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 6.28 SWS versus MSX lter E photometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 6.29 Distribution of discrepancies between SWS and MSX photometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 6.30 PHT-S sky background versus COBE/DIRBE photometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 6.31 ISOCAM photometry of HIC 67485 versus model predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 6.32 ISOCAM photometry of HIC 77277 versus model predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 6.33 LWS grating scan observations of Uranus versus model predictions (full spectral range) . . 160 6.34 LWS grating scan observations of Uranus versus model predictions (per detector) . . . . . 161 6.35 LWS grating scan observations showing the SW1 conspicuous double-peaked shape . . . . 162 6.36 LWS xed grating observations of Uranus versus model predictions (full spectral range) . 163 6.37 LWS xed grating observations of Neptune versus model predictions (full spectral range) . 164 6.38 LWS xed grating observations of Ceres versus model predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 6.39 LWS xed grating observations of Boo versus model predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 6.40 Staring PHT-S spectra versus model predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 6.41 Chopped PHT-S spectra versus model predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 6.42 PHT-P and PHT-C multi-lter photometry versus model predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 6.43 PHT-P and PHT-C absolute photometry versus model predictions of Dra . . . . . . . . 170 6.44 PHT-P absolute photometry of Sirius versus model predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 6.45 PHT-P absolute photometry of Ari versus model predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 6.46 C200 absolute photometry of Uranus versus model predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 6.47 SWS01 observations of stars with dierent spectral types versus model predictions . . . . 173 6.48 SWS01 observations of stars with dierent brightness versus model predictions . . . . . . 174 6.49 SWS versus model predictions and other observational data for a sample of stars . . . . . 175 7.1 7.2 ISO Data Archive 3-tier architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 ISO pipeline products Quality Control statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

xxxii 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9

LIST OF FIGURES ISO Data Archive main query panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 ISO Data Archive query results panel with associated browse products . . . . . . . . . . . 186 ISO Data Archive users registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 ISO Data Archive users distribution by country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 ISO Data Archive queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 ISO Data Archive active users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 ISO Data Archive observations retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

List of Tables
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 Cryostat requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Optical parameters of the ISO telescope . . . . . . Oset coordinates of the instrument apertures with AOCS elements main specications . . . . . . . . . Main characteristics of the ISO instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . reference to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the QSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aperture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 36 36 39 41 63 65 66 71 71 81 88 92 99 125 130 131 143 147 148 148 156 157 158 160 163 166

The largest ISO observing programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary of all performed ToO programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary of all performed parallel and serendipity programmes . . . . . . Overview of instrument observing modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Usage of the four ISO instruments by time and by number of observations

Pointing performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Observed glitch rates and minimum deposited energy in the ISO detectors . List of IR detectors on board ISO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Time constants for the long term transients in P3, C100 and C200 detectors

LWS/SWS ratios at 44 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cross-calibration comparison between PHT-C100 and LWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cross-calibration comparison between PHT-C200 and LWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ISO versus IRAS photometry at 60 and 100 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chopped PHT-P photometry compared to IRAS photometry and model predictions Chopped PHT-C photometry compared to IRAS photometry and model predictions Description of MSX photometric bands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C100 absolute sky brightness versus COBE/DIRBE photometry . . . . . . . . . . . C200 absolute sky brightness versus COBE/DIRBE photometry . . . . . . . . . . . Discrepancies between ISOCAM photometry and stellar models . . . . . . . . . . . . LWS grating scan observations of Uranus versus model predictions (per detector) . . LWS xed grating observations of Uranus versus model predictions (per detector) . . LWS grating scan observations of stars versus model predictions . . . . . . . . . . .

A.1 Typical uxes of celestial background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 A.2 Maximum zodiacal light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 C.1 Objects observed with ISO using the SSO tracking mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 xxxiii

xxxiv D.1 APCS primary header . . . . . . D.2 AOCS records . . . . . . . . . . . D.3 Description of AOCSFRAM eld D.4 APHSTAR primary header . . . D.5 APHSTAR records . . . . . . . . D.6 APPH primary header . . . . . . D.7 APPH records . . . . . . . . . . D.8 APPM primary header . . . . . . D.9 APPM records . . . . . . . . . . D.10 EOHA primary header . . . . . . D.11 EOHA records . . . . . . . . . . D.12 AOTV information for CAM . . D.13 AOTV information for LWS . . . D.14 AOTV information for PHT . . . D.15 AOTV information for SWS . . . D.16 EOHC primary header . . . . . . D.17 EOHC records . . . . . . . . . . D.18 EOHI primary header . . . . . . D.19 EOHI records . . . . . . . . . . . D.20 :WS EOHIMSG1 contents . . . . D.21 PHT EOHIMSG1 contents . . . D.22 SWS EOHIMSG1 contents . . . . D.23 GEHK primary header . . . . . . D.24 GEHK records . . . . . . . . . . D.25 SWS frame 8 contents . . . . . . D.26 HIPPARCHOS primary header . D.27 HIPPARCHOS records . . . . . . D.28 IFOG primary header . . . . . . D.29 IFPG records . . . . . . . . . . . D.30 IIPH primary header . . . . . . . D.31 IIPH records . . . . . . . . . . . D.32 IRPH primary header . . . . . . D.33 IRPH records . . . . . . . . . . . D.34 ISTR primary header . . . . . . . D.35 ISTR records . . . . . . . . . . . D.36 ORBIT primary header . . . . . D.37 ORBIT records . . . . . . . . . . D.38 TYCHO primary header . . . . . D.39 TYCHO records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 246 247 247 248 249 250 250 251 252 252 253 254 255 257 258 260 260 261 263 264 266 267 267 268 269 275 275

E.1 List of les per product level Raw Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 E.2 List of les per product level Basic Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 E.3 List of les per product level Fully Auto-Processed Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

LIST OF TABLES

xxxv

xxxvi

LIST OF TABLES

Preface
The European Space Agencys (ESA) Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) is an astronomical satellite that was operational between November 1995 and May 1998. It operated at wavelengths from 2.5 to 240 m, in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Because the atmosphere acts as an umbrella for most infrared wavelengths preventing them from reaching the ground a space telescope is needed to detect this kind of radiation invisible to the human eye and to optical telescopes. The ISO satellite essentially consisted of: a large liquid-helium cryostat; a telescope with a 60-cm diameter primary mirror; four scientic instruments and the service module. It was designed and constructed under ESA responsibility by a European industrial consortium led by Aerospatiale (F, now Alcatel), and launched by an Ariane IV rocket on 17 November 1995. Scientic observations were performed between February 1996 and April 1998, and communications with the satellite were terminated on 16 May 1998. All of the scientic goals motivating the missions adoption were surpassed. ISO made during its lifetime more than 30 000 dedicated individual observations of all kind of astronomical objects, ranging from our own solar system out to the most distant galaxies. These observations were made with a wide variety of spectral and spatial resolving powers. The resulting database provides a treasure of information for further astronomical research. The products of the ISO mission are available through the ISO Data Archive (IDA) from http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/ The ISO Handbook (Volumes I to V) is, together with the ISO Data Archive, part of the legacy of the ISO Mission. It is a reference document with general information about the mission, the satellite, the instruments and the data products of the nal ISO Archive: Volume I: ISO Mission & Satellite Overview Volume II: CAM The ISO Camera Volume III: LWS The Long Wavelength Spectrometer Volume IV: PHT The Imaging Photo-Polarimeter Volume V: SWS The Short Wavelength Spectrometer

PREFACE

Chapter 1

Introduction
1.1 ISO The Infrared Space Observatory

ISO was the worlds rst true orbiting infrared observatory (Figure 1.1). It was given a perfect launch on 17 November 1995 by an Ariane IV vehicle. Equipped with four sophisticated and versatile scientic instruments, it provided astronomers with a facility of unprecedented sensitivity and capabilities for an exploration of the universe at infrared wavelengths from 2.5 to 240 m. The satellite was a great technical and scientic success with most of its sub-systems operating far better than their specications and with its scientic results impacting practically all elds of astronomy. At a wavelength of 12 m, ISO was one thousand times more sensitive and had one hundred times better angular resolution than its predecessor, the all-sky-surveying IRAS1 . During its routine Operational Phase (4 February 1996 to 8 April 1998), which lasted almost a year longer than specied, ISO successfully made over 27 000 individual scientic observations and more than 4 000 calibration observations. After termination of in-orbit operations, all observations were re-processed with the end-of-mission calibration and pipeline. The ISO Data Archive opened to the world-wide astronomical community in December 1998 and all data had entered the public domain by August 1999. At the beginning of 2002, the data were again re-processed with the end-of-post-mission calibration (nal o-line processing software OLP Version 10) to create the ISO Legacy Archive. ISOs Post-Operations Phase (POPS, 1998 2001) was designed to leave behind a homogeneous archive with improved calibration as a legacy to future generations of astronomers. From 2002 to 2006, an Active Archive Phase (AAP) takes place with the goal of maximising the scientic exploitation of ISOs vast data sets. In this latter period, the archive will be brought into its nal form, including the concept of feeding back into the archive data reduced by hand by experts (the so-called Highly Processed Data Products or HPDPs).

1 InfraRed

Astronomical Satellite

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

Figure 1.1: The ISO satellite ight model.

1.2. THE ISO LEGACY

1.2

The ISO Legacy

The ISO Legacy consists of: The ISO Data Archive: (http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/ Access the Archive) Over 27 000 science observations More than 4 000 calibration observations Thousands of serendipitous and parallel observations Additional products and software The documentation: The Explanatory Library: (http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/ ISO Explanatory Library) The ISO Handbook, T.G. Mller, J.A.D.L. Blommaert & P. Garc u a-Lario (Eds.), ESA SP-1262, 2003: (http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/ ISO Handbook) Volume Volume Volume Volume Volume I: ISO Mission & Satellite Overview (this volume) II: CAM The ISO Camera III: LWS The Long Wavelength Spectrometer IV: PHT The Imaging Photo-Polarimeter V: SWS The Short Wavelength Spectrometer

The following ISO conferences & proceedings: First ISO Science Workshop, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 2931 May 1996, Results published in the A&A Special Issue, Volume 315, Number 2, pp. L27L400, 1996 Taking ISO to the limits: Exploring the faintest sources in the infrared, ISO Science Operations Centre, Villafranca del Castillo, Madrid, Spain, 34 February 1997, Abstracts available from the ISO web pages at http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/ Conferences and Meetings ESA SP-419: First ISO Workshop on Analytical Spectroscopy, ISO Science Operations Centre, Villafranca del Castillo, Madrid, Spain, 68 October 1997, 329 pages, A.M. Heras, K. Leech, N.R. Trams & M. Perry (Eds.) ISO Detector Workshop, Villafranca del Castillo, Madrid, Spain, 1416 January 1998, Proceedings of this workshop published in Exp. Astronomy, Volume 10, Issue 2/3, August 2000 ESA SP-427: The Universe as seen by ISO, UNESCO, Paris, France, 2023 October 1998, 1090 pages (2 Volumes), P. Cox & M.F. Kessler (Eds.) ESA SP-435: ISO Polarisation Observations, ISO Data Centre, Villafranca del Castillo, Madrid, Spain, 2528 May 1999, 56 pages, R.J. Laureijs & R. Siebenmorgen (Eds.) ESA SP-455: ISO Beyond Point Sources, ISO Data Centre, Villafranca del Castillo, Madrid, Spain, 1417 September 1999, 203 pages, R.J. Laureijs, K. Leech & M.F. Kessler (Eds.) ESA SP-456: ISO Beyond the Peaks, Villafranca del Castillo, Madrid, Spain, 24 February 2000, 389 pages, A. Salama, M.F. Kessler, K. Leech & B. Schulz (Eds.) ESA SP-481: The Calibration Legacy of the ISO Mission, ISO Data Centre, Villafranca del Castillo, Madrid, Spain, 59 February 2001, L. Metcalfe, A. Salama, S.B. Peschke & M.F. Kessler (Eds.) ESA SP-482: ISOPHOT Workshop on P32 Oversampled Mapping, ISO Data Centre, Villafranca del Castillo, Madrid, Spain, 1216 February 2001; Infrared Processing & Analysis Center

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION IPAC, USA, 2630 March 2001, B. Schulz, N. Lu & S.B. Peschke (Eds.) ESA SP-511: Exploiting the ISO Data Archive Infrared Astronomy in the Internet Age, Parador de Sigenza, Spain, 2427 June 2002, C. Gry, S.B. Peschke, J. Matagne et al. (Eds.) u A large number of refereed scientic publications based on ISO observations (at the end of 2002: approximately 1 000 ISO-related articles in total, with a peak publication rate of about 180 publications per year) Press releases by ESA, NASA, ISAS and many scientic institutes all over the world Background and summary articles The ISO Data Analysis Software Packages: (http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/ ISO Data Analysis Software) ISOPHOT Interactive Analysis (PIA) ISOCAM Interactive Analysis (CIA) ISO Spectroscopic Analysis Package (ISAP) Observers SWS Interactive Analysis Package (OSIA) LWS Interactive Analysis (LIA) Others: Dierent sets of new calibrators for infrared wavelengths Hardware, software, operational and calibration expertise

1.3
1.3.1

How to Refer to the ISO Documentation

References

1. References for general ISO topics, including the mission, satellite, instrument payload, orbit and operations, project organisation, observations and ISO data products: The ISO Handbook, Volumes IV, T.G. M ller, J.A.D.L. Blommaert & P. Garc u a-Lario (Eds.), ESA SP-1262, 2003: Volume I: ISO Mission & Satellite Overview, Kessler M.F., M ller T.G., Leech K. et al., Version 2.0, July 2003 u Volume II: CAM The ISO Camera, Blommaert J., Siebenmorgen R., Coulais A. et al., Version 2.0, June 2003 Volume III: LWS The Long Wavelength Spectrometer, Gry C., Swinyard B., Harwood A. et al., Version 2.1, June 2003 Volume IV: PHT The Imaging Photo-Polarimeter, Laureijs R.J., Klaas U., Richards P.J. et al., Version 2.0.1, June 2003 Volume V: SWS The Short Wavelength Spectrometer, Leech K., Kester D., Shipman R. et al., Version 2.0.1, June 2003 Kessler M.F., Steinz J.A., Anderegg M. et al. 1996, The Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) mission, A&A 315, L27 Kessler M.F. 1999, The ISO mission: past and future, in The Universe as Seen by ISO. Eds. P. Cox & M.F. Kessler, ESA SP-427, 23 2. References for the ISO instruments in A&A Special Issue, Volume 315, Number 2, pp. L27L400, 1996:

1.3. HOW TO REFER TO THE ISO DOCUMENTATION Cesarsky C.J., Abergel A., Agn`se P. et al. 1996, ISOCAM in ight, A&A 315, L32 e

Clegg P.E., Ade P.A.R., Armand C. et al. 1996, The ISO Long-Wavelength spectrometer, A&A 315, L38 Lemke D., Klaas U., Abolins J. et al. 1996, ISOPHOT: Capabilities and performance, A&A 315, L64 De Graauw, Th., Haser, L.N., Beintema, D.A. et al. 1996, Observing with the ISO Short Wavelength Spectrometer, A&A 315, L49 Further instrument specic publications in The Universe as Seen by ISO, 1999, ESA SP-427, P. Cox & M.F. Kessler (Eds.): Cesarsky C.J. 1999, ISOCAM: rst assessment after the end of the mission, in The Universe as Seen by ISO. Eds. P. Cox & M.F. Kessler, ESA SP-427, 45 Clegg P.E. 1999, The ISO Long-Wavelength Spectrometer: description, performance and highlights, in The Universe as Seen by ISO. Eds. P. Cox & M.F. Kessler, ESA SP-427, 39 Lemke D. & Klaas U. 1999, ISOPHOT - performance, results and outlook, in The Universe as Seen by ISO. Eds. P. Cox & M.F. Kessler, ESA SP-427, 51 De Graauw Th. 1999, Summary of ISO SWS performance and science highlights, in The Universe as Seen by ISO. Eds. P. Cox & M.F. Kessler, ESA SP-427, 31 3. References for technical notes in the ISO Explanatory Library: http://www.iso.vilspa.esa/ ISO Explanatory Library 4. References for Interactive Analysis (IA) software and data reduction procedures: CAM: ISOCAM Interactive Analysis Users Manual, Version 5.0, SAI/96-5226/Dc, M. Delaney & S. Ott (Eds.), 2002 http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/ ISO Data Analysis Software ISOCAM Interactive Analysis (CIA) LWS: http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/ ISO Data Analysis Software ISO Spectroscopic Analysis Package (ISAP) LWS Interactive Analysis (LIA) PHT: PHT Interactive Analysis User Manual, Version 9.0, C. Gabriel, 2000. http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/ ISO Data Analysis Software ISOPHOT Interactive Analysis (PIA) SWS: http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/ ISO Data Analysis Software ISO Spectroscopic Analysis Package (ISAP) Observers SWS Interactive Analysis Package (OSIA)

1.3.2

Acknowledgements

1. ISO Any article based on ISO data should contain the following text, as a footnote to the title: Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries: France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom) and with the participation of ISAS and NASA. Should the journal in question not permit footnotes to the title, the above text should appear as a footnote the rst time ISO is mentioned.

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION The preferred reference article for the ISO mission is: Kessler M.F., Steinz J.A., Anderegg M. et al. 1996, The Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) mission, A&A 315, L27. 2. Scientic Instruments You should acknowledge the instrument(s) you use with a reference to one (or more) of the following articles: Cesarsky C.J., Abergel A., Agn`se P. et al. 1996, ISOCAM in ight, A&A 315, L32 e Clegg P.E., Ade P.A.R., Armand C. et al. 1996, The ISO Long-Wavelength Spectrometer, A&A 315, L38 Lemke D., Klaas U., Abolins J. et al. 1996, ISOPHOT: Capabilities and performance, A&A 315, L64 De Graauw Th., Haser L.N., Beintema D.A. et al. 1996, Observing with the ISO Short Wavelength Spectrometer, A&A 315, L49 3. CIA (ISOCAM Interactive Analysis) If you use CIA to reduce your CAM data please write in the acknowledgments: The ISOCAM data presented in this paper were analysed using CIA, a joint development by the ESA Astrophysics Division and the ISOCAM Consortium. The ISOCAM Consortium is led by the ISOCAM PI, C. Cesarsky. The preferred reference to CIA is: Ott S., Abergel A., Altieri B. et al. 1997, Design and Implementation of CIA, the ISOCAM Interactive Analysis System, in ASP Conf. Ser. Vol. 125, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems (ADASS) VI, G. Hunt & H.E. Payne (Eds.), San Francisco: ASP, 34 4. ISAP (ISO Spectroscopic Analysis Package) If you use ISAP to reduce your SWS or LWS data please write in the acknowledgments: The ISO Spectral Analysis Package (ISAP) is a joint development by the LWS and SWS Instrument Teams and Data Centers. Contributing institutes are CESR, IAS, IPAC, MPE, RAL and SRON. 5. PIA (ISOPHOT Interactive Analysis) If you use PIA to reduce your ISOPHOT data please write in the acknowledgments: The ISOPHOT data presented in this paper were reduced using PIA, which is a joint development by the ESA Astrophysics Division and the ISOPHOT Consortium with the collaboration of the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC). Contributing ISOPHOT Consortium institutes are DIAS, RAL, AIP, MPIK, and MPIA. The preferred reference to PIA is: Gabriel C., Acosta-Pulido J., Heinrichsen I. et al. 1997, The ISOPHOT Interactive Analysis PIA, a calibration and scientic analysis tool, in ASP Conf. Ser. Vol. 125, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems (ADASS) VI, G. Hunt & H.E. Payne (Eds.), San Francisco: ASP, 108 6. OSIA (Observers SWS Interactive Analysis Package) If you use OSIA to reduce your SWS data please write in the acknowledgements: OSIA is a joint development of the SWS consortium. Contributing institutes are SRON, MPE, KUL and the ESA Astrophysics Division. If you use IA3 to reduce your SWS data please write in the acknowledgements: IA3 is a joint development of the SWS consortium. Contributing institutes are SRON, MPE, KUL and the ESA Astrophysics Division.

1.4. ISO SUPPORT

1.3.3

Guidelines

Identifying ISO observations in a publication: The Observations section (or equivalent) of a paper using ISO data should clearly identify the observations on which the results presented in the publication are based. This is done uniquely by listing the TDT and AOT for each individual observation used. The TDT is an 8 digit number which you can see in the query results in the ISO Data Archive or in the lename of the retrieved observation. The AOT is a combination of a three letter code: CAM, LWS, PHT or SWS indicating the instrument (Camera, Long Wavelength Spectrometer, Imaging Photo-Polarimeter and Short Wavelength Spectrometer, respectively) and a two digit number indicating the instrument mode. The AOT can be found from query results in the archive or from the retrieved le headers of the data sets related to an observation. The authors should also include all additional information of the observations which has astronomical relevance in the studied case (e.g. the time the observations were made), but the TDT and AOT should never be omitted in order to give the possibility for future readers to nd the original data in the ISO Data Archive. Inventory of ISO publications In order to oer a complete bibliographic information to the ISO Data Archive users, we try to keep track of all publications involving ISO data, and of all observations used for these publications. The ISO Data Archive provides the references of the publications involving any selected observation and a link to their Astrophysics Data System (ADS) entry2 . Your contribution in this matter can greatly help keeping an information as comprehensive as possible and we therefore ask you to kindly provide the following information for each of your publications: complete reference of the article (or preprint) list of TDT numbers and instrument modes of the observations that you have exploited for the publication You can send the information either by e-mail to: helpdesk@iso.vilspa.esa.es or by normal mail to: ISO Project Scientist (ISO Preprints) ESA Satellite Tracking Station Villafranca del Castillo P.O. Box 50727 28080 Madrid, Spain

1.4
1.4.1

ISO Support
Data Centres

Reduction of ISO data was not always easy and new users were advised to seek guidance from ISO experts, particularly those specialised in providing community support at the various data centres: ISO Data Centre at Villafranca del Castillo, Spain (VILSPA, see Figure 1.2): Responsible for the archive including user interfaces, the general o-line processing (pipeline)
2 http://adswww.harvard.edu/

10

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

Figure 1.2: The ISO Data Centre at Villafranca del Castillo, Spain (VILSPA) during the Operational Phase. software, supporting the general European user community across all four instruments, and general co-ordination. ISO Data Centre ESA Satellite Tracking Station Villafranca del Castillo P.O. Box 50727 28080 Madrid, Spain Telephone: +34 91 813 1100 Fax: +34 91 813 1308 Five National Data Centres (NDC): French ISO Centres, SAp/Saclay and IAS/Orsay, France3 . Le projet ISOCAM, Service dAstrophysique (SAp/Saclay), Orme des Merisiers, F91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France ISOPHOT Data Centre at MPIA in Germany The ISOPHOT Data Centre, Max-Planck-Institut fr Astronomie, u Knigstuhl 17, o D69117 Heidelberg, Germany
3 inactive

since 31 December 2001

1.4. ISO SUPPORT Dutch ISO Data Analysis Centre at SRON in the Netherlands The Dutch ISO Data Analysis Centre (DIDAC), SRON, P.O. Box 800, NL9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands ISO Spectrometer Data Centre at MPE in Germany The ISO Spectrometer Data Centre (ISOSDC), Max-Planck-Institut fr extraterrestrische Physik, u Giessenbachstrae, D85748 Garching, Germany UK ISO Data Centre at RAL in the United Kingdom The UK ISO Data Centre, CCLRC - Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, OX11 0QX Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom

11

Responsible for detailed instrument specic software and expertise, including provision of software modules for the pipeline, and for supporting their local and national user communities. ISO Support Center at IPAC in the United States 4 : The ISO U.S. Science Support Center, IPAC California Institute of Technology, Mail Code 100-22, 770 South Wilson Avenue, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA Responsible for supporting the USA community plus provision of some data processing tools, like First-look tools and the generation of Browse Products. Most of these centres still provide direct support to users and welcome visitors during the Active Archive Phase.

1.4.2

ISO Data Analysis Software

The quality of the pipeline processed data in the archive may not always be sucient for specic purposes. For further processing and analysis of ISO data the following software packages are available: The ISOPHOT Interactive Analysis (PIA) software package is distributed by the ISO Data Centre and the ISOPHOT Data Centre at Heidelberg, Germany. The ISOCAM Interactive Analysis (CIA) software package is distributed by the ISO Data Centre and the ISOCAM Data Centre at Saclay, France and is available upon request. The ISO Spectroscopic Analysis Package (ISAP) is distributed by the U.S. ISO Science Support Center at IPAC and the SWS Data Centre in Garching, Germany. The Observers SWS Interactive Analysis Package (OSIA) software package is distributed by the SWS consortium. The LWS Interactive Analysis (LIA) software package is distributed by the UK ISO Data Centre at RAL and the U.S. ISO Science Support Center at IPAC. All these software packages can be obtained through the ISO Data Center web pages: http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/ ISO Data Analysis Software For questions and comments on the ISO software packages contact helpdesk@iso.vilspa.esa.es.
4 inactive

since 31 December 2001

12

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

1.5

Document Guide

This Volume I of the ISO Handbook tries to give the necessary background information to users of ISO Data, especially newcomers, on the ISO Mission and the way in which it was organised, the spacecraft operations and its in-orbit performance as well as on the data products which resulted from the scientic programme and how they can be retrieved from the ISO Data Archive. Chapter 1 gives an introduction to the ISO, its legacy, references, acknowledgement statements and further ISO support. In Chapter 2, the general organisation of the ISO project is presented. Chapter 3 addresses the satellite design including a description of the Service Module and of the Payload Module components. Chapter 4 summarizes the key elements of the operations, including a description of the ground segment and of the ISO observing cycle, and it also gives an overview of the scientic programme and of the satellite/instrument observing modes. The in-orbit performance is described in Chapter 5. The ISO results are cross-calibrated with respect to other airborne and space missions in Chapter 6. Finally, a description of the ISO Data Archive is presented in Chapter 7, where we include an overview of its contents as well as some general guidelines on how to use it. In the Appendix we give a general introduction to infrared astronomy and provide a list of all scientic programmes of ISO and of the observed solar system objects. We also give some technical information on the data products generated by the satellite and details on the contents of the ISO Data Archive. The section on the quaternions explains how the ISO pointing was calculated. Finally, a few SQL-query examples are provided showing that they can be a very powerful way of accessing all data in the ISO Data Archive.

Chapter 2

The ISO Project

2.1 The Project Organisation

ISO resulted from a proposal made to ESA in March 1979, [159]. After a number of studies (Assessment, 1979, [86]; Pre-Phase A, 1980, [88]; Phase A, 1982, [89]), ISO was selected in 1983 as the next new start in the ESA Scientic Programme. Following a Call for Experiment and Mission Scientist Proposals in July 1984, [13], the four scientic instruments were selected in June 1985. The satellite design and main development phases started in 1986 and 1988, respectively with Aerospatiale (Cannes, F, now Alcatel) as prime contractor. The industrial team numbered 32 companies, including DASA (D, now part of the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company, EADS) responsible for the Payload Module, Linde AG (D) for the helium sub-system, Aerospatiale (F) for the telescope, CASA (E, also part of EADS now) for the Service Module structure, thermal aspects and harness, and Fokker (NL) for the attitude and orbit control system.

Figure 2.1: ISO project organisation. The overall project organisation is shown in Figure 2.1. Central to this organisation was the ESA Project Team which was located at ESAs European Research and Technology Centre, ESTEC, in Noordwijk, 13

14

CHAPTER 2. THE ISO PROJECT

The Netherlands. This project team, part of the ESA Scientic Projects Department in the Directorate of Scientic Programmes, was responsible for the management of the development, launch and in-orbit commissioning of the satellite. The team was headed by the Project Manager, initially Derek Eaton (from January 1984 until December 1986), succeeded at the start of the industrial phase by Johan A. Steinz, who was supported by: S. Ximnez de Ferrn - System and Spacecraft Manager e a M. Anderegg - Payload and Operations Manager K. Leertouwer - Assembly, Integration and Test Manager M. von Hgen - Product Assurance Manager o A. Linssen - Project Control and Administrative Manager A. Robson - Ground Segment Manager The ESA Astrophysics Division, headed by Brian G. Taylor, of the Space Science Department (now Research and Scientic Support Department), was the home of the ISO Project Scientist Martin F. Kessler, who had an overseeing role of the ISO Development Phase and assumed this responsibility after the in-orbit Commissioning Phase, when the spacecraft operations were delegated to ESOC (Darmstadt, Germany and Villafranca, Spain). Both the USA and Japan had great interest in using ISO. As a result, ESA made special agreements with NASA (USAs National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and ISAS (Japans Institute of Space and Astronautical Sciences): NASA provided the second ground station and ISAS supported the ight operations; in return, NASA and ISAS were each allotted a half hour per day of ISOs time for use by their scientists.

2.2
2.2.1

Satellite Development
Industrial consortium

A number of specic features of ISO had to be taken into account to establish the industrial policy regarding the satellite development. In particular, there was little experience available anywhere in the world with respect to infrared astronomy. Only one major mission, IRAS, had been own. The expertise available in the eld of space cryogenics and the assembly, integration and verication of large superuid helium cryostats, was also very limited. Only two companies in Europe had relevant experience: Aerospatiale/SNIAS (F) which had developed a laboratory model liquid-helium cryogenic facility, and DASA (D) which had manufactured a development model of a German infrared laboratory (GIRL). ESAs Industrial Policy Committee (IPC) decided, in April 1984, that the Phase B should be carried out by one prime contractor, who would be responsible for the design and development of the satellite and for the integration and testing of the scientic instruments. The prime contractor would lead a consortium of companies formed by several subcontractors. It was also decided that critical technology items such as cryostat components and telescope mirrors would be developed in parallel to the Phase B design activities. In November 1986, the IPC approved the placing of the Phase B contract with Aerospatiale as the satellite prime contractor and work started in industry in early December 1986. By the end of Phase B, 15 companies were involved in the work. Following the successful completion of Phase B, the Phase C/D contract was again placed with Aerospatiale and work started at the end of March 1988. The industrial consortium was extended to include a number of companies that had been selected through competitions

2.2. SATELLITE DEVELOPMENT

15

Figure 2.2: Structure of the industrial consortium that developed, manufactured, integrated and tested the ISO satellite. that the prime contractor conducted in an eort to meet the overall geographical distribution and cost targets for Phase B and C/D. Competitions were conducted for the following items: Parts procurement agent On-board data handling subsystem Optical subsystem Star-Tracker Central checkout equipment Service Module, Payload Module and system mechanical ground support equipment At a later stage during Phase C/D, more competitions were held for the cryo-electronics unit and the data handling decoder. As a result, the nal industrial consortium for ISO comprised 32 companies, with one prime contract and 44 sub-contracts. The nal structure of the industrial consortium that developed, manufactured, integrated and tested the ISO satellite is depicted in Figures 2.2 and 2.3. The total price for the Phase C/D was made up of cost-reimbursement prices associated with a costincentive scheme, and rm-xed or xed prices with variation. The percentage of the price consigned to a cost reimbursement was higher than in a typical scientic spacecraft mission, i.e. about 70%. This was due to the very advanced technology of the Payload Module and the greater-than-usual development risk. Also, the demanding mission requirements, such as those of the attitude and orbit control subsystem,

16

CHAPTER 2. THE ISO PROJECT

Figure 2.3: Industrial contractors by country contribution. implied a high technical risk and therefore also dictated a cost-reimbursement arrangement.

2.2.2

Model development and costs

The ISO satellite (in particular the cryogenic cooling system) and its scientic instruments employed very advanced technologies and therefore demanded an extensive development plan. The main technical challenges encountered were with the scientic instruments, the telescope, the cryogenic subsystem and cryostat, the Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem and the Star-Tracker. The diculties were all successfully overcome. The project schedule is shown in Figure 2.4. The overall development at system level was ultimately accomplished using two models: - A Development Model (DM): The Service Module was essentially a structural/thermal model with dummy mass units. The Payload Module (cryostat) was built in full ight conguration. Nearly all development problems were resolved using this model. - A Protoight Model (PFM): All of the DMs shortcomings were corrected on the PFM and the PFM was then subjected to qualication tests. This approach was extremely successful: the nal PFM test sequence did not reveal any new major problems. Clearly, all the major problems had been identied and resolved on the DM.

2.3. PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS AND SCIENCE TEAM

17

Figure 2.4: The pre-launch ISO project schedule. All units were required to be delivered in two models, a ight model and a ight spare (which is generally a refurbished qualication model). The availability of ight spare units contributed greatly to the success of the programme: small problems could be easily resolved by simply exchanging units and thus avoiding any major delays. The scientic instruments also beneted because the ight model and ight spare could be alternately improved in parallel to the satellite development. Arianespace provided the launch vehicle and all associated launch services. The interfaces and operations with ISO, however, were unusually complex because of ISOs need for frequent liquid helium cryogenic servicing until shortly before launch. Arianespace had to make special provisions to cope with the more complicated and longer duration launch campaign and combined operations with the launch vehicle. ISO was approved in 1983 at a cost of 258 MAU, assuming 1982 economic conditions and 1983 exchange rates. During the Development Phase, there were a number of technical problems including the liquid helium valves, the telescope, the liquid helium tank, the attitude and orbit sub-system and science operations. These problems and the launch slip from May 1993 to November 1995 led to a number of cost increases. Additionally, the scope of the programme was extended by the extension of orbital operations by 1 year and the approval of Post-Operations and Active Archive Phases. The nal cost of ISO was 615 Meuros at mixed economic conditions. This corresponds to 480.1 Meuros when backdated to the same economic conditions as the approval level of 258 Meuros in 1983. The nal cost includes not only the eect of problems and delays in the development but also various enhancements to the mission such as a 1-year extension of operations and the addition of the Post-Operational (3.5 years) and Active Archive (5 years) phases.

2.3

Principal Investigators and Science Team

ISO had four Principal Investigators (PIs), one for each of the scientic instruments. The scientic instruments were developed under national funding, with each PI being responsible for his/her own scientic instrument. Each instrument was developed by a group involving many institutes and industries. Over 45 organisations in total were involved. Figure 2.5 lists these organisations by country and instrument name. The PIs were responsible for the delivery of their scientic instruments to the ESA Project for integration and testing with the satellite. In return for the eort of developing the instrument, the PIs were

18

CHAPTER 2. THE ISO PROJECT

Figure 2.5: Principal Investigator (PI) organisations by country and instrument. guaranteed the use of ISO for about one-third of its total operations time in orbit. The PIs planned this guaranteed time in great detail and shared it with their many Co-Investigators and Scientic Associates, about 100 astronomers in total. The remaining two-thirds of ISOs operations time was open to the scientic community, i.e. any scientist in Europe, the USA or Japan, through the submission of observing proposals. An overview of the distribution of observing time per participating group is given in Figure 4.7. The ISO Science Team advised ESA on all scientic aspects of the mission throughout the projects lifetime. The Teams main aims were to maximise the missions scientic return and to ensure that ISO maintained its principal characteristic as an observatory satisfying the needs of the scientic community at large. The IST consisted of the ESA Project Scientist, the four instrument PIs, ve Mission Scientists providing independent advice, and a representative from the ESA Project Team and both ISAS and NASA. The IST followed the development of the project and met quarterly to address the important scientic issues that arose during the period between the Development Phase and the end of the PostOperations Phase. The team consisted of: Instrument Principal Investigators: C.J. Cesarsky, CEA, Saclay, F P.E. Clegg, QMW, London, GB Th. de Graauw, SRON, Groningen, NL D. Lemke, MPIA, Heidelberg, D

2.4. SCIENCE AND SPACECRAFT OPERATIONS Mission Scientists: Th. Encrenaz, Obs. de Meudon, Paris, F H.J. Habing, Sterrewacht, Leiden, NL (Vice-chairman) M.O. Harwit, Cornell University, USA A.F.M. Moorwood, ESO, Garching, D J.L. Puget, IAS, Orsay, F ESA Payload and Operations Manager: M. Anderegg, ESTEC, Noordwijk, NL ESA Project Scientist: M.F. Kessler, ESTEC, Noordwijk, NL (Chairman)1 NASA representative: G. Helou, IPAC, USA ISAS representative: H. Okuda, ISAS, Japan

19

The role of the Mission Scientists were to provide scientic input to the project and to represent the interests of the general astronomical community.

2.4

Science and Spacecraft Operations

The ESA Space Science Department (now Research and Scientic Support Department) was responsible for the science operations, i.e. the in-ight operations of the scientic instruments. It developed the necessary software at ESTEC, part of it (RTA/QLA2 , AOT3 logic, OLP4 ) in collaboration with the instrument teams. This software development was a dicult and challenging undertaking, mainly because of the high degree of automation required and the many constraints to be respected. ESAs Space Operations Centre, ESOC in Darmstadt, Germany, was responsible for the overall ground segment and for operating the spacecraft. ESOC controled the satellite from its Operations Control Centre at Darmstadt during the Launch and Early Orbit Phase (LEOP), i.e. the rst four days after launch. ESOC was also coordinating its operations with NASA-JPL, which provided the second ground station for ISO at Goldstone, and with ISAS in Japan, which provided support for ISOs ight operations. After this critical phase of the ight, ISO and its scientic instruments were controlled from the Spacecraft Control Centre (SCC) at Villafranca, Spain (VILSPA), which was co-located with the ISO Science Operations Centre (SOC). The roles and responsibilities of the SCC and the SOC are detailed in Section 4.2. The co-location of so many experts close to each other was a major factor in successfully carrying out ISOs complex operations. Following attainment of the operational orbit and successful checkout, validation and calibration of the spacecraft and instruments, routine operations started on schedule on February 4, 1996 and continued until exhaustion of the liquid helium coolant on April 8, 1998.
1 At the last month of the Post-Operations Phase, L. Metcalfe took over the Project Scientist position (April 2001 mid-May 2002). Since 15 May 2002, this role passed to A. Salama, leading the Active Archive Phase activities. 2 Real-Time Technical Assessment & Quick-Look Analysis 3 Astronomical Observation Template 4 O-Line Processing

20

CHAPTER 2. THE ISO PROJECT

2.5
2.5.1

Operational Activities
Launch and Early Orbit Phase

ISO was launched at 01:20 UTC on November 17, 1995 from Kourou (French Guiana) using an Ariane 44P (with 4 solid strap on boosters) launch vehicle on Flight V-80. The trajectory was nominal and, after successful re-orientation of the composite Ariane 3rd stage/ISO, separation was reported by Arianespace at 01:40 UTC. First orbit determination from Flight Dynamics revealed that the initial transfer orbit was very accurate and the dispersion of all elements much less than the standard deviation. The apogee height was 71 577 km, about 43 km lower than the expected apogee of 71 620 km. The perigee height of 500 km and the inclination of 5.25 were as expected. The orbital period was 1 min. 15 sec. larger than expected. A detailed summary of the events that took place during the 4 days of duration of this Phase (revolutions 0 to 3) can be found in the ISO Launch and Early Orbit Phase & Satellite Commissioning Phase Report, [87]

Figure 2.6: The ISO Spacecraft Control Room

2.5.2

Commissioning Phase

With the successfully performed handover of operations from ESOC/OCC to VILSPA/SCC, LEOP terminated and the Satellite Commissioning Phase (SCP) started. The SCP was carried out jointly by

2.5. OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES

21

the ISO Spacecraft Control Centre (SCC) and the Science Operations Centre (SOC), under the overall responsibility of the ISO Project from November 21, 1995 (revolution number 4) to December 9, 1995 (revolution number 21) inclusive. The objectives of the SCP were the following: Continue with satellite control and monitoring activities Determine the status of the complete satellite after LEOP Verify compliance with system specications for parameters impossible to measure on ground (for instance pointing performance) Assess the eects of the in-orbit environment (radiation eects on the instrument detectors) and determine possible deviations from pre-launch predictions The rst step of the SCP was to continue with spacecraft check-out and subsystems performance verication, as initiated during LEOP, to reach the mission orbit, and to eject the cryostat cover. The second step of the SCP was to complete the overall check-out of the ISO payload, i.e. the scientic instruments. To validate the instrument activation and de-activation sequences, and initiate the study of the in-ight performance of each instrument, in order for the space segment to be ready to execute the Performance Verication (PV) phase and the Routine Phase (RP). In the process of executing the SCP, the overall integrated Ground Segment (SCC, SOC, Ground Stations, and communications network) was also validated. In addition, all the nominal modes of the Service Module subsystems were successfully veried, including AOCS units and functions, OBDH (On-Board Data Handling), RF (Radio Frequency), power conditioning and thermal control performance. Similar to the Service Module subsystems, all nominal modes of the payload module were also successfully veried. There was no indication that the telescope was defocussed or suering from aberrations. The performance of the four scientic instruments was nominal with respect to functionality of the hardware and software. The cool-down phase of the cryostat was determined to be well in line with the thermal model and the helium ow rate was found well within limits anticipating a lifetime of 24 2 months, compared with the baseline of 18 months. PHT was the rst of ISOs four scientic instruments to be switched on at 09:56 UTC on November 21, 1995 (revolution 4). PHT-specic tasks during SCP comprised, among other activities, wheel commissioning, general instrument behaviour check-out, detector curing and determination of the PHT focal plane geometry osets to measure the precise location of the instrument apertures with respect to the Quadrant Star Sensor (QSS) boresight. PHT was used as prime instrument in revolutions 4 to 9, 12, 13, 17 and 21. CAM was switched on at 08:41 UTC on November 24, 1995 (revolution 7). Soon while instrument checkup was in progress, column 24 was reported missing in the Long Wavelength (LW) array. conrming the results obtained during testing on ground. Appart from the general instrument behaviour check-out, other CAM-specic tasks during SCP included detector transient measurements and determination of the CAM focal plane geometry osets. CAM was used as prime instrument in revolutions 7, 8, 11, 13 to 16 and 21, and in parallel mode in revolutions 12 to 14 and 18 to 20. LWS was switched on at 08:42 UTC on November 25, 1995 (revolution 8). LWS-specic tasks during SCP comprised, among oher activities, general instrument behaviour check-out, detector curing and determination of the LWS focal plane geometry osets. LWS was used as prime instrument in revolutions 8, 11 to 14 and 21. SWS was the last of ISOs four scientic instruments to be switched on. The initial switch on of SWS took place at 08:08 UTC on November 26, 1995 (revolution 9). As for the other ISO instruments, SWS-specic tasks during SCP included general instrument behaviour check-out, detector performance

22

CHAPTER 2. THE ISO PROJECT

evaluation, detector curing, Fabry-Prot parallelisation and determination of the focal plane geometry e osets. SWS was used as prime instrument in revolutions 9, 11 to 14 and 17 to 21. Furthermore, the following general activities were performed: uplink time jitter buer test, solar system object tracking, four instrument automatic activation and de-activation sequences validation, ground station modulation index investigations and the verication of the overall observatory functionality. During the course of the SCP several (minor) deviations from the ight operations plan were required in response to unexpected or unplanned events. But in general, no major problems occurred. All anomalies could be closed and the ISO observatory was declared ready to support the PV Phase. A full description of the events that took place during this phase and of the few minor anomalies detected is given in the above mentioned ISO Launch and Early Orbit Phase & Satellite Commissioning Phase Report, [87].

2.5.3

Performance Verication Phase

After a successfully completed SCP, the Scientic Performance Verication Phase started on revolution 22 (December 9, 1995) and ended on revolution 78 (February 3, 1996). The objectives of this phase were the following: Perform AOT functional and scientic verications Establish the core scientic calibration of all instruments Collect the necessary data to scientically validate the O-Line Processing system. It was anticipated that, contrary to the Routine Phase, re-planning of revolutions on short notice would be necessary. In order to allow quick re-planning it was decided to operate only one instrument per revolution. With the exception of an anomaly in the scanning of the LWS long-wavelength Fabry-Prot interferometer, e the instruments appeared to operate functionally as expected from ground-based testing. High energy particle impacts (glitches) adversely aected the sensitivity of the two spectrometers. Preliminary analyses showed sensitivity losses of up to around a factor of 4, depending on detector type; however, this loss was later reduced by optimised operating conditions and improved data processing. The sensitivities of CAM and PHT appeared to be close to their pre-launch expectations, although, an additional set of procedures was needed for some detectors once per day to remove eects induced by high energy particle impacts. From an operational point of view the PV phase consisted of two parts, the core PV part and the so-called Observatory Verication part. The core PV part covered revolutions 22 to 77, thus 56 revolutions, with a mid-term review held at VILSPA on January 12, 1996 to summarise the current status of instrument performance and to release some of the AOTs for use during the rst weeks of the Routine Phase. The Observatory Verication part consisted of one revolution only, revolution 78, and marked the transition to the Routine Phase. This was the rst time when all four instruments were activated and operated on the same revolution with the same operational SOC hardware and software used for the Routine Phase. The purpose of this revolution was to verify that ISO and the Ground System could successfully execute and generate a schedule as planned with the Mission Planning system in its nominal mode, and to commission and calibrate the PHT serendipity and the CAM parallel modes. At the end of the PV Phase 16 observing modes (AOTs), 80% of total, had been released for use by observers.

2.5.4

Routine Phase

The ISO Routine Phase comprised the period between revolution 79 (February 4, 1996) and revolution 875 (April 8, 1998). During this phase the SCC was responsible for all spacecraft operations. This included:

2.5. OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES

23

Figure 2.7: The ISO Instrument Control Room Spacecraft telecommanding Spacecraft telemetry reception, handling and display Spacecraft mission planning Generation of spacecraft maneouvres Orbit determination and maintenance Attitude control Generation, distribution to the SOC, archiving and logging of Telemetry Distribution Format (TDF) Monitoring of satellite subsystems Maintenance of the ground and on-board spacecraft software

24

CHAPTER 2. THE ISO PROJECT

The SCC was also responsible for the safety of the scientic instruments. On the other hand, the SOC was responsible for the scientic aspects of the ISO mission and in particular for all activities related to the four instruments. This included the following tasks: Capture of observing proposals and support to OTAC and the scientic community Mission Data Base (MDB) operation and management Scientic mission planning Scientic real time operations Maintenance and assessment of the instruments performance Maintenance and design of the instrument observational modes (AOTs) Instrument microprocessor on-board S/W maintenance Routine pipeline processing of the scientic data and generation of the mission products Quality check of the mission products Management and operations of the mission products archive and data base Distribution of the mission products Instrument calibration Calibration coordination and cross-calibration of all instruments Maintenance, upgrade and conguration control of the Interactive Analysis and RTA/QLA system (B) S/W Maintenance of instrument specic requirements on the RTA/QLA S/W system (A) Maintenance of instrument specic requirements on the pipeline OLP S/W Maintenance, upgrade and testing of the SOC S/W Conguration control of the SOC S/W Computer Maintenance, system management and conguration control A general description of the satellite and instruments performance and of the main events occured during this Routine Phase is given in Chapter 5. More specic information on individual instruments performance can be found in the corresponding instrument specic volumes (II to VI) of the ISO Handbook.

2.5.5

From end of helium to switch o

At 07:00 UTC on April 8, 1998 (revolution 875) ISOs telescope started to warm up, which was the sign that ISO had exhausted the superuid helium. Observations ceased at 23:07 UTC when the temperature of the instruments had risen above 269C (4.2 K). Observations from revolutions 875 and later have to be taken with care because of the higher temperatures of the detectors. However, a few of the detectors in the Short Wavelength Spectrometer (SWS), could still be used after exhaustion of the liquid helium. Some 150 extra hours were used to measure nearly 300 stars at wavelengths between 2.4 and 4 microns (see Vandenbussche et al. 2002, [158]), interspersed between technology tests, where various software and hardware systems were subjected to detailed analysis under non-standard conditions.

2.6. POST-OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES

25

Some of the main activities during this Technology Test Phase were testing the operation of the star trackers at low altitudes, i.e. in the radiation belts, use of the on-board redundant units that were not needed during the routine operations due to the superb performance of the satellite, and evaluation of the software intended to overcome multiple gyro failures. The ISO satellite was switched o on May 16 at 12:00 h UTC, thereby bringing to a close the highly successful in-orbit operations.

2.6
2.6.1

Post-Operational Activities
Transition Phase to Post-Operations

The Transition Phase between the science and spacecraft Operations Phase and the Post-Operations Phase started already in February 1998, 2 months before helium depletion, and ended in July 1998, 3 months after helium depletion. The main tasks in the Transition Phase were: Knowledge capture from instrument experts, IDC and NDCs Quality control of OLP (Version 7.0) products Interactive Analysis S/W development work Explanatory Supplement inputs and documentation Cross-Calibration Plan Testing and lling of the Post-Operations Archive Preparation of the Post-Operations Phase

2.6.2

Post-Operations Phase

The Post-Operations Phase started on August 1, 1998 and ended on December 31, 2001, about 3.5 years after helium depletion. The goal of the ISO Post-Operations was to facilitate a widespread, eective and extensive exploitation of the ISO data. This was achieved by: (a) during the Post-Operations Phase: deepening the understanding of the satellites and instruments behaviour (including calibration), preparing and making available improved processing algorithms and data products at various levels, supporting the astronomical community to use ISO data during this entire phase by provision not only of software and data products (interim archive) but also of expertise, information and centres to visit for detailed assistance; (b) by the end of the Post-Operations Phase: providing a nal archive of data, documentation and software that permit continued exploitation of the ISO legacy by the astronomical community for the coming decades.

26

CHAPTER 2. THE ISO PROJECT

These objectives were achieved in close collaborations between the ISO Data Centre and all national data centres (see Section 1.4). The ISO Post-Operations Phase (including some of the rst months of the Active Archive Phase) left the ISO Data Archive (IDA), including data and documentation, in a well developed reference legacy state. Automatically-generated data products were made available for the vast majority of observations, and comprehensive support documentation was provided. Links between ISO and other archives began to develop, as IDA asserted its ground-breaking role in the advancement of astronomical archive technology. The automatically-generated data products serve the vital need of facilitating exploration and prospecting for interesting data in the archive. However, before data products can be fully exploited and interpreted scientically they usually need to be assessed using the Interactive Analysis Software packages that are available for all ISO instruments (see Section 1.4.2).

2.7

Active Archive Phase

To retain the usefulness of the ISO Data Archive far into the future, an Active Archive Phase was approved by ESAs Science Programme Committee (SPC) for the ISO Data Centre. This phase started on January 1, 2002 and will last until December 31, 2006. During this phase the ESA ISO Data Centre continues to cooperate closely with the several national ISO data centres (see Section 1.4.1), in order to rene the archive data products. The goal at the end of this phase is that the archived data will then require no or only the absolute minimum use of additional IA intervention by the user before scientic exploitation. The responsibilities of the ESA ISO Data Centre in the Active Archive Phase can be summarised as maintaining the central archive and providing expert support to the community across all instruments, via: Archive maintenance and improvements: During this phase, the archive will be maintained, especially the user interface to maximise its usefulness and ease of use, and improved with the ingestion of new data and information. Major tasks will be: stimulating systematic data reduction by ISO experts and capturing the resulting data products into the archive; tracking of refereed ISO publications and incorporating this information; ingestion of new ISO catalogues and atlases; continuing the process of increasing the inter-operability of archives by linking to other data sets. Support in data usage: The ISO Data Centre will continue to be the rst line support to the general community on all matters regarding ISO data. This includes provision of advice; support for data reduction either remotely or via visits to the centre; and supply of, and assistance with, software for detailed data analysis. Supply of general information: The existing Helpdesk and WWW services will be continued and updates made as needed to the ISO Handbooks. Promotion of awareness of ISO data: General conferences and specic small hands-on data reduction workshops will continue to be organised with the proceedings being made widely available. The continuation of the cooperation between the ESA ISO Data Centre and most of the national data centres is of much benet to the nal archive and gives added value to the community. The ESA Centre in Villafranca is taking the responsibility for overall co-ordination of the managerially and nancially independent data centres.

2.8. OUTLOOK: ISO AND THE VIRTUAL OBSERVATORY

27

Activities of the national data centres involved in the Active Archive Phase include: maintenance and improvement of software packages for interactive data reduction, including making available new algorithms and calibration les; further work on instrument specic calibration; and focussed reduction of specic data sets to be ingested back into the archive as Highly Processed Data Products (HPDPs).

A mid-term review, in front of an independent Board, will be held in 2004 to review progress and make recommendations on any re-directions of eort.

2.8

Outlook: ISO and the Virtual Observatory

As of November 2003, the ISO Data Archive is still being intensively used by the astronomical community with typically more than 2000 queries executed every month. In its rst ve years of use, the equivalent of more than 8 times the total number of scientic observations in the archive has been downloaded. In total, there are nearly 1500 registered users, still increasing at an average rate of about one new user every two working days. About 50 to 70 users actually download data every month. Looking further into the future, rst steps have already been taken to prepare the ISO Data Archive for its future integration into the International Virtual Observatory concept. The Virtual Observatory is an international astronomical community-based initiative. It aims to allow global electronic access to the available astronomical data archives of space and ground-based observatories and sky survey databases. It also aims to enable data analysis techniques through a coordinating entity that will provide common standards, and state-of-the-art analysis tools. With this spirit in mind, the ISO Data Archive currently provides links from individual observations to publications in the NASA ADS5 database; the list of ISO observations has been installed in VizieR6 (the most complete database of published astronomical catalogues) and links to the ISO Postcard Server (see Chapter 7) are provided from VizieR; and the feasibility to implement direct access to images from Aladin7 (an interactive software sky atlas allowing the user to visualize digitized images of any part of the sky and superimpose entries from astronomical catalogues or personal data les) is being assessed. More advanced, value-added functionalities are in preparation, in particular the cross-identication of the list of ISO observations with the astronomical database SIMBAD8 , which will permit direct links between objects in SIMBAD and the ISO Data Archive, search by object types in the archive, etc. At the end of the Active Archive Phase, maintenance of the historical archive is expected to be carried out in conjunction with the Herschel Science Centre, under the general auspices of the Research and Scientic Support Department. No additional funding, dedicated to the historical archive, is sought after 31 December 2006.

5 http://adswww.harvard.edu/

6 http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/ 7 http://aladin.u-strasbg.fr/ 8 http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/

28

CHAPTER 2. THE ISO PROJECT

2.9

Chronology of the ISO Mission

Proposal to ESA for ISO Assessment Study Pre-Phase-A Study Phase-A Study Selection of ISO for inclusion in ESA Scientic Programme Call for Experiment and Mission Scientist Proposals Selection of Scientic Instruments Start of Phase-B (Denition) Start of Phase-C/D (Main development) Call for Observing Proposals Launch Start of Commissioning Phase Start of Performance Verication Phase Start of Routine Phase Supplemental Call for Observing Proposals Transition Phase to Post-Operations Helium boil-o / End of Routine Phase Termination of satellite communication Opening of the ISO Data Archive Post-Operations Phase Release of the ISO Legacy Archive Active Archive Phase

March 1979 1979 1980 19811982 March 1983 July 1984 June 1985 December 1986 March 1988 April 1994 17 November 1995 21 November 1995 9 December 1995 4 February 1996 August 1996 February-July 1998 8 April 1998 16 May 1998 9 December 1998 August 1998December 2001 28 February 2002 January 2002December 2006

Chapter 3

The ISO Spacecraft

The ISO satellite had a height of 5.3 m, a width of 3.6 m, a depth of 2.8 m and a launch mass of 2 498 kg (see Figure 1.1). It was conceived as two largely independent modules: the Payload Module and the Service Module (see Figure 3.1). The Payload Module was essentially a large cryostat containing superuid helium which maintained the telescope and the scientic instruments at temperatures between 2 and 8 K for a lifetime of more than 28 months (the upper cylindrical part in Figure 3.1). The Service Module housed the warm electronics of the scientic instruments, the hydrazine propellant tank, and all the other classical spacecraft subsystems for the provision of the basic functions. The sun-shield, with its covering of solar cells, always faced the Sun to provide electrical power whilst at the same time protecting the Payload Module from direct insolation.

Figure 3.1: Cut-away schematic of the ISO satellite. 29

30

CHAPTER 3. THE ISO SPACECRAFT

3.1

Payload Module

ISOs Payload Module (see Figure 3.1) consisted of the helium tank, the telescope and the four scientic instruments a camera, ISOCAM, a photo-polarimeter, ISOPHOT, and the two spectrometers, LWS and SWS. Inside the vacuum vessel was a toroidal tank, which at launch was lled with 2 286 litres of superuid helium. Some of the infrared detectors were directly coupled to the helium tank and were held at a temperature of around 1.8 K. All other units were cooled by means of the cold boil-o gas from the liquid helium. This was rst routed through the optical support structure, where it cooled the telescope and the scientic instruments to temperatures of around 3 K. It was then passed along the baes and radiation shields, before being vented to space. The cryogenic system enabled ISO observations of nearly 29 months (the design requirement was 18 months). Above the main helium tank was a small auxiliary tank (of volume about 60 litres); this contained normal liquid helium and met ISOs cooling needs on the launch pad for up to the last 100 hours before launch. Mounted on the outside of the vacuum vessel at the entrance of the telescope was a sunshade, which prevented direct sunlight from entering the cryostat. Cooling of the telescope and the instruments to close to absolute zero practically eliminated their thermal emission an undesirable foreground radiation source and enabled observations to be made at high sensitivities. The telescope itself, located at the centre of the cryostat, was a Ritchey-Chrtien Cassegrain telescope. e This conguration was deemed to be the most appropriate for provision of a wide spectral range through a limited eld of view, while remaining free from any coma or spherical aberration eects. The RitcheyChrtien telescope had an eective aperture of 60 cm and an f/ratio of 15. The optical quality of its mirrors e was designed to be adequate for diraction-limited performance at a wavelength of 5 m. The optical system consisted of a weight-relieved fused silica primary mirror and a solid, fused silica secondary mirror with straylight control via baes and imposition of viewing constraints. Stringent control over straylight, particularly that from bright infrared sources outside the telescopes eld of view, was necessary to ensure that the systems sensitivity was not degraded. This was accomplished by means of the sunshade, the Cassegrain and main baes, and a light-tight shield around the instruments. Additional straylight control was provided by constraining ISO from observing too close to the Sun, Earth and Moon. The scientic instruments were mounted on an optical support structure (which carried the primary mirror on its opposite side). Each occupied an 80 segment of the cylindrical volume available. The 20 total unvignetted eld of view of the telescope was distributed radially to the four instruments by a pyramid mirror. Each experiment received a 3 unvignetted eld, centred on an axis at an angle of 8.5 to the main optical axis, i.e. the instruments viewed separate areas of the sky. Data was gathered at the detectors and transferred to the warm components in the Service Module for processing before downlink to the ground station.

3.2

Service Module

The Service Module (see Figure 3.1) supported the activities of the Payload Module, acting as the link between the telescope and the ground control system. It included: the interface with the Ariane launch vehicle, located at the base of the Service Module; the array of solar cells, mounted on the sun-shield, providing the power of approximately 600 W required by the spacecraft; subsystems for thermal control, data handling, power conditioning, telemetry and telecommand; and the Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem. The last provided the three-axis stabilised accuracy of a few arcseconds and also the raster pointing facilities needed for the mission. The spacecraft axes are shown in Figure 3.2. The Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem (AOCS) consisted of Sun (SAS) and Earth (ELS) Sensors, one of two Star-Trackers (STRs), a Quadrant Star Sensor on the telescope axis, gyros and reaction wheels. It used a hydrazine reaction control system. The telecommand rate was 2 kbps while the data transmission rate from the satellite to the ground station, the downlink bit rate, was 32 kbps of which

3.2. SERVICE MODULE

31

Figure 3.2: Denition of the spacecraft axes.

about 24 kbps were dedicated to scientic instruments. There was no on-board storage of telemetry; thus, while operating scientically, ISO had to be in continuous real-time contact with a ground station. All warm electronics associated with the four scientic instruments were also housed in the Service Module. This was to minimise the amount of heat dissipated within the cryostat which, in turn, maximised the lifetime of the super-uid helium. Spacecrafts are normally not designed to minimise thermal emission, rather they are designed with thermal balance in mind. As a result, the Service Module, with its classical spacecraft sub-systems, was a signicant source of heat and generated a considerable thermal gradient between the Service Module and the Payload Module (normally in the region of 20 C). To prevent degradation of the eectiveness and lifetime of the cryostat, the Payload Module was thermally shielded from the Service Module by several dierent means: multi-layer insulation over the cryostat exterior; specially designed interfaces to minimise thermal conductivity between the Payload and the Service Module, and the Payload Module and the Star-Trackers; using low-conductivity glass-bre struts lled with Ecofoam resin for the interface between Service and Payload Module.

32

CHAPTER 3. THE ISO SPACECRAFT

3.3
3.3.1

Spacecraft subsystems
The cryostat subsystem

Figure 3.3: Cryostat and telescope design, showing the location of important elements within, and attached to, the cryostat. The ISO spacecraft was designed around a large cryo vacuum vessel (cryostat) eectively a very large thermos ask cooled by the evaporation of super-uid helium to an extremely low temperature. Figure 3.3 shows the general conguration of the cryostat. The cryostat provided an extremely cold stable environment for the ISO telescope, instruments and instrument detectors. This low temperature was required by the scientic instruments in order to obtain the extremely high degree of sensitivity; without this, the detectors (in combination with their electronics and the observing methods used) would only have been able to detect the thermal emissions of the spacecraft, telescope and detectors themselves. The original requirements on the cryostat (later on fullled) are given in Table 3.1.

3.3. SPACECRAFT SUBSYSTEMS

33

Cryostats are not the only means available for cooling scientic instruments. They carry a signicant mass penalty due to their large and heavy construction, they have the drawbacks in the need for complicated ground handling procedures, have dicult launcher interface problems and a lifetime limited by the capacity of the cryogen storage tanks. However, cryostats are capable of providing a signicantly more stable environment than the alternatives and this was the driving requirement for the ISO mission.

Table 3.1: Cryostat requirements. Component Detectors interface Optical Support Structure / Focal-Plane Unit interface Primary mirror Secondary mirror Lower bae Upper bae Temperature [K] 1.7<T<1.9 2.4<T< 3.4 <3.2 <4 <5 <7.5 Temperature stability [ ] 0.05 in 1000 s 0.10 in 1000 s 0.10 in 1000 s

3.3.1.1

Design of the cryostat

The cryostat surrounded the telescope and scientic instruments with a vacuum vessel, with cooled shields built into the vacuum vessel walls. A diagram of this can be seen in Figure 3.3. Inside these walls a toroidal tank containing up to 2 300 liters of super-uid helium surrounded the optical axis of the telescope including the telescope itself. At the top of the cryo vacuum vessel, a cryo cover protected the thermal equilibrium of the cryostat and prevented atmospheric condensation inside the cold telescope until after the launch, at which time it was jettisoned. The tank was insulated from external heat inputs by three Vapour-Cooled radiation Shields (VCS) equipped with Multi-Layer Insulation (MLI). The tank, radiation shields and telescope were suspended from the Cryo Vacuum Vessel (CVV) by low-conductivity straps. Cooling through the cryostat was achieved in dierent ways, depending on the subsystem requirements. The Optical Support Structure (OSS) and main bae were cooled by cold helium gas, resulting in a 3.2 K temperature. The primary mirror was cooled through thermal straps to the OSS, and the seconday mirror was cooled by means of copper braids connecting it to the OSS. The instruments and detectors were either cooled by cooling straps connecting them to the OSS (giving them a temperature of 3.2 K) or by direct cooling straps connection to the helium tank, leading to 2 K temperatures. This is discussed in the ISO telescope Design Specication document, [90] and Ximnez de Ferrn 1995, [167]. A heat shield connected to the e a OSS enclosed all four focal-plane units and provided a light-tight environment. The pressure inside the helium tank was 17 mbar, the equilibrium boiling point at a temperature of 1.8 K. This pressure was maintained in orbit by the impedance of the vent line, and on the ground prior to launch by continuous pumping of the tank exhaust. The gaseous-helium exit was located at the highest point of the tank, allowing separation by gravity of the liquid and gas phases during ground operations. Once in orbit, one of the remarkable properties of superuid helium was exploited, the so-called thermodynamic fountain eect, by which a simple porous plug functions as a phase separator, keeping the liquid phase in the tank while allowing the gaseous helium to ow through the vent line. The vent lines were arranged so as not to impart a thrust to the satellite.

34 3.3.1.2 Cryostat operations

CHAPTER 3. THE ISO SPACECRAFT

After the main helium tank had been topped-o, approximately 7248 hours before launch, it was not possible to access the Arianes payload in order to pump the cooling system from an external source. In addition, the cryostats main helium tank was closed at this point resulting in a cessation of helium venting through the Vapour-Cooled radiation Shields (VCS). As the VCS could not be left without active cooling for such a period, it was necessary to provide another source of coolant for the VCS prior to launch. Adjacent to the cryostat cover was a smaller auxiliary tank containing 60 liters of normal liquid helium. This was used to vent cooling helium through the VCS and maintain the thermal equilibrium of the VCS until immediately before launch at which time the auxiliary tank was completely emptied. It had no further function. During the launch of ISO, commands issued by Arianes electronics operated a set of cryogenic valves that opened the helium vent line, the main helium tank and its porous-plug phase separator to space. Initially, the vented helium mass ow rate was about 20 mg/s, rising to a peak of about 27 mg/s and then falling until, after about 20 days in orbit, it reached its in-orbit equilibrium point of 5 mg/s. To cope with this range of ow rates the system was equipped with two sets of nozzles. Initially, both were opened to accommodate the high mass ow rate. As the rate fell and the temperatures decreased the larger nozzles were closed, leaving only the smaller set open (see Figure 3.4).

Figure 3.4: Helium ow diagram for ISO in orbit.

3.3.2

The optical subsystem

The ISO telescope was a 60 cm diameter aplanatic Richey-Chrtien system with an overall focal ratio of e f/15. The main feature of this type of telescopes is the absence of coma and spherical aberration, leading to a larger eld of view than the classical Cassegrain type. The optical quality of the primary and secondary mirrors provided diraction limited performance at wavelengths beyond 5 m, also limited by pointing

3.3. SPACECRAFT SUBSYSTEMS

35

performance (Section 5.4.1). As already mentioned, stringent control of straylight was accomplished by a sunshade, the Cassegrain and main baes and additional light-tight shields around instruments, as well as by imposition of viewing constraints (see Section 4.1). Figure 3.3 shows the conguration of the ISO optical subsystem within the cryostat and Figure 3.5 shows an expanded view of the telescope assembly.

Figure 3.5: ISO telescope optical layout.

3.3.2.1

Telescope mirrors

The optically used diameter of the primary mirror is 634 mm, but the entrance pupil is dened by the secondary mirror which imposes the eective aperture of 600 mm. The central obscuration is imposed by the largest element centered on the optical axis, which is the largest part of the secondary bae diameter. The tripod is mounted at 0 , 120 , 240 from the negative side of Z axis. Adjustment devices (with 5 degrees of freedom) on the secondary mirror were necessary to perform the internal alignment of the telescope, completed during ground tests. Information on the mirrors is given in Table 3.2. 3.3.2.2 Focal plane geometry

A part of the 20 unvignetted eld of view of the telescope (see Figure 3.6) was distributed into the entrance pupil of each of the four instruments by a pyramidal mirror located on the telescope axis. This resulted in a 3 unvignetted eld of view for each instrument at an angle of 8.5 from the telescope optical axis, with the QSS aligned with this axis. The four instruments elds of view were centered around this axis. Since the four instruments viewed separates areas of the sky, switching an astronomical target between instruments required a repointing of the satellite. Figure 3.6 shows schematically how the individual apertures were used by the instruments. The exact positions of all the apertures with respect to the QSS are given in the ISO Focal Plane Geometry data le (IFPG ), see Section D.11, and are reproduced in Table 3.3.

36

CHAPTER 3. THE ISO SPACECRAFT

Table 3.2: Optical parameters of the ISO telescope. Object Primary mirror (M1) Total diameter Optically used outer diameter Diameter of central hole Optically not used inner diameter Radius of curvature Conic constant Secondary mirror (M2) Optically used outer diameter Diameter of central hole Optically not used inner diameter Radius of curvature Conic constant Telescope Focal length Numerical aperture Axial mirror separation Entrance pupil Exit pupil Secondary bae maximum diameter Tripod width Linear obscuration (central + tripod) Instrument eld of view Unvignetted eld of view Pyramidal mirror tilt 640 mm 634 mm 145 mm 150 mm 2 000 mm 1.00422 87.6 mm 15 mm 25 mm 328.5 mm 1.60366658 9 000 250 mm f/15 854 1.8 mm 600 mm at 5849.3 mm behind M1 87.6 mm at M2 173.9 mm at 742.4 mm before M1 20 mm 0.36 8.5 o-axis 3 diameter 44.515 Value

Table 3.3: Oset coordinates (in arcmin) of the instrument apertures with reference to the QSS aperture.

Instrument QSS ref. CAM LWS PHT1 / PHT-P PHT2 / PHT-C PHT3 / PHT-S SWS1 SWS2 SWS3 SWS41
Notes:
1

Y coordinates +0.000000 +8.544170 +0.225000 0.158333 0.158333 0.113333 8.475000 8.421670 8.345000 8.195000

Z coordinates +0.000000 +0.124167 8.425000 +8.435000 +8.435000 +8.415000 +1.173330 0.370000 1.908330 1.908330

This is the SWS virtual aperture 4, located approximately 10 oset from the centre of aperture 3. It is not a real aperture, rather it indicates where the satellite pointed while observing with the FP.

3.3. SPACECRAFT SUBSYSTEMS

37

Figure 3.6: Focal plane map of all apertures of the four ISO instruments. Each of the four instruments had a 3 unvignetted eld of view. LWS accepted the central 1.65 of its allocated eld. The three possible SWS entrance apertures are shown. For CAM the four possible pixel elds of view (1.5, 3, 6 and 12 ) are plotted. The two larger elds of view extend into the vignetted region. For PHT the photometer and the spectrophotometer apertures are also shown. The 100 m camera lled the unvignetted eld of view while the 200 m camera is somewhat larger. In the centre of the focal plane, not shown, is the Quadrant Star Sensor (QSS), used at the start of each revolution to determine any oset between the telescope boresight and the Star-Trackers.

3.3.3
3.3.3.1

Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem (AOCS)

AOCS system components

The main elements of the AOCS are presented in Figure 3.7, which also shows the ISO spacecraft axes. The Quadrant Star Sensor (QSS) was aligned with the ISO telescope optical axis. The boresight of the QSS dened the x-axis of the ISO body coordinate system. The z-axis was dened by the Fine Sun Sensor (FSS), which provided control about the x-axis during pointings and about the x- and y-axis during slews. The Star-Tracker (STR), located outside the cryostat, provided two axis control about the y- and z-axis during pointings by the tracking of a single guide star. Slews were controlled by gyroscopes. The ISO attitude was constrained to limit heat input to the cryostat and straylight into the telescope. The Sun constraint was that the line of sight of the +x-axis must be within 90 30 of the Sun direction and the Sun vector must not be rotated by more than 5 around the x-axis from the +z halfplane of the satellite x-z plane. This was monitored by the FSS. The Earth constraint constrained the aspect angle

38

CHAPTER 3. THE ISO SPACECRAFT

Figure 3.7: Schematic representation of the ISO spacecraft, locating the AOCS elements.

between the x-axis and the Earth in a non-linear manner. This was monitored by the Earth Limb Sensor (ELS). Other constraints were related to the Moon and Jupiter (see Section 4.1). The AOCS elements were found to meet the specications, summarised in Table 3.4. A more detailed description of the AOCS system can be found in Batten & Stephenson 1998, [9].

3.3. SPACECRAFT SUBSYSTEMS Table 3.4: AOCS elements main specications. Quadrant Star Sensor (QSS) Field of View Sensitivity Fine Sun Sensor (FSS) Field of View Accuracy about x-axis Accuracy about y-axis Noise Equivalent Angle Star-Tracker (STR) Field of View Sensitivity Bias error Tracking speed 4 3 +8 > Vmag > +2 2 (0.5 at f.o.v. centre) 5 /s 31 about x- and y-axis 1 3 2 4 4 +7 > Vmag > +2

39

3.3.3.2

AOCS operation

ISO was operated in a similar manner to a ground-based observatory, and therefore the spacecraft had to be able to manoeuvre smoothly from one celestial source to the next, and then maintain accurate pointing on that target. The spacecraft had also to be capable of pointing at any region of the sky that satised the straylight constraints. The slew speed between sights was set at 7 /min in order to optimise observation time, and the duration of each observation ranged from a few seconds to up to 10 h, depending on the type of source. The pointing requirements were satised by the spacecrafts Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem (AOCS), in combination with careful spacecraft structural design, to avoid thermo-elastic deformation between the telescopes optical axis and the attitude sensors. Four operational pointing modes were dened: Fine pointing mode on a single point source Raster pointing mode, where the telescope axis was slewed through a rectangular pattern of pointings (up to 3232 pointings) Solar System Objects tracking mode, implemented as a combination of one or more one-dimensional raster observations Calibration mode, in which any misalignment between the telescope and the spacecrafts attitude sensors was measured For the high-accuracy pointing modes, the attitude errors were measured with gyroscopes, a Star-Tracker and the Fine Sun Sensors. In the calibration mode (activated nominally once per orbit), the Quadrant Star Sensor replaced the Star-Tracker.

40

CHAPTER 3. THE ISO SPACECRAFT

A state-reconstructor in the AOCS computer produced minimum-variance estimates for the attitude, angular velocity and disturbance acceleration. This state-reconstructor also served as a sensor-data smoothing lter. The control torques for high-performance slews and pointing modes were provided by a reaction-control wheel system, giving a maximum torque of 0.2 Nm, with a total of 126 torque levels, and a maximum angular-momentum storage capability of some 18 Nms. A so-called dual control law was used together with a velocity controller that limited angular velocities to 8 /min. The dual control law consisted of a non-linear time-optimal subcontroller and a linear state feedback subcontroller. For large errors during slewing, the time-optimal control prevails, whereas for ne pointing, the linear law predominates. An important factor in achieving the requisite pointing accuracy for the ISO spacecraft was the limiting of the drift between the optical axis of the telescope and that of the Star-Tracker. Such drift can be induced by transient thermo-elastic deformations of structural elements linking the two optical axes. Consequently, the Star-Tracker support structure was mounted on the cryostats outer wall, rather than on the Service Module. This alone does not prevent local deformation due to temperature gradients in the cryo vacuum vessel from degrading pointing performance. It is also necessary to maintain a stable and uniform temperature distribution in these two structures. This temperature stability was achieved by covering the cryo vacuum vessel with multi-layer insulation (MLI), even at the expense of a small penalty in the lifetime of the satellite. In addition, the Star-Tracker sensors (two for redundancy) were enclosed within a thermal housing, with heaters, which provided a constant sensor temperature and, even more importantly, maintained a constant temperature gradient between the mounting feet of the operational Star-Tracker (better than 0.1 C over one orbit, except for 2 h around perigee). The specially stiened xing of the housing to the cryo vacuum vessel ensured that the thermal conductance between the two was less than 3 mW/ C. The in-orbit performance of the AOCS system and the nal pointing accuracies are given in Section 5.4.1.

3.4

The Scientic Instruments

The scientic payload consisted of four instruments: a camera, ISOCAM; an imaging photo-polarimeter, ISOPHOT; a long wavelength spectrometer, LWS; and a short wavelength spectrometer, SWS. Each instrument was built by an international consortium of scientic institutes and industry, headed by a Principal Investigator, using national funding (see Section 2.3). Although developed separately, the four instruments were designed to form a complete, complementary and versatile common-user package. Table 3.5 summarizes the main characteristics of the instruments. Only one instrument was operational in prime mode at a time. However, when the camera was not the main instrument, it was used in parallel mode to acquire extra astronomical data (Siebenmorgen et al. 1996, [151]). Whenever possible, the long-wavelength channel of the photometer was used during satellite slews. This serendipity mode (e.g. Stickel et al. 1999, [154]) led to a partial sky survey, covering approximately 15 % of the sky, at wavelengths around 200 m, a spectral region not covered by the IRAS survey. After launch, a parallel/serendipity mode was added for the LWS (e.g. Clegg 1999, [27]), in which narrow-band data were obtained at 10 xed wavelengths in parallel with the main instrument and also during slews. With ISO, photometry was possible in broad and narrow spectral bands across its entire wavelength range of 2.5 to around 240 m. A variety of apertures, ranging from 5 to 180 , was selectable out to 120 m. For spectroscopy, resolving powers ranging from 50 to 30 000 were available. ISO was capable of direct imaging in broad and narrow spectral bands across the complete wavelength range at spatial resolutions ranging from 1.5 (at the shortest wavelengths) to 90 (at the longer wavelengths). In addition, mapping could be carried out using sequences of pointings. Each of the four instruments had a number of possible operating modes. To simplify the denition of an observation and to allow users to specify their observation in terms familiar to them, a set of

3.4. THE SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS Table 3.5: Main characteristics of the ISO instruments.
Instrument (Principal Investigator) ISOCAM (C. Cesarsky, CEA-Saclay, F) ISOPHOT (D. Lemke, MPI fr u Astronomie Heidelberg, D) Wavelength Range and Main Funct. 2.517 m Camera and polarimeter 2.5240 m Imaging photopolarimeter Outline Description (i) 32 32 array for 2.55 m (ii) 32 32 array for 4.517 m (i) Multi-aperture, multi-band photo-polarimeter (3120 m) (ii) Far-infrared camera 50120 m: 33 pix. 90240 m: 22 pix. (iii) Spectrophotometer (2.512 m) (i) Two gratings 2.3845.2 m (ii) Two Fabry-Prot e interferometers 11.444.5 m (i) Grating (ii) Two Fabry-Prot e interferometers Spectral Resolution (i) 11 lters 2R20 circ. var. lt. R40 (ii) 10 lt. 2R14 circ. var. lt. R40 (i) 14 lters 2R15 Spatial Resolution Choice of 1.5, 3, 6 or 12 per pix. (i) Choice of diractionlimited to 3 apertures (ii) 43 per pix. 89 per pix. (iii) 24 24 aperture (i) 14 20 , 14 27 20 27 , and 20 33 (ii) 10 39 , and 17 40 1.65 diameter aperture

41

(ii) 6 lters 1R3 5 lters 2R3 (iii) grating, R90 (i) R10002000 (ii) R3104

ISOSWS (Th. de Graauw, Lab. for Space Research, Groningen, NL) ISOLWS (P. Clegg, Queen Mary and Westeld College, London, UK)

2.3845.2 m Short wavel. spectrometer

43196.7 m Long wavel. spectrometer

(i) R200 (ii) R104

astronomically-useful operating modes was dened and presented to users as a set of Astronomical Observation Templates (AOTs). Each AOT was designed to carry out a specic type of astronomical observation. The observations resulting from the use of these AOTs are the basic building blocks of the ISO Data Archive. Note, however, that the AOTs consist of lower level structure, e.g. source, background, internal calibrator, dark current, etc. measurements. Further information on the individual AOTs, including engineering and calibration AOTs, is given in the following instrument specic subsections, where we give a short, compact high-level summary description of the 4 scientic instruments (CAM, LWS, PHT, SWS) on board ISO. More detailed instrument descriptions are given in volumes II to V of this Handbook.

3.4.1

The ISO Camera: ISOCAM

The ISOCAM instrument (Cesarsky et al. 1996, [16]; Cesarsky 1999, [17]) consisted of two optical channels, used one at a time, each with a 32 32 element detector array. These arrays operated, respectively, in the wavelength ranges 2.55.5 m and 417 m. The short wavelength (SW) array used an InSb detector with a Charge Injection Device (CID) readout and the long wavelength (LW) detector was made of Si:Ga with a direct readout. A selection wheel carried Fabry mirrors which directed the light beam of the ISO telescope towards one or other of the detectors; this wheel also carried an internal calibration source for at-elding purposes. Each channel contained two further selection wheels: one carried various lters (1013 xed and 1 or 2 Circular Variable Filters (CVF), with a resolution of 45) and the other one carried lenses for choosing a pixel eld of view of 1.5, 3, 6, or 12 . Polarisers were mounted on an entrance wheel common to both channels which also had a hole and a shutter. Figure 3.8 shows a schematic representation of ISOCAM. ISOCAM observations were taken in four main modes. These are designated as CAM01 (General obser-

42

CHAPTER 3. THE ISO SPACECRAFT

vation), CAM03 (Beam switching), CAM04 (Spectrophotometry) and CAM05 (Polarisation). - CAM01 was dedicated to photometric imaging in one of the two channels, using one or more pixel eld of views at one or more wavelengths. Observations could be made in the bandpass lters as well as at individual CVF positions. Use of the spacecrafts raster pointing capabilities gave the possibilities not only of mapping areas larger than the cameras eld of view, but also of improving the at-eld accuracy. Micro-scanning techniques were employed to increase the redundancy and, thereby, improve detection limits and photometric accuracy. - CAM03 was also dedicated to photometry and used a beam switching mode. An on-source measurement was made followed by a background measurement on a nearby empty reference eld. The use of up to 4 dierent reference elds was possible. - CAM04 allowed spectral imaging. The spectrum was observed by obtaining a series of spectral points. A complete CVF spectrum took at most 115 steps in the short wavelength channel and 85 steps for each of the two long wavelength CVFs. - CAM05 allowed polarisation maps to be obtained by taking successive images through the three polarisers. (Operationally, it was implemented in a slightly dierent manner to the above AOTs). - CAM60, CAM61, CAM62, CAM63: Engineering Data - CAM99: Non-standard data, mainly used for special calibration purposes

Figure 3.8: Schematic of the Camera (ISOCAM). In orbit, the instrument behaved extremely well. Its sensitivity was as good (LW detector) or better (SW detector) than predicted from ground-based tests. In particular, ISOCAM was able to detect faint point

3.4. THE SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS

43

and extended sources through long observations. At 15 m, good detections at the level of a few tens of Jy have been made. The broken readout cable for column 24 of the LW array found during pre-launch test, continued to render column 24 unreadable during operations (i.e., the detector was still active but no data were available). In common with the other instruments, ISOCAM experienced transients and glitches (see Sections 5.6.2 and 5.6.1); these have been tackled with increasingly sophisticated methods and ever-growing success. Work on minimising the eects of transients and glitches continues as do eorts relating to removing ghosts from CVF images and for detecting faint sources close to bright ones. The overall absolute calibration is better than 20% in practice with repeatability better than a few per cent. It is worth noting that a few camera settings have been used much more extensively than the rest, in particular the LW2 (around 7 m) and LW3 (around 15 m) lters, which became the ISOCAM colours, used with the 6 pixel eld of view so as to take advantage of the whole eld of view oered by the ISO satellite. More details about ISOCAM are given in The ISO Handbook, Volume II: CAM The ISO Camera, [11].

3.4.2

The ISO Long Wavelength Spectrometer: LWS

The LWS (Clegg et al. 1996, [26]; Clegg 1999 [27]) covered the wavelength range 43196.7 m with a spectral resolving power of 200. Using also the Fabry-Prot (FP) etalons, the resolution could be e increased to around 10 000.

Figure 3.9: Schematic of the Long Wavelength Spectrometer (LWS). The LWS instrument consisted essentially of a reection diraction grating, two FP etalons and an array of 10 discrete detectors. The grating was ruled with 7.9 lines per millimetre at a blaze angle of 30 on a rotationally-symmetric Schmidt prole. It was used in second order for the wavelength range 43 94.6 m and in rst order for the wavelength range 94.6196.9 m. The FP subsystem, which was situated

44

CHAPTER 3. THE ISO SPACECRAFT

in the collimated part of the beam, consisted of a wheel carrying two FP interferometers. The wheel could be set in any of four positions: in one of these, the beam passed straight through the subsystem whilst in another, the beam was completely obscured. In the remaining two positions, one or other FP was placed in the beam and modulated it spectrally. The two FPs covered the wavelength ranges 47 70 m and 70196.6 m respectively. The instrument contained ten detectors made of Ge:Be and Ge:Ga (stressed and unstressed) material and read out by integrating ampliers: ve of these detectors covered the short-wavelength range 4390 m in nominally 10 m-wide channels while the others covered the long-wavelength range 90197 m in nominally 20 m-wide channels. Five internal illuminators were used to monitor and calibrate the stability of response of the detectors. The single xed LWS circular eld of view was designed to match the diraction limit of the telescope at 118 m (i.e. 100 ) and was a compromise for the wavelength range of the instrument. In practice, the beam was somewhat narrower than this. Figure 3.9 gives a schematic of the LWS instrument. LWS observations were taken in four main modes. Two involved use of the grating only: LWS01 (Grating range scan) and LWS02 (Grating line scan); while the other two also used the FPs: LWS03 (FP wavelength range) and LWS04 (FP line spectrum). Observers had to add background observations separately. - LWS01 took a spectrum over a user-specied range of wavelengths up to the full LWS range. The spectrum could be sampled at 1, 1/2, 1/4 or 1/8 of a resolution element. The spacecraft raster mode could also be used. - LWS02 took a spectrum around a number (up to 10) of user-specied wavelengths. The user specied the number of resolution elements around each line. An alternative use of this mode was narrow-band photometry, where the grating was stationary and spectro-photometry was obtained at 10 xed wavelengths in the LWS range. The spacecraft raster mode could also be used. - LWS03 took a high-resolution spectrum over a user-specied range of wavelengths between 47.0m and 196.7 m. The user specied the spectral sampling interval. The spacecraft raster mode could also be used. - LWS04 took a high-resolution spectrum around a number (up to 10) of user-specied wavelengths between 47.0 m and 196.7 m. The user specied the spectral scan width and the sampling interval. The spacecraft raster mode could also be used. - LWS22, LWS23, LWS70, LWS71, LWS72, LWS76: Engineering Data - LWS99: Non-standard data, mainly used for special calibration purposes In orbit, the LWS performed very well. The spectral resolution was as expected. The grating wavelength accuracy was 0.25 with a long term stability of better than 0.5 . For both FPs, the wavelength accuracy was better than 0.5 . The ux calibration for the grating is better than 20%. The eects of charged particle impacts reduced the overall sensitivity of the instrument. Operationally, the biggest concern was the precautionary suspension of LWS use for a time while characteristics of the interchange wheel were further studied; upon resumption, no restrictions were needed on scientic use of the instrument. More details about LWS are given in The ISO Handbook, Volume III: LWS The Long Wavelength Spectrometer, [68].

3.4.3

The ISO Imaging Photo-Polarimeter: ISOPHOT

The ISOPHOT instrument (Lemke et al. 1996, [110]; Lemke & Klaas 1999, [111]) consisted of three subsystems: - ISOPHOT-C: two photometric far-infrared cameras, used one at a time, for the wavelength range 50240 m. The C100 camera contained a 3 3 array of Ge:Ga detectors, each with a pixel eld of

3.4. THE SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS

45

view of 43.5 , and 6 lters covering wavelengths up to 105 m. The C200 camera used a 22 array of stressed Ge:Ga detectors with a pixel eld of view of 89 and had 5 lters covering wavelengths longwards of 100 m. - ISOPHOT-P: a multi-band, multi-aperture photo-polarimeter for the wavelength range 3110 m. It contained 13 apertures ranging in size from 5 to 180 and 14 dierent lters. It had three single detectors, used one at a time, made of Si:Ga, Si:B and Ge:Ga. - ISOPHOT-S: a dual grating spectrophotometer which provided a resolving power of 90 in two wavelength bands simultaneously (2.55 m and 612 m). It contained two 64-element Si:Ga detector arrays with a square entrance aperture of 24 24 . A focal plane chopper with a selectable beam throw of up to 3 was also included in ISOPHOT. Selection between the dierent modes of the various sub-systems was achieved with appropriate settings of three ratchet wheels. Two redundant sets of thermal radiation sources (ne calibration sources, FCSs) were located symmetrically about the centre of the ISOPHOT eld of view and were used for calibration and to monitor the time evolution of detector responsivity. Figure 3.10 shows a schematic representation of ISOPHOT.

Figure 3.10: Schematic of the Photo-polarimeter (ISOPHOT). ISOPHOT had 11 operating modes, grouped into 4 categories, plus non-standard and engineering modes. Photometry: Single pointing and Staring Raster Modes - PHT03: Standard mode for multi-lter photometry using ISOPHOT-P detectors. An arbitrary number (up to 14) of lters could be selected plus one aperture per lter. Used in stare, raster or chop modes, the production of maps and scans was possible.

46

CHAPTER 3. THE ISO SPACECRAFT - PHT22: Analogue of PHT-03 for long-wavelength photometry using ISOPHOT-C detectors. Up to 11 lters could be selected; no aperture selection was needed as the eld of view was dened by the detector arrays. Used in stare, raster or chop modes, the production of maps and scans was possible. - PHT05: Absolute photometry using the ISOPHOT-P detectors. Absolute ux calibration was achieved by long internal ne calibration source measurements and the possibility to perform zero level measurements at the time of the sky measurement. The user selected one lter and one aperture. - PHT25: Absolute photometry using the ISOPHOT-C detectors, i.e. a long wavelength analogue of PHT05. No aperture selection was needed as the eld of view was dened by the detector arrays. - PHT04: Multi-aperture photometry using the ISOPHOT-P detectors. Only one lter could be selected and the minimum number of apertures was 2. Also used in chop mode. Photometry: Scanning/Mapping Modes - PHT32: Multi-lter mapping using the ISOPHOT-C detector arrays. Designed for high spatial resolution by over-sampling. - PHT17/18/19: Sparse mapping with the ISOPHOT-P detectors. A sequence was measured of up to 30 positions, which could be irregularly distributed on the sky within a eld of radius 1.5 . The sequence had to start with a PHT17 measurement and end with a PHT19 one; intervening positions used PHT18. - PHT37/38/39: Sparse mapping with the ISOPHOT-C detectors, i.e. a long wavelength analogue of PHT17/18/19. No aperture selection was needed as the eld of view was dened by the detector arrays. Spectrophotometry - PHT40: Spectrophotometry simultaneously at wavelengths 2.55 m and 612 m using the ISOPHOT-S detector arrays. Staring or chopped observations could be performed. Polarimetry - PHT50: Polarimetry using the ISOPHOT-P2 detector at 25 m. The target was observed at 25 m with one aperture (79 ) through the three dierent polarisers. - PHT51: Polarimetry using the ISOPHOT-C200 detector array at 170 m, i.e. a long wavelength analogue of PHT50. (Operationally, PHT50/51 were implemented in a dierent manner to the other modes). PHT77: Data taken by the ISOPHOT Serendipity Survey. PHT80, PHT81, PHT82, PHT83: Engineering Data with instrument activation sequence and responsivity checks of each detector after curing. PHT84: Engineering Data with de-activation sequence, including the PHT-S responsivity check at the end of the science window. PHT99: Non-standard data, mainly used for special calibration purposes

3.4. THE SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS

47

In orbit, ISOPHOT worked well; however, establishment of its detection limits and detailed calibration proceeded more slowly than was rst expected. This was due to the complexity of the instrument with its many operating modes needing a very detailed stepwise approach with many pieces having to be completed and interlinked. Additionally, the complexity of the sky at far infrared wavelengths made it necessary to develope new dedicated observing strategies. Some of the detectors had reduced sensitivity in ight as compared to pre-launch estimates. More details are given in The ISO Handbook, Volume IV: PHT The Imaging Photo-Polarimeter, [107].

3.4.4

The ISO Short Wavelength Spectrometer: SWS

The SWS (de Graauw et al. 1996, [62]; de Graauw 1999, [63]) covered the wavelength range 2.3845.2 m with a spectral resolving power of the order of 10002500. Using also the Fabry-Prot (FP) etalons, the e resolution could be increased to more than 25 000 for the wavelength range 11.444.5 m. The SWS instrument consisted of two nearly independent grating spectrometers plus two scanning FabryProt lters. The short wavelength section (SW) used a 100-lines/mm grating in the rst four orders e covering the range 2.312.0 m. The long wavelength (LW) section had a 30-lines/mm grating in the rst two orders covering the range 1145 m. The two FPs were at the output of the LW section and used the rst three orders of the LW grating. The SWS had three apertures and a shutter system. This allowed use of one of them while keeping the other two closed. For astronomical observations, the spacecraft pointing had to be adjusted to have the target imaged onto the selected aperture. Each aperture was used for two wavelength ranges, one of the SW section and one of the LW section. This was achieved by using reststrahlen crystal lters as wavelength-selective beam splitters behind the apertures. The transmitted beams entered the SW section; the reected beams entered the LW section. The actual spectrometer slits were located behind the beam splitting crystals. Interference lters or crystal lters took care of further order sorting. Depending on wavelength, the aperture sizes for the grating sections ranged from 14 20 to 20 33 . Each grating had its own scanner, allowing the use of both grating sections (SW and LW) at the same time, although the observed wavelength ranges were linked. The output of each of the two grating sections was re-imaged onto two small (1 12) detector arrays, located in-line. The materials used for the grating detectors were InSb, Si:Ga, Si:As and Ge:Be, while the FPs used 1 2 elements of Si:Sb and Ge:Be. Figure 3.11 gives a schematic of the SWS instrument. SWS observations were taken in four main modes. Three involved use of the gratings only: SWS01 (Full grating scan), SWS02 (Grating line prole scan), SWS06 (Grating wavelength range scan); while the fourth used also the FPs: SWS07 (FP line scan). These modes did not include use of the spacecraft raster mode; maps had to be made by concatenating individual pointings (see Section 4.5). - SWS01 provided a low-resolution full-wavelength grating scan. Dierent scan speeds (1, 2, 3, 4) could be selected by the user corresponding to resolving powers of the order of 400, 400, 800 and 1600, respectively. - SWS02 had a scanning scheme optimised to obtain grating scans of individual spectral lines. The user could specify up to 64 dierent lines in a single observation. - SWS06 was designed to observe arbitrary wavelength intervals at full resolution. The user could specify up to 64 dierent ranges in a single observation. - SWS07 was used for the FP observations. The LW grating section was used as the order sorter and was kept in tune with the FP wavelength to minimise leakage from the adjacent FP orders. - SWS90, SWS91, SWS92, SWS93, SWS94, SWS95, SWS96, SWS97, SWS98: Engineering Data - SWS99: Non-standard data, mainly used for special calibration purposes

48

CHAPTER 3. THE ISO SPACECRAFT

Figure 3.11: Schematic of the Short Wavelength Spectrometer (SWS). In orbit, the instrument behaved extremely well. The performance was in all aspects as expected except for the detector sensitivity where the noise was dominated by eects from particle radiation initial estimates of the loss in sensitivity were up to a factor of 5. Further analysis of the instrument behaviour is now allowing recovery of some of the loss. The pre-launch goal of a 30% absolute ux calibration accuracy was achieved with stability better than 5% at the shorter wavelengths and 15% at the longest. The wavelength calibration (goal: 1/10 of a resolution element) was 1/8 (long wavelengths) and 1/16 (short wavelengths). More details about SWS are given in The ISO Handbook, Volume V: SWS The Short Wavelength Spectrometer, [108].

Chapter 4

ISO Operations
4.1 The ISO Orbit

ISOs operational orbit had a period of just under 24 hours, an apogee height of 70 600 km and a perigee height of 1000 km (see Figure 4.1). The lower parts of this orbit were inside the Earths Van Allen belts of trapped electrons and protons. Inside these regions, ISOs scientic detectors were virtually unusable due to eects caused by radiation impacts.

Figure 4.1: The ISO orbit.

49

50

CHAPTER 4. ISO OPERATIONS

4.1.1

Orbit phases

The 24 hours satellite orbit can be broken down into six phases: 1. Acquisition-of-Signal (AOS) by VILSPA and satellite activation 2. Operations during the VILSPA science window 3. Handover to Goldstone 4. Operations during the Goldstone science window 5. De-activation and Loss-of-Signal (LOS) at Goldstone 6. Perigee passage After perigee passage VILSPA re-acquired communications with ISO. There was an activation phase, not usable for scientic activities, when the spacecraft was re-congured, all instruments were switched on and any necessary detector curing took place. These activities continued until the VILSPA science window opened, approximately four hours after perigee. This occurred when ISO was outside the radiation belts and the instruments could operate normally without being aected by the particles in the radiation belts. Normal operations, including scientic observations, then occurred for approximately the next nine hours. Before ISO dropped below the VILSPA horizon, communications were handed over to Goldstone. During this time, lasting a minimum of 15 minutes, instrument re-curing took place, e.g. for ISOPHOT. Because observations could not be performed during this handover period the maximum length of an observation was limited to one of the two periods of normal science operations. While the length of these varied (such that the sum remained the same), generally the VILSPA science window was the longer. Normal observing was then continued from Goldstone. Finally, as ISO neared the radiation belts approximately twenty hours after perigee, observations ended, the instruments were de-activated and the satellite was congured for perigee passage. Goldstone then lost the spacecrafts signal as it approached perigee. At the beginning and end of revolutions, the spacecraft was outside the control of the normal pointing system even though scientic data were routinely still being collected. Instead, a number of procedures were used grouped under the name of Programmable Pointing Mode (PPM) intended to avoid violation of Sun and Earth constraints. The PPM ensured that the spacecrafts attitude was maintained with sucient accuracy for observations to be resumed without need for further calibration. Prior to launch, assumptions were made as to the detrimental eects on instrument sensitivity of impacts from high energy particles and how these eects would vary with position on the orbit. These models and calculations led to denition of a cut-o altitude of 43 000 km, corresponding to a daily science window of 16 hours. During PV phase however, it became apparent that scientically useful observations could continue longer than expected. Therefore the science window was extended by 40 minutes from revolution 66 onwards (i.e. approximately 3/4 of the way through PV). It was later found that LWS observations carried out late in the science window were aected by charged particles, the extent of the eect depending on the season. Therefore from revolution 204 onwards the LWS switch-o was rolled back 60 minutes.

4.1.2

Pointing constraints

For thermal (protecting the spacecraft from sunlight) and power (illuminating the solar arrays) reasons and also to prevent straylight from reaching the instruments, there were constraints on the allowed pointing directions for the satellite. ISO always pointed only in a direction between 60 and 120 away from the Sun. Additionally, it was neither pointed closer than 77 to the Earth limb, nor closer than

4.2. THE GROUND SEGMENT

51

24 to the Moon. Jupiter was usually kept away from the optical axis by at least 7 unless, of course, Jupiter or one of its moons was the target of an observation. The sum of these constraints meant that, typically, only some 1015% of the sky was available to ISO at any instant (see Figure 4.2).

Figure 4.2: Visibility constraints of ISO. The orbit also precessed rather slowly. Thus, in the nominal 18-month long mission, there would have been an area of sky, centred on the Taurus-Orion region, inaccessible to ISO. Happily, the cryogen lasted longer than specied and almost all the sky was visible to ISO at some time during the mission.

4.2

The Ground Segment

The limited lifetime of ISO, the severe sky coverage constraints, the complexity of the scientic instruments, along with the necessity to make many short observations under ground station coverage (no on-board data or command storage for instrument operations was possible) dictated that all operations had to be pre-scheduled in order to maximize the time spent acquiring useful astronomical data. Thus, ISO was operated in a service observing mode with each days observations being planned in detail up to three weeks in advance. This operational concept drove the design of the ground segment (Kessler et al. 1996, [95]; 1998, [96]), which consisted of the Spacecraft Control Centre (SCC) and the Science Operations Centre (SOC), both co-located at VILSPA, and two ground stations providing approximately 22 hours/day of real-time support. The SCC team, within the Directorate of Technical and Operational Support (D/TOS), was responsible for conducting and controlling the ight operations of the spacecraft, including health and safety of the instruments. The SOC team, within the Directorate of Science (D/SCI) was responsible for all aspects of the scientic operations ranging from the issue of the Calls for Observing Proposals, through the

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CHAPTER 4. ISO OPERATIONS

scheduling and use of the scientic instruments, to the pipeline data processing, and distribution of the data products. Additional teams, based mainly at the PI institutes, supported the o-line operations of the instruments.

4.2.1

Ground stations

Two ground stations were used to communicate with ISO, providing visibility of the satellite from the ground for the entire scientically-useful part of the orbit over 16 hours per day. The primary at ESAs Villafranca Satellite Tracking Station (VILSPA, see Figure 4.3), located near Madrid, Spain, and the secondary at Goldstone, USA, provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The ISO Spacecraft Operations Center (SOC), based at VILSPA, controlled the satellite via one of the two stations, carrying out the operations in real-time. The orbit of ISO was arranged so that after perigee passage (when ISO was out of view of both ground stations for approximately 30 minutes) the rst ground station to re-acquire the ISO signal was VILSPA. Additional resources, enabling ISO to be operated for a longer period per day, were supplied by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan.

Figure 4.3: ESAs Villafranca Satellite Tracking Station in Spain (VILSPA).

4.2.2

The Spacecraft Control Centre (SCC)

The SCC was led by the Spacecraft Operations Manager and, throughout the routine operations phase, there were 28.3 sta in post. Its main responsibility, as already mentioned, was conducting and controlling the ight operations of the spacecraft, including health and safety of the instruments.

4.2. THE GROUND SEGMENT

53

After the end of the Launch and Early Orbit Phase (LEOP) revolutions number 0 to 3 the satellite control was transfered to VILSPA from the Operations Control Centre (OCC) at ESOC, Darmstadt; all subsequent operations were successfully supported from the SCC. Starting from manual use of the Flight Operations Plan and associated procedures, operations were gracefully automated during the Commissioning Phase to use, by the end of this phase, a fully preprogrammed Central Command Schedule (CCS) reecting the output of the Mission Planning Phase 1 (SOC) and the Mission Planning Phase 2 (SCC). This schedule contained all platform and payload commands. On average, some 10 000 commands had to be uplinked to the spacecraft every day. Therefore, only minimum operator intervention was recquired for spacecraft and instrument operations. The CCS contained dedicated windows during which either spacecraft or science operations could be scheduled. Additionally, event designators and keywords were dened that triggered certain command operations to be inserted in those windows, when required. A skeleton schedule for a revolution (orbit) is shown in Figure 4.4.

Figure 4.4: Skeleton schedule of ISO activities along an orbit, showing activities from acquisition of signal (AOS) at VILSPA to loss of signal (LOS) from the Goldstone DSS-27 antenna. Times are given in hours and minutes since perigee passage, and the duration of an activity is shown in brackets. Science observations started with the opening of the observation window (OBS OPEN) about 4 h after perigee passage and continued with a short break at the time of handover from VILSPA to Goldstone until OBS CLOSE nearly 21 h after perigee passage. The instruments were activated/de-activated during specic windows (ACTIV and DEACTIV), which also contained instrument calibration and trend analysis activities. PPL and PPM refer to a programmed pointing mode for autonomous pointings to an uplinked list of safe attitudes. During the ACAL window, various spacecraft attitude calibrations were carried out. Depending on the planned observing programme, the reaction wheels (RWL) had to be biased at various times during the days operations.

54

CHAPTER 4. ISO OPERATIONS

The baseline approach during routine operations was that all four instruments were activated and deactivated automatically by the schedule, irrespective of whether a particular instrument was scheduled for use in that orbit or not. To optimise the time available for scientic observations, spacecraft operations and instrument activation/de-activation were placed along an orbit in such a way that they did not use science time (dened as the time the satellite spent outside the main parts of the Van Allen belts). Interleaved manual commanding was, in principle, only required to support ranging, ground station handover, and for a few specic operations of the AOCS. The schedule oered hold, resume and shift functions in order to recover from, and to minimise the impact of, spacecraft, instrument or ground segment anomalies. When required, recovery from problems was initiated following the relevant Flight Control Procedures (FCPs) and Contingency Recovery Procedures (CRPs) of the Flight Operations Plan. It is worth noting that approximately 1000 FCPs and 500 CRPs had been written and validated with platform simulator before launch. During pre-launch testing, it was already realised that the command schedule was highly susceptible to ground segment problems because of the very high scientic instrument command rate. In the event of problems, e.g. when commands could not be veried due to loss of telemetry, the schedule was suspended. In the worst case, a short drop in telemetry could cause the loss of an entire scientic observation of several hours duration. Throughout the in-orbit operations, a wide variety of eorts were successfully undertaken by the SCC to prevent or minimise the loss of science. Major improvements included the implementation of an automatic telemetry link re-conguration on the ISO Dedicated Control System, which reduced the impact of telemetry drops considerably. The implementation of the Hipparcos/Tycho Guide Star Catalogue in the Flight Dynamics System (FDS) contributed greatly in solving the guide star acquisition problems encountered early in the mission. In a joint eort between the SOC and the SCC, a new observing mode was implemented for the Long Wavelength Spectrometer, enabling it to gather science data even when not scheduled as the prime instrument. Another improvement, which made a major contribution to the science output, was the reduction of satellites absolute pointing error from 4 during the Commissioning Phase to 1 level in the Routine Phase, especially since the system specication was < 11.7 (see Section 5.4.1). The ISO Mission Control System (see Figure 4.5) performed all aspects connected with operations and safety of the spacecraft, including safety monitoring of the scientic instruments. The hardware of the control system consisted esentially of two VAX 4600 redundant Spacecraft Monitoring and Control computers (ISORT/ISODV), six associated Sun SPARC-20 workstations, associated spacecraft control software, and the mission planning system software as far as Mission Planning 2 was concerned. The system was designated as the ISO Dedicated Control System (IDCS). The FDS consisted of a set of ve Sun workstations and dedicated software. These systems were networked on a partially-redundant OPSLAN to prevent single point failures and isolated the SCC from the outside world. Two redundant micro-VAX 3100-76 computers formed the Operational Data Server system (ODS-1/2). The ODS constitued the interface between the spacecraft control system of the SCC and that of the SOC as far as science real-time data reception in the form of Telemetry Distribution Formats (TDFs) was concerned. The latter contained not only the telecommand history data, but also specially provided derived telemetry parameters. These parameters were used within the SOC for instrument monitoring and control purposes, using the Real-Time Technical Assessment (RTA) and Quick-Look Analysis (QLA) software, which ran on the four instrument workstations (one dedicated per instrument). The ODS was also the interface between the Mission Planning Phase 1 (MPP1) and the SOC and that of the SCC (MPP2) for interchanging mission planning les. Furthermore, the ODS provided the short history archive of the science telemetry and archived TDFs onto optical disks for access from the SOC Science Data Processing system. The network interface provided the connectivity of the IDCS with the ground stations through the Integrated Switching System (ISS), as part of the OPSNET. Support functions were provided for: Spacecraft Performance Evaluation (SPEVAL), required to determine all aspects of spacecraft performance which could impact the life of the

4.2. THE GROUND SEGMENT

55

Figure 4.5: The ISO Mission Control System.

mission and mission eciency; and spacecraft on-board software maintenance for the AOCS, STR and the OBDH. Communications Services were provided to support a variety of tasks, such as testing and validating procedures, AOCS and on-board software maintenance and validation, and spacecraft anomaly investigation. One very signicant achievement was the mission extension beyond September/October 1997. During this time, ISOs orbital geometry was such that it underwent eclipses of exceptionally long duration. Additionally, during early September, marginal violations of the Earth constraint on the pointing direction could not be avoided for some minutes each day as ISO went through perigee. Since the spacecraft was required to be operated beyond design specications with respect to power, Sun and Earth constraints, it was necessary to develop and implement a new operations strategy, which deviated considerably from the well-proven Routine Phase operations concept. In addition to the above, there was a strong requirement from the scientic community to observe the Orion and Taurus regions of the sky, which became visible to ISO during this period for the rst time in the mission. During the period 7 September to 7 October 1997, when the eclipses reached a maximum of 166.5 minutes, i.e. more than twice as long as the baseline design of 80 minutes, the power of the two batteries had to be preserved by switching o non-esential units, by restricting scientic pointings to one observation during eclipse, and by restricting the use of the instruments to two out of four during the peak eclipse period. To ensure proper pointing stability in eclipse, a second roll star was used by the Star Tracker. This star, some 2 away from the guide star, was used to control the gyro drift with respect to the satellite x-axis and hence the telescope boresight. At the same time, the Earth warning and forbidden regions had to be violated, since no constraint-free corridor was left around perigee. This was crucial for the AOCS and therefore for the telescope pointings around perigee. In order to reduce the impact of the penetration into the Earth-constraint region, the Sun constraint had to be relaxed.

56

CHAPTER 4. ISO OPERATIONS

All of the above required disabling most of the autonomous fallback functions of the AOCS and OBDH subsystems, i.e. the satellite was safeguarded by relying on ground control only. Both on-board batteries showed excellent performance with less than expected depth of discharge and reached full charge each revolution. The eect of violating the Earth constraints was less than predicted. The telescope upper bae temperatures increased by just under 4 K, returning to nominal temperatures within 45 minutes thereafter. The AOCS pointing performance was very stable and hence scientic observations performed during eclipses did not suer any degradation in pointing. The period passed uneventfully and routine operations continued until the helium was depleted on 8 April 1998.

Figure 4.6: Overview of the data ow within the Spacecraft Control Centre at Villafranca.

4.2.3

The Science Operations Centre (SOC)

The SOC was organised into two teams: the science team, led by the Project Scientist, which was responsible for community support and for setting the overall policy for the SOC; and the operations team, led by the Science Operations Manager, which was responsible for instrument operations and the SOC infrastructure. On average during the Routine Phase, the SOC had 92 members. ISO Science Operations were organised almost as a factory production line (see Figure 4.6). The starting point was the databases into which observers had entered all the details required to implement their observations in service mode. Each observation was technically validated and then loaded into the Mission Data Base (MDB), which at the end of the mission included more than 40 000 observations. The next step was to generate a long term plan, showing when and how the most scientically-important observations could be implemented. This was particularly important in the case of a mission like ISO with a short lifetime and with only a limited part of the sky accesible at any given time. A coarse pre-scheduling

4.2. THE GROUND SEGMENT

57

of the next three months was made. This process was extremely time- and resource-consuming and never worked quite as expected since one was dealing with a moving target. In other words, the exibility oered to the observers to optimise their observing programmes meant that the input changed faster than the plan. This exibility was necessary and greatly enhanced the scientic return. However, extensive and complex manual work was required to enable to ISO to execute successfully nearly 98% of the highest priority observations. Similar missions in the future should be able to generate a representative long term plan within a few days with minimal human intervention. Next in the production line came the detailed planning of each days observations to the level of instrument commands at a granularity of 1 second of time. The goal here was to minimise slews and dead time, and generate ecient schedules while preserving the scientic content (i.e. carrying out the high priority observations). The system worked very successfully and produced schedules with an average eciency of 92%, where eciency is dened as the ratio of the time the satellite was accumulating scientic data to the available science time. In fact, the actual eciency achieved can be considered to be even higher since nearly two-thirds of the time for slewing between targets was used to gather serendipitous data at previously-unsurveyed infrared wavelengths with the photometer, and since the camera and Long Wavelength Spectrometer collected data in parallel modes when the observer has specied use of another instrument. Part of the trick was to do overbooking. In other words, the mission database was lled up so that it always contained about twice as many observations as could be accomodated during the remaining ISO lifetime. In essence, short lower-grade observations were used to ll in gaps between high-grade ones. The SOC monitored the instruments in real-time as the observations were executed automatically, and had the capability to intervene manually if necessary. There were few instrument anomalies; typical interventions were, for example, the closing of the camera if a bright target entered its eld of view. This was required to avoid saturation and its long-lasting eect on the detectors. The nal steps in the production line involved the o-line processing, quality control, archiving and nally the distribution of the data in CD-ROMs. From an operational point of view, the processing and archiving of the data worked awlessly. Over 10 000 CD-ROMs were shipped to observers. The processing algorithms and calibration were initially far from perfect and, in fact, improvements will still continue for the coming years. However, within one year of launch, an ISO-dedicated issue of Astronomy and Astrophysics containing nearly 100 papers, had been published. Given the complexity of the instruments and in particular of the behaviour of the infrared detectors, this can be considered a signicant achievement. One of the major factors in the successful operation of ISOs sophisticated instruments was the assignment to each of an Instrument Dedicated Team (IDT) of experts at VILSPA. The teams responsibilities included: the overall maintenance of the instruments (including the real-time monitoring software and procedures); the calibration; and the design and much of the coding and testing of the data processing algorithms. Other experts, back at the Principal Investigator institutes, worked in close cooperation with the SOCs Instrument Dedicated Teams. These teams were crucial in making instrument operations run smoothly by rapidly diagnosing and xing anomalies, by optimising the observing modes and by getting the instruments properly calibrated. Much of the necessary complexity of science operation was embedded in the over one million lines of code of the SOC software. More than 1 700 Software Problem Reports (SPRs) were responded to and over 250 System Change Requests and Extra Wishes (SCREWs) implemented in the course of the mission. This comes on top of the 1000 SPRs and 100 SCREWs implemented pre-launch, during and after the period of integration, tests and simulations. All of the SOCs software maintenance team had been involved in the development of the SOC software before launch. Such breadth and depth of experience turned out to be a major factor in the success of ISO science operations. The SOC beneted greatly from having all functions (e.g. from establishing observing programmes to data distribution; from system design to software maintenance) integrated into one centre as this streamlined interfaces and improved communications. For the same reasons, the co-location with the SCC was also very benecial.

58

CHAPTER 4. ISO OPERATIONS

Another key factor was the extensive period of end-to-end tests and simulations through which the entire ground segment software and procedures were exercised prior to launch. Not only was this essential in uncovering bugs not found by lower level tests, but it also ensured that the whole SOC was fully trained and operational at launch. In particular, the full 58 days of the Performance Verication Phase had been scheduled and validated on the software simulator prior to launch. This permitted that, 2.5 months after launch exactly as planned, the Routine Phase could start with two-thirds of the observing modes fully commissioned and ready for use by the scientic community.

4.3
4.3.1

Observing with ISO

Observing strategy

ISO was operated in a pre-planned manner without any signicant routine real-time interaction. Thus, all observations had to be specied in full detail by the proposers. For a variety of reasons including eciency and sky coverage constraints, observing time was distributed on a per observation basis as was the case e.g. for EXOSAT, and not on a per shift basis as it is the case for many ground-based observatories and for IUE. However, for operational reasons, no guarantees could be given that a particular observation would be executed. Individual observations (or concatenated chains) were the basic building blocks for the observational schedule, which was built in units of revolutions. A revolution was one rotation of ISO about the Earth; as ISOs orbital period was close to 24 hours, a revolution was roughly equivalent to a day. In the schedule and also in the ISO Data Archive every observation is uniquely identied by an 8-digit number, called the TDT (for Target Dedicated Time) number. The rst three characters identify the revolution on which it was executed, the middle 3 digits specify the sequence number of the observation in the timeline of this revolution and the last two are an identifying number given to that observation by the observer in the original proposal.

4.3.2

Guaranteed time and open time programmes

Approximately 45 % of ISOs time was reserved for those parties contributing to the development and operation of the scientic instruments and the overall facility, namely: the four Principal Investigators (PI) and their teams, who built the ISO instruments; the ve Mission Scientists; the scientic sta of the SOC; and ESAs international partners in the mission, NASA and ISAS. Denition and coordination of these guaranteed-time observations started some eight years before launch with the denition of the so-called Central Programme. The requirement upon this programme was that it would be a balanced and coherent programme ......providing a solid scientic core for the ISO observing programme. Its publication intended to give an overview of the observing potential of the observatory to enable the submission of top quality, complementary and feasible observing proposals leading to the maximum output of the observation programme. The programme was unanimously endorsed by the ISO Observing Time Allocation Committee (OTAC). The complete guaranteed time programme was presented in three paper documents, namely ISO Guaranteed Time Programme Part A: Overview, ISO Guaranteed Time Programme Part B: Proposal Abstracts and ISO Guaranteed Time Programme Part C: Catalogue of Observations in April 1994. In addition to its scientic value, this early start was important both to help dene observing modes and also to be able to publish worked examples to the community with the pre-launch call for proposals. ISO as an observatory was open to the astronomical community including expert and non-expert users. Thus, the remaining more than half of ISOs observing time was distributed to the general community via the traditional method of proposals and peer review. Open time proposers could apply to use any of the spacecraft and instrument modes. Guaranteed time holders were also allowed to apply for open time.

4.3. OBSERVING WITH ISO

59

The observations in the guaranteed time programme were reserved and open time proposals were not allowed to duplicate any of these. Checks for duplications were made during the processing of proposals. Duplications were determined by consideration of the target observed, the observing mode used, details of the observation parameters (e.g. size of rasters, wavelength ranges, lters) and the scientic objective. Figure 4.7 shows the distribution of ISO observing time per participating group.

Figure 4.7: Distribution of observing time per participating group.

4.3.3
4.3.3.1

The ISO observing cycle

Calls for proposals

In order to distribute the available open time among the members of the astronomical community, one Call for Observing Proposals was issued pre-launch (April 1994) and another Supplemental Call postlaunch (August 1996). Both calls, pre- and post-launch, were in principle open only to proposers in ESA member states, the USA and Japan. Over 1 500 proposals, requesting almost four times more observing time than available, were received in response to these calls. Some 40 % of the proposals arrived in the last 24 hours before the deadlines. Pre-launch call The Pre-launch call solicited proposals for:

60 1) Observing Programmes 2) Target of Opportunity teams.

CHAPTER 4. ISO OPERATIONS

Responses to this call consisted of a Letter of Intent and a so-called Phase 1 proposal. The following schedule was established for the pre-launch Call: Issue of Call: April 1994 Letters of Intent: due 10 June 1994 Phase 1 Proposals (electronic version): due 19 August 1994 Phase 1 Proposals (paper version): due 23 August 1994 OTAC review complete by end November 1994 Start of Phase 2 data entry: December 1994 End of Phase 2 data entry: mid-1995 Launch of ISO: 19 September 1995 (nally, the launch took place on 17 November 1995) Supplemental call This supplemental call solicited proposals to be carried out in the period from December 1996 to the end of the mission (April 1998). Although completely new proposals were not excluded, priority was given to proposals aiming at continuing, completing and extending existing ISO observing programmes. Responses to this call consisted of a Phase 1 proposal only. The following schedule was established for the Supplemental Call: Issue of Call - 5 August 1996 Phase 1 Proposals (electronic version): due 7 October 1996 Phase 1 Proposals (paper version): due 9 October 1996 OTAC review complete by late November 1996 Start of Phase 2 data entry: end November 1996 End of Phase 2 data entry: end January 1996. 4.3.3.2 Proposal evaluation and selection

From the observers point of view the end-to-end observing process started with the preparation of the Phase 1 proposals and their submission both in electronic and paper version to the OTAC. Following each of the two calls above mentioned, the Phase 1 open time proposals received were evaluated scientically by an Observing Time Allocation Committee (OTAC) consisting of approximately 35 external scientists. This committee was appointed by the ESA Director of Science, following the recommendation of the Astronomy Working Group. It was headed by an overall Chairman and consisted of seven panels, one for each of the following scientic areas: Solar System, Interstellar Matter, Stellar Physics, Circumstellar Physics, Normal and Starburst Galaxies, Active Galaxies and Quasars, and Cosmology. Each panel consisted of a Panel Chairman and, depending on the scientic area, 3 or 4 members. In parallel, the electronic versions were imported into a proposal database for statistical analysis and checking for, inter alia, duplication with the guaranteed observing programme and with each other, or the distribution on the sky of the requested observations in view of the uneven sky coverage of ISO. The scientic sta of the SOC made also an assessment of the technical feasibility of the proposed observations and sent the results to the OTAC. After peer review, the ISO OTAC made recommendations on the observing programme to be carried out by ISO via assigning grades either to entire proposals or to individual observations. The following items were taken into account during the review process:

4.3. OBSERVING WITH ISO - scientic case described in the abstract and justication, - scientic merit and relevance of the proposed observation(s), - technical feasibility of the observation(s), - the necessary observing time, and - oversubscription in particular parts of the sky.

61

The output of the OTAC review was a list of proposals/observations ranked by scientic merit. OTAC assigned a cut-o grade below which proposals and observations were not carried forward into Phase 2 for further processing. However, for ecient timelining of observations, the scientic scheduling software needed to work from a pool of observations which signicantly overlled the time available. All these observations had to be fully specied in the database from which the mission planning system worked. 4.3.3.3 Proposal data entry

The Principal Investigators of proposals/observations with grades above the cut-o value (see previous section) moved on to the next phase of the process, the so-called Phase 2. Here they had to enter full details of their observations into the SOCs databases. Checking of their inputs was done both by the Proposal Generation Aids (PGA) and the Proposal Handling (PH) modules. Prior to launch, this typically involved a visit of around a week to the ISO Proposal Data Entry Centre, set up in ESTEC (for USA ISO observers, IPAC was designated by NASA as the support centre). The European centre at ESTEC was co-located with the Science Operations Centre during its development phase, prior to moving to Spain and it was operated by scientic and technical sta from the SOC, who assisted visitors in the entry of their data and who checked, as thoroughly as possible, that the observations were both feasible and optimised. It was only after completion of this Phase 2 data entry and checking process that the pre-launch feasibility of the observations was veried. Over 500 astronomers visited ESTEC in the rst six months of 1995 and were assisted by resident astronomers and technical assistants in nalising and entering their observational programmes. Successful proposers of polarisation observations were assigned a Resident Astronomer (if one was not already present on the proposal) who contacted the proposers and discussed with them the details of the observations. These observations were entered via a SOC expert. After completion of the Phase 2 data entry, and when all was correct, the observations were stored in the Mission Data Base, a critical element of the overall SOC architecture as it contained full details of all observations that ISO would make. Calibration observations were also stored in the same database but entered by a dierent route. The daily timeline of observations was then set up by the Mission Planning Phase 1 system. This software system used a set of routines (AOT logic) to convert automatically the user-entered parameters (, , wavelength, ux, spectral resolution, observation time or desired signal to noise, etc.) into detailed commands to be nally passed to the Spacecraft Control Centre for transmission to the spacecraft. Post-launch as experience and condence grew, visits to ESTEC and IPAC were almost completely replaced by remote logins across the Internet. During the operational life of ISO, observers were permitted to tune up their programmes via Internet communications with the Community Support Team at the Science Operations Centre to take full advantage of results from previous observations and of improving knowledge of how best to use the instruments. In some cases, the dierent in-orbit detector sensitivities led to changes in the values of observing parameters and in the worst case rendered some observations unfeasible. The visibility constraints were closely related to the launch date and the target lists also had to be adjusted accordingly. The facility was widely used, with averaged across the entire set of observations each programme

62

CHAPTER 4. ISO OPERATIONS

being updated around three times. Because scientic judgement often had to be involved, checking that updated observations did not duplicate existing ones was a very labour-intensive task.

4.3.4

Community Support

The overall community support task during operations was intended to facilitate scientically-eective use of ISO and included not only handling all requests for observing time as above described but also providing concise and up-to-date information. Prior to launch, user documentation (such as observers manuals, data reduction manuals, information notes, etc.) was mainly paper-based. However, during the operations, this completely switched to being web-based. The ISO WWW site (http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/) opened in 1994 and had over 1 million hits (from non-ESA machines) during operations. Internet rapidly became the essential way of communicating with observers, also through the ISO Helpdesk (helpdesk@iso.vilspa.esa.es) service. The ISO WWW site has been continually upgraded since its creation, e.g. with the addition of galleries of science results and of tools for detailed monitoring of execution of observing programmes. It currently serves every week more than 3 000 HTML pages, 6 000 images and 2 000 documents to 4 000 distinct hosts. The ISO Helpdesk has received and answered more than 31 000 e-mails as of November 2003 and it is still used by the ISO archive users to retrieve information on the archived data products or to ask questions to the calibration experts on data reduction. During Post-Operations the ISO Data Centre welcomed and supported more than 135 visitors who wanted to analyse ISO data with the help of an IDC support astronomer and it also organised several workshops and conferences (see Section 1.2).

4.4

Overview of the Scientic Programme

The scientic programme for ISO consisted of more than 1 000 individual proposals from nearly 600 principal investigators from the world-wide astronomical community. About 10% of ISOs time was used for Solar System studies, 23% for the Interstellar Medium (ISM), 29% on Stellar/Circumstellar topics, 27% for Extragalactic observations and 11% for Cosmology (see Figure 4.8). The full list of accepted and performed proposals is given in Appendix B.

4.4.1

Large survey programmes

There were no restrictions on the duration nor the size of the programmes except those set by the technical constraints of the mission, e.g. sky visibility and the orbit. The OTAC considered each proposal on its scientic merits without any, a priori, preference for programmes of any specic size. Taking advantage of this, some ISO programmes were proposed by observers and approved by the OTAC requesting a large amount of observing time. They intended to produce homogenous data sets on large samples of sources in a variety of scientic areas. Table 4.1 gives an overview of the largest survey programmes. More details of the survey programmes can be found in ISO Surveys of a Dusty Universe (Lemke et al. 1999, [112]).

4.4. OVERVIEW OF THE SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME

63

Figure 4.8: ISO made more than 30 000 observations, covering all elds of astronomy, literally from comets to cosmology. The observation pointings are depicted in this gure, an Aito projection in galactic coordinates. The scientic category of the associated observing proposals are: solar system (black), stellar physics (red), interstellar medium (green), extragalactic (blue) and cosmology (magenta). Noticeable features are e.g., the zodiacal light scans, and the Magellanic Clouds. Due to the stringent pointing constraints ISO was in principle precluded to observe the Orion region, but thanks to the extended lifetime, observations could be done on Orion (l150 , b20 ) towards the end of the mission.

Table 4.1: The largest ISO observing programmes, each with 1 % or more of ISOs observing time and together amounting to 15 % of the total time available. Programme European Large Area ISO Survey (ELAIS) Spectroscopy of Bright Galactic Nuclei ISOCAM Survey of the Inner Galaxy (ISOGAL) ISOCAM Deep Survey Programme ISM of Normal Galaxies Dust Debris Around Solar Mass Stars Exploring the Full Range of Quasar/AGN Properties Structure of the FIR Background PI Rowan-Robinson Genzel Omont Cesarsky Helou Becklin Wilkes Puget

64

CHAPTER 4. ISO OPERATIONS

4.4.2

Target of opportunity programmes

In order to maximise ISOs scientic return from unpredictable astronomical events some of which needed rapid reaction times, a number of small teams were also set up to dene and prepare the necessary ISO observations for likely Targets of Opportunity (ToO), such as supernovae, novae, bright comets, etc. These teams prepared generic observations in advance, stored pre-planned observation sequences in the SOCs databases, ne tuned them as needed and were responsible for publishing the data to the community as quickly as possible. Such observations were executed only in the event that the specied phenomenon actually occured and it was the responsibility of the Principal Investigator of the team to inform the SOC of the occurrence of the phenomenon. Time for any such ToO observations came from the general Open Time. These ToO proposals were reviewed by OTAC in the same way as other observing proposals. Each selected team contained, ex ocio, one or more SOC astronomers. These were either included in the original proposal or were added to selected teams. The roles of these SOC sta included co-ordination during denition, responsibility for maintaining the appropriate observations in the SOCs databases and, being the focus at the SOC, during any execution of these observations. Table 4.2 gives a summary of the performed ToO programmes. These proposals are also contained in Appendix B under Open Time proposals.

4.4.3

Discretionary time programmes

ISO made new and unexpected discoveries and, in many cases, ISO itself was the only facility capable of follow-on investigations of these discoveries. Additionally, compelling new observations became apparent during ISOs in-orbit life. Thus, a small pool of discretionary time was kept available, outside the normal Call-Proposal-Review cycle, for observations that could not have been foreseen at the time of proposal submission. An average of 30 minutes of discretionary time observations per day was foreseen. To use this discretionary time, a request had to be made to the scientic head of the Observatory, the Project Scientist. Whenever possible, the Chairman of the OTAC was consulted by the Project Scientist before any additional observations were authorised. The Project Scientist reported to the next meeting of OTAC on all discretionary time observations. Over 150 discretionary time proposals were received during the ISO operational lifetime, 40 % of them in the last four months of the mission. Following a recommendation of the OTAC, after a meeting held on 16 September 1997 where the overall status of the ISO scientic programme was reviewed, recommendations were made concerning use of the extra-time available as a consequence of the longer lifetime of ISO. The principal conclusions were: that the amount of discretionary time should be signicantly increased for the rest of the mission; that an additional 200 hours should be made available to the previouslyapproved large surveys; and that some 300 hours should be devoted to observations of general interest which should be placed in the public domain without the usual 12 months proprietary period. Thus, about 20 additional proposals on specic topics were solicited to the community; these can be recognised in the ISO Data Archive as the programme names all start with ZZ.

4.4.4

Parallel and serendipity programmes

The parallel and serendipity modes were not available to proposers. The data from these modes needed to be taken and reduced in a systematic and completely dierent manner. This was done by the respective instrument consortia, in collaboration with the SOC, and the data are available now through the ISO Data Archive. Table 4.3 gives an overview of all performed parallel and serendipity programmes of ISO. The parallel data were obtained while other instruments were prime, the serendipity data were taken during slews of the satellite.

4.4. OVERVIEW OF THE SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME Table 4.2: Summary of all performed ToO programmes. Programme Observations of Novae during the ISO Mission PI Barlow Observed Targets Nova Cas 95, Nova Aql 95 Nova Cru 96,...

65

The Nature of the Superluminal Galactic Source GRS 1915+105: ISO Monitoring of the Most Powerful Source in the Galaxy The Nature of the Superluminal Galactic Source GRS 1915+105: ISO Observations during the Oct 1997 X-Ray and Radio Outburst New Soft Gamma-Ray Repeater (SGR 18141340): A New IR-Source? Studies of High Mass X-ray Binary Systems: Multiwaveband Investigations of such Systems in Outburst Observations of Unexpected Comets Spectroscopic Observations of Comets ISO Observations of Cygnus X-3 in Outburst: Infrared Studies of a Flaring Microquasar Observations of New Novae in Outburst Physics Characteristics and Contributions to the ISM

Castro-Tirado

GRS 1915+105

Castro-Tirado Castro-Tirado Coe Crovisier Crovisier Fender Gehrz

GRS 1915+105 SGR 18141340 4U1145619, 4U170037 P/Hale-Bopp P/Hale-Bopp Cyg X-3 Nova Aql 95, LMC1 1995, Nova Oph 94, Nova Sco 97,... P/Hale-Bopp P/Hale-Bopp P/Hale-Bopp, P/Tempel-Tuttle, P/Hartley 2 V404 Cyg, GX1+4 P/Hale-Bopp FU Ori in Serpens LR Sco, V Cra GRS 1915+105

ISOPHOT Observations of a Bright Comet Coma: Composition and Dust Production ISOPHOT Observations of a New Comet: Coma Composition and Dust Production The Nucleus of a New Bright Comet

Grn u Grn u Lamy

Observations of Low-Mass X-ray Binaries Cometary Comae in the IR: Dimensions, Structures and Composition Evolution of the Circumstellar Environment during an FU Ori or EX Lup Outburst Dust Formation around R CrB Type Stars at their Minima: Search for Fullerenes The Infrared Counterpart of GRS 1915+105: Observations of Outbursts

Naylor

Peschke Prusti Tanabe Winkler

66

CHAPTER 4. ISO OPERATIONS Table 4.3: Summary of all performed parallel and serendipity programmes. Programme ISOCAM Parallel ISOCAM Serendipity ISOPHOT Serendipity LWS Parallel LWS Serendipity Wavelength 6.0, 6.7, 14.3 m 6.0, 6.7, 14.3 m 170 m 10 wavelengths: 46 to 178 m 10 wavelengths: 46 to 178 m No. of observations / sky coverage > > 40 000 observations 10 to 15% sky coverage 15% sky coverage 17 000 obs. 1% sky coverage 10% sky coverage

Most of the parallel and serendipity programmes are explained in detail in ISO Surveys of a Dusty Universe (Lemke et al. 1999, [112]).

4.5

Overview of Satellite Observing Modes

An ISO observation is a combination of spacecraft and instrument operations. This section describes the available spacecraft observing modes and the overheads involved. An overhead is the time to prepare the satellite and instrument for a new observation or measurement before photons can be collected from the source. In addition to the spacecraft observing modes the satellite construction constrains observations. The instruments are xed with respect to the satellite axes (Figure 3.2). Therefore the satellite orientation determines how e.g. apertures are projected on the sky. This may be relevant when the aperture has a rectangular shape, when an array is used or when internal chopping was required. The instrument specic Handbooks provide detailed information about satellite orientation constraints. Single pointing The main operational mode of the spacecraft was a three-axis stabilised pointing at a target to carry out one or more observations, followed by a slew to another target. A single pointing is an observation at a single sky position with a single instrument, which may consist of a series of measurements. This was the standard mode used to observe normal targets (i.e., point sources with xed celestial coordinates). The coordinate information had to be given with an accuracy of 1 in Declination and 0.1 s in Right Ascension, the required accuracy at least for the smaller entrance apertures of ISO. IRAS positions were thus generally not precise enough for ISO. The instrument specic volumes of the Handbook describe problems encountered when observations were mispointed (for various reasons). In order to avoid incorrect pointing, proper motion had to be given for objects such as nearby stars, in units of arcseconds per year. Peaking-up Peaking-up was originally designed for observations which require higher pointing accuracy, than the accuracy specied for the spacecraft. Since the absolute pointing error (APE) was less than 2.5 (see Section 5.4), peaking-up was never used. This observing mode is here included purely for historical reasons so that observers may understand the term. Mapping or rastering Spectroscopic and continuum maps could be obtained with a series of single pointings using the spacecraft raster mode. A map could contain one scan (one-dimensional mapping) or several scans (two-dimensional mapping). All pointings of a raster map had to lie within an area of 1.5 by 1.5 square degrees. Mapping was available for CAM, PHT and LWS. The observer had to specify the coordinates of the centre position, the number of scan lines (N), the number of points in a scan line (M) and the step sizes in arcseconds.

4.5. OVERVIEW OF SATELLITE OBSERVING MODES

67

The latter are the distance between the scan lines and the distance between points in the scan line. Additionally, the observer had to specify the position angle of the scan lines i.e. the orientation of the map (see Figures 4.9 and 4.10). The number of points in a scanline and the number of scanlines can be any integer between 1 and 32. Setting one of the numbers to 1 species a one-dimensional scan. Allowed step sizes were 0,2,3,...,180 arcseconds. A step size of 0 in spacecraft z-direction was used to simulate a nodding observation to achieve repeated quasi-staring observations between target and one or more background positions. The position entered into PGA for a raster map was taken as the center of the grid. Thus a 5 6 raster has its centre at, and therefore the position refers to, raster position (2.5,3). The raster map parameters refer to: M = number points in a scanline = number of points in the direction of the orientation N = number of scanlines = number of points perpendicular to the map orientation (M scanline) orientation angle = the angle between north direction and the direction of the scanline (z-axis), counted anti-clockwise i.e. via east Figure 4.9 shows an example of an M=4, N=3 raster carried out with orientation angle=0, while Figure 4.10 shows one with an orientation angle of 47 . Note that all angles are processed in J2000 coordinates. The orientation angle of a map or a scan is counted from the North direction via East (see Figure 4.10). The values for the orientation angle can be between 0 and 179 degrees. A scan orientation angle of 90 degrees indicates that the scan was obtained going EastWest. Note that the orientation angle, held for example in the IIPH keyword ATTRROTA, is dierent from the roll angle of the spacecraft, held for example in the IIPH keywords INSTROLL and CINSTROL. The roll angle indicates how the instrument apertures were placed on the sky and the orientation angle indicates how the raster was performed on the sky. The map parameters are specied with respect to the equatorial coordinate system (Right Ascension and Declination for a given epoch). The orientation of the spacecraft axes was essentially arbitrary with respect to that system. Since the orientation of the detector arrays (i.e. CAM and PHT-C) and rectangular apertures (for PHT-P) is xed with respect to the spacecraft axes, the orientation of the array or aperture with respect to the scan line was arbitrary. More details can be found in the CAM and PHT volumes of this Handbook. In some cases the spacecraft coordinate system was requested instead of the equatorial system to align the axes of a map with the spacecraft axes. For scheduling, mapping was regarded as a single observation. Thus, a map, or a scan, was only scheduled as a whole or not at all. Mapping was not available for SWS. There, maps were generated by concatenating individual observations together. During pointings (both single pointings and raster pointings) the AOCS control about the spacecraft yand z-axes was primarily achieved using the Star-Tracker. The control was to place the guide star on particular Star-Tracker set-points (which were calculated from the star vector, target quaternion and instrument alignments). In raster mode the movement from one raster point to the next was simply achieved by appropriately changing the Star-Tracker set-points. This means the pointing accuracy of the rst position of an M N

68 0 North

CHAPTER 4. ISO OPERATIONS

e 6 e 90 East 6 e 6 e

e ? e e ? e

e 6 e 6 e 6 u 270 West

raster centre e raster position - scanning direction

180 South

Figure 4.9: Mapping with ISO: This panel shows the sampling procedure for an orientation angle of 0 . The number of scanlines is 3, the number of points in a scanline is 4. The start position of the map is indicated by the lled circle. raster was set by the absolute pointing accuracy. The relative accuracy between any points in the raster is more dicult to determine. For rasters that did not move the star too much across the eld of view of the Star-Tracker the pointing error should be of the order of the pointing jitter. However, for rasters that moved the star substantially across the eld of view, the error could reach that of the APE, as the distortion might be dierent there. Tracking of solar system objects was accomplished by using a 1-dimensional raster (eectively a timedependent oset from background stars) and, therefore, raster pointing was not available to observers for designated solar system targets. Concatenation Concatenated observations are a chain of observations from the same proposal which had to be performed contiguously in time. All targets of the concatenated observations had to lie in an area of 3 degrees diameter. For scheduling, concatenated observations were treated as a single unit, i.e. either all observations in the chain were scheduled or none. The underlying rationale for this treatment was that the proposer used concatenation to indicate that scheduling of only a part of these observations was not sucient to meet the scientic objectives described in the proposal justication. Note that concatenating observations simply because the pointings were close together in the sky was not a valid argument, since the mission planning system optimised the schedule very eciently. In principle up to 99 observations, the maximum allowed per proposal, could be concatenated. However, the more AOTs that were contained in the chain, the longer the duration of the entire observation; once this duration exceeded several hours, it became highly unlikely that the observation could be scheduled.

4.5. OVERVIEW OF SATELLITE OBSERVING MODES

69

0 North

47 '
6 e 6 e

?
e

90 East

e?

270 West

6 e

e?

raster centre e raster position - scanning direction

180 South

Figure 4.10: Mapping with ISO: This panel shows the sampling procedure for an orientation angle of 47 . The number of scanlines is 3, the number of points in a scanline is 4. The start position of the map is indicated by the lled circle. Linked observations If carrying out an observation depends on the results of a previous observation, the corresponding two observations were called linked. The execution of these observations involved intervention by a resident astronomer, as the result of the rst observation had to be evaluated on the basis of the specied observer requirements. Examples of linked observations are: - A spectrum is to be measured using SWS, provided that the continuum ux of the source, as determined from an observation with PHT, is above a certain limit. - An image of a certain area is to be taken only if a rst image, taken at the position of the expected brightness maximum, yields a positive detection. A proposal requesting linked observations had to have a strong scientic case and to contain clear and quantitative specications of the condition under which the later observation should be carried out. For scheduling reasons the later observations were carried out at least three revolutions later. Archive users are unlikely to come across linked observations as the facility was rarely used during the mission. Fixed time and periodic observations Observations were carried out when they could be scheduled conveniently and without leading to large overheads, e.g. in target acquisition. Given the mission planning cycle, the time when an observation of a

70

CHAPTER 4. ISO OPERATIONS

target would be scheduled was not known until the detailed schedule had been generated for a particular revolution a few days in advance. However, there was the possibility to request an observation to be performed on a particular date (i.e. revolution) during the ISO mission. An example for this type of observing request is to observe a Mira variable at a certain phase in the light curve. The proposer specied in the scientic justication when the target was to be observed. Periodic observations were a generalisation of xed time observations. In the scientic justication, the proposer specied the date of the rst observation, if e.g. the phase of the phenomenon to be observed was important. Additionally, the number of observations to be carried out and the number of days between successive observations had to be given. The small fraction of sky accessible from ISO at any given time rendered some periodic observations impossible. Special modes These three special observing modes were used to make additional scientic observations either when the spacecraft was slewing to a new target or when CAM or LWS were not the prime instrument. These modes are the already mentioned: PHT Serendipity mode: Whenever possible during satellite slews PHT made a survey at 200 m (Stickel et al. 1999, [154]; 2002, [155]). CAM Parallel mode: While an observation was carried out with another instrument at a particular sky position, CAM took images on a nearby eld separated from the sky position by the 12 or 17 arcmin separation between the instrument apertures in the ISO focal plane (Siebenmorgen et al. 1996, [151]; Ott et al. 2002, [135]). LWS Parallel mode: While an observation was carried out with another instrument at a particular sky position, LWS observed a nearby eld separated from the sky position by the 12 or 17 arcmin separation between the instrument apertures in the ISO focal plane. Data from all LWS detectors were taken at a xed grating position (Lim 2002, [115]). These modes were not available to proposers, but the data is available in the ISO Data Archive.

4.6

Overview of Instrument Observing Modes and AOTs

The ISO instruments had some 23 main observing modes, the so-called Astronomical Observation Templates or AOTs. A summary of them is given in Table 4.4. For historical reasons the AOT numbers are not consecutive. The rst column gives the AOT identier, the second the AOT title and the third column gives the restriction for the AOT if applied to observations of solar system targets. not applicable means that this AOT could not be used for solar system observations, single pointing means that no raster maps could be performed, staring means that the chopper could not be used and one entrance aperture in the case for SWS AOTs means that a change of wavelength was not allowed when it involved an automatic change of the entrance aperture. Table 4.5 shows the relative usage of the four instruments in terms of time and number of observations performed. Figure 4.11 shows the usage of the dierent instrument observing modes during the mission. It is interesting to note that 90 % of the observations carried out come from around 50 % of the modes.

4.6. OVERVIEW OF INSTRUMENT OBSERVING MODES AND AOTS

71

Table 4.4: Overview of the main ISO instrument observing modes, the so-called Astronomical Observation Templates or AOTs.
AOT CAM01 CAM03 CAM04 CAM05 LWS01 LWS02 LWS03 LWS04 PHT03 PHT04 PHT05 PHT17 PHT18 PHT19 PHT22 PHT25 PHT32 PHT37 PHT38 PHT39 PHT40 PHT50 PHT51 SWS01 SWS02 SWS06 SWS07

AOT Title General Observation Beam Switching Spectral Observations Polarisation Grating Wavelength Range Spectrum Grating Line Spectra Fabry-Prot Wavelength Range Spectrum e Fabry-Prot Line Spectra e General Multi-lter Photometry with PHT-P General Multi-aperture Photometry with PHT-P Absolute Photometry with PHT-P Sparse Map with PHT-P (start AOT) Sparse Map with PHT-P (intermediate AOT(s)) Sparse Map with PHT-P (end AOT) Multi-lter Photometry with PHT-C Absolute Photometry with PHT-C Multi-lter Map / Linear Scan with PHT-C Sparse Map with PHT-C (start AOT) Sparse Map with PHT-C (intermediate AOTs) Sparse Map with PHT-C (end AOT) Spectrophotometry with PHT-S Single Filter Polarimetry with PHT-P Single Filter Polarimetry with PHT-C Low-Resolution Full Grating Scan Grating Line Prole Scan Grating Scan Combined Fabry-Prot Line Scan and SW Grating Scan e

Solar System single pointing not applicable single pointing single pointing single single single single pointing pointing pointing pointing staring staring

single pointing, single pointing, staring not applicable not applicable not applicable staring single pointing, not applicable not applicable not applicable not applicable single pointing, single pointing, single pointing, one one one one entrance entrance entrance entrance

staring

staring staring staring

aperture aperture aperture aperture

Polarisation observations with ISOCAM and ISOPHOT were implemented in operations by a dierent route than that for the standard AOT-based observing modes.

Table 4.5: Usage of the four ISO instruments by time and by number of observations. CAM By time: By # of observations: 28% 26% LWS 18% 12% PHT 30% 49% SWS 24% 13%

72

CHAPTER 4. ISO OPERATIONS

Figure 4.11: Usage of the dierent observing modes of the four ISO instruments by time (green) and number of observations (red). For an explanation of the observing modes see Section 3.4.

Chapter 5

ISO In-Orbit Performance

5.1 Satellite Operation Performance

ISO operations ran very smoothly from the start. They were well served by a superb spacecraft and by robust instruments which suered only a few anomalies of relatively minor nature. The mission planning system produced schedules with an average eciency of 92 %. During the routine operations phase, some 50 000 slews were executed in order to carry out over 30 000 observations (including astronomical calibration observations). In total, over 27 000 science observations were carried out successfully for nearly 600 observers corresponding to over 1 000 dierent research programmes. About 400 hours of science observations were carried out per month with an average of 41 observations per day, but ranging from 6 to 238. The average observation duration was 24 minutes, ranging from 36 seconds (a camera calibration) for the shortest measurements up to 7.6 hours (on Titan) for the longest. ISO was 1 000 times more sensitive and had 100 times better angular resolution than IRAS at 12 m. The wavelength range was twice as large which enabled observations of the coldest objects. The considerably higher spectral resolution allowed new chemistry and kinematic studies. ISO also provided unique polarisation capabilities. The results have impact on all astronomical topics, from comets to cosmology. All elements of the ground segment also performed excellently, leading to an overall availability of the system during Routine Phase of 98.3% of the time scheduled for science. Taking into account all possible reasons for failure, only 4% of observations were lost. Over 98% of the highest priority observations were successfully executed.

5.2

Cryostat Performance

The eective lifetime of the cryostat was determined by the rate at which the super-uid helium in the main tank was depleted through venting of gaseous phase helium. This was proportional to the rate at which heat leaked into the cryostat from external sources or was generated by internal sources, such as internal calibration sources, cryomechanisms, etc. To optimise the lifetime of the cryostat it was necessary to minimise the heat dissipated within the cryostat and heat leaks entering the cryostat from external sources. A number of sources of heat input to the cryostat were identied and addressed as follows: Service Module to Payload Module interface: a major source of heat input to the cryostat was the interface between the Service Module and the Payload Module. This was countered, and eectively eliminated, by allowing a portion of each connecting strut to act as a radiator, diverting Service Module heat into space. Although this considerably reduced the heat input to the cryostat, it came at a penalty of impaired platform stability from transient temperature gradients in the struts. Instrument electronics: a source of heat within the cryostat were the electronic systems used by the instrument detector and readout systems. Considerable eort went into the development of detectors 73

74

CHAPTER 5. ISO IN-ORBIT PERFORMANCE

which were capable of operating without signicant heat dissipation at the extremely cold temperatures within the cryostat. Those systems which could not be developed to these requirements were located in the warm electronics section of the Service Module. External radiation: the radiation received by the cryostat from sources external to the spacecraft (i.e. Sunlight, Earthlight) would cause net heat ows into the cryostat without the presence of the exterior shielding. This consisted of a sun-shield, multi-layer insulation (MLI) and vapour-cooled radiation shields which, in combination, eectively isolated the interior of the cryostat from heat inputs from sources external to the spacecraft. An important factor for the planning of ISOs scientic operations was the accurate knowledge of the amount of liquid helium remaining in the tank. The ability to make this Direct Liquid Content Measurements (DLCMs) under microgravity conditions was a novel development for ISO, which relied on the near-innite thermal conductivity of the superuid helium. A calibrated heat pulse was introduced into the tank, which increased the temperature of the helium by an amount directly proportional to the mass remaining. Three such measurements (see Section 5.7) were performed at various stages of the mission for estimating the mass ow rate of the boiled-o helium and determine with a better accuracy the lifetime expected for the satellite. Due to excellent engineering and a fortunate combination of circumstances at launch, the liquid helium supply lasted over 10 months longer than the specied 18 months. Three months came from a prudent safety margin in the engineering calculations of the rate of loss of helium. Two months were the result of favourable circumstances in the launch campaign at Kourou in French Guiana, when, during a technical check of the Ariane 44P launcher, ISOs engineers seized the chance to recharge the helium, and the quick launch that followed meant that the outer parts of the cryogenic system of the spacecraft had little time to warm up in Kourous tropical climate. Finally, the daily loss of helium turned out to be 17% less than expected, at the lower end of a range of possibilities considered by the engineers, giving another ve months of additional life. This extra lifetime not only led to many more observations but also made it possible to observe the Taurus/Orion region inaccessible in the nominal mission.

5.3
5.3.1

Optical Performance
ISO Point Spread Function

Early during the Commissioning Phase of the ISO mission, the ISO Point Spread Function (PSF) was measured in order to validate the performance of the telescope optics. The best way of measuring the ISO telescope PSF was to use ISOCAM in one of its congurations which minimised any instrumental eects. For this, calibration data were obtained with a bright point source located at the centre of the detector array, to avoid possible eld distortion eects. The micro-scanning mode was used with the minimum allowed raster step size of 2 arcsec in order to obtain the best sampling rate with respect to the limited pixel size of the detector arrays. To avoid the limited resolution of the ISOCAM pixels, a large PSF compared to the pixel size was needed. Thus, the conguration chosen was that of 1.5 arcsec pixel eld of view with the LW9 lter at 15 m. The LW9 lter has the longest reference wavelength of the ISOCAM lters and its bandwidth is smaller than that of LW3 (also centered at 15 m). Thus, this lter was expected to provide the largest and less blurred PSF. The obtained data were reduced using the CAM Interactive Analysis (CIA) software (see Salama et al. 2001, [140] for details on the data reduction) and compared with two independent models, the rst one based on the Fourier transform of the telescope aperture, and the second one on ray-tracing with Gaussian decomposition of the beam to simulate diraction (Okumura 2000, [131]). Figure 5.1 shows the reconstructed PSF measured with a sampling rate of 0.5 arcsec, determined by the pixel size and the micro-scan step size. A concentric hexagonal pattern can be seen, instead of circular

5.3. OPTICAL PERFORMANCE

75

Airy rings, due to the diraction pattern of the tripod. The tripod introduced a slight dierence between y-axis (horizontal in Figure 5.1) and z-axis (vertical) PSF proles. Figure 5.2 shows the data in graphical form, overlaid with the model based on the Fourier transform of the telescope aperture.

Figure 5.1: Image of the ISOCAM PSF in the conguration of the minimum instrumental eect.

The data show an asymmetry in the diagonal direction, easily visible in the brightness distribution of the rst ring of the PSF. This asymmetry is observed at all wavelengths and its amplitude is larger at short wavelengths but it is not clear whether it comes from the telescope or from the camera. Laboratory ISOCAM calibration data obtained in the telescope simulator before the satellite launch already showed a small amount of detectable asymmetry above the noise. This suggests that at least a part of the asymmetry may arise from the ISOCAM instrument itself and not from the telescope but it cannot be reproduced with any model parameters setting for the camera. Introducing a slight oset of the secondary mirror of the telescope (M2). also produces an asymmetry but it cannot reproduce the wavelength dependency of its amplitude over the whole range of ISOCAM. This result should be taken with some caution, as all the model parameter space may not have been explored. Another deviation was found between the model and the observed ISOCAM PSF width, especially at short wavelengths. The modelled PSFs are narrower than the observed ones, which result in a lower value of the ux measured using the PSF model t compared to that obtained from aperture photometry. However, the SWS instrument did not observe such a large deviation, which suggests that it arises from the ISOCAM instrument. Similarly to ISOCAM, the other ISO instruments were also used in-ight to determine their eective apertures, required for the calibration of extended sources, and their beam proles, required for the calibration of point sources observed o-axis. They all reported some asymmetries in their beam proles (see Salama et al. 2001, [140] and references therein). However, it was not possible to identify whether these are consequences of the telescope PSF or due to other instrument specic eects.

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CHAPTER 5. ISO IN-ORBIT PERFORMANCE

Figure 5.2: Plot of the observed ISOCAM PSF in the conguration of the minimum instrumental eect. The dashed line corresponds to the model based on the Fourier transform of the telescope aperture.

The LWS mean beam proles and eective apertures were determined for each LWS detector from a series of observations of Mars taken at dierent positions in the LWS eld (Lloyd 2001a, [116]; Lloyd 2001b, [117]). O-axis observations of Mars revealed narrower than expected proles as well as the presence of both strong fringes and spectrum fracturing, which produced an asymmetric beam prole. The fringing is known to be produced by the interference betwen the direct beam from the complex mirror M2 and the reection from its supporting substrate, but the origin of the spectrum fracturing observed is unknown. For SWS, raster observations of several bright point sources (HR 5340, Dra, NML Cyg, Car or HR 1457) were used to determine the instrumental beam proles, which were also found to be narrower than expected and far from at-topped (Beintema & Salama 2001, [10]). The asymmetries observed are likely produced by internal misalignments between the SWS detectors, especially in the cross-dispersion direction. Similar measurements were also made with ISOPHOT to derive the instrumental beam proles and eective solid angles. For PHT-P , dedicated raster observations of bright point sources were confronted with theoretical models of the expected beam proles revealing strong asymmetries towards the central axis (M ller 2000a, [122]; M ller 2000b, [123]) while for PHT-C, the fraction of the PSF that actually u u entered a given detector was determined as a function of the source position with respect to the centre of the detector arrays C100 and C200 (Laureijs 1999, [103]). Finally, the beam proles of the 128 pixels of PHT-S were measured with cross-scans along the spacecraft y- and z-axis of the bright star Dra. In the dispersion direction (z-axis) the beam prole was found to be fairly rectangular as expected, while in the cross-dispersion direction (y-axis) the prole was very sharp, with the peak generally deviating from the geometrical centre of the aperture (Herbstmeier et al. 2001, [80]). Other particular eects on individual instruments related to their optical performance, like the presence of ghosts or the eld distorsion in ISOCAM, or their response to observations made o-axis or on extended sources, are described in detail in the corresponding instrument specic volumes of the ISO Handbook

5.3. OPTICAL PERFORMANCE and will not be addressed here.

77

5.3.2

Straylight

In general, the optical performance of the telescope and bae system was excellent. In order to fulll the scientic objectives of ISO, stringent straylight requirements were imposed to the optical system. First, the parasitic light level in the focal plane should not exceed 10% of the minimum diuse astronomical background for the wavelength range from 2.5 to 240 m. Second, the thermal self-emission from the optical system should also be less than 10% of the minimum diuse background. Main straylight sources were expected to be the Sun, Earth, Moon, and extremely bright sources like Jupiter. Several experiments were performed in-orbit using ISOPHOT to verify both the near-eld straylight (within 1 radius) and the far-eld straylight suppresion. The near-eld straylight measurements were taken with PHT-S at 2.512 m, with PHT-P at 25 m, where the straylight contribution from Earth and Moon are largest, and with PHT-C at 170 m, the most sensitive band to detect straylight due to thermal self-emission (Lemke et al. 2001, [113]). With PHT-S, measurements performed at a distance of 60 from the bright source Dra (1600100 Jy) resulted only in a signal consistent with dark current. In the P 25 lter, double cross-scans over Mira (1500 Jy at 25 m) were performed out to radial distances of 30 . At these distances no additional contribution from the beam prole of the bright source on top of the relatively bright zodiacal light background could be detected. With the C 160 lter, the double cross-scans were performed around Saturn (32 000 Jy at 160 m). Crossing the source was avoided to prevent memory eects and saturation of the detector. The maximum radial distance was 45 . The radial fall-o of the signals was close to the pre-launch predictions. According to the theoretical models, most of the straylight comes from the tripod support of the secondary mirror, the secondary edge and the secondary mirror surface. An example of the straylight eects induced by very bright sources in PHT22 raster maps is shown in Figure 5.3. The far-eld straylight of the Sun and the Moon were searched for during solar eclipses (Klaas et al. 1998, [99]; Lemke et al. 2001, [113]). For the Sun straylight the telescope pointed at a xed sky position 60 away, i.e. at the minimum avoidance angle. For the expected drop and rise at the entry and exit of the eclipse phase, an upper limit of 9 mJy at 25 m and 19 mJy at 170 m was derived for a 180 aperture or the sum of the four C200 pixels, respectively. A sequence of 3 successive eclipses were used to assess the Moon straylight. ISO was pointed at three dierent xed positions of the sky located at distances of 62 , 49 and 28 with the intention of detecting relative dierences in the background levels. Again, the variation was below the detection limit and only upper limits of 100 mJy and 86 mJy were derived at 25 m and 170 m, respectively. Finally, the measurement of straylight contributions from the Earth was performed with the Earth positioned at 3 dierent directions relative to the oblique conical sunshade, keeping the limb at the minimum angle allowed from the ISO sky pointing. The observations were designed to detect dierences in the measured background level, depending on the Earth illumination into the sunshade. The upper limits derived in this case were of 101 mJy at 25 m and 526 mJy at 170 . Surprisingly, the 170 m serendipity survey contributed to our knowledge of instrumental straylight. A composition of all slews relative to Saturn produced after the mission revealed the presence of a very faint straylight ring emission at a distance of 0.7 to 1.0 with Saturn at its centre. The brightness of the ring is 1% of the central source and was tentatively assigned to grazing reections at the oversized secondary mirror cover (Lemke et al. 2001, [113]). In the case of SWS, o-axis responses were measured early in the PV phase on the bright source W Hya, out to a distance of 2 . Later in the mission, specic straylight checks were performed, prompted by scientic needs for a better characterisation of the inuence of straylight from Saturn on planetary satellites such as Titan and Europa. One measurement of straylight rejection was performed during observations of Titan on revolution 384.

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CHAPTER 5. ISO IN-ORBIT PERFORMANCE

Figure 5.3: Straylight observed in a PHT22 raster map taken in the vicinity of Saturn. The planet is located at a distance of 4.5 outside the displayed eld close to the lower corner of the image and exactly in the direction indicated by the stripe.

The spectral line due to C2 H2 at 13.7 m was measured on Saturn and at a position corresponding to a distance of 3 . This gave a rejection factor of 104 (Salama 1998, [139]). For LWS, spot checks of the ux entering the instrument at distances of 5 and 9 from a very strong source like Jupiter were also performed when the LWS was taking the o-source spectra corresponding to Ganymede and Callisto. The results obtained show that there is a good correlation in both cases between the ux measured as a function of the distance to Jupiter and the model of the ISO PSF by Okumura 2000, [131]. However, the measured uxes are systematically higher than what was expected from the optical model, which could be due either to the fact that Jupiter is not a point source or to the existence of signicant wings in the beam prole. Straylight eects from extended sources in ISOCAM were investigated through observations of zodiacal background regions with three CVF step positions corresponding to the wavelengths of 7.7, 11.4 and 15 m, and all possible pixel eld of views. The images obtained show some contamination by straylight which is found to be an important limitation in CVF images, where real physical structures with an average ux per pixel below 10% of the background are hard to detect. In addition, straylight measurements were also performed in the surroundings of the bright source NML Cyg in revolution 46. Dedicated raster scans around the source with 6 dierent orientations taken at a distance of 4.6 from the ISOCAM eld centre showed the presence of a faint straight line pattern and a diuse excess brightness in the direction of the source. However, the ux of NML Cyg is roughly 3000

5.4. POINTING PERFORMANCE

79

to 5000 Jy at the ISOCAM wavelengths while the brightest pixel of the straylight is about 105 to 106 times fainter. This corresponds very well with the predicted values in the pre-ight optical modelling (Okumura et al. 1998, [130]). In CAM parallel observations, images taken in the neighbourhood of very bright sources were also found to show bands of illuminated pixels pointing towards the direction where the bright source was located. The eect is again very small but it can be seen in some cases at distances of several arcmin (see Figure 5.4).

Figure 5.4: Straylight observed in a CAM parallel image (left panel) in the neighbourhood of the bright Mira variable HD 117287 (the bright star in the right panel). The distance to this source from the centre of the image is about 4 .

5.4
5.4.1

Pointing Performance
Pointing accuracy

The standard ISO observing mode was a 3-axis-stabilised pointing at a selected astronomical target, permitting observations for a period up to several hours. Pointing accuracy was dened according to three terms: 1. Relative Pointing Error (RPE): the angular separation between the instantaneous absolute orientation of the satellite xed axis at a given time and a reference axis dened over 30 s around that time. This is a measure of the jitter of the satellite and is expressed as 2, half-cone; 2. Absolute Pointing Drift (APD): the angular separation between the short time average (barycentre of the actual pointing during a given time interval) and a similar pointing at a later time; 3. Absolute Pointing Error (APE): the angular separation between the commanded direction and the actual direction, eectively blind pointing accuracy. It is dened to be: AP E = 2
2 2 y + z

(5.1)

Observers may also come across the rarely used term Average Measurement Accuracy (AMA), the angular separation between the actual and the measured orientation of the satellite xed axis dened instantaneously over a time interval. The requirements for the pointing accuracy in terms of these three denitions are given in Table 5.1, along with the accuracies achieved in-ight.

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Pointing and tracking were carried out by the use of one of the two Star-Trackers (STRs) mounted outside the cryostat (the other was not commissioned), the Quadrant Star Sensor (QSS), located on the optical axis of the telescope, and the gyros and reaction wheels controlling movement. One of the rst tasks accomplished during PV was the proper determination of the focal-plane geometry through a series of observations designed to measure the precise locations of the instrument apertures with respect to the QSS boresight. Any changes in alignment with respect to the nominal focal-plane geometry were expected to be caused by temperature changes of the STR baseplate. It was anticipated that the temperature would vary, and it had been planned to have an update of the pointing quaternion (see Appendix F) at the start of every revolution (on the assumption that the variation within a revolution would be small). At the beginning of the mission, while the satellite was still cooling down, the measured temperature was far from what was expected, and in the rst revolutions SCC netuned the STR parameters in order to bring any misalignments within the required value. Before this calibration work was completed in revolution 21 and the data incorporated into the spacecrafts pointing procedures, all pointings were subject to systematic errors in the aperture positions used. Anyone interested in using very early PV observations (few of which contain science data) should therefore do so with caution. In-ight tests of the satellite pointing during the PV Phase soon revealed a much better performance than that required, with the obtained values of RPE, APD and APE given in Table 5.1. The excellent stability of the ISO spacecraft was mainly due to lower than expected thermoelastic distortions between the STR and the optical axis of the telescope. In order to check this stability during the mission, any misalignment between the operational STR and the telescope boresight (and by inference the scientic instruments) was determined at the start of every revolution by placing a guide star in the centre of the eld of view of the QSS and determining its position in the STR. A specic calibration programme was designed and executed in revolution 137 to evaluate the ISO pointing performance, by which a number of point-like sources were observed with ISOCAM, since it was suspected that some systematic eects could still be present in the determination of the APE. This was combined with additional observations performed in revolution 264 with a more accurate star selection procedure, based on the Hipparcos star catalogue, and a better determination of the colour-colour relation between visual magnitude (as quoted in the Hipparcos catalogue) and the expected ux in the CAM LW9 lter. As a consequence of this calibration exercise, it was found that there was a clear correlation between pointing oset and position of the guide star in the STR eld of view, indicating that there was still room for additional improvements in the ISO pointing accuracy. As a consequence of the analysis performed, the following measures were taken: - Improved Sun ephemerides were introduced at the start of revolution 327. - The STR calibration was updated at the end of revolution 368. - After revolution 452 the Sun ephemerides were recalculated four times per revolution, instead of once per revolution. These times were: rst, during the activation (ACAL) window; second, about halfway between rst OBS OPEN and rst OBS CLOSE; third, just before ground-station handover (rst OBS CLOSE minus 3 minutes); and fourth, halfway between the second OBS OPEN and the last OBS CLOSE (see Figure 4.4). This brought the APE below 2 . A further renement took place later during Post-Operations when the guide star proper motions and dierential aberration eects were taken into account, together with a renement of the ISO Guide Star coordinates via the Hipparcos output catalogue (see Section 5.4.3). In this way, the APE was reduced to 1.4 in the legacy version of the ISO Data Archive, almost ten times better than specied (cf. specication of <11.7 ) and the short term jitter was less than 0.5 , about ve times better than the specication of 2.7 (2, half-cone, over a 30 s period of time).

5.4. POINTING PERFORMANCE Table 5.1: Pointing performance. Type of pointing error Required [ ] Jitter (RPE) Drift per hour (APD) Absolute Pointing Error (APE) < 2.7 < 2.8 <11.7 After PV [ ] 0.5 < 0.1 2.5 After rev. 368 [ ] 0.5 < 0.1 1.4 After rev. 452 [ ] 0.5 < 0.1 < 2.0

81

Notes: 1. The values are 2 for the radius of the cone, i.e. the angular separation between the actual and the commanded pointing direction is within these limits 95 % of the time. 2. This pointing performance assumes one calibration per revolution. 3. The accuracies quoted here are from two experiments only and should only be taken as an indication of errors on other revolutions.

The excellence of the pointing performance was especially welcome for the use of small-aperture instruments such as the smaller PHT-P apertures and the SWS. For example, an Absolute Pointing Error of 4 would have both limited the photometric calibration accuracy of SWS to about 30% and also compromised its wavelength calibration via an eective shift of one grating scanner step. A detailed description of the improvements made to the ISO pointing during the Operational Phase and a quantitative assessment of the ISO pointing accuracy reached at the end of the mission can be found in Salama et al. 2001, [140], and Pollock 2001, [137].

5.4.2

Tracking of solar system objects

Observations of Solar System Objects (SSO) were implemented as tracked observations using one or more one-dimensional raster observations, although this technique was subject to some limitations of particular relevance to long SSO observations, in which an often complicated trajectory was approximated by a series of straight-line raster operations. As the spacecraft pointing was stable at each raster position, data from observations using small apertures (e.g. SWS) were often still sensitive to the variable position of the object within the aperture, correlated with changes in both the raster points as documented in the Instrument Reference Pointing History (IRPH) le and the instantaneous pointing position reported in the Instrument Instantaneous Pointing History (IIPH) le. From revolution 290 onwards an improved SSO tracking algorithm was used, resulting in smoother SSO tracking. Before then, the spacecraft pointed at the expected position of the SSO and waited until it was 2 away before moving to the next pointing. Therefore, the object tended to have an average oset of 1 along its path, from the spacecrafts pointing. From revolution 290 the spacecraft was pointed 1 ahead of the SSO and not moved until it got 1 behind, bringing the average mispointing down to zero and the maximum oset down from 2 to just 1 .

5.4.3

Guide stars and eects on pointing

The properties of the guide stars used as reference for pointing had also an important eect on the pointing accuracy. A list of guide stars was prepared before the mission based on a pre-release of the Hipparcos catalogue and used for pointing purposes. Guide stars were removed during the mission from the list if the observations

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performed using them showed pointing problems. The apparent visual magnitude limits for the guide stars were between 2 and 8. These limits were set according to the STR sensitivity. For normal observations this meant that there were always at least one, and at most ve, guide stars in the eld of view (3 4 ) of the CCD detector inside the operational STR. The accuracy in the determination of the position of guide stars in the STR eld of view was in some cases disturbed by the presence of other stars in their vicinity. If a guide star was detected on the same column of the CCD as a bright star, problems could occur due to CCD blooming. Thus, guide stars were avoided if they were predicted to fall near one. There were also small dierences between the Hipparcos coordinates initially used (based on a preliminary version of this catalogue), which were referred to the J1991.25 epoch, and the ISO catalogue coordinates, referred to J1997.00. This resulted in slight dierences in proper motions and parallaxes. To avoid this problem, the ISO guide star catalogue was cleaned and stars with proper motions larger than 0.5 /yr in the Hipparcos catalogue were removed. In addition, the ISO guide star catalogue was updated every three months with positions of individual stars corrected for proper motion, calculated with respect to the mid of every period. The residual eects left were very small ( 0.4 ) but still signicant in some cases, fortunately only aecting a few nearby guide stars. Further pointing inaccuracies were introduced when the guide star was far from the centre of the eld of view of the CCD (dierential aberration) and when the guide star magnitude was near the lower sensitivity limit. While aberration was thought to be corrected for ISO observations by the fact that guide stars are always close (< 2.5 ) to the observed target, the dierential aberration eect can cause pointing errors up to 0.9 if the guide star is away from the instrument optical axis (if ISOs velocity is considered as well, this can become even larger). The nal ISO pointing model used in the legacy pipeline considers the eects of dierential aberration, proper motion and parallax of the guide stars used and it also makes use of the latest version available of the Hipparcos catalogue. This way the accuracy of the ISO pointing was improved at the end of the mission to the arcsecond level (see Section 5.4.1).

5.5

Satellite Timing

ISO contained several on-board clocks: one for each instrument and one for the satellite itself. Several time keys derived from these on-board clocks, and also from ground-based clocks, are present in the ISO data (ISO Architectural Design Document, [85]). The most prominent ones are the UTC (Universal Time(Coordinated)), the UTK (Uniform Time Key) and the ITK (Instrument Time Key). Also in widespread use is the Ground Station Time (GST), the time when data were received. Note that the abbreviations UTC and GST are often used interchangeably and that GST does NOT refer to Greenwich Sidereal Time. The GST is contained in each record of the Telemetry Data Format (TDF) archive; it is the time of reception of the start of the format by a ground station. This time is expressed in the Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) scale as two I*4 integers; the rst holding the whole number of seconds since midnight at the beginning of 1989; the second holding the remainder in units of 107 seconds. In some other data structures, the UTC is expressed in other ways, namely yydddhhmmss and the Modied Julian Date oset in days from 2000.0. These are all exactly equivalent in physical meaning within the given precision; in particular all of them stand still during a leap second. The spacecraft on-board time is contained in frame zero of each TDF format. It is read from the same oscillator that drives the telemetry encoding, and therefore increments by a xed amount per TDF format. Experience with other missions has shown that although ideally the spacecraft clock is a very convenient

5.5. SATELLITE TIMING

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quantity for a time scale and easy for software to manipulate, it may be subject to discontinuous jumps or resets, and therefore it cannot be used where it is necessary to label data with a unique time, or where a uniformly increasing time is required. The on-board time is thus not used within the O-Line Processing (OLP) software. As an alternative that does not suer such disadvantages, an articial on-board time called the uniform time key, or UTK, is derived from the GST. It is the UTK that is used to index all products derived from spacecraft telemetry as distinct from instrument telemetry. The uniform time key (UTK) is dened as follows: - a normal signed I*4 quantity, - increasing at a rate of 24 Hz, - divisible by 48 on a format boundary, - initialised to zero at a time close to ISO launch, - having a constant linear relation to the real spacecraft time, as long as the latter increments nominally, - guaranteed to increase with time, even across a jump of the real spacecraft clock or in the absence of telemetry frame 0. A continuously increasing time scale is also necessary for labelling instrument telemetry records. While each of the four instruments had its own way to synchronise data with spacecraft telemetry, these have been unied by dening for each an Instrument Time Key (ITK) as follows: - a normal signed I*4 quantity, - valid at least over one Target Dedicated Time (TDT), the time spent in one observation of a target, - set to an arbitrary initial value to ensure that the key does not overow, - having a constant linear relation during the TDT to the UTK dened above. The four ITKs have been dened as follows: - The CAM ITK is derived from CAMs internal time word in telemetry and the UTK and is expressed in CAM Time Units. This unit is subject to empirical measurement; the value for products before OLP v7.0 was 0.14000498 seconds, after which it was changed to 0.13999950 seconds. The CAM ITK is unique over the whole mission. - The LWS ITK is in units of 214 seconds (approximately 6 105 seconds) and is calculated as a scaled dierence of two UTK times. The LWS ITK is unique over a revolution (ISO orbit). - The PHT ITK is in units of 214 seconds and is calculated by combining the UTK and the times contained in PHT oating blocks. The PHT ITK is unique over a revolution. - The SWS ITK is the UTK and is thus in units of 1/24 seconds. The SWS ITK is unique over the whole mission. For CAM and SWS it is thus possible to label data records with a time key that is unique for the whole mission; for LWS and PHT, the time key should be used in combination with the TDT number. The relationships between (i) UTC and UTK, and (ii) UTK and ITK are both established for every observation at the beginning of data processing and recorded in the Compact Status le. DERIVE ERD,

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which reformats an observations raw data into Edited Raw Data (ERD), makes the appropriate clock calibrations easily available in FITS header keywords and labels all ERD records with an instrument time key. Attention is drawn to possible irregularities in the relations between UTC and UTK and ITK over one observation. The UTC-UTK relationship may not be entirely stable or constant, for one or more of the following reasons: 1) During pre-launch ground tests the UTC, which is the TDF format arrival time, was very occasionally not exactly 2 seconds after the preceding format. We are not aware that this ever occurred during operations but users should be aware of the possibility. 2) There is a slow systematic change in the UTC due to orbital motion, related to the changing distance between the earth and the spacecraft. 3) The UTC is real-world time and thus includes any so-called leap seconds that were added by decree to the last second of a day at the end of June 30 or December 31, in much the same way that leap-years have an extra day. No attempt has been made to deal with such 1-second clock jumps. Therefore, the following should be borne in mind: - the TREFxxxx keywords in main science ERD product FITS headers refer only to a single reference time in the observation and cannot be extrapolated to other points in the observation with high precision. - the UTC should not be used in place of the UTK or ITK for any ISO data analysis purposes. - the UTC may be used roughly to correlate ISO data with external events, taking account of the heliocentric correction available in the TREFHELx keywords if necessary. - the UTC can be derived from the UTK only to a precision that reaches 2 seconds in the worst case. Users should also be aware that a small fraction of data was lost due to regular if infrequent small gaps in the telemetry stream, although most observations escaped such losses.

5.6

Detector Performance

In the following we will address only some general aspects related to the in-orbit performance of the ISO detectors. More details are given in the corresponding instrument specic volumes (II to V) of the ISO Handbook.

5.6.1
5.6.1.1

Radiation eects
Space radiation environment

The performance of infrared detectors in space can be seriously aected by the ionising radiation environment. Charged particles can induce spikes (also known as detector glitches), higher dark current and detector noise as well as an increase level of responsivity. The space radiation enviroment in which ISO was operated had four main constituents: geomagnetically trapped protons and electrons, solar protons and galactic cosmic rays (Nieminen 2001, [129]), each with a variable contribution depending both on the time of the mission and on the orbit phase. The highly elliptic ISO orbit took the spacecraft deep into the Earths radiation belts in its perigee (1000 km) and to the interplanetary space in its apogee (72 000 km). To minimise the eect of

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charged particles impacting the ISO detectors at low altitudes, when the spacecraft crossed through the inner Van Allen belt (mainly composed of high-energy protons), the on-board instruments were switched o (see Section 4.2.2). At higher altitudes, during the ISO science window, the spacecraft detectors were mainly aected by galactic cosmic rays, but also by a signicant number of interplanetary and outer belt electrons. Additional eects can be produced by electron bremsstrahlung in the outer structures of the spacecraft and in the instrument shields, which may in turn give rise to secondary electrons which can also hit the detectors. Actually, some of the ISO instrument teams reported a clear correlation between detector glitches and energetic electron uxes as observed by the GOES-9 satellite (Heras et al. 2001, [78]) especially at the edges of the science window, i.e. at ISO altitudes comparable to that of GOES-9. Typical electron integral uxes as a function of ISO orbital time are shown in Figure 5.5 for two energy cut-os.

Figure 5.5: Trapped electron uxes as a function of ISO orbital time for two energy channels (>100 keV and >4 MeV).

On the other hand, since the ISO mission was carried out nominally during the solar minimum period, the solar energetic particle contribution was not signicant, except for two moderate solar proton events that took place towards the end of the mission: the rst, a double-event in November 1997 (revolutions 720722) during wich the proton ux for E< 10 MeV and E< 100 MeV increased by almost three orders of magnitude and almost one order of magnitude respectively with respect to its average value (see Figure 5.6); and the second, shorter one in April 1998, already during the so-called Technology Test Phase after helium boil-o1 . The rst event was clearly registered by all four ISO instruments (a detailed description of the eects produced on the detectors is given in Heras 2001, [77]), while the second one had measurable eects on the ISO Star Tracker, as an increased false count rate. Neither of these events contributed signicantly to the overall degradation of the satellite in comparison with the long term eect of the constant radiation belt traversals. During the science observation window the main source of radiation are galactic cosmic rays. They originate outside the solar system, and mainly consist of protons (85%), -particles (14%), and a smaller component of heavier ions. The major part of these particles cannot be stopped by the spacecraft shielding
1 A third, softer geomagnetic disturbance occured in April 1996 (revolution 152) which is also visible in Figure 5.6 only at low energies (upper panel)

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Figure 5.6: Daily proton uence measured by the GOES-9 satellite (Space Environment Center, NOAA) during the ISO mission. since its dierential spectrum peaks roughly between 500 MeV and a few Gev, and are therefore highly penetrating. Due to the high energies involved there is very little that can be done to exclude these eects, and increasing the shielding thickness may in fact be worse since more secondary particles (neutrons, protons, spallation products) can be generated, thus potentially adding to the problem (Nieminen 2001, [129]). The ux of cosmic rays is anticorrelated with the solar activity. This is because during the solar maximum period the expanding heliospheric magnetic eld scatters more eectively the arriving charged particles. Apart from the slow variation over the solar cycle (not more than a factor of two in the integral proton uxes) this radiation environment component is very stable. 5.6.1.2 Glitches in ISO detectors

The main eect produced in the detectors by the space radiation environment is the production of signal spikes or glitches caused by particle hits in the detectors. They can have negative or positive polarity and any amplitude between telemetry resolution and saturation. The detector background resulting from the steady cosmic ray bombardment in the science windows, as well as by the energetic electron uxes in the Earths radiation belt and/or from their secondaries form the bulk of the glitches analysed by the four instrument teams. Upon impinging on the spacecraft, the incident particles can undergo various processes that lead to a modication of the radiation environment as seen at the instrument level. The highly energetic galactic cosmic rays and solar event protons that reach the detectors even after thick shielding leave a trace of ionisation along their track. This can be clearly observed as lines and spots in the detector pixel image, such as in the case of ISOCAM (see Figure 5.7, analysis done by Sauvage 1997, [143]). Numerous secondary particles such as -rays and neutrons can also be generated, leading to shower-type particle cascades.

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Figure 5.7: Sets of ISOCAM images taken during solar quiet period (upper panel) and during the solar proton event of 410 November 1997 (lower panel).

With the minimum shielding of 9 mm Aluminum equivalent, electrons in the outer radiation belt need energies of at least 4 MeV to reach any of the ISO detectors. However, in slowing down in the shielding,

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the electrons generate bremsstrahlung photons that can be more penetrating that the incident electrons themselves. These electrons and photons may then be observed as an increase in the low-energy part of the glitch spectrum. The average energy deposited by a secondary electron, emitted on absorption of a bremsstrahlung photon is 0.10.2 MeV in Si and 0.1 MeV in Ge. Table 5.2 displays the glitch rates per unit area for the dierent ISO detectors as measured in-orbit. The results show that when comparing values for the same detector material, the observed glitch rates agree within a factor of 23. Table 5.2: Comparison of observed glitch rates and minimum deposited energy in the ISO detectors. Detector type/ Instrument Si:Ga CAM PHT-P1 PHT-S SWS Ge:Be LWS SWS SWS-FP Ge:Ga PHT-P3 PHT-C100 LWS PHT-C200 (stressed) LWS (stressed) Glitch rate [cm2 s1 ] 14.9 6.5 5.8 10.0 6.3 17.8 10.1 10.1 12.5 7.0 7.3 6.7 Minimum deposited energy [keV] 1 1 1 1.9 0.95 0.95 1 1 1.2 1 1.3

The same analysis can be made for the observed glitch height (deposited energy) distributions. Again, the results obtained are consistent for detectors made of the same material (Heras 2001, [77]). Considering the diversity of instrument designs, instrumental data and software used, the dierences found can be attributed to: i) instrument shielding; ii) cross-talk between detectors, iii) the eciency in the detection of small glitches, which is particularly important because they are the most numerous; iv) the uncertainty in the values of the photoconductive gain (especially for LWS), which aects the conversion from voltage jumps to energy deposited in the detectors; and v) the number of undetected glitches due to saturation. Glitch rates per unit area and glitch height (energy deposited) distributions can also be predicted for the dierent ISO instruments and detectors with the help of Monte-Carlo simulations based on ray-tracing techniques or with full simulations of the physical processes ocurring along the track of the incident particles and their secondary particles, taking into account also the local shielding (this second approach was only needed for LWS since for the other three instruments the ray-tracing method provided a fair agreement with in-ight data). A detailed description of the results obtained from these simulations can be found in Heras 2001, [77] and references therein. The comparison of the observed energy deposited distributions with the results of ray-tracing simulations which model primary cosmic ray-induced glitches only shows a good agreement at high energies, but the peak of the observed distributions at the lowest deposited energies are not reproduced, especially in the Ge:Be detectors. In addition, the observed glitch rates are between 1.5 and 4 times higher than the predicted values. These facts, together with the correlation found between glitch rates and the electron

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ux measured by the GOES-9 spacecraft, lead to the conclusion that between 30 and 75% of the observed glitches are caused by -rays and other secondary particles produced by cosmic rays and the environment protons and electrons in the detectors and in the instrument and satellite shields (Heras et al. 2001, [78]). Glitches were detected and removed from ISO data following deglitching algorithms implemented in the ISO O-Line Processing pipeline. In some cases more sophisticated deglitching methods have been provided in the Interactive Analysis software packages. They are described in detail in Heras 2001, [77] and references therein, or in the instrument specic volumes (II to V) of this Handbook and, thus, will not be discussed here. 5.6.1.3 Other radiation induced eects on the detectors

Although radiation eects are mainly recognised by the presence of glitches in the science data, in some cases they are also associated with temporal changes in detector responsivity, dark current levels and noise. SWS: The space radiation environment aected the long term behaviour of band 3 Si:As SWS detectors, causing their dark current levels, and in some cases, their dark current noise, to increase during the mission. The other SWS detector bands were stable and did not show long term trends. Some of the worse band 3 detectors cured spontaneously (e.g. detectors 34 and 36), that is, their dark currents and noise decreased suddenly to launch levels without apparent reason. Laboratory tests in which Si:As detectors were irradiated with 100 MeV protons during long periods reproduced successfully the in-orbit behaviour. Although no curing procedure could be found, it was decided to operate the detector at a lower bias than initially planned, which reduced the damaging radiation eects and kept the dark currents and noise at acceptable levels during the mission (Heras et al. 2001, [78]). LWS: A similar behaviour was observed in LWS detectors. Sudden voltage jumps produced by impacts aecting a given integration ramp were followed by a change in the detector responsivity in the following ramps. In addition to these positive glitches, negative ones have also been found. These caused a sudden decrease in the ramp voltage, and are thought to be produced by hits on the FET. Negative glitches did not appear to aect the detector responsivity (Swinyard et al. 2000, [156]). The overall responsivity of the detectors increased with particle hits during the orbit. To re-normalise the responsivity, the bias current was increased beyond the breakdown voltage for each detector twice in every orbit: a rst bias boost on exit from the Van Allen belts; and a second one half way through the 24 hour orbit. Dark currents were not aected by the cosmic rays and remained constant during an orbit. The change in responsivity between bias boosts was monitored by the use of the infrared illuminators. This way it was possible to correct for the overall drift in responsivity with time during an orbit in the processing pipeline. CAM: In ISOCAM, responsivity variations were also detected after perigee passage due to the very high radiation dose coming from trapped particles in the Van Allen belts. In extensive radiation tests performed before launch it was already found that -ray sources, protons and heavy ions impacting the detectors induced a responsivity increase which relaxed in a few hours. The eect was minimised if the photo-conductor was polarised and exposed to a high infrared ux. In-orbit, during the perigee passage, since the instrument was switched-o, a specic power supply kept a bias voltage on the photo-conductors, and the camera was left open to light. The responsivity variation often remained below 5% in the science window. Appart from common glitches, other types of glitches were detected in ISOCAM data and classied as: faders, where the pixel value decreases slowly until a stabilised value is reached (Figure 5.8); and dippers, where the pixel value decreases rst below the stabilised value, and then increases slowly until the stabilised value is reached (see Figure 5.9). While common glitches are interpreted as induced by both trapped and galactic protons and electrons, faders would be induced by energetic protons, electrons and light galactic ions, and dippers would be induced by heavy galactic ions (Claret et al. 2000, [25]). The eect of glitches are not so dramatic for SW detectors as for LW detectors. This is because the active zone of the pixel is very thin, < 10 m, so that its volume is very small. Due to the very low energy

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needed to create a free carrier pair, the charge generation is equivalent for both SW and LW detectors, but the pixel geometry of the SW array ensures that most of the particles cross only one pixel. After a hit the responsivity of the pixel decays slowly to its previous value. The decay time is the same as for transients due to IR ux changes (see Section 5.6.2). The lower the illumination of the array, the longer the decay time.

Figure 5.8: Temporal ux history of a pixel of the LW detector array which was hit by a fader glitch, showing a long tail. The ux in ADU is plotted against time given by the exposure index. The large structure corresponds to a source detection.

Figure 5.9: Temporal ux history of a pixel of the LW detector array which was hit by a dipper glitch with a negative tail. The ux in ADU is plotted against time given by the exposure index. Note the gain variation of about 5 ADUs which appears after the second glitch.

PHT: The continuous hits of high energy particles during the ISO orbit also increased the responsivity of PHT detectors at short term and long term scales. At short term scales the disturbance of an integration ramp after a hit was usually followed by a tail-like signal excess lasting a few integration ramps, which is interpreted as a momentary response variation. At long term scales, already during the pre-ight calibration tests it was found that the responsivity of the detectors increased after exposing them to high energy radiation. The same behaviour was found in-orbit, aecting mostly the responsivity of the Gebased, low bias voltage far-infrared detectors (P3, C100 and C200), whereas the Si-based, high bias voltage

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detectors P1, P2 and PHT-SS showed only small changes in their responsivity. An exception was the PHT-SL array which showed a similar, but less pronounced behaviour as the FIR detectors. This change of responsivity was also found to be correlated in-orbit with the geomagnetic activity and the electron uxes, increasing systematically (by 2050%) one or two days after the onset of a geomagnetic storm. P3 and C100 showed the largest changes, followed by C200 (Casta eda & Klaas 2000, [14]). Due to the n high radiation doses during perigee passage the responsivities and noise levels of the ISOPHOT detectors were strongly increased before the beginning of every new science window. Therefore, appropriate curing procedures were designed for the dierent detectors to restore the nominal responsivities. The procedures were applied after the switch-on of the instrument, before the beginning of the science window. For the doped germanium detectors (P3, C100 and C200) they consisted of a combination of bright IR-ashes using one of the FCSs and a bias boost (absolute increase of the bias voltage). For the doped silicon detectors (PHT-SS, PHT-SL, P1 and P2) curing was achieved by exposing the detector to a higher temperature at a reduced bias voltage for a dened period of time. In addition, P1 underwent an infrared ash curing. The doped germanium detectors were much more susceptible to drifts caused by accumulating eects of the high energy radiation impacts. In order to keep their responsivities within the nominal range a second curing procedure was applied around apogee passage in the handover window, when the satellite control was switched from VILSPA (Madrid) to Goldstone (California). Trend analysis performed immediately after the curing procedure showed that the nominal responsivities were re-established with 2% accuracy for all detectors, if the space environment conditions were stable. On the other hand, low energy glitches also aected the measurements by increasing the dark current level and the detector noise. The consequence was an increase of the minimum measurable signal, or equivalently, a decrease of the sensitivity limit. All these eects are associated with the generation of electron-hole pairs in the bulk of the detectors during the irradiation, and with the capture of the minority carriers by the compensating impurities.

5.6.2

Detector transients

The operation of infrared detectors in space is strongly complicated by memory eects. These detectors are usually doped silicon and germanium bulks with implanted low ohmic contacts used as extrinsic photoconductors and are characterised by a transient response after ux changes. A large number of such detectors were used on board ISO (see Table 5.3). From this point of view, the ISO satellite was a very interesting laboratory since several technologies and detector materials (Ge:Be, Ge:Ga, In:Sb, CID In:Sb, Si:As, Si:Ga, Si:B) were used to cover a wide spectral range from 2.5 to 240 m. Some of these detectors exhibit long time constants and it was usually not possible to wait for current stabilisation when they were exposed in space to sources of infrared emission, making the determination of the input uxes a very dicult task. Without any correction, the errors induced by the transient eects can be as large as 50% in some cases. However, in some of the ISO detectors and under certain circumstances, the response after a ux change was highly reproducible, which gives sense to look for models and to correct the data for these transient eects. Before launch, ground-based tests were extensively performed (CAM - Prault et al. 1994, [136]; PHT e Groezinger et al. 1992, [65]; Schubert et al. 1994, [146]; Schubert 1995, [145]; SWS - Wensink et al. 1992, [164]). Unfortunately, as a result of these ground-based tests it was not possible to develope and accurate model for transients in SWS and CAM. Only for PHT-S a promising non-linear model was proposed (Fouks & Schubert 1995, [54]), that was later corrected to introduce the eect of temperature variations. During the ISO mission, several linear and non-linear models were suggested for the various ISO instruments and observing modes. It became evident that the models should be non-linear and non-symmetrical and take into account the illumination history of the detector. Analytical models were developed for infrared detectors by Vinokurov & Fouks 1991, [162], from the nonlinear equations describing such detectors (Vinokurov & Fouks 1991, [162]; Haegel et al. 1999, [71]). One of these models, the so-called Fouks-Schubert model (Fouks & Schubert 1995, [54]), was the one used for

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Table 5.3: List of the IR detectors on board ISO with indications of type, operating wavelengths (peak or range) and detector topology (individual pixel, linear or matrix array). Detector Name CAM PHT SW LW SS & SL P1 P2 P3 C 100 C 200 band 1 band 2 band 3 band 4 FP band 5 FP band 6 SW1 SW2-SW5, LW1 LW2-LW5 Type CID In:Sb Si:Ga Si:Ga Si:Ga Si:B Ge:Ga Ge:Ga Ge:Ga (stressed) In:Sb Si:Ga Si:As Ge:Be Si:Sb Ge:Be Ge:Be Ge:Ga Ge:Ga (stressed) Wavelength (m) 2.5 5.5 4.0 18.0 15, (peak) 15, (peak) 25, (peak) 100, (peak) 100, (peak) 180, (peak) 2.38 4.08 4.08 12.0 12.0 29.0 29.0 45.2 11.4 26. 26.0 44.5 43 51 50 to 121 (10) 108 to 197 (20) Pixels 32 32 32 32 641 1 1 1 33 22 1 12 1 12 1 12 1 12 12 12 1 detector 5 detectors 4 detectors

SWS

LWS

describing transients in PHT-S detectors during the ground-based tests, as we have already mentioned. This is a simplied analytical model which is able to reproduce the behaviour of Si:Ga detectors which high accuracy. The Fouks-Schubert model and the basic equations involved are described in Coulais et al. 2000, [36], and references therein. The Fouks-Schubert formula, which describes the detector behaviour when starting end from an unstabilised current Jn1 at the end of block n 1 is:
Jn (t) = Jn + end (1 ) Jn Jn1 Jn1 end + (1 ) Jn Jn1 Jn1

end Jn1 Jn1

exp (Jn t/)

(5.2)

where the time t is measured from an arbitrary instant after the ux change at time t = 0, is the end instantaneous jump and is a constant. The unstabilised current Jn1 before the ux change reects the end history of the detector (stabilisation in block n 1 is achieved when Jn1 = Jn1 ); Jn is the steady-state current under the constant incoming ux during block n. This simple non-linear analytical formula (Equation 5.2), which takes into account the memory eects, describe the processes in the detector bulk, with the use of Fouks boundary condition (Fouks 1981a, [50]; 1981b, [51]) that describes the properties of the detector contacts. This boundary condition has the form: p (0, t) = p (0, 0) exp E (0, t) Ej (5.3)

where p (z, t) is the hole concentration at the plane z measured from the injecting contact placed at the plane z = 0, the time t is measured from an arbitrary instant, as in Equation 5.2, E (0, t) is the change of the near-contact eld with time (E(0, t) = E(0, t) E(0, 0)), and Ej is the injection ability of the

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contact. Equation 5.3 allows to describe the contact properties with a high precision (Fouks & Schubert 1995, [54]) and, in addition, to take into consideration additional technological and engineering eects inherent to real detectors (Fouks 1997, [52]). The use of Equation 5.3, instead of a detailed consideration of the processes which occur inside the near-contact space-charge region, strongly simplies the description of transient currents. Nevertheless, in general the problem remains rather complex even after this simplication. However, in the case where Ej is much less than the steady-state eld in the detector bulk E0 = V0 /l (where V0 is the steadystate voltage applied to the detector, l is the inter-contact distance), this description can be additionally strongly simplied, and Equation 5.2 serves as a very exact description for transient currents (Vinokurov & Fouks 1991, [162]). The parameter Ej quanties the quality of the contacts and depends on the atness of the donor prole in the near-contact region and is linked to the time constant of the current relaxation. The higher the contact quality, the less is Ej , and the shorter the time constant. In real detectors at liquid helium temperatures Ej is of the order of 102 103 V/m. For Si:Ga detectors E0 is considerably high, typically 105 106 V/m, which provides a very high accuracy to Equation 5.2. In Ge:Ga detectors E0 , however, E0 is of the order of Ej , thus making this formula not so exact. The other important point lies in the fact that Equation 5.2 is applicable only when the illumination is uniform on the pixel surface. In this case, high photoelectric non-stationary cross-talking between adjacent pixels, that are inherent to such detectors (Fouks & Schubert 1995, [54]), compensate each other, which makes the electric eld uniform along the planes z and the used one-dimensional equations true. Under non-uniform illumination the set of one-dimensional equations cannot be used, and Equation 5.2 looses its accuracy (Vinokurov & Fouks 1988, [161]; Vinokurov et al. 1992, [163]). 5.6.2.1 Si:Ga detectors

Several Si:Ga detectors were on board ISO (see Table 5.3): the LW 3232 matrix array of ISOCAM; the band 2 (a 112 linear array) of SWS; and the PHT-SS, PHT-SL and P1 detectors of ISOPHOT. The LW detectors of ISOCAM present strong transient eects. The worst situations occurred in two cases: 1. illuminating the array after having the detectors in the dark (dark position of the entrance wheel); 2. after a saturating ux. The rst problem could be reduced for the LW array by keeping always light on the array (e.g. with the so-called CAM parallel mode, see Section 3.6 of the ISO Handbook Volume II on ISOCAM, [11]) and sorting the observations by decreasing uxes. In addition, dark calibrations were always placed at the end of the observations or in those revolutions without ISOCAM science activity in prime mode. The transient behaviour of the LW channel has two main components (see Figure 5.10): a short term one which consists of an initial jump typically of about 4060% of total signal step, followed by a long term drift with small amplitude oscillations (typically 5-10% of the ux) and can last hours (Abergel et al. 2000, [1]; Coulais & Abergel 2000, [35]). Upward and downward steps are not symmetrical (downward steps are hyperbolic-like) and the short term response at a given time strongly depends on the past of the observation and also on the spatial structure of the input sky (e.g. uniform emission or point sources). Under quasi-uniform illumination the short term transient response of individual LW pixels can be described by the Fouks-Schubert model with an accuracy around 1% per readout for all pixels except near the edges. (Coulais & Abergel 2000, [35]). This model is fully characterised by the two parameters (, ) above mentioned, which are determined for each pixel in the array. No signicant changes of these parameters were observed during the whole in-orbit ISO life per pixel, so that only one 3232 map for each parameter was used when this correction was applied in the data reduction pipeline. In addition, the dispersion found in the values derived from pixel to pixel indicates that:

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Figure 5.10: An example of the transient behaviour of LW-CAM detectors. This is an observation which starts just after the switch-on of the instrument at the begin of a revolution. We clearly see the two components of the transient response: the short term transient from time 0 s to 50 s, which is the transient response described by the Fouks-Schubert model and, from 100 s to the end, the response change due to the long term drift.

1. the bulk quality of the matrix array was rather good and uniform, but 2. the quality of contacts was not uniform and far from theoretical limits. In the LW array, the pixels are dened only by the electrical eld applied between the upper electrode and the bottom 3232 contacts. As a consequence of the electrical design of the matrix array, the adjacent pixels are always aected by cross-talk eects (Vigroux et al. 1993, [160]). Under uniform illumination these cross-talks compensate each other and can be ignored but this is not the case when the input sky contains strong uctuations with typical angular scale around the pixel size (e.g. point sources with gradient between pixels typically higher than 20 ADU/s). Thus, the one-dimensional Fouks-Schubert model fails for such point sources, and three-dimensional models are required. The LW-CAM data contained in the ISO Data Archive are corrected for transients using the standard one-dimensional Fouks-Schubert model above described. This means that the results obtained in elds with bright point sources or very steep gradients after applying this correction are not so accurate, although this is still within the few percent level. Recently, a new simplied three-dimensional model for point source transients has been developed by Fouks & Coulais 2002, [53]. This model uses the same (, ) parameters which were used for the uniform illumination case and is able to qualitatively reproduce real point source transients. The model predicts e.g. that, starting from the same initial level, the stronger the source the faster the transient response and the higher the initial overshoot, as it is observed in real data, and it works better for congurations in which the PSF is narrow. A more complicated three-dimensional model, able to account for quantitative eects taking into account the true geometrical and electrical specities of LW detectors, is still under development With respect to the remaining eects above mentioned (long term drift, small amplitude oscillations,..) no physical models exist yet to describe the detector behaviour and only empirical dedicated processing methods have been developed so far. Two approaches exist for the extraction of reliable information from

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raster observations aected by long term drifts. For the case of faint point sources, as in cosmological surveys, source extraction methods are discussed in Starck et al. 1999, [152] and Dsert et al. 1999, [45]. e For raster maps with low contrast large-scale structure (as in the case of diuse interstellar clouds) a long term drift correction method is available in CIA. This method was developed by Miville-Deschnes et al. e 1999, [121] and is based on the use of the spatial redundancy in raster observations to estimate and to correct for the long term drift (see Figure 5.11).

Figure 5.11: When the contrast of the observed object is very low, and when the observations suer from long term transient eects, it is important to use a correction method based on the spatial redundancy in raster observations. In the present case, the structure of a low contrast diuse interstellar cloud is recovered (see Miville-Deschnes et al. 1999, [121] for more details). e

For ISOPHOT Si:Ga detectors (P1, PHT-SS and PHT-SL detectors), and although a good agreement was achieved between transients and Fouks models during ground-based tests, the application of these models to real in-ight data was unsuccessful. Several facts can explain the change in the behaviour of the detectors: - the eect of high energetic particles hitting the detectors generated electron-hole pairs resulting in visible glitches and in accumulation of invisible positive (hole) and negative (electron) charges captured in the bulk. - the electrical curing used in-orbit could not completely restore the detector parameters Typical drift curves in P1 detectors are shown in Figure 5.12. In case of a ux drop, a signal decay and in case of increasing ux steps, a signal rise is observed. In addition, a hook response during the rst 40 seconds is also observed for large positive ux steps. The signal shows a behaviour similar to a strongly damped oscillation around the asymptotic level. For even higher ux steps the signal behaviour can be restricted to an overshoot followed by a slow decay. Doped silicon detectors tend to show a longer stabilisation time than doped germanium detectors (P3, C100 and C200 in the case of ISOPHOT), which can go from just a few seconds to hours. The relative stabilisation time is faster for positive ux steps. and steps at low ux levels take more time to stabilise. In addition, the stabilisation time also depends on the temperature of the detector. In OLP no sophisticated treatment of transients was applied to staring PHT-P1 observations. Instead, an algorithm was used which determines per chopper plateau whether a signicant signal drift is present based on the application of the non-parametric Mann statistical test to the signals (Hartung 1991, [74]). In case such a drift is found, only the last stable part of the chopper plateau is used. Of course, this

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Figure 5.12: Examples of P1 detector transients. Left panel (A): 4 transient curves after a ux step overplotted in the same graph for comparison, the highest curve corresponds to the largest positive ux step. In all cases the signal prior to each step was the same and had a strength of about 35 V/s. For these ux steps a signal overshoot is detected followed by a strongly damped oscillation. Right panel (B): multi-lter observation of the star HR6705, lter sequence P 16 (64 s integration), P 3.6 (64 s) followed by the P 3.6 (32 s) FCS measurement. Both the P 16 as well as the P 3.6 FCS measurement show a downward drift, with a longer stabilisation time for the fainter P 16 signal.

correction only works satisfactorily for measurements which are long compared to the stabilisation time. This drift recognition method is explained more in detail in Section 7.3 of the ISO Handbook Volume IV on ISOPHOT, [107]. In the case of chopped PHT-P1 observations, non-stabilised signals cause signicant losses on the true dierence signal. Signal derivation in OLP relies on the analysis of signals from pairs of consecutive readouts rather than signals per ramp. This gives better statistics of the signals per chopper plateau, since in many chopped measurements each chopper plateau covers only a few (typically 4) ramps. To increase further the robustness in determining the dierence signal, the repeated pattern of o-source and on-source chopper plateaux is converted into a generic pattern. The generic pattern consists of only 1 o- and 1 on-source plateau and is generated using an outlier resistant averaging of all plateaux. The shape of the generic pattern determines the correction factors to apply with regard to stabilised staring measurements of a sample of calibration standards. For PHT-S observations taken in staring mode an alternative approach was developed, known as the dynamic calibration method, which performs the calibration measurement by comparing the transient behaviour of the unknown source with that of celestial standards of similar brightness. Then, the transients which show the same time scale and amplitude for both measurements cancel out in the calibration process. This method works only for staring PHT-S observations because the ux history of PHT-S pixels is similar in all observations as they always start with a 32 s dark measurement which is followed by the real measurement. A detailed description of how the ux assignment is performed and the library of calibration standards and model spectra used for the application of this method can be found in Garc aLario et al. 2001, [60]. The dynamic calibration brings down the errors associated to this observing

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mode (sometimes as high as 30%) to just a few percent. Note that this accuracy is not applicable to raster measurements made with PHT-S, which also generally suer from transient eects, because the assumption of a ux history similar to that used for the calibration stars is not met for all raster points in a map except for the rst one. Thus, only a static spectral response function can be applied in this case. The photometric calibration of each raster point is performed by converting the signal to a ux using an average spectral response function for PHT-S staring observations derived from 40 observations of 4 dierent standard stars with dierent brightness. The same argument is applicable to chopped PHT-S observations. Thus, for this observing mode a drift recognition routine similar to the one used for P1 detectors was implemented in OLP to detect the presence of a signicant signal transient on a chopper plateau. When a transient is detected, a range of unreliable signals are agged. The signal so derived is then corrected assuming a spectral response function corrected for chopper losses. The Fouks-Schubert model is not applicable in this case because the sources are usually very faint and the signal-to-noise ratio is too low for the tting procedure to work properly. Thus, although the possibility exists in PIA of applying the Fouks-Schubert correction to faint sources observed in chopped mode, the above alternative approach was used to calibrate these sources in the automated pipeline. More details on the method applied and the calibration of the standard stars used for this purpose are given in Garc a-Lario et al. 2001, [60]. An overview of the various transient behaviours observed for the dierent SWS bands as a function of the detector material is shown in Figure 5.13, where we can see that band 2 (Si:Ga) and band 4 (Ge:Be) are those aected by the largest memory eects. The signature of memory eects in the Si:Ga band 2 of SWS is that the up- and down-scans are dierent in ux level (up to 20% for sources with uxes greater than about 100 Jy). The down-scan normally succeeds the up-scan in the AOT and appears to be already accustomed to the ux level. For band 2 SWS data, an adapted version of the Fouks-Schubert model was developed by Do Kester (Kester 2001, [98]) and successfully implemented in the legacy version of the SWS pipeline to correct this band for transient eects as well as in the Observers SWS Interactive Analysis (OSIA) software package (version 3.0). The method brings the errors (sometimes up to 20% originally) down to the few percent level. A complete description of the procedure followed and how the correction was implemented in the pipeline can be found in the ISO Handbook Volume V on SWS, [108]. Additional details are provided in Kester 2001, [98] and Garc a-Lario et al. 2001, [60]. 5.6.2.2 Ge:Ga detectors

Several Ge:Ga detectors were also set up for use on board ISO (see Table 5.3): one detector (P3) and two small matrix arrays for PHT (C100 33 pixels and stressed C200 22 pixels); and several stressed (4) and un-stressed (5) monolithic detectors for LWS. All of these detectors were aected by transient eects which can bias the nal photometry typically from 10 to 40%. As we have already mentioned, the present status of our understanding of transients in Ge:Ga detectors is less favorable than for Si:Ga detectors. Based on the ratio E0 /Ej , Ge:Ga detectors are unfortunately always in an unfavourable domain for the application of the Fouks-Schubert model correction. At rst sight these transients appear easier to model than the Si:Ga ones because they are at rst order exponential (Church et al. 1993, [22]). Thus, the use of non-linear models seems to be a priori less necessary in order to take into account the memory eects. However, the correction is not as precise as the one obtained for Si:Ga detectors using non-linear models. The expected accuracy of such simplied analytical models, even if the detector is perfect, is only about 1020 %. The main problem is that some very important characteristics of such detectors are often not well under control (e.g. contact quality). and, thus, each Ge:Ga detector seems to require a peculiar model (Coulais et al. 2000, [36]). In general, doped germanium detectors show faster stabilisation times than doped silicon ones (typical time scales are 100 s for P3 and C100, 40 s for C200, and 50 to 100 s for LWS detectors). Some of them

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Figure 5.13: Example of the various transient behaviours observed for the dierent SWS bands as a function of the detector material (Band 1: InSb; Band 2: Si:Ga; Band 3: Si:As; Band 4: Ge:Be). present an initial hook response (quick overshoot) for high upward steps of ux and undershooting after a downward step. The long term response exhibits a time constant which decreases for high uxes, whereas it strongly increases for low uxes. This transient component can be well modelled by an exponential function in most cases (Acosta-Pulido et al. 2000, [8]). Figures 5.14 and 5.15 show the typical transient behaviour observed in P3 detectors at intermediate and low ux levels, respectively. We can see the initial hook response clearly in the intermediate ux example and the longer stabilisation time for low uxes. In both cases the long term transient behaviour has been modelled with a single exponential function which can be written as: S(t) = S + (Sini S )exp(t/ ); = E S (5.4)

The rst analysis shows that is inversely proportional to the nal signal, S , in log-log scale (see Acosta-Pulido et al. 2000, [8]). Therefore, can be written as an inverse power law function of S . The parameter describes the behaviour of the transient eects with the illumination and E is a normalisation constant. E and are parameters which have to be determined for each detector/pixel. In the case of the Fouks-Schubert function is equal to unity. If the proposed function is a good description of the transient behaviour of the considered detectors, those parameters can be xed. The stabilised signal

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2.00 1.90

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1.80 1.70 1.60 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

1.6 0 20 40 60 Time [s] 80 100 120 140

Figure 5.14: Typical transient behaviour of detector P3 at intermediate ux level (11 Jy at 100 m). The measured signals are represented by plus sign symbols. Detected glitches are marked by crosses. The single exponential model is represented by the continuous line through the data points. The initial signal sequence is shown in the inset, where the hook response is clearly recognised.

is obtained by tting the above function to the measured signals and leaving Sini and S as free t parameters. The parameters E and for the detectors P3, C100 and C200 were determined in-orbit using a large set of long measurements. The measurements were selected if a clear transient behaviour was present, and they were long enough that at the end the photocurrent is close to stabilisation. Nevertheless, this data set may suer some selection bias: transients with very long time constants (> 1000 s) could not be detected because of the limited observing time; and the ux history may inuence the transient as well as the switch-on of the detector every time an observation starts. In the process of determining E and each measurement was tted by leaving all parameters free in the above expression and rejecting those ts where the residual rms per degree of freedom was larger than 3. Table 5.4: Time constants for the long term transients observed in P3, C100 and C200 detectors derived from the empirical model Detector P3 C100 C200 E 878 363 382 0.790.05 0.480.04 0.630.03 r 0.79 0.63 0.89 0.34 0.30 0.85

The results obtained from a least square t are presented in Table 5.4, together with the correlation coecient r. For P3 and C200 the correlation is very good while it is worse for C100.

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0.35

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0.30

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0.20

0.28 0.26 0.24 0 10 20 30 40

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Figure 5.15: Typical transient behaviour of detector P3 at low ux level (2 Jy at 100 m). The meaning of the symbols is as in Figure 5.14.

We perfomed tests using an independent set of measurements other than those used for determining the time constants. The resulting 2 distributions are very narrow and peak around 1. The worst case is again the detector C100, for which the 2 distribution for all pixels (except pixel 8) is wide and values around 23 are frequent. The low frequency noise which aects detectors C100 and P3 when measuring faint targets is likely limiting the goodness of the t. According to the values derived and shown in Table 5.4 it is also possible to estimate the fraction of the nal signal which is aected by the slow transient component, i.e. the signal dierence between the value reached at the initial jump and the nal value. The magnitude of this component combined with the time constant determines the accuracy of any measurement after a certain time. For example, a long time constant is not so relevant, if the fraction of the slow component is small compared to the total signal. The magnitude of the slow component can be estimated from the initial jump after a ux change and the knowledge of the nal stable current. This has to be derived from chopped measurements where the ux changes are like a step-function. Raster observations cannot be used, because the ux varies gradually as the telescope slews to a dierent sky position. Results for detectors P3, C100 and C200 are presented in Table 5.4, where represents the fraction of the total signal dierence which is achieved immediately after the ux change. It has been found theoretically that the magnitude of the slow component increases with the photoconductive gain, G (Haegel et al. 1996, [70]). G depends on the material, the electric eld and the dimensions of the detector. Detectors P3 and C100 are manufactured of the same material but they have dierent bias voltages and dimensions, yielding G[C100] > G[P 3]; which is consistent with a larger fraction of the slow component for C100. We present in Figure 5.16 an example of the application of this single exponential t model to a measurement taken with detector C100: using the full measurement time of 512 s an error of 6% between the direct measurement of the signal and the model prediction is found. A comparison of the estimates of the nal signal using only the rst 32 s gives the following results: the value obtained from the drift recognition method which is applied in the pipeline is too low by 30%, whereas the value obtained from the empirical model above described is lower by only 12%. This example demonstrates how the use of

5.6. DETECTOR PERFORMANCE this method can signicantly improve the photometric accuracy of relatively short measurements.

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Another example, this time applied to detector C200, is shown in Figure 5.17. Again, a single exponential t has been applied to predict the nal signal level with a quite satisfactory result. However, a detailed analysis of the transient curves, especially for detector C100, reveals the presence of more than one time constant. Solutions consisting on a combination of two (and even three) exponential functions have been found to describe better the drifting curve improving the accuracy of the photometry (Church et al. 1996, [23]; Fujiwara et al. 1995, [56]). Currently, several tting methods are available in the PIA software used for interactive analysis (Gabriel & Acosta-Pulido 1999, [57]). The main diculty is to determine the relative importance of the dierent components. In the pipeline, a simple drift recognition method similar to the one applied in Si:Ga detectors is implemented for PHT-P3 and PHT-C staring observations. If the stability test fails for a given measurement, a empirical solution based on the tting of an exponential function is tried (Schulz et al. 2002, [148]). Thus, as for the PHT-P1 detectors, the transient correction applied only works satisfactorily for measurements which are long compared to the detector stabilisation time at a given illumination. In the case of chopped measurements, where non-stabilised signal causes signicant losses to the true dierence signal, OLP makes use of a pattern recognition method similar to the one used also for PHTP1 detectors. For P3 detectors the accuracy is poor when the uxes are below between 0.2 and 1 Jy (the exact number depends on aperture size and chopper throw), due to cirrus confusion and the restricted number of sky references longward of 80 m. For C100 and C200 the accuracy is also strongly limited when the uxes detected are below 0.2 Jy and 1 Jy, respectively. In this case the chopper oset correction, being the zero point of the signal correction, is less accurate and the relatively bright sky background and the small number of reference positions make an estimation of the cirrus confusion noise necessary. Finally, no transient correction was implemented in the pipeline for PHT32 chopped raster maps because of the high interactivity needed in the processing to correct these maps for transient eects. A processing

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tool including full transient modelling developed by Richard Tus (from MPI-Heidelberg) is available in PIA and details on its application to real data can be found in the proceedings of the ISOPHOT Workshop on P32 Oversampled Mapping, [149]. LWS Ge:Ga detectors present also memory eects, due to their slow response times (typically tens of seconds, as already mentioned) to changes of illumination (Church et al. 1992, [21]). As for the other Ge:Ga detectors on board ISO the typical transient behaviour of both LWS stressed and unstressed detectors consists of a long term component due to the steady accumulation of particle hits during each revolution and a short term component caused by the changes in ux. In general, after a ux change, the immediate reaction is quick, and in some cases the detector overshoots, producing the characteristic hook response, but the detector output can take a considerable time to settle the nal level. Specic laboratory tests were made before launch (Church et al. 1996, [23]) showing that the detectors actually react on a variety of time scales depending on the initial and nal ux levels. Church et al. 1996, [23] found that the response of LWS Ge:Ga detectors to a step change in ux could be modelled empirically by a function containing three exponential time constants, with typical values of <1, 5 and 30 seconds (for unstressed Ge:Ga detectors) and 0, 10 and 100 seconds (for stressed Ge:Ga detectors). However, the general behaviour and appearance of the hook response depends on bias and operating temperature, as well as on the ux levels. The main dierence between the stressed and unstressed Ge:Ga detectors is in the speed of the hook response (faster in the stressed Ge:Ga detectors). The time constants generally decrease with increasing ux step. In all cases the transient response after a decreasing ux step is faster than the response after an increasing ux step. Kaneda et al. 2001, [92] uses a step and two-component exponential model to t the step response of these detectors and shows that the transient response time decreases with an increase in both the initial and nal incident ux levels. The in-orbit transient response of the detectors is most clearly seen in the illuminator ashes that provide the basic sensitivity drift calibration. These are steps in ux levels that mirror the laboratory tests, but these sequences are much shorter and not all the eects appear as described above. Sample illuminator

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ashes are shown in Figures 5.18 and 5.19 for detectors SW4 (unstressed Ge:Ga) and LW2 (stressed Ge:Ga) respectively, which are those aected by the largest transient eects. For these detectors the slow long term response is the main problem as the ux is still increasing at the end of the ash. SW3 (unstressed Ge:Ga) and LW4 (stressed Ge:Ga) also show the same eect to a lesser extent. The remaining detectors are rather better behaved, e.g. the stressed LW5 (see Figure 5.20), although LW1 (unstressed) and LW3 (stressed) invariably show also a hook response.

Figure 5.18: Typical transient behaviour observed in LWS-SW4 (unstressed Ge:Ga) detector under a series of illuminator ashes. This is one of the LWS detectors showing the largest memory eects. The eect of the detector transient response on the illuminator ashes is to introduce a non-linearity into the drift correction. The problem is not that the correct illuminator ash level is not reached, but that the detector will respond dierently depending on the ux levels involved, so the calibration will be inconsistent. How inconsistent will depend on the change in ux levels and the severity of the detector transient response. One of the major eects of this transient behaviour is in the determination and application of the socalled Relative Spectral Response Function (RSRF). LWS was operated in a mode where the grating was scanned forward and backward through the spectral range. For most detectors the scans pass through steep sided RSRFs and the resultant proles are clearly split with the photocurrent dependent on scan direction. The transient response of the detectors can be seen in the dierence in ux level between forward and backward scans. In general this leads to a distortion of the whole grating prole and of individual line proles. The calibration strategy used in the pipeline for the derivation of the LWS RSRF for a given detector was to average all data before dividing by the Uranus model. However when this averaged RSRF is applied in the pipeline it leads to a scan dependent behaviour in the resultant spectra. Figures 5.21 and 5.22 show the spectrum of Uranus as observed by the SW4 (unstressed Ge:Ga) and LW2 (stressed Ge:Ga) detectors, respectively. We can see that LW2 does show signicant dierences between the forward and backward scans, while SW4 does not, possibly because of the lower uxes and the smaller ux changes involved. The transient behaviour of the LWS detectors can also aect the line ux accuracy. The eect, however, is minor (a few percent) in grating spectra and it has only been detected in the stressed Ge:Ga detectors,

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Figure 5.19: Typical transient behaviour observed in LWS-LW2 (stressed Ge:Ga) detector under a series of illuminator ashes showing an initial hook response and then a slow continuous rise typical of a long time constant.

Figure 5.20: Typical transient behaviour observed in LWS-LW5 (stressed Ge:Ga) detector under a series of illuminator ashes. This is one of the better behaved LWS detectors.

where it is found to depend on both the line ux and the illumination history. In the case of Fabry-Prot observations made with LWS, the line proles observed using AOT LWS04 e are generally asymmetric, with the long wavelength wing at a higher ux level than the short wavelength

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105

Figure 5.21: The mean of the forward (solid line) and backward (dashed line) scans in SW4 (unstressed Ge:Ga) observations of Uranus which contribute to the LWS RSRF, and their dierence. The dierence reveals the slower reaction to the increasing ux as shown by the illuminator ashes.

Figure 5.22: The mean of the forward (solid line) and backward (dashed line) scans in LW2 (stressed Ge:Ga) observations of Uranus which contribute to the LWS RSRF, and their dierence.

one. The eect on line ux depends on the line-to-continuum ratio. For example, for a line with no continuum, the line ux can change by as much as 30%. The eect on the velocity shift is relatively small (about 3 km s1 ). It is also possible that some of the asymmetry observed may be due to loss of

106 parallelism as the Fabry-Prot line is scanned. e

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Various methods for removal of transient eects in LWS detectors have been investigated. Linear models based on tting two or three exponentials do not work on a wide dynamical range of these detectors. While it is possible to construct an empirical t to the transient response of the detectors with a two- or three-component exponential function, the reality is probably more complicated. There have also been several attempts to provide a physically realistic model of doped germanium detectors able to account for their non-linear behaviour. However, these models are extremely complex and, thus, it is worth to try using analytical simplications like the Fouks-Schubert model applied to the Si:Ga detectors. The problem is that the Fouks-Schubert model, as we have already mentioned, is in principle not applicable to Ge-based detectors. In spite of this, a modied version of the Fouks-Schubert model has been developed and applied to several bands of LWS with relative success (Caux 2001, [15]). The routine used to nd the Fouks-Schubert parameters is stable, but it still remains to check posible dependences on the spectral shape of the source. For the time being, and before a solution is given to some still existing problems aecting the determination of the LWS RSRF using the adapted Fouks-Schubert model, a simple method to correct the uxes has been developed which assumes that the slow upward changes in ux have a single time constant and that the downward changes are instantaneous, reecting the dierences seen in the laboratory experiments and illuminator sequences (Lloyd 2001c, [118]). The time constant is chosen so as to minimise the dierences between the forward and backward scans. An example of the results obtained this way is shown in Figure 5.23.

Figure 5.23: The mean of the forward (solid line) and backward (dashed line) LW2 scans of Uranus after the transient correction has been applied. The time constant used was 6 steps.

Another possible approach to correct for these memory eects is to use two RSRF functions, each derived only from scans in one direction. Attempts using this calibration strategy have so far led also to promising results. Unfortunately, no correction is done for transient eects as such in the LWS pipeline. However, there is a plan to include a dedicated routine to perform this correction in the future in the LWS Interactive Analysis

5.6. DETECTOR PERFORMANCE

107

(LIA) software package based on new transient eect corrected RSRFs obtained using the adapted FouksSchubert model above mentioned. These new RSRFs dier by just a few percent with respect to the old ones. Some preliminary results on the application of this correction to grating and Fabry-Prot LWS e observations can be found in Caux 2001, [15], where the implications on line ux calibration, wavelength calibration and spectral resolution are discussed. Meanwhile, eorts on improving the pipeline products have concentrated in nding a correction for the eects observed in the illuminator ashes. Although the illuminator ashes, especially the brightest ones, are not at, they are very consistent in shape, within the constraints of the transient response. When calculating the drift correction, which is a ratio of the observed illuminator ash to the standard one, it is therefore important to use a method that recognises this consistency. The most appropriate method is the one that calculates the ratio on a point-by-point basis. This weighted-average method (explained in detail in Sidher et al. 2001, [150]) is applied in OLP Version 10 to process the illuminator ashes and represents a considerable improvement with respect to previous OLP versions but, unfortunately, it is only valid for the longer duration of the new style of ashes performed after revolution 442. The shorter duration of the old style ashes in observations before ISO revolution 442 often leaves just 3 to 4 points for an individual illuminator, following removal of data points aected by glitches, thus making it almost impossible to apply this method. It is important to note that in OLP Version 10, data from the old style ashes is still processed using the old method and, thus, they are expected to be more aected by transients. 5.6.2.3 Other detectors

The SW CAM CID In:Sb 3232 matrix array is also aected by a strong transient eect but without instantaneous jump (=0), as it can be seen in Figure 5.24. The time lag when responding to a ux variation is attributed to the surface traps in the detector, which need to be lled rst with photongenerated charges before the well begins to actually accumulate signal (Tiph`ne et al. 1999, [157]). e

Figure 5.24: Two examples of the evolution of the signal on two ISOCAM SW pixels after a positive but small ux step (of dierent magnitude for each pixel). Solid line: evolution of the signal (in ADUs). Dashed line: t of the signal by the model.

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Although a detailed physical model of this transient behaviour is lacking an empirical model has been developed which reproduces quite well the observed response using only a small set of parameters. The model provides the asymptotic value of the stabilised signal. Unfortunately, because of the limited number of test cases available it is dicult to judge whether the method is generally applicable to the full range of SW CAM data.

PHT-P2 (Si:B) is also aected by transients. An example of P2 detector transients induced by chopper modulation are shown in Figure 5.25. As we can see they also may exhibit a hook response or overshoot after large positive ux steps, like other doped silicon detectors, followed by a slow decay.

Figure 5.25: Examples of P2 detector transients induced by the chopper modulation on a very high sourcebackground contrast. Left panel (A): slow (32 s per chopper plateau) chopped measurement on a high source-background contrast. Right panel (B) same source-background contrast as under (A) but with a higher chopper frequency (8 s per plateau). Note the strong overshoot in the rst higher plateau; a straight signal average per chopper plateau would underestimate the background subtracted source signal in both cases.

Figure 5.26 shows the response to an illuminator sequence of the Ge:Be detector SW1 of LWS. This detector is the worst aected by transients in LWS, and exhibits a longer time constant (several minutes) compared to the above described LWS Ge:Ga detectors, which decreases with increasing ux step. Like other LWS detectors, SW1 also shows signicant dierences between the forward and backward scans (see Figure 5.27), aecting the spectrum prole and the line ux accuracy, although very few bright lines are observed in the wavelength range covered by this detector (4351 m). The response of the detector to a step change in ux can also be modelled empirically by a function containing three exponential time constants, with typical values of 5, 20 and 200 seconds (Church et al. 1996, [23]) but, again, the initial hook response cannot be reproduced.

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109

Figure 5.26: Typical transient behaviour observed in LWS-SW1 (Ge:Be) detector under a series of illuminator ashes.

Figure 5.27: The mean of the forward (solid line) and backward (dashed line) scans in the SW1 (Ge:Be) observations of Uranus which contribute to the RSRF, and their dierence. The dierence reveals the slower reaction to the increasing ux as shown by the illuminator ashes.

Moreover, the adapted Fouks-Schubert model used for the Ge:Ga detectors with relative success simply does not work in this case. Signicant improvements, however, are achieved with the help of the same simple model that was applied to the Ge:Ga detectors (Lloyd 2001, [118]) which assumes that the slow upward changes in ux have a single time constant and that the downward changes are instantaneous, with the time constant chosen as to minimise the dierence between backward and forward scans. Figure 5.28 shows the result of applying

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this simple model to the SW1 spectrum of Uranus used to derive the detector RSRF.

Figure 5.28: The mean of the forward (solid line) and backward (dashed line) scans in the SW1 (Ge:Be) scans of Uranus after the transient correction has been applied. The time constant used was 1.5 steps. The remaining dierences may be due to a dependence of the time constant on the slope of the photocurrent but the largest dierence occurs at only one end of the relatively at plateau section. The observations of NGC6302 provide a slightly dierent test. The means of the forward and backward scans in SW1 are shown in Figure 5.29 where large dierences are also observed, similar to those observed in Uranus. The corrected data are shown in Figure 5.30.

Figure 5.29: The mean of the forward (solid line) and backward (dashed line) scans of NGC 6302 in the SW1 (Ge:Be) detector, and their dierence.

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Figure 5.30: The mean of the forward (solid line) and backward (dashed line) scans in the SW1 (Ge:Be) scans of NGC 6302 after the transient correction has been applied.

It is clear that this simple model does provide some correction to the data, particularly to the slower changes in ux, but it can still be improved.

Band 4 (Ge:Be) and the two Fabry-Prot bands (Si:Sb and Ge:Be) of SWS are also aected by memory e eects (Wensink et al. 1992, [164]). Concerning band 4, we know that the Fouks-Schubert model does not work in Ge:Be detectors and up to now, no ecient model has been found to describe these memory eects. As a consequence of this, no correction for memory eects in this band is applied in the pipeline. Eorts are, however, still on-going to try to nd an alternative method. An example of the various eects seen in band 4 is shown in Figure 5.31, an SWS01 speed 4 observation of K3-50. At the start of the up-down scan (at the longer wavelength side) we see a transient. Some detectors, like 37, display a hook eect, some rise faster than others, seeming to get earlier to their relaxed state than the others. At the shorter wavelength there also seems to be some hysteresis eect, where the second part (the down scan in red) seems to stall before getting into the rising mood. On the other hand, the consequences of transients in the Fabry-Prot bands (FP in Table 5.3) appear at e the present time limited. The main reason for this is that most ux passing through the FPs is weak, in the ux domain where transients are not yet so important. Moreover, FPs could only be operated in one direction, which prevented the up-down strategy to correct for transients. So unless we assume that the FP lines are always symmetrical, or better, that the FP spectrum itself has some a priori known characteristics, we cannot disentangle the transients from the spectrum. Thus, a transient correction was never applied.

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Figure 5.31: Example of memory eects in band 4 on an up-down scan as seen in an AAR of an SWS01 speed 4. The scans of the dierent detectors are oset with respect to each other for clarity. At the start of the upscans (black) at the long wavelength side, various memory eects can be seen, some with hooks (detectors 37, 45 and maybe 47). The down scans (red, running from short to longer wavelengths) generally show less transient eect. Still there is some systematic dierence between up and down scans around 30 m which is probably attributable to transients. Which one of the up or down scans is aected is unclear. The blue lines show the ocial borders of band 4.

Other detectors on board ISO are completely free of transient eects. This is the case of band 1 (In:Sb) and band 3 (Si:As BIBIB) of SWS (see Figure 5.13).

5.7

Events and Conicts during Operations

This is a summary list of special events and conicts between instruments that occurred during the Operational Phase of the mission (some of which have already been mentioned):

5.7. EVENTS AND CONFLICTS DURING OPERATIONS Revolution 79 94 116 137 152 161 173 196 Event First revolution after PV Phase. PHT-FCS1/TRS2 change in illumination behaviour/brightness increase. AOCS calibration led to shorter science window. Some loss of science due to system crash. ISO pointing performance tests using ISOCAM. Soft geomagnetic disturbance with no impact on science. Tests of the SWS virtual fourth aperture. Tests of LWS parallel mode. As soon as AOS was achieved at the start of the revolution, it was seen that ISO had gone to survival mode and that both the Earth warning and forbidden regions had been traversed by ISO ISO had viewed the Earth for about 2 minutes. All temperatures were out of range (high) and all scientic operations for the revolution were therefore suspended. Recovery procedures implemented. Normal operations resumed within 36 hours. No damage was done to the satellite. LWS switch-o rolled back 60 minutes. Some LWS tests made during the revolution to verify a command changing the LWS biases. Many small problems aecting a large number of observations. First there were problems with the PPM (Earth constraint was approached closely), then a guide star was not found, and PHT-P2 suered from latch-up problems Over four hours of observations lost due to problems with the Goldstone antenna. Goldstone problems led to loss of over one hour observations. Goldstone problems led to loss of over one hour observations. ISOCAM and SWS measurements made for ISO pointing tests. Special ISOCAM mode had to be used for the one hour test. Goldstone problems led to loss of over ten hours observations. Spacecraft problems (automatic on-board reset) led to the loss of half the revolution. Improved SSO tracking algorithm implemented. The opening of the science window was delayed by 2h 30m due to a planned delta-V maneouver (to keep the phase of the orbit correct) and second DLCM, both at the start of the revolution. Nearly six hours of science lost due to spacecraft problems. Long (6 hours) calibration observation of Uranus aected for 90 min by short Goldstone dropout. Improved Sun ephemerides. Goldstone problems led to 5 observations (80 min) lost. Loss of communications with ISO for 45 min from Goldstone due to high winds. Tests of LWS wheel subsystem plus minor Goldstone problems. ISO went into survival mode at the start of the revolution, leading to a loss of two hours science. Some Goldstone problems leading to loss of 85 min science time. STR calibration updated. Goldstone power failure led to the loss of 5 hours observing. Satellite went into perigee with ISOCAM in wrong mode.

113

197 198 204 217 220

242 256 263 264 267268 274 290 294

301 317 327 330 343 356 364 365 368 372

114 Revolution 373 378 Event

CHAPTER 5. ISO IN-ORBIT PERFORMANCE

384 398 410412 413 417 432435 442 447 452 470 484 522 528 566 571

575 578 602 603 613 614 620 623 637641 646 659 661662 664 668 672673 676

678

No anomaly observed with ISOCAM, but one hour observing lost due to one minute of loss of contact with the satellite. LWS activities halted until further notice due to FP interchange wheel problem (positioning diculties). Next two revolutions could not be replanned. This time was devoted to LWS observations, that were lost. Straylight rejection measurements for SWS. Many telemetry problems due to a thunderstorm around Madrid and Goldstone problems led to the loss of over 100 min science time. Tests of ground system for the 366 day year problem (1996 was a leap year). On revolution 411 this caused the loss of one hour of science. Telemetry problems in Madrid and Goldstone caused the loss of two hours of science. Various problems caused the loss of just over one hour of science. Manual LWS checks and tests were made to try and solve the wheel problem. LWS operations re-start with one test observation completed successfully. Real re-start of LWS operations with 30 observations completed nominally. Sun ephemerides recalculated four times per revolution, instead of once per revolution to improve ISO pointing accuracy. Lots of minor Goldstone problems lead to the loss of 1 hour of science. Lots of problems at handover leading to 67 min science lost. Loss of over six hours science due to LWS problems (microprocessor and reset). Non-nominal behaviour of SWS led to the loss of 78 min science. Loss of 75 min of science due to a CTV problem. CAM-CVF observations in the Mission Data Base temporarily blocked from the automatic scheduling routines to prevent the strong increase in band 3 dark currents observed in SWS observations performed in the following 30 min. Loss of 100 min science time (SWS observation) due to non-availability of Goldstone. Fire alarm drill on station, Instrument Controller left post as per procedure. No events happened during this time. Almost four hours of science lost due to spacecraft attitude problems one observation was up to 1.5 degrees o. Many problems with PHT-P2 latch-ups aecting 85 min science. Science observations using PHT-P2 detector suspended. Start of PHT-P2 latch-up tests. Also, many telemetry drops but little impact on the science time. Lots of telemetry drops due to a thunderstorm around VILSPA. Two hours of observations lost due to Goldstone problems. Two hours of observations lost due to Goldstone problems. 400 min of PHT science time aected or lost due to PHT-P2 latch-up problem. Loss of 81 min science time due to Goldstone problems. End of PHT-P2 latch-up tests. PHT straylight tests during eclipse. Start of long (>140 min) eclipses. Loss of 90 min of observations due to Goldstone problems. Special PHT straylight measurements during eclipses. Automatic scheduling of CAM-CVF observations resumed. Mission Planning software was updated so that SWS observations were not scheduled any more until after 30 min of a CAM-CVF measurement. Last revolution for which the eclipses lasted longer than 140 min.

5.7. EVENTS AND CONFLICTS DURING OPERATIONS Revolution 684 688 719 721 722 732 756 757 Event Resumption of PHT-P2 observations. 200 min observation lost due to Goldstone problems. LWS wheel tests. 82 min lost due to problems on instrument start-up. Solar are caused loss of most of the science time due to enhanced glitch rate. 284 min science lost due to Goldstone problems. Problems with guide stars caused 60 min of science to be lost. Third DLCM and an orbit correction maneouvre carried out at the start of the revolution. Problems with Goldstone led to the loss of 185 min science. OTF set to 2 for all instruments. 100 min of science lost due to a combination of errors, plus on the 19971998 year change the wrong year entered in the system. 90 min of science lost as orbit geometry causes VILSPA antenna to point directly at the Sun (ISO in the VILSPA-Sun line). Problems with a guide star (blemish on CCD) causes 4h 45m of science to be lost. Liquid helium depletion at 21:07 zulu on 8 April 1998. Some SWS observations carried out as bands 1 and 2 are still useable. Start of SWS post-He observations. SWS used all these revolutions. SWS observations interleaved with the Technology Test Phase (TTP).

115

764 777 843844 851 875 876-880 881887 888907

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Chapter 6

ISO Cross-Calibration
6.1 Cross-Calibration Strategy

During the Operational Phase a limited number of sources were observed repeatedly throughout the mission for cross-calibration purposes. The responsibility for instrument calibration rested with the Instrument Dedicated Teams (IDTs) located at VILSPA, and was supported by sta at the home institutes of the instrument teams. Demands from the dierent instruments and coordination of cross-calibration observations were handled by a dedicated Calibration Liaison team. As a result of these cross-calibration observations, the overall agreement among the major instrument modes was assessed in several occasions during the mission. The observations conrmed that the internal consistency in terms of absolute ux calibration was in general comparable to pre-launch expectations or better and led to the discovery of some calibration problems in the few cases where larger discrepancies than expected were found. During Post-Operations, an improved cross-calibration plan was set up, based on the use of the whole ISO Data Archive for cross-calibration purposes, extending the analysis to a much larger number of sources. This way it was possible to study specic calibration topics in detail on dedicated subsets as well as to perform statistical analysis of the results obtained after specic calibration improvements were implemented in the pipeline in many cases. In addition, it was decided to change the global IDC strategy for cross-calibration, from the rather instrument-oriented approach which worked quite eciently during the Operational Phase (but turned out to be inappropriate for Post-Operations) to a more calibration-topic oriented organisation. For this, up to eight dierent Working Groups were established, each one addressing a specic calibration aspect (glitches, beam proles and pointing, transients, line proles, polarisation, spectral matching, general photometric calibration and interactive analysis S/W). They were formed by members of the IDC and of the dierent NDCs, with all instruments represented, plus external contributors from other projects (ASTRO-F, SIRTF, Herschel,...) in many cases. Their objectives were: - Verify that, from a global point of view, the calibration of the individual ISO instruments was correct, and ensure a certain level of homogeneity and consistency of the data and how they were calibrated (e.g. compatibility of models, bandpass zero-points, and of calibration philosophy and procedures). - Identify calibration problems, trigger/recommend further work, propose solutions and monitor the progress made, promoting the transfer of all useful information to the users community (new tools available, caveats,...). 117

118

CHAPTER 6. ISO CROSS-CALIBRATION - Compare the results of the dierent ISO instruments and seek for understanding the inconsistencies found and make similar comparisons with external data from ground-based or space facilities.

The progress made on each calibration topic under analysis was reected every six months during PostOperations in a series of (Cross-)Calibration Status Reports posted at the IDC web site where information was included on the latest achievements in the calibration of all four ISO instruments with special emphasis on cross-calibration aspects. At the end of the Post-Operations Phase (end of 2001) each of these Working Groups generated a Final Report, containing the nal state-of-the-art of ISO calibration regarding each of the calibration problems addressed. All of them have been put together in the ISO (Cross-)Calibration Final Report, [59] available at: http://www.iso.vilspa.esa/ ISO Explanatory Library Performance and Calibration This organisation turned out to be an ideal platform to exchange knowledge across the boundaries of the ISO instruments. The information gathered and the conclusions derived from the investigations carried out by members of these Working Groups on the many dierent calibration problems aecting the ISO instruments constitute an extraordinary source of information for other future space projects. Most of these results were presented to the astronomical community at The Calibration Legacy of the ISO Mission, [120] conference, held at VILSPA on February 59, 2001.

6.1.1

Denition of cross-calibration sources

As we have already mentioned, only a small set of astronomical sources was used during the Operational Phase for cross-calibration purposes. It was composed of a few bright stars (like HR 7310, HR 7341, HR 6436, Dra or Boo), planetary nebulae (NGC 7027 and NGC 6543), galaxies (Mrk 279), asteroids (Cybele, Hygiea) and planets (Neptune). For most of them, observations exist in IDA taken throughout the whole ISO mission with more than one instrument and in many cases covering a wide range of wavelengths. During Post-Operations, and as part of the new cross-calibration strategy above described, the concept was extended to any source satisfying at least one of the following conditions: - it should have been observed with more than one instrument/conguration at least once during the ISO mission (for internal cross-calibration purposes) - infrared data from non-ISO instruments exist (for external cross-calibration) - accurate models exist against which ISO data can be compared (for absolute ux calibration). A more detailed description of the selection criteria used to consider a given observation in IDA as suitable for cross-calibration purposes can be found in the ISO (Cross)-Calibration Final Report, [59].

6.1.2

Limitations and caveats

Because of the limited common dynamic range between the ISO instruments, not all kind of internal cross-calibration comparisons were possible. In this respect, the cross-calibration of LWS with PHT in the long wavelength range was especially dicult, since the dynamic range overlap between PHT and LWS was very limited. When comparing results derived from dierent instruments/detectors we also need to consider the dierences in beam and lter proles as well as in spatial and spectral resolution. This applies both to internal and external cross-calibration. In addition, in the case of external cross-calibration, results obtained from facilities other than ISO may be based on dierent absolute calibration systems: dierent zero-points, dierent set of astronomical

6.1. CROSS-CALIBRATION STRATEGY

119

standards, dierent models used for the same standards, can introduce an undesired bias which has to be taken into account. Last, but not least, some of the sources included for analysis may have been observed slightly o-axis, or show unexpected variability or extended emission not previously reported in the literature and, thus, can introduce some noise into the system. This makes cross-calibration even more complicated since individual spectra must be carefully checked one by one before being validated (see Figure 6.1).

Figure 6.1: Example of the discontinuities observed in SWS spectra as a consequence of a bad pointing (top) compared to the discontinuities due to the extended nature of the source observed (bottom). Note the always positive ux jumps towards longer wavelengths reecting the progressive increase of the SWS apertures in this latter case. On the other hand, the accuracy of the absolute ux calibration is always limited by the accuracy of the available models. Stars are too faint in the long wavelength range of ISO (beyond 100 m) to be used as standards, and asteroids and planets have to be used instead. While stellar models are believed to be accurate to 5% or better, the uncertainties in asteroid and planet model spectral energy distributions are larger (1015% level). In the case of asteroids their characterisation is additionally complicated by their variability, which limits the accuracy of the absolute ux calibration of ISO at long wavelengths. In the following we will present a summary of the main results obtained from a number of internal and external cross-calibration analysis as well as from some consistency checks performed against available models. A more detailed description of how these comparisons were made can be found in the ISO (Cross)-Calibration Final Report, [59].

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Note that we intentionally exclude from this analysis internal cross-checks made by each instrument team within their own instrument detectors/bands/AOTs. These are addressed in the instrument specic volumes of this Handbook and will not be discussed here.

6.2
6.2.1
6.2.1.1

Internal Cross-Calibration
Between the ISO spectrometers
SWS versus PHT-S

The sample used for this internal cross-calibration comparison comprised around 100 dierent sources with both SWS (AOT SWS01) and PHT-S (AOT PHT40 either in staring or chopped mode) spectra available in IDA, showing a reasonable signal-to-noise ratio. The OLP data products were compared in a systematic way since the end of the Post-Operations Phase with every new release of the pipeline. This resulted in the detection of several calibration problems aecting both PHT and SWS calibration that were conveniently reported in the corresponding (Cross)Calibration Status Report. As an example, one of the calibration problems discovered was the eect of poorly modelled molecular features in the spectra of the calibration stars used in the dynamic calibration of PHT-S, before it was implemented in Version 9.0 of the pipeline. Based on the comparison of OLP Version 7 SWS data and staring PHT-S observations of the asteroid Hygiea with the available thermophysical model it was possible to identify the residuals left in the calibrated PHT-S spectra between 8 and 9 m by SiO features not considered in the original models of the late type stars taken as standards. Only excluding these stars from the generation of the calibration les (and hence accepting a larger gap in the ux range covered by the calibration standards) the spurious features were eliminated in the calibrated spectra. After the correction was introduced in OLP Version 9.0 the agreement between SWS01 and PHT-S staring observations improved signicantly. As of OLP Version 10, the level of agreement reached in terms of absolute ux between these two ISO instruments and observing modes was better than 1015% for well-behaved data sets (bright, point-like sources not aected by any other known calibration problem). Moreover, the overall shape and even the faintest spectral features were also largely preserved from instrument to instrument (to within the few percent level in most cases) all over the spectral range covered by both instruments. Figure 6.2 shows some examples which illustrate the good agreement found over a wide variety of sources with dierent spectral properties, all of them taken from this cross-calibration sample. The plotted spectra are OLP Version 10 data products directly retrieved from IDA corresponding to representative cases of sources showing a blue (HR 7310 and HR 6132) or red continuum (AFGL 4106 and OH 26.5+0.6), or sources where strong PAH emission bands and/or nebular emision lines (BD +303639 and NGC 7027) appear overimposed on the infrared continuum. A very good agreement between both instruments and the IRAS photometry at 12 m (indicated with a blue square in the plots) is also found. The examples shown in Figure 6.2 correspond to relatively bright sources observed in all cases with PHTS in staring mode. For the fainter sources the chopping mode of PHT-S was usually prefered and the behaviour of this mode was also investigated in terms of cross-calibration. The results obtained indicate a similar level of agreement with SWS (1015%), in spite of the fact that the accuracy achievable with SWS at low ux levels is not expected to be as good. Figure 6.3 shows two faint sources (ux density below 510 Jy) observed with SWS and PHT-S. IRAS 163423814 was observed with PHT-S in staring mode while IRAS 21434+4936 was observed using triangular chopping. We can see that a very nice agreement exists at absolute ux level as well as in the shape of the individual SWS and PHT-S spectra in both cases. Again, there is also a very good agreement with the IRAS photometry at 12 m.

6.2. INTERNAL CROSS-CALIBRATION

121

Figure 6.2: SWS (black solid line) versus PHT-S (red lled triangles) OLP Version 10 spectra of a variety of sources with dierent spectral properties taken from the cross-calibration sample. The blue squares represent the IRAS photometry at 12 m when available.

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Figure 6.3: Same as Figure 6.2 for two faint sources. Note the eect of an inaccurate dark current subtraction by the pipeline at the blue edge of band 3A (12.0 m) in the SWS spectrum of IRAS 21434+4936. The blue squares represent again the IRAS photometry at 12 m. Outside the overlapping spectral range, a signicant jump in ux is detected at the blue edge of band 3A in the SWS spectrum of IRAS 21434+4936 at 12.0 m. This is indicating an inaccurate dark current subtraction by the automated pipeline (OLP Version 10). This kind of problem is sometimes observed in the SWS spectra of faint sources and needs to be manually corrected with the use of the SWS interactive software analysis (OSIA) where the right dark current level can be interactively chosen, eliminating the problem. 6.2.1.2 SWS versus CAM-CVF

A similar exercise was performed with a sample of around 20 sources identied in IDA to have SWS (AOT SWS01) and CAM-CVF (AOT CAM04) spectra available with a signal-to-noise ratio enough to be used for cross-calibration purposes. Again, the OLP data products were compared in a systematic way since the end of the Post-Operations Phase with every new pipeline release since OLP Version 7. In this case, the main improvement implemented in the pipeline since the start of this cross-calibration analysis was the application of transient corrections based on the Fouks-Schubert method (Fouks & Schubert 1995, [54]) both to SWS01 (band 2) and CAM04 data, which are described in detail in the corresponding instrument specic volumes of this Handbook. As of OLP Version 10, the level of agreement between SWS01 and CAM04 spectra was in general within 1015% down to the limits where dark current subtraction (especially for SWS) becomes a signicant contribution to the error budget. This statement is valid over the whole spectral range covered by both instruments with the exception of the edges of CAM-CVF scans, which might be aected by transient eects even after the application of the Fouks-Schubert transient correction (this is especially true in the case of bright point sources, for which this correction simply does not work). Figure 6.4 shows two examples where comparisons are made of CAM04 and SWS01 OLP Version 10 data products directly retrieved from IDA, taken from this cross-calibration sample. They correspond to the bright star HR 7310 (left panel) and to the fainter HD 179218 (right panel), which are representative of the general behaviour observed. As we can see, the agreement is very good with the only exception of the blue edge of the CAM-CVF spectrum of HR 7310, aected by strong transient eects at the beginning of the measurement. This

6.2. INTERNAL CROSS-CALIBRATION

123

Figure 6.4: SWS (black solid line) versus CAM-CVF (blue open triangles) OLP Version 10 spectra of two point sources taken from the cross-calibration sample. Note the strong transient observed at the blue edge of the CAM-CVF spectra of HR 7310 (left panel). The blue squares represent the IRAS photometry at 12 m. is, as we have already mentioned, a common feature observed in many cases in CAM-CVF spectra of bright sources and its strength depends on the illumination history conditions. It is well known that the Fouks-Schubert correction which is applied in the pipeline only works eciently for very weak and/or extended sources (i.e. for low ux gradients) and has a neutral eect on bright point sources like HR 7310. Unfortunately, the problem cannot be corrected with the help of CIA. 6.2.1.3 CAM-CVF versus PHT-S

Around 10 other sources were used for a similar internal cross-calibration comparison of CAM-CVF (AOT CAM04) and PHT-S (AOT PHT40 either in staring or chopping mode). Figure 6.5 shows two examples where comparisons are made of CAM04 and PHT-S OLP Version 10 data products retrieved from IDA, taken from this small cross-calibration sample. They correspond to the bright star HR 7310 (left panel) and the faint HD 207129 (right panel), which are representative of the general behaviour observed. Note that for the faint star HD 207129, the background continuum emission is not negligible. In this case, a background measurement available in IDA taken at a position 3 away from the central source was used to subtract this contribution. The spectrum shown in Figure 6.5 is the result obtained after subtraction of this background. We can see once more that a very good level of agreement exists (within 1015%) in the overall shape and in the absolute ux level determined by the pipeline for CAM-CVF and PHT-S spectra, as well as between the two instrument observing modes and the IRAS photometry at 12 m. Again, the main problem is the strong discrepancy observed at the short end of the CAM-CVF spectra of both HR 7310 and HD 207129 induced, as we have already mentioned, by transient eects in the ISOCAM detectors.

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Figure 6.5: CAM-CVF (blue open triangles) versus PHT-S (red lled triangles) OLP Version 10 spectra of two sources taken from the cross-calibration sample. As usual, the blue squares represent the IRAS photometry at 12 m. 6.2.1.4 SWS/LWS overlap region

In order to extend our internal cross-calibration analysis to longer wavelengths we also checked the consistency of the absolute ux calibration of SWS (AOT SWS01) and LWS (AOT LWS01) in the overlapping region of these instruments. For this, a total number of 122 common pointings (separated less than 2 ) were selected from IDA for which both SWS and LWS measurements were available with uxes between 43.7 and 44.4 m higher than 100 Jy. Sources identied as variable in the literature in this cross-calibration sample were identied and removed from the sample except when the SWS and the LWS measurements were taken on the same revolution (usually one after the other as concatenated observations). Similarly, all sources reported to be extended were also discarded to avoid problems derived from the comparison of uxes measured through dierent aperture sizes. In addition, a few other sources were excluded from the analysis because they were identied either as badly pointed (o-axis) or as sources with a possible (not previously reported) extended nature, according to the strong discontinuities observed between SWS bands (see Figure 6.1). After this purge, the resulting sample still contains around 50 dierent sources suitable for cross-calibration. A reduced subsample composed of 25 sources (used as test cases) were systematically investigated every time there was a new release of the automated pipeline since OLP Version 7. For each of them the average value of the observed ux density ratio LWS/SWS at 44 m was determined using ISAP (assuming that the source SED shape was of the form f = constant, or equivalently f = constant). As it also happened in other cross-calibration analysis performed during Post-Operations, some calibration problems were identied during the course of this exercise. The most important one in this case was the detection of an anomalous behaviour of the SW1 detector in LWS in all the spectra taken before revolution 237. The ux of this detector appeared systematically underestimated (around 20%) with respect to both the adjacent SW2 detector of LWS and band 4 of SWS. The problem was identied as related to an incorrect treatment by the pipeline of the illuminator ash sequence used by LWS before this revolution and solved in OLP Version 10.1 by applying the necessary modications in the automated calibration software. The results obtained as of OLP Version 10 for the 25 test cases above mentioned using ISAP Version 2.1 are listed in Table 6.1. Some examples of the corresponding composite SWS+LWS spectra are shown in Figure 6.6.

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125

Table 6.1: OLP Version 10 LWS/SWS ratios at 44 m of the 25 test cases used to analyse the internal consistency between SWS and LWS absolute ux calibration. Source HD 161796 HD 101584 Hen 2113 HD 161796 CPD 56 8032 IRAS 163423814 Circinus AFGL 4106 M 178 CW Leo Cep SAO 34504 IRAS 19114+0002 OH 26.5+0.6 VX Sgr IRAS 154525459 IRAS 165944656 IRAS 19114+0002 R Dor Hen 2113 CRL 618 IC 418 TX Cam HD 44179 IC 418 SWS TDT# 07100579 07901402 07903307 07100579 27301339 45801328 07902231 10401225 15901853 19700159 08001274 26302115 52000234 33000525 09900171 45900615 45800441 52000234 58900918 07903307 68800561 82901301 69501070 70201801 82901301 LWS TDT# 07100579 07901520 07903229 08001732 08401538 08402827 10401133 10401227 15901854 19800158 22002005 26300513 31900901 33000316 33100802 48800916 49001642 52500861 59300644 60701891 68800450 68900805 69501069 70201904 86801205 LWS/SWS 0.95 1.01 0.98 1.03 1.03 0.94 1.26 0.95 0.90 1.11 1.07 1.12 0.96 1.01 1.04 1.12 1.02 1.00 1.03 1.07 0.90 1.04 1.06 1.00 1.03 Notes

bad SWS band 4

bad SWS band 4

bad SWS band 4

bad SWS band 4

If we exclude from the analysis four objects showing calibration problems in band 4 of SWS (those presenting strong mismatches with band 3, indicated in Table 6.1), we can see that the mean LWS/SWS ratio derived from these measurements is <LWS/SWS> = 1.01, very close to unity, with a very little dispersion around this value (in most cases the agreement is at the 10% level or better). This is remarkable, if we consider that LWS and SWS were calibrated in a totally dierent way (LWS calibration is based on Uranus as primary calibrator while SWS band 4 calibration is mainly based on the results of ground-based ILT experiments using blackbody sources). As a byproduct of this analysis and since some of the objects in this cross-calibration sample were repeatedly observed throughout the mission with either SWS or LWS, it was also possible to perform an independent analysis of the stability of both instruments in terms of absolute ux calibration. The results obtained indicate that both for LWS and SWS the reproducibility was better than 15% in all cases.

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Figure 6.6: Composite OLP Version 10 SWS+LWS spectra of some of the sources used as test cases for the consistency check between SWS and LWS. Note the excellent match at 44 m in most cases.

6.2.2
6.2.2.1

Filter measurements versus spectroscopy

ISOCAM lters versus chopped PHT-S

An excellent agreement is also found when comparing ISOCAM lter measurements with PHT-S spectroscopy. As an example of this, we present here the results obtained from a cross-calibration comparison

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127

performed at a very low ux level (a few mJy) of ISOCAM lter photometry (AOT CAM01) and PHT-S spectroscopy (AOT PHT40) of a sample of 55 Seyfert galaxies reported in Schulz et al. 2000, [147]. Seyfert galaxies in the sample were observed both with ISOCAM LW2 (6.7 m) and LW7 (9.6 m) lters and with chopped PHT-S photometry. In this case, however, the comparison is not based on OLP Version 10 data products. Instead, calibration was performed using standard CIA and PIA routines starting from ERD. Manual recalibration of the spectra included only glitch de-tailing and transient correction of the chopped PHT-S measurements in a similar way as the Version 10 of the automated pipeline does it. Thus, the expected level of agreement reached in the nal products is very similar. In Figure 6.7 we can see two nice examples of PHT-S and ISOCAM lter measurements of the Seyfert galaxies Markarian 509 (Seyfert 1) and NGC 5953 (Seyfert 2).
Mrk 509 Seyfert: 1
0.35
Br beta [SiIX] 3.28 F_3.3 Br alpha [SiIX] 6.2 F_6.2 7.7 F_7.7 8.6 F_8.6

z=0.03440

0.30 Fluxdensity [Jy]

0.25
LW7

0.20
LW2

0.15

0.10

alpha = -0.84

10 rest wavelength [micron] m=13.00 Compact

NGC 5953 Seyfert: 2

1.0
Br beta [SiIX] 3.28 F_3.3 Br alpha [SiIX]

z=0.00656

6.2 F_6.2

7.7 F_7.7

8.6 F_8.6

0.8 Fluxdensity [Jy]

0.6

0.4
LW2 LW7

0.2
alpha = -0.56

0.0 10 rest wavelength [micron] m=13.30 SAa: pec:LINER

Figure 6.7: PHT-S spectrum and ISOCAM LW2 and LW7 lter measurements of the Seyfert 1 galaxy Mrk 509 and of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 5953. The position of some of the more prominant PAH bands and emission lines are indicated. The two large crosses marked LW2 and LW7 indicate the ux from ISOCAM images with its error and wavelength range. The best t power-law continuum is shown as a continuous line (taken from Schulz et al. 2000, [147]) The results obtained are very satisfactory since the global median ux ratio (ISOCAM lter/PHT-S) derived from the measurements is: 1.15 for the LW2 measurements and 0.94 for LW7, i.e. ISOCAM

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ux densities without colour correction are only 15% higher in LW2 and 6% lower in LW7 than the corresponding PHT-S measurements. The colour correction for the large bandpass-lter could explain the dierence for LW2 up to 10%, as the spectral energy distribution of the Seyfert galaxies observed are red, and with the PAHs contribution in the reddest part of the lter wavelength range. On the other hand, the higher uxes detected in the LW2 58.5 m lter might also be contaminated by the contribution from the stellar content of the underlying extended galaxy which may still be detectable even for the almost point-like Seyferts, the ISOCAM aperture being wider than the PHT-S one. 6.2.2.2 ISOCAM lters versus SWS

Observations of the Orion bar complex made with CAM-CVF and SWS by Cesarsky et al. 2000, [19] are shown here as an example of this cross-calibration analysis. The spectrum of this region of the sky shows a combination of strong emission features corresponding to PAHs and amorphous silicate grains together with narrow emission lines coming from an ionised region around the isolated O9.5 V star 2 Ori A, as we can see in Figure 6.8. The simultaneous presence of broad and narrow emission features makes this comparison quite interesting for cross-calibration purposes since it constitutes an excellent laboratory to test the internal consistency of ISO calibration in the presence of emission lines.

Figure 6.8: SWS spectrum (full line) compared to the CAM-CVF spectrum (dotted line) of the region around 2 Ori A. All the ISOCAM pixels falling in the SWS aperture have been co-added (from Cesarsky et al. 2000, [19]).

The CAM-CVF observations employed the 6 per pixel eld of view of ISOCAM. Full scans of the two CVFs in the LW channel of the camera were performed with both increasing and decreasing wavelength. The results of these two scans are almost identical, showing that the transient response of the detector was only a minor problem for these observations. The raw data were processed using CIA in a standard way and the Fouks-Schubert transient correction was applied to the data resulting in only minor corrections.

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129

The CAM-CVF spectrum of 2 Ori shown in Figure 6.8 was obtained co-adding all the pixels falling within the SWS aperture. The full range (2.4 to 46 m) SWS spectrum of the HII region surrounding the star 2 Ori A was reduced with SIA using version 30 of the Cal-G les. Since the interactive data reduction performed was done in a similar way as Version 10 of the pipeline does it both for ISOCAM and SWS data, the level of agreement reached is expected to be comparable to that obtained using OLP data products. And this was actually found to be excellent, within 20% both for the continuum and for the emission lines. 6.2.2.3 ISOPHOT lters versus ISO spectroscopy

Observations of comet Hale-Bopp taken in October 1996 with ISOPHOT using 4 dierent detectors (P1, P2, C100 and C200) and 10 lters covering the range between 3.6 and 170 m by Grn et al. 2001, u [66] have been compared with quasi-simultaneous observations taken with PHT-S (Crovisier et al. 1997, [37]), SWS (Crovisier et al. 2000, [38]) and LWS (Lellouch et al. 1998, [109]). Figure 6.9, taken from Grn et al. 2001, [66] shows the ISOPHOT photometric uxes together with the u PHT-S, SWS and LWS spectra taken on 67 October 1996, scaled to a 19 aperture. This required the application of aperture correction factors which assumed a 1/ brightness distribution, where is dened as the projected distance from the nucleus. Details on the data reduction of each dataset used in this cross-calibration comparison can be found in the above referenced paper.

Figure 6.9: Comparison of ISOPHOT photometry (open squares) and the PHT-S, SWS and LWS spectra of Comet Hale-Bopp on 67 October 1996. All uxes have been scaled to a 19 diameter aperture.

In the case of the ISOPHOT lter measurements, background observations were performed with identical instrument settings at the same positions on the sky several days after the comet observations to subtract the contribution from the sky emission to the on-source photometric measurements. All observations were done in single pointing, single lter absolute photometric mode (PHT05 and PHT25). A reasonable agreement was found between the independently calibrated photometry and spectroscopy in most cases in spite of the many dierent correction factors applied to the data. These correction factors are needed in the case of ISOPHOT to cope with the dierent apertures used per lter, positional osets (observations where the source was not perfectly centred in the aperture), PSF eects on coma

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measurements, and the usual colour corrections. For SWS, additional scaling factors were applied to the dierent bands to make the spectrum continuous; these scaling factors were always close to one. 6.2.2.4 ISOPHOT lters versus LWS

We present here the results obtained from the cross-calibration analysis performed at the long wavelength spectral range covered by ISO between 60 and 200 m using a combination of PHT-C measurements and LWS01 observations. As it has already been mentioned before, this comparison is dicult because of the limited common dynamic range and the lack of astronomical sources observed both with PHT-C and LWS suitable for cross-calibration. Searching the ISO Data Archive it is possible to select around 200 dierent positions in the sky where ISO observations were performed both with PHT-C lters (photometry beyond 60 m) and LWS01, corresponding to about 100 dierent astronomical sources. However, there are very few of them with both PHT and LWS observations of enough quality to derive reliable numbers. In addition, the strong infrared background sometimes completely dominates the measurements especially at the longest wavelengths making cross-comparisons more dicult. Moreover, we need to purge as usual this cross-calibration sample for bad-pointed observations, variable and extended sources, which at the end limits the number of suitable sources to just 9 common observations which are presented in Tables 6.2 and 6.3. These were the observations selected as test cases for this cross-calibration analysis. For the derivation of the uxes quoted in Tables 6.2 and 6.3 we retrieved from the ISO Data Archive the OLP Version 10 PHT-C photometric data together with the corresponding OLP Version 10 LWS spectra. In the case of the PHT-C photometry we just took directly the values provided by the automated pipeline while the LWS spectra were further processed with ISAP Version 2.1 in order to derive the equivalent synthetic photometry at 60, 100, 120, 150 and 200 m. For this we used the syn_phot application in ISAP, which allows the convolution of the ISO LWS spectrum with the transmission prole of the dierent IRAS PHT-C lters used in the comparison. The programme assigns a monochromatic ux at each of these wavelengths as output under the assumption that the source SED shape is of the form f = constant, or equivalently f = constant, in the same way as PHT-C calibration did. Table 6.2: List of cross-calibration sources used in the comparison between PHT-C100 and LWS
Source CRL 3068 Y CVn HD 161796 R Cas IRAS 163423814 OH104.9+2.4 Cyg Cep VX Sgr C100 60 m 21.0 102 84.5 92.8 112.5 C100 100 m 10.5 38.5 63.0 50.5 64.0 C100 120 m 70.0 54.8 269 177.5 1240 LWS 60 m 14.6 85.5 89.2 82.3 108.5 LWS 100 m 8.3 32.9 44.6 36.6 52.9 LWS 120 m 67.0 54.1 146 39.0 205 IRAS CIRR2 1 1 1 2 4 5 5 5 6

In Tables 6.2 and 6.3 the sources have been sorted according to the increasing value of the parameter CIRR2 as quoted in the IRAS Point Source Catalogue Version 2.1. This is a logarithmic function which describes the contamination expected from background cirrus emission at 100 m and responds to the equation:

6.2. INTERNAL CROSS-CALIBRATION Table 6.3: List of cross-calibration sources used in the comparison between PHT-C200 and LWS
Source CRL 3068 Y CVn HD 161796 R Cas IRAS 163423814 OH104.9+2.4 Cyg Cep VX Sgr C200 150 m 43.0 11.7 31.2 52.7 221 246 161 179.5 1640 C200 200 m 23.0 7.3 17.2 37.9 171 270 136 147.5 1210 LWS 150 m 36.5 3.0 17.4 13.3 97.0 33.2 33.3 25.8 216 LWS 200 m 24.4 5.0 19.1 4.7 70.5 35.3 46.8 18.3 229 IRAS CIRR2 1 1 1 2 4 5 5 5 6

131

CIRR2 = int[(8/3) log(Fc /Fs ) + (19/3)]

(6.1)

where Fc is the cirrus ux and Fs is the source ux (see the IRAS Explanatory Supplement, [84]). A value of CIRR2=1 corresponds to the cirrus ux being less than 1% of the source ux while CIRR2 larger than 56 indicates that the ux measurement is probably dominated by the cirrus contribution. The cirrus contamination eect has clearly been detected in the cross-calibration measurements shown in Tables 6.2 and 6.3, especially beyond 100 m. While the consistency between PHT-C and LWS is better than 2030% in most cases at 60 and 100 m (detector C-100), we can see that at longer wavelengths (detector C-200) the situation becomes worse and this good level of agreement is only reached by the sources showing a very low value of the CIRR2 parameter (and not always). For the rest of the sources in the short list under analysis the cirrus contamination completely dominates the ux detected at 120, 150 and 200 m. This is clearly reected by the fact that the ux ratios PHT-C/LWS at these wavelengths closely approach a constant value (between 6 and 8) which is a pure consequence of the dierence in size of eective apertures between both instruments. A similar analysis was carried out by M ller & Lagerros 2002, [127] using a combination of LWS01 u grating scans and LWS02 xed grating observations on a number of asteroids. For this cross-calibration comparison further processing of OLP Version 10 data products was performed using ISAP Version 2.0. In the case of LWS01 grating scans the detector signals were deglitched, -clipped (2.5 r.m.s.) and averaged. Detectors SW1 to SW5 were then smoothed with the nominal resolution element of 0.29m, LW1 to LW5 with a resolution element of 0.6 m and both scan directions averaged. Observations on a large number of standard sources (planets, asteroids, stars) have shown that the responsivities of the detectors LW1, LW2 and LW3 might be ux dependent. In order to correct for these suspected nonlinearities empirical correction values were derived and applied to the asteroid scans (Mller 2001, [124]). u The background values were taken from COBE/DIRBE (Hauser et al. 1998a, [75]) weekly maps (25 100 m) and yearly maps (140240 m). LWS solid angles and correction factors for extended sources were taken from the ISO Handbook Volume III on LWS, [68]. Maximal background contributions were 4% for Ceres and up to 50% for Hygiea with the largest inuence at long wavelengths. For the xed grating LWS02 observations the data reduction was also performed manually taking only the last 100 s of the measurements where the signals were usually stabilised. Dark current subtraction and ux calibration was done in the ISAP command mode. The detector non-linearities and the backgrounds were corrected in the same way as for the LWS01 mode. Maximal background contributions were up to 16% for Ceres, up to about 10% for Pallas and Vesta and up to 40% for Hygiea. The dark current signals in LW4 (160.6 m) and LW5 (178.0 m) were in many cases unstable during the integration times and the corresponding uxes could therefore not be used.

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The ISOPHOT observations were calibrated against standard stars and planets only with the help of PIA, using ad-hoc Cal-G les excluding intentionally all the asteroids from them (they are also considered calibration standards for ISOPHOT), and treating the asteroid measurements this way as independent scientic observations. All these observations were compared with thermophysical models of the asteroids (M ller & Lagerros u 2002, [127] and references therein), which consider aspects like size, albedo and shape together with the spin vector, a beaming model, thermal inertia and a wavelength-dependent emissivity. The observations/model ratios are shown in Figures 6.10 to 6.13. It may be interesting to remark here that this cross-calibration comparison comprises a large variety of observing geometries, aspect and phase angles, typically 23 orders of magnitude in ux and dierent background conditions for each asteroid. The observation from the 2 instruments (LWS, ISOPHOT) were taken in dierent observing modes (LWS01, LWS02, PHT22, PHT25, PHT99) and quite dierent integration times. They underwent completely dierent data processing and calibration schemes. Nevertheless, the observations/model representation gives a consistent picture, expressed in ratios close to one. In general no systematic osets on absolute terms between the instruments or observing modes can be seen with the exception of the well known ux underestimation of the SW1 detector of LWS for observations taken before revolution 237 (some of which are represented in the plots as outliers), corrected in the nal Version 10.1 of the LWS pipeline, and a few residual jumps betwen detector bands which are not yet fully understood.

Ceres LWS01(769), LWS02 (15x), PHT

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

320...710 Jy
0.6

40...80 Jy
100

Figure 6.10: LWS (xed grating: squares; grating scans: dots) and ISOPHOT (triangles) observations of Ceres divided by its thermophysical model. A few LWS-SW1 xed grating observations taken before revolution 237 are visible in the plot as outliers as well as a few measurements taken with the LWS-LW4 and LWS-LW5 detectors. No other systematic dierences between LWS and ISOPHOT can be seen (from Mller & Lagerros 2002, [127]). u

6.2. INTERNAL CROSS-CALIBRATION

133

1.4

(2) Pallas LWS02 (4x), PHT

1.2 Obs/Mod

1.0

0.8

0.6

130...190 Jy 14...22 Jy 100 Wavelength [m]

Figure 6.11: LWS (xed grating: squares) and ISOPHOT (triangles) observations of Pallas divided by its thermophysical model. Only one LWS-SW1 xed grating measurement taken before revolution 237 and a couple of individual LW5 measurements show strong discrepancies with respect to the ISOPHOT data and/or the thermophysical model (from Mller & Lagerros 2002, [127]). u

1.4

Vesta LWS02 (14x), PHT

1.2 Obs/Mod

1.0

0.8

0.6

150...460 Jy 16...50 Jy 100 Wavelength [m]

Figure 6.12: LWS (xed grating: squares) and ISOPHOT (triangles) observations of Vesta divided by its thermophysical model. Again, with the exception of a few measurements at the longest wavelength range, no strong systematic dierences between LWS and ISOPHOT can be seen (from Mller & Lagerros 2002, u [127]).

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Hygiea LWS01(832), LWS02 (2x), PHT

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

45...70 Jy
0.6

5...8 Jy
100

Figure 6.13: LWS (xed grating: squares; grating scans: dots) and ISOPHOT (triangles) observations of Hygiea divided by its thermophysical model. Note the 20% discrepancy of the LWS-SW1 measurements, both taken before revolution 237. Other jumps between LWS bands are calibration artifacts. Especially the high quality ISOPHOT C200 measurements are consistent with the model predictions. Note that the ux level in this case is of only a few Jy at the longest wavelength range, close to the detection limit for LWS (from Mller & Lagerros 2002, [127]). u

6.3
6.3.1
6.3.1.1

External Cross-Calibration
Comparison with IRAS
SWS versus IRAS photometry

A large number of astronomical sources observed with SWS were also detected by IRAS in the 12 and 25 m bands and are included in the IRAS Point Source Catalogue. In order to compare the absolute ux calibration of IRAS and ISO SWS we searched the ISO Data Archive for observations made with ISO at the same positions of the sky, allowing a maximum oset of 1.5 . This way, we found up to 556 dierent pointings in the ISO Data Archive containing SWS01 observations corresponding to around 400 dierent IRAS sources. Unfortunately, many of the sources in this sample had to be discarded because they were known to be slightly extended sources or strongly variable. Extended sources may introduce uncertainty in the results; rst, because the SWS calibration is based on point source ux calibration and correction factors are needed to derive their actual absolute ux and, second, because many of these extended sources are usually located in areas of the sky with a complex structure at infrared wavelengths, which complicates even more the problem. Sources which look extended to SWS are easily recognised because the spectra show strong ux jumps between bands coincident with changes in the aperture size, as we have already shown in Figure 6.1 (bottom panel). Concerning variability, we know that many of the stars observed by ISO are characterised by their strong photometric variability. Many of them are pulsating stars in the Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB)

6.3. EXTERNAL CROSS-CALIBRATION

135

phase evolving into planetary nebulae. Some others are young stellar objects which may also be variable (although in this case the amplitude of the variations in this spectral range is usually not very large). In spite of all these limitations, we ended up with a list of still more than 250 individual observations susceptible to be used for cross-calibration with the IRAS photometry at 12 and 25 m, corresponding to more than 100 dierent astronomical sources, covering a wide range of spectral shapes and brightness. Each of these 250 individual OLP Version 10 SWS spectra were retrieved from the ISO Data Archive and further processed with ISAP Version 2.1. Basically, bad data points aected by glitches were identied and removed from the spectra using the available tools in ISAP and what we can call ISO SWS photometry was performed at 12 and 25 m with the help of the syn_phot application of ISAP, which simply convolves the ISO spectrum with the transmission prole of the IRAS lters at 12 and 25 m and assigns a monochromatic ux at these two wavelengths under the assumption that the source SED shape is of the form f = constant, or equivalently f = constant, in the same way as IRAS did. In Figure 6.14 we show the results obtained at 12 m. At rst sight, the conclusion is that, in general, ISO SWS synthetic photometry and IRAS photometry at 12 m are consistent within the 15% level in most cases independent on the ux level considered (from few Jy to several thousand Jy), with only a few sources showing a slightly worse agreement (2530%) at low ux levels (below 25 Jy).

Figure 6.14: ISO SWS synthetic photometry at 12 m derived from OLP Version 10 data products compared to IRAS photometry at the same wavelength. The dashed red line represents a 15% discrepancy level

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Figure 6.16 (left panel) shows the distribution of the discrepancies found between the ISO SWS synthetic photometry and IRAS photometry at 12 m. Taking the mean absolute ux level of all the measurements taken with SWS and IRAS at 12 m the zero-point consistency is found to be better than 2%. Note that the overall distribution is, however, slightly asymmetric. In the absence of other known calibration problems, the few obvious outliers towards positive values (ISO uxes overestimated with respect to IRAS) might correspond to variable sources not recognised as such in the sample (and, thus, not purged) detected close their maximum brightness by ISO, while those towards negative values (ISO uxes underestimated with respect to IRAS) are interpreted as a combination of previously unknown variable sources (caught this time during minimum brightness by ISO) and slightly bad-pointed observations which have partially escaped from detection. A very similar result is obtained at 25 m, as we can see in Figure 6.15. The level of agreement is again in most cases within 15% for strong sources (above 50 Jy), with very few exceptions, although it becomes also slightly worse for low ux levels (typically within 2530% for uxes below 1520 Jy). Comparing the absolute ux level of all the measurements performed with SWS and IRAS at 25 m the zero-point consistency is found to be better than 1% (for the derivation of this number, the measurements at 25 m corresponding to sources with an absolute ux level at this wavelength below 15 Jy were excluded).

Figure 6.15: ISO SWS synthetic photometry at 25 m derived from OLP Version 10 data products compared to IRAS photometry at the same wavelength. The dashed red line represents a 15% discrepancy level.

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In this case, however, the overall distribution of discrepancies plotted in Figure 6.16 (right panel) is not asymmetric, in contrast with what was found at 12 m. The number of strongly underestimated uxes by ISO with respect to IRAS are in this case more or less similar to the number of overestimations. The few obvious outliers at both sides of the distribution are actually the same sources observed as outliers at 12 m supporting the hypothesis that they may be variable stars. Thus, we interpret the symmetry observed in this case as the consequence of the smaller number of badly pointed observations at this wavelength, probably because of the larger apertures used by SWS bands 3 and 4, which lowers the probability of missing part of the incoming ux from a point source when it is observed slightly o-axis.

Figure 6.16: Distribution of the discrepancies found between the ISO SWS synthetic photometry at 12 m (left) and 25 m (right) derived from OLP Version 10 data products compared to the IRAS photometry

6.3.1.2

LWS versus IRAS photometry

A similar analysis was performed by Chan et al. 2001, [20] considering all sources observed with ISO LWS in the grating scan mode (LWS01 AOT) for which there was also available photometry at 100 m in the IRAS Point Source Catalogue. In order to compare the absolute ux calibration of IRAS and ISO LWS the ISO Data Archive was searched for observations made with ISO at the same positions of the sky, allowing a maximum oset of 2 . The objects were selected according to the additional following criteria: 1. IRAS ux density qualities 2 in the 60 and 100 m bands 2. LWS data showing no fringes to avoid sources with a strong cirrus background and/or extended objects 3. F (100 m) < 1000 Jy to avoid detector non-linearities 4. Fc /Fs < 0.5, where Fc /Fs is the ux density ratio of cirrus and source 5. IRAS CIRR3 254 MJy/sr and no strong cirrus background on the IRAS Sky Atlas Maps or in the LWS parallel maps at 100 m (LW1 detector). 6. source is not a known variable source

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A total number of 170 dierent pointings were found in the ISO Data Archive containing LWS01 observations satisfying the above criteria corresponding to 120 dierent IRAS sources. They all were included in this cross-calibration analysis as test cases, covering a wide range of spectral shapes and brightness. The OLP Version 10 LWS grating spectra were retrieved from the ISO Data Archive and further processed with ISAP Version 2.1 prior to their comparison with the IRAS photometry at 100 m. Bad data points aected by glitches were removed from the spectra using the available tools in ISAP. A few sources had to be corrected also for the so-called near-infrared leak. This is an instrumental eect which produces false strong features at 53 m and 105 m on the LWS spectra of sources with a bright near infrared counterpart. These features can easily be removed by tting a power-law to the underlying continuum and assuming they have a Gaussian prole, which is a very good aproximation to their real shape (see ISO Volume III of the Handbook on LWS, [68] for more details). ISAP was also used to perform the equivalent ISO LWS photometry at 100 m of all the 120 sources contained in our new cross-calibration sample. This was done using again the syn_phot application, which convolves the ISO spectrum with the transmission prole of the IRAS 100 m lter. This assigns a monochromatic ux at this wavelength under the assumption that the source SED shape is of the form f = constant, or equivalently f = constant, in the same way as IRAS did. The main problem which aects our cross-calibration comparison is the cirrus contamination. The infrared sky is characterised by emission at 100 m from interstellar dust on all spatial scales. In spite of the restrictions applied to the selected sources, a signicant chance exists that some of them can still be aected by components of this long-wavelength emission on point source scale. While the IRAS photometric uxes quoted in the Point Source Catalogue are already corrected for this background cirrus emission, this is not the case of the photometry derived from LWS data, which includes this background contribution. Therefore, it is necessary to apply a correction either to LWS data or to the IRAS photometry before making any cross-calibration comparison. Two methods can be applied to perform this cirrus correction. Both recovery procedures are only an approximation: - Method 1: based on the restoration of the original IRAS ux density at 100 m uncorrected for cirrus (i.e. Fc + Fs ) using the value of CIRR2 listed in the IRAS Point Source Catalogue, which is directly related via Equation 6.1 to the value of Fc /Fs . As we have already mentioned in Section 6.2.2.4 CIRR2 is an integer in the range from 1 to 9. CIRR2 values less than 4 indicate little or no cirrus contamination. CIRR2 values larger than 5 indicate the presence of bright cirrus emission heavily contaminating the source photometry. - Method 2: based on the removal of the cirrus contamination from the ISO-LWS synthetic photometry using the CIRR3 values listed in the IRAS Point Source Catalogue. CIRR3 is the total surface brightness of the sky surrounding a source in a 0.5 beam at 100 m clipped to exclude values larger than 254 MJy/sr. LWS calibration is based on point sources, so those that sit on a signicant background will require this correction before they can be compared with the IRAS photometric values in the Point Source Catalogue. To perform this correction requires the knowledge of the ISO LWS beam; that is, the eective solid angle of the LWS detectors and the so-called extended source correction factors, both of which are given in the ISO Handbook Volume III on LWS, [68]. The main problem of this whole procedure is that in regions with bright cirrus emission, the CIRR3 value may overestimate grossly the true background ux local to the source. Figure 6.17 shows the distribution of ISO/IRAS ux density ratios at 100 m as a function of the IRAS ux density at 100 m in a logarithmic scale using the two dierent methods above mentioned. The results obtained suggest that, in spite of the uncertainties induced by the sometimes large (and inaccurate) correction factors needed to make this comparison, there is a reasonable good agreement between ISO and IRAS at 100 m in most cases (within 30%). However, ISO ux calibration is found to give systematically 12.5% higher uxes respect to IRAS (if we take the mean value), independent on the method used. A similar discrepancy (11.3%) was reported in

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Figure 6.17: The LWS/IRAS ux density ratios at m using Method 1 (top) and Method 2 (bottom). below which LWS accuracy becomes dominated by uxes detected by ISO with respect to IRAS at high

100 m as a function of the IRAS ux density at 100 The vertical dashed line represents an arbitrary limit inaccurate dark current subtraction. Note the higher ux levels in both cases (from Chan et al. 2001, [20]).

the LWS OLP Version 10 Scientic Validation Report (Lim et al. 2001, [114]), where the calculations were restricted to a short list of low background sources, suggesting that the problem is not related to a wrong background subtraction. In order to analyse more in detail the problem we have plotted in Figure 6.18 the results of the same cross-calibration comparison in a linear scale and only including sources with IRAS ux densities at 100 m below 100 Jy using Method 1. Interestingly, the distribution shows the existence of at least 2 dierent turning points leading to three dierent regimes. The rst regime is followed by sources with ISO uxes below 25 Jy. These are the sources showing the higher degree of consistency with ISO in terms of absolute ux level, although the dispersion is very high at these low ux levels, as expected, due to inaccurate dark current subtraction. A second regime is followed by sources well detected by ISO with uxes at 100 m between 25 and 75 Jy. These sources show systematically 1015% higher ISO uxes compared to IRAS with a dispersion of only 20%. And there seems to be even a third regime beyond 75 Jy which shows an even larger systematic discrepancy (up to 20%) with a similar dispersion. The same behaviour, although not shown here, is observed when we use Method 2. The discontinuities observed are still of unknown origin and may be either in ISO or in IRAS calibration. It is remarkable that the problem seems to be not related with inaccuracy at low ux levels induced

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Figure 6.18: ISO LWS synthetic photometry at 100 m compared to IRAS photometry at the same wavelength for sources with IRAS ux density at 100 m less than 100 Jy, using Method 1. The horizontal dashed line represents an arbitrary limit below which LWS accuracy becomes dominated by inaccurate dark current subtraction (taken from Chan et al. 2001, [20]). by an inaccurate dark current subtraction since this would just increase the observed dispersion but it would not change the zero-point of the absolute ux calibration. Actually, the strongest discrepancies are observed in the group of the brightest sources. Neither does the problem seem to be directly correlated with the inaccuracy of the diferent methods used for cirrus correction, since it equally aects sources with low and high background, as we have already mentioned.

An interesting independent comparison between ISO LWS and IRAS photometry at 60 and 100 m was carried out by Brauher & Lord 2001, [12] on a large sample of extragalactic sources. This sample consisted of observations of galaxies taken with the LWS in the grating modes (LWS01 and LWS02) that were reduced in a uniform manner using all of the advanced data reduction techniques of LIA and ISAP starting from OLP Version 7 data products. The galaxy sample comprised nearly all galaxies observed during the ISO mission whose far-infrared emission fell within the 75 LWS beam and had IRAS Point Source Catalogue detections. There were 155 such galaxies in the ISO Data Archive with 60 m uxes ranging from below 1 Jy to 300 Jy. In this study, a small correction factor was introduced in the derivation of the ISO synthetic photometry at 60 m with ISAP in order to account for the fraction of the IRAS 60 m lter not covered by ISO LWS (2787 m is the spectral coverage of the IRAS 60 m lter versus 43197 m for LWS). This may introduce some uncertainty in the derived values. Assuming that the majority of the galaxies used for this comparison span a narrow temperature range (3045 K) the amount of the integrated ux measurement missed by LWS is estimated to vary from 2-8%. Thus, an average correction of 5% to the LWS 60 m uxes was applied to all the galaxies in the sample. The LWS02 60 m and 100 m continuum uxes must also have a secondary correction applied. The uxes for this AOT were estimated by tting a 25 m linear baseline through the IRAS lter central

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wavelengths, essentially producing a monochromatic ux density. This ux density must be corrected to estimate the ux density IRAS found over its extended passband. Fitting a linear baseline to the spectra overestimates the integrated spectral photometry by 12% at 60 m and 9% at 100 m. Thus, the LWS02 uxes were also corrected for these overestimations accordingly. After these corrections were applied, the infrared sky background was estimated using IRSKY (images from the all-sky IRAS Survey Atlas with a resolution of 4 in each of the IRAS bands) and then removed from the LWS data, in a similar way as Method 2 described above does it. The background subtracted LWS data were then compared with the IRAS photometry at 60 and 100 m quoted in the Point Source Catalogue. Figure 6.19 shows how the LWS and IRAS data compare after a careful reduction with the LWS Interactive Analysis software (LIA), including interactive dark currrent subtraction, absolute responsivity corrections, as well as manual removal of glitches and fringes.

6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 0.1 L02 L01

10

100

L02 L01

-2

-4 0.1

10

100

Figure 6.19: The dierence between the LWS and IRAS uxes at 60 m and 100 m. The systematic osets and dispersions of the LWS01 (triangles) and LWS02 (circles) data with respect to IRAS data are similar. The overall agreement is typically within 26% for uxes above 5 Jy (from Brauher & Lord 2001, [12]). The results obtained suggests an overall good agreement between ISO LWS and IRAS both at 60 and 100 m, typically within 26% for uxes above 5 Jy. The ISO uxes, according to this study are (1) systematically lower than IRAS uxes by 3% between 5300 Jy at 60 m and (2) systematically higher than the IRAS uxes by 2% between 5300 Jy at 100 m. Below 5 Jy the dispersion increases by a factor of two and is attributed to the dark current subtraction errors.

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L02 L01 100

L02 L01

10

0.1 0.1 1 10 100 0.1 1 10 100

Figure 6.20: LWS versus IRAS comparison for 60 m and 100 m. LWS01 observations are indicated with triangles while LWS02 observations are indicated with lled circles. The IRAS errors come from the Point Source Catalogue, and the ISO errors are a combination of the calibration and measurement uncertainty errors (from Brauher & Lord 2001, [12]). However, it is worth to note that if only the brightest sources in the sample are considered (above 25 Jy) the LWS uxes are found systematically 12% higher than the corresponding IRAS uxes both at 60 m and 100 m. This result is strikingly similar to the oset found at 100 m by Chan et al. 2001, [20]. The strong discrepancies at high ux levels are more evident in Figure 6.20 where we have plotted the same results in a dierent format. The discrepancy seems to be of the order of 2040% for uxes above 7080 Jy, supporting our previous ndings. 6.3.1.3 ISO composite SWS+LWS spectra versus IRAS photometry at 60 and 100 m

We can take advantage of the availability of the sample of cross-calibration sources used for the internal comparison between SWS and LWS presented in Section 6.2.1.4 to produce good quality, composite ISO SWS+LWS spectra which can be directly compared with IRAS photometry at 60 and 100 m. The spectral coverage of the resulting ISO composite spectrum is such that there is no need need to apply in this case any correction factor to the IRAS photometry at 60 m, since the IRAS photometric band is fully covered by ISO when we combine SWS+LWS data in a single spectrum. The test sample includes 23 sources which are listed in Table 6.4. Note that, unfortunately, we had to exclude from this cross-calibration analysis some of the sources used in the previous comparison. For

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instance, this time we could not include the well known variable sources TX Cam or OH 26.5+0.6, observed close in time by ISO with SWS and LWS, but at a completely dierent epoch with respect to IRAS photometry, taken in 19831984. Neither we could use the source IRAS 154525459 because of the bad quality of its IRAS photometry at 60 and 100 m. Table 6.4: ISO OLP Version 10.1 synthetic photometry at 60 and 100 m compared with IRAS photometry
IRAS 60 m 151.7 133.3 515.9 243.5 1036 199.1 5652 248.7 193.0 176.6 589.6 173.1 103.6 290.2 96.6 851.8 127.0 131.4 33.4 90.0 115.5 262.7 IRAS 100 m1 48.7 62.7 168.1 83.5 339.9 91.7 922.0 315.9 104.0 71.3 408.2 66.2 31.2 139.4 41.0 181.1 49.9 34.4 15.0 25.4 31.9 82.3 IRAS 100 m2 49.2 63.3 169.8 84.3 343.3 93.5 940.0 322.2 110.2 75.6 432.7 70.2 33.1 157.5 46.3 239.1 65.9 61.2 26.7 44.7 56.1 144.9 ISO 60 m 167.3 144.2 674.5 311.1 1361 236.5 5297 314.6 226.4 217.5 792.6 215.1 119.6 262.8 119.1 1053 140.1 146.2 38.6 93.8 139.2 312.9 ISO 100 m 56.3 72.9 224.3 96.3 547.4 105.0 1247 426.3 132.5 94.7 592.6 81.9 35.4 122.1 44.0 310.4 52.8 78.2 31.4 45.0 53.2 197.9 IRAS CIRR2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 7

Source HD 161796 NGC 6543 IRAS 19114+0002 R Dor CRL 618 CPD 56 8032 CW Leo Circinus HD 101584 Hen 2113 M 178 HD 44179 IC 418 IRAS 163423814 SAO 34504 AFGL 4106 Cep IRAS 165944656 IRAS 21282+5050 IRAS 21318+5631 Sco VX Sgr
1 2

Notes

strong near infrared leak bad SWS band 4

bad SWS band 4

mean of two measurements bad SWS band 4 strong near infrared leak

bad SWS band 4 & strong near infrared leak

IRAS ux density quoted in the Point Source Catalogue restored IRAS ux density including background cirrus emission

At these long wavelengths, and as it was already mentioned in Section 6.3.1.2, one needs to consider very seriously the amount of cirrus contamination in the measurements. In principle, the eect is expected to be strong only at 100 m in regions of strong cirrus background while the measurements at 60 m will only be slightly aected. In any case, in order to take this possibility into account and because it can be of help in the analysis, the sources in Table 6.4 have been sorted as a function of the parameter CIRR2, previously dened in Equation 6.1, which is directly related with the background emission at 100 m in the vicinities of the IRAS point source. For the derivation of the ISO SWS+LWS synthetic photometry at 60 and 100 m listed in Table 6.4 we used again ISAP Version 2.1. First the corresponding SWS+LWS OLP Version 10.1 spectra were directly retrieved from the ISO Data Archive and combined to create the composite spectra. Then bad data points aected by glitches in both SWS and LWS sections of the composite spectra were removed and the LWS spectra were corrected for near infrared leaks when necessary. Finally the syn_phot application of ISAP was used to convolve the ISO spectrum with the transmission prole of the IRAS lters at 60 and 100 m. This way we derived a monochromatic ux at each of these wavelengths under the assumption that

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the source SED shape is of the form f = constant, or equivalently f = constant, in the same way as IRAS did. Figure 6.21 shows the distribution of the derived ISO/IRAS ux density ratios at 60 m as a function of the IRAS ux density at 60 m in logarithmic scale. As we can see the systematic discrepancy between ISO and IRAS photometry at 60 m (of the order of 15%) is conrmed. The discrepancy cannot be attributed to background contamination since it is not correlated at all with the value of the IRAS CIRR2 parameter. Instead, there seems to be a clear correlation with increasing ux, similar to that previously found for the sample of extragalactic sources analysed in Section 6.3.1.2. In order to determine whether this systematic discrepancy between ISO and LWS is also found at 100 m we used again the sources in Table 6.4 to perform an independent analysis.

Figure 6.21: The ISO/IRAS ux density ratios at 60 as a function of the IRAS ux density at 60 m. Following the strategy proposed by Josephine Chan in their comparison of ISO data with IRAS photometry at 100 m, we used their Method 1, this is, the restoration of the background emission estimated from the CIRR2 parameter to the quoted IRAS ux density at 100 m in the IRAS Point Source Catalogue Version 2.1, to determine the total cirrus+source ux density. This is the quantity that must be used to compare with the LWS measurements, as LWS measured both source+background emission. Figure 6.22 shows in logarithmic scale the distribution of ISO/IRAS ux density ratios at 100 m as a function of the restored IRAS ux density at 100 m. Interestingly, we see again the same eect. ISO equivalent uxes at 100 m are found to be around 20% higher if we take the mean value of all measurements and up to 60% in the most extreme cases. The discrepancies found are not correlated with IRAS CIRR2, being equally distributed among sources with low and high background contamination. Surprisingly we nd again, instead, what seems to be a clear correlation with the ux level, so that in general the brightest sources are those showing the strongest discrepancies while ISO data and IRAS photometry appear consistent to within the 25% level for sources below 100 Jy. A plot which combines all the results obtained in the three independent cross-calibration analysis performed at 60 and 100 m between ISO and IRAS here presented is shown in Figure 5.8 of the ISO Handbook Volume III on LWS. In summary, our conclusion is that both at 60 and 100 m IRAS and ISO agree within a few % in average for sources fainter than 25 Jy, while ISO uxes are found systematically higher than IRAS uxes

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Figure 6.22: The ISO/IRAS ux density ratios at 100 as a function of the restored IRAS ux density at 100 m for the same calibration sample used in Figure 6.21. for sources brighter than 25 Jy. The dierence increases from about 15% around 100 Jy, to a level of about 20% for sources up to 400 Jy, and up to 3050% for sources brighter than 400 Jy. The reason for this behaviour is not understood. We know it is not due to inaccurate dark current subtraction, nor to cirrus background contamination. A possible cause could be some non-linearities in the infrared detectors. However, the problem could be associated with IRAS data and not with ISO. Indeed, Figure IV.A.4.2 of the IRAS Explanatory Supplement, [84] does evidence detector non-linearity behaviour and Section VI.B.4.d quotes errors of respectively 30% and 70% at 60 and 100 m for sources above 100 Jy. 6.3.1.4 LWS raster scans of extended sources versus IRAS photometry

LWS observations have also been made at a number of positions in the complex Trumpler 14 and 16 elds, and in the direction of the Galactic Centre. LWS data have been compared with the IRAS 100 m uxes at the same positions. All elds contain large areas of extended emission, which although relatively smooth, do change by a factor of 40 within each region. The point source uxes (Jy) provided by the LWS pipeline calibration have been converted to extended source uxes (MJy sr1 ) using the correction factors implemented in ISAP Version 2.0. Figure 6.23 shows the comparison of the converted LWS and IRAS 100 m uxes. As we can see, the results indicate that there is an excellent agreement between the uxes provided by ISO and the IRAS results. From the analysis of the data we obtain a mean ratio, LWS/IRAS = 1.00.1. Part of the uncertainty is probably due to the unresolved structure of the sources observed within the beam. This is because the extended source correction factors applied have been derived under the assumption of a smooth and very extended ux distribution. In the real world, structure or embedded sources could produce signicant discrepancies from the ideal situation and, with it, dierences in ux. Note also that for elds containing multiple sources the observed ux will depend critically on the precise positions of the sources relative to the optical axis. To recover or model the observed ux requires positional information on the sources and a deconvolution with the PSF and instrumental prole. Indeed, for single point sources observed o-axis a similar procedure is required to recover the correct ux.

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Figure 6.23: Comparison of LWS and IRAS 100 m uxes in the Trumpler 14 (red diamonds), Trumpler 16 (black diamonds), and Galactic Centre (blue squares) elds.

6.3.1.5

ISOPHOT-P and -C versus IRAS photometry

The database of ISO observations generated by a project intended to search for Vega-like debris disks around nearby main-sequence stars (Habing et al. 1996, [69]; Laureijs et al. 2002, [106]) has also been used to assess the quality of ISOPHOT photometric calibration. The sample contains more than 80 main sequence stars that were observed with ISOPHOT at 25, 60, 150 and 170 m, in order to determine whether the star had an infrared excess indicating the presence of a dusty disk. Unfortunately, the number of stars found with disks was very low: only 8 out of 65 stars observed with ISO showed a signicant excess at 60 m. The positive point, from the cross-calibration perspective, is that the non-detected stars constitute a nice homogeneous sample of observations which can be used to improve our knowledge of the quality of the observations made with ISOPHOT by comparing the observations with models and with the IRAS photometry of the same sources at 25 and at 60 m. The subsample of observations here analysed were performed using the AOT PHT03 (PHT-P detectors) in triangular chopped mode at 25 m and mini-maps (33 with 46 steps) centred at the source location at 60 m using the AOT PHT22, and reects the status of the PHT calibration as of OLP Version 8. Figure 6.24 shows the result of the ISO observations compared to the IRAS photometry (when available) of the stars observed at 25 and 60 m. As we can see, the level of agreement with IRAS photometry at 25 m is in most cases better than 25%. The brighter targets (F25 > 1 Jy) appear to have systematically ISO ux densities lower than the IRAS values. This underestimation is expected from the usage of the chopped mode, where a relatively high source-background contrast causes a signal loss due to transient responsivity in the PHT-P detector. On the other hand, the ISO uxes of the fainter stars (F25 < 300 mJy) appear overestimated with respect to IRAS. The explanation for this overestimation is still not clear but it might be the result of (i) the peculiar transient behaviour of the P2 detector, (2) a low level signal non-linearity, or (3) uncertainties in the IRAS calibration (we have to consider that at these low ux levels we are close to the detection limit of IRAS at 25 m).

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Figure 6.24: The ux densities of the 80 main sequence stars included in the Vega project derived from ISO chopped PHT-P photometry at 25 m (left) and PHT-C mini-maps at 60 m (right) are compared to IRAS photometry. (from Laureijs et al. 1999, [105]). At 60 m the statistics become poorer. IRAS uxes are available only for 11 targets. The obvious outlier showing F60,IRAS >> F60,ISO consists of 3 resolved point sources in the ISOPHOT map. For the remaining detections the correlation is high. However, the ISO observations are systematically (25%) below the IRAS values. This discrepancy could partially be attributed to the fact that we have assumed point source calibration in the conversion from measured ux in an array pixel to the nal target ux. In case of small extended sources the ux would be underestimated for this reason and this is actually what we observe in stars like Vega and -Pictoris, contained in the sample, which are known to be slightly extended infrared sources. As a consequence of the calibration upgrades implemented in the latest versions of the ISOPHOT pipeline, the accuracy of chopped PHT-P and PHT-C photometry has further improved signicantly. As an example, we show in Tables 6.5 and 6.6 the photometric data derived from OLP Version 10 for a subset of the stars in the sample above mentioned compared with IRAS photometry and model predictions (Ulrich Klaas, private communication). ISOPHOT and IRAS uxes are colour corrected. Table 6.5: OLP Version 10 chopped PHT-P photometry at 25 m compared to IRAS photometry and model predictions
Source [Jy] Sirius HR7557 HR7310 HR5986 ISOPHOT ux [Jy] 18.52 5.24 4.31 0.68 0.63 0.58 0.39 0.32 0.25 IRAS ux [Jy] 24.09 5.76 3.66 0.53 Model ux [Jy] 21.54 5.27 3.40 0.52

HR5914 HR5447 HR7469

0.41 0.30 0.22

0.38 0.26 0.25

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Table 6.6: OLP Version 10 chopped PHT-C photometry at 60 m compared to IRAS photometry and model predictions
Source [Jy] Sirius HR1654 HR7980 HR7557 HD185144 HR7469 ISOPHOT ux [Jy] 4.08 4.04 1.68 1.25 0.95 0.11 0.06 IRAS ux [Jy] 3.73 1.53 1.12 0.95 0.12 0.75 Model ux [Jy] 3.68 1.61 1.17 0.90 0.10 0.04

6.3.2

Comparison with MSX

In order to extend the cross-calibration analysis of ISO SWS to observations made with other space facilities than IRAS we performed a similar analysis using this time photometric data provided by the Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX; Egan et al. 1999, [48]). Briey, MSX was a multi-discipline experiment sponsored by the USA Ballistic Missile Defense Organization. The principal objective of the MSX astronomy experiments was to complete the census of the midinfrared sky. Experiments were designed to cover the regions either missed by IRAS and COBE/DIRBE or where the sensitivity of IRAS was degraded by confusion noise in regions of high source densities or structured extended emission, including the entire Galactic Plane. The MSX Point Source Catalogue contains all the point sources detected with signal-to-noise ratio > 3 following criteria very similar to IRAS (detection requires multiple conrmations). The infrared instrument on MSX was a 35 cm clear aperture o-axis telescope cooled by a single solid H2 cryostat equipped with Si:As BiB arrays with eight columns of detectors, each with 192 rows of 18.3 square pixels, and a high sensitivity (0.1 Jy at 8.3 m). Two narrow band lters covered the spectral regions centred at 4.29 (B1) and 4.35 (B2) m, and four broad-band lters covered the spectral regions centred at 8.28 (A), 12.13 (C), 14.65 (D) and 21.34 (E) m (see Table 6.7). Table 6.7: Description of MSX photometric bands
Band No active cols. 8 2 2 4 4 2 Isophotal [m] 8.28 4.29 4.35 12.13 14.65 21.34 50% peak intensity 6.810.8 4.224.36 4.244.45 11.113.2 13.515.9 18.225.1 Isophotal BW[m] 3.36 0.104 0.179 1.72 2.23 6.24 Zero mag. ux [Jy] 58.49 194.6 188.8 26.51 18.29 8.80 Abs. photom. accuracy 5% 9% 9% 3% 4% 6% Survey sens. [Jy] 0.10.2 1030 618 1.13.1 0.92 26 Eective FOV EF OV [109 sr] 10.6 14.0 14.0 11.7 11.3 12.6

A B1 B2 C D E

In the following analysis we will only consider the broad MSX lters A, C, D and E, which are the most sensitive lters onboard MSX. About 100 sources with an available SWS01 spectrum in the ISO Data Archive were identied to have their corresponding mid-infrared counterpart in the MSX Point Source Catalogue.

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After excluding from this sample all the suspected variable stars and extended sources (as we did for the cross-calibration with IRAS) we ended up with around 50 sources suitable for cross-calibration with MSX at all the above mentioned lters. The OLP Version 10 SWS spectra of these sources were retrieved from the ISO Data Archive and further processed with ISAP Version 2.1. Bad data points aected by glitches were identied and removed from the SWS spectra using the available tools in ISAP and ISO synthetic photometry was performed at the A, C, D and E MSX lters with the help of syn_phot. This ISAP application convolves the ISO spectrum with the transmission prole of the corresponding MSX lters assigning a monochromatic ux to each band under the assumption that the SED shape is of the form f = constant, or equivalently f = constant. In Figures 6.25 to 6.28 we show the results obtained. As we can see, they are very similar to the ones obtained in the previous cross-calibration comparison with IRAS data.

Figure 6.25: ISO SWS synthetic photometry at 8.28 m derived from OLP Version 10 data products compared to MSX lter A photometry at the same wavelength. The dashed red line represents a 15% discrepancy level.

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Esentially, the absolute ux calibration of ISO SWS and MSX agrees to within the 1015% level at all ux levels, with very little degradation even at the lower ux levels. The few outliers are interpreted as previously unknown variable sources and/or slightly badly pointed observations, similarly to what was observed in the previous comparison with IRAS. Comparing the absolute ux level of all the measurements peformed with ISO and MSX there is a general good agreement in all lters with a zero-point consistency better than 5% in all cases with the exception of lter A (see Figure 6.29), where the distribution of observed discrepancies show a marked asymmetry.

Figure 6.26: ISO SWS synthetic photometry at 12.13 m derived from OLP Version 10 data products compared to MSX lter C photometry at the same wavelength. The dashed red line represents a 15% discrepancy level.

6.3. EXTERNAL CROSS-CALIBRATION

151

This asymmetry is most probably due to a higher percentage of badly pointed observations (similarly to what we observed also in the cross-calibration comparison with IRAS at 12 m). Note that this is the lter covering a wavelength range where SWS is most sensitive to small pointing osets because of the smaller aperture size. On the other hand, the slightly worse correlation found between ISO SWS and MSX lters D and E (compared to lters A and C) is probably induced by the fact that these lters show a larger overlap with SWS band 3, which is known to be less accurate than SWS band 2 in terms of absolute ux calibration.

Figure 6.27: ISO SWS synthetic photometry at 14.65 m derived from OLP v10 data products compared to MSX lter D photometry at the same wavelength. The dashed red line represents a 15% discrepancy level.

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CHAPTER 6. ISO CROSS-CALIBRATION

Figure 6.28: ISO SWS synthetic photometry at 21.34 m derived from OLP v10 data products compared to MSX lter E photometry at the same wavelength. The dashed red line represents a 15% discrepancy level.

Globally considered, the main dierence found with respect to the previous cross-calibration comparison with IRAS is the absence of the strong discrepancies observed at high ux levels between ISO and IRAS data. This supports our hypothesis that the non-linearity problem is in the IRAS calibration at high ux levels.

6.3. EXTERNAL CROSS-CALIBRATION

153

Figure 6.29: Distribution of discrepancies found between the ISO SWS synthetic photometry at 8.28, 12.13, 14.65 and 21.34 m, derived from OLP Version 10 data products compared to MSX lter A, C, D and E photometry, respectively.

6.3.3

Comparison with COBE/DIRBE

ISOPHOT data has also been compared with COBE/DIRBE data as part of our cross-calibration analysis. The Diuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE; Hauser et al. 1998b, [76]) was one of the three instruments onboard COBE (the Cosmic Background Explorer), a satellite developed by NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center and launched in November 1989 to measure the diuse infrared and microwave radiation from the early universe to the limits set by our astrophysical environment. DIRBE obtained infrared absolute sky brightness maps in the wavelength range 1.25 to 240 m. Most of this range was also covered by ISOPHOT. However, the comparison between ISOPHOT and COBE/DIRBE data is complicated, mainly because of the vastly dierent beam sizes (42 FWHM for COBE/DIRBE), as we will see below.

6.3.3.1

PHT-S spectroscopy versus COBE/DIRBE photometry

In order to check the consistency between the absolute ux calibration of COBE/DIRBE photometry and PHT-S spectroscopy we present here a comparison of the absolute surface brightness of the zodiacal light measured by PHT-S and COBE/DIRBE data reported by Dotto et al. 2002, [46].

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Figure 6.30 shows the OLP Version 9.0 sky background measurements taken with the long wavelength channel of PHT-S in the vicinities of the asteroids Frigga, Kassandra and Polyxo together with COBE data at 4.9 and 12 m. Note that the zodiacal light is the dominating background at the PHT-S wavelengths.

1.00 Flux [Jy/beam]

0.10

Bgr. Frigga
0.01 6 8 10 12

1.00 Flux [Jy/beam]

0.10

0.01 6

Bgr. Kassandra
8 10 12

1.00 Flux [Jy/beam]

0.10

0.01 6

Bgr. Polyxo
8 Wavelength [m] 10 12

Figure 6.30: Comparison of PHT-S sky background measurements made in the vicinities of the asteroids Frigga, Kassandra and Polyxo (crosses) with COBE data at 4.9 and 12 m (squares). The solid line corresponds to the tted blackbody curve (from Dotto et al. 2002, [46]).

As we can see PHT-S is in excellent agreement with COBE data. From the sky background observed we can deduce that the zodiacal light can be well approximated by a blackbody emitting at a temperature of 267 K. For the short wavelength channel the comparison is not possible because the extremely low ux in this range is below the detection limit of PHT-S. In spite of this we see that the featureless PHT-S spectrum ts nicely between the COBE/DIRBE photometric data points at 4.9 and 12 m.

6.3. EXTERNAL CROSS-CALIBRATION

155

Unfortunately, COBE did not cover wavelengths in between 5 and 12 m, in the range where the brightness of the zodiacal light rises very steeply. However, complementary results obtained with PHT-P and ISOCAM conrm that the zodiacal emission spectrum can be well tted by a blackbody of 267 K and that the spectrum is featureless between 5 and 16 m.

6.3.3.2

PHT-C versus COBE/DIRBE photometry

The consistency of the absolute sky brightness derived from ISO C100 maps with COBE/DIRBE data was also veried as part of the OLP Version 8.4 scientic validation of PHT22 staring raster maps (Klaas et al. 2000, [100]). The mean surface brightness of specic areas of the sky was derived from the full C100 maps used for the at-eld assessment and compared with the surface brightness values in the corresponding lters or adjacent lters of COBE/DIRBE. The use of the full area of the ISOPHOT maps oers the advantage of getting a solid angle coverage comparable to the COBE/DIRBE pixels. However, in most cases the solid angles of the ISOPHOT maps are still considerably smaller than one pixel in COBE/DIRBE. The COBE/DIRBE annual maps were used (since at the wavelengths considered the contribution from the zodiacal light is very small) to determine the uxes for the DIRBE pixel coincident with the map area centroid. For a check of the large scale variations of the sky background average uxes of a 1.5 degree circular area were as well determined. ISOPHOT maps containing bright sources were not considered (they would give a considerably higher average surface brightness due to the smaller area considered). In Table 6.8 we present the results obtained. Except for the dierent beam sizes a comparison of the ISOPHOT/DIRBE 60 and 100 m lters is relatively straightforward. In general a good agreement better than 25%, in particular for those maps with comparable sizes to the COBE/DIRBE beam, is found. All larger deviations can be explained by the source structure which is extended over the ISOPHOT map area, but compact inside the COBE/DIRBE beam. The largest outlier shows a similar excess in the C200 range. Without any correction, the ISOPHOT 90 m lter maps seem to show a systematic positive surface brightness excess with regard to the DIRBE 100 m photometry. However, inspection of the COBE/DIRBE SEDs indicates a steep decline in ux between 60 and 100 m. In fact, the 90 m ISOPHOT values are practically always in between the 60 and 100 m DIRBE values. Very often, the surface brightness ratio 60/100 is about 2, i.e. with a linear interpolation between 60 and 100 m, the 90 m ux is by 25% higher than the 100 m ux due to the shape of the SED. Then, also the surface brightness of the 90 m maps are consistent with COBE/DIRBE within the 25% level. If the discrepancy between the ISOPHOT 90 m surface brightness and the DIRBE 100 m surface brightness is small, usually the source SED is reasonably at between 60 and 100 m. Whether there is still a positive excess at 90 m cannot be solved by this kind of study, but needs better matching areas and a proper colour correction of the background SEDs. From the consistency found in the three lters at 60, 90 and 100 m and the relative photometric accuracies of all ISOPHOT C100 lters, we conclude that the consistency should also hold for the remaining ISOPHOT lters at 65, 80 and 105 m. The good correspondance holds for the ux range 4.5 to 400 MJy sr1 . A similar analysis was also performed by Klaas et al. 2000, [100] for ISOPHOT C200 maps. Since the longest COBE/DIRBE lters (140 and 240 m) have an internal uncertainty of 20 to 30%, for a subsample of maps with low dynamic range the average uxes of a 1.5 degree circular area were used, which gives a more robust photometry (this means averaging over 70 COBE/DIRBE pixels).

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Table 6.8: Consistency check of C100 map absolute surface brightness with COBE/DIRBE annual map pho-

tometry. The solid angle of one COBE/DIRBE pixel is 19.5 10 5 sr. No correction for the wavelength shift between ISOPHOT 90 m and DIRBE 100 m lters has been performed which causes for most sky backgrounds a systematic positive excess of the 90 m ux (see text for details). OLP product name 19002101 08900102 85001219 13400214 68300807 84403913 69801101 35100809 58200903 19201091 86901244 41502788 09000606 08901904 40100614 87001338 57501902 53700514 60002009 50000124 50100273 20701079 20800709 86800640 10101158 79401149 44900714 15601578 27600420 71901220 33401134 surface brightness [MJy sr1 ] 6.8 9.5 22.8 39.8 21.3 23.9 107.4 5.1 11.8 4.8 5.2 8.1 11.8 15.1 14.7 5.3 12.1 4.4 7.1 4.8 5.8 25.6 5.8 5.7 30.7 44.2 387.7 17.4 15.4 18.5 96.4 solid angle [105 sr] 0.81 1.60 0.21 0.22 6.77 1.04 1.16 5.49 3.06 7.30 2.75 5.10 0.77 0.23 6.80 2.93 1.15 0.85 4.24 8.87 8.68 0.33 3.49 2.96 1.71 0.51 15.2 1.82 1.74 3.66 4.06 DIRBE ux [MJy sr1 ] 6.6 6.5 22.3 39.6 27.2 24.5 122.3 3.3 12.9 3.1 3.6 5.7 11.3 13.6 13.3 3.6 9.7 3.7 5.2 3.3 3.5 22.8 4.0 3.6 21.0 40.6 440.1 6.1 12.1 16.0 49.3 DIRBE lter [m] 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 solid angle [105 sr] 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5

lter [m] 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

consistency [%] +2.2 +47 +2.2 +0.6 22 2.5 12 +55 7.9 +52 +44 +44 +4.4 +11 +10 +47 +25 +21 +37 +43 +68 +12 +46 +60 +46 +9.0 12 +187 +27 +15 +96

In Table 6.9 we present the results of the comparison. No colour correction with regard to a modied blackbody describing the background spectral energy distribution nor a wavelength correction to better match the COBE/DIRBE lter central wavelength with the ISOPHOT lter central wavelength were performed. Again we have to remark that nearly all the ISOPHOT maps are considerably smaller in area than the solid angle of one COBE/DIRBE pixel. Therefore, structures in the source or background can aect the resulting absolute ux. In case of a at eld, the ux of the centred COBE/DIRBE pixel as well as the 3 degree circular area average is listed to give an impression of the variation of the background (and also the stability of the COBE/DIRBE measurement in one pixel). If the map contains a bright target and is smaller than the COBE/DIRBE pixel, then only the ux of the centred COBE/DIRBE pixel is given.

6.3. EXTERNAL CROSS-CALIBRATION

157

Taking into account the discrepancies in beam size and the non-correction for dierent wavelengths of lters and background SEDs, the general agreement is in the order of 20 to 30% at all four lters considered (150, 170, 180 and 200 m). Restricting the comparison to ISOPHOT maps with comparable solid angles with the COBE/DIRBE measurement, the consistency is conrmed to be better than 25%. This holds for all lters and a surface brightness range between 2.5 and 600 MJy sr1 . Larger deviations between the average ISOPHOT map ux and the COBE/ DIRBE ux only occur for bright central sources which are compact in comparison with the COBE/DIRBE beam. In these cases, the COBE/DIRBE uxes are always less than the ISOPHOT uxes, as expected.

Table 6.9: Consistency check of C200 map absolute surface brightness with COBE/DIRBE annual map photometry. The solid angle of one COBE/DIRBE pixel is 19.5 105 sr (see text for details). surface brightness [MJy sr1 ] 3.6 22.2 5.5 3.2 3.5 3.2 3.6 6.0 2.7 4.7 4.1 15.0 3.2 8.1 6.3 14.8 36.2 69.8 138.6 251.9 11.4 38.0 69.7 345.4 593.3 6.9 13.0 solid angle [105 sr] 2.91 0.42 1.26 3.15 6.53 3.41 3.39 0.50 2.50 2.55 4.92 4.11 0.87 3.78 28.40 0.71 6.22 11.03 3.89 5.01 1.38 6.55 1.41 1.45 15.49 1.97 2.00 DIRBE ux [MJy sr1 ] 4.1 20.9 7.7 2.2 2.9 3.5 3.4 5.0 3.3 4.1 3.5 7.0 2.7 2.8 5.7 5.7 4.5 12.7 3.8 3.2 10.1 9.3 5.3 15.5 14.9 29.2 85.4 87.6 287.9 5.9 55.7 45.2 207.8 494.5 5.6 12.8 DIRBE lter [m] 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240

OLP product name 56200110 56201814 08900103 79400434 59300101 19800208 21001305 79900733 33600108 33600705 35100907 16701206 52700412 85001037 78200101 36803005 39602213 26101401 33401133 86101801 15601577 33300559 10101157 31000625 26701013 40900802 28001303

lter [m] 150 150 150 170 170 170 170 170 180 180 180 180 180 180 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200

solid angle [105 sr] 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 215.3 19.5 215.3 19.5 215.3 19.5 215.3 19.5 19.5 215.3 19.5 215.3 19.5 19.5 19.5 215.3 19.5 215.3 34.45 19.5 215.3 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5

consistency [%] 13 +6.2 29 +45 +10 1.4 +4.2 37 3.6 12 +3.4 14 2.6 4.0 17 17 8.2 +18 16 +0 19 13 +20 4.5 0.9 +24 18 +58 13 +95 32 +54 +66 +20 +23 +1.6

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6.4
6.4.1

Comparison with Models

ISOCAM

A small sample of Hipparcos Input Catalogue (HIC, [83]) stars were used throughout the ISO mission to calibrate ISOCAM. In order to determine the consistency between the measurements and the models used to derive the calibration curves, the uxes derived from OLP Version 10 data for these stars obtained with multi-lter or CVF observations have been compared with the uxes predicted by the models. Note that in many cases the same star was observed with various apertures. For this analysis all the available measurements were taken into account. The uxes considered here were those included in the CPSL (CAM Point Source List) le, which makes use of an automatic PSF tting tool to determine the position and the ux of all the detected point sources in the ISOCAM eld. In general, the results obtained show that the consistency with models is within the 15% level in most cases. However, it is remarkable that many of the ux measurements derived this way are signicantly below the model uxes. This could be the consequence of an incorrect PSF tting since interactive aperture photometry with CIA generally overrides the problem. The discrepancies between the mean value of all the measurements taken per star and the corresponding model uxes are listed in Table 6.10. Globally considered, the results obtained show that the uxes listed in the CPSL les are systematically 7% underestimated with respect to the model values.

Table 6.10: Mean discrepancies found in the photometry of some ISOCAM calibration stars with respect to their models.

Calibration star HIC HIC HIC HIC HIC HIC HIC HIC 67485 69713 70218 73005 77277 85317 94376 94890

OLP v10 +2% 7% 14% 18% 10% +6% 12% 4%

In Figures 6.31 and 6.32 we show two examples of the results obtained in the case of HIC 67485 and HIC 77277, where the mean errors found were +2% and 10%, respectively. The full report describing this consistency check can be found in Cesarsky 2002, [18].

6.4. COMPARISON WITH MODELS

159

Figure 6.31: Comparison of ISOCAM OLP Version 10 measurements on HIC 67485 with the calibration model.

Figure 6.32: Comparison of ISOCAM OLP Version 10 measurements on HIC 77277 with the calibration model.

6.4.2

LWS

Several checks were also made during the process of scientic validation of LWS OLP Version 10 data products against models of planets, asteroids and stars (Lim et al. 2001, [114]). A summary of the main results obtained are presented here: LWS01 observations of Uranus LWS photometric calibration is based on Uranus. Thus, a rst consistency check was made by comparing Uranus observations versus the model produced by Grin & Orton 1993, [64]. Table 6.11 shows the average ux for each detector and each observation divided by the average over the model for that detector. The red average row gives the overall average for the period of time covered by type 2 illuminator ashes (revolutions 237 to 442) and the blue row the period of time covered by the type 3 illuminator ashes (after revolution 442). Uranus was not visible during the period when type 1 illuminator ashes were used (before revolution 237). After manual deglitching the available OLP Version 10 data products were averaged with a 2.5 clipping using ISAP Version 2.0. Detectors SW1 to SW5 were then smoothed with the nominal resolution element

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Table 6.11: Uranus LWS01 observations averaged per detector versus model predictions as deduced from OLP Version 10 data products for the validation revolutions

of 0.29 m. LW1 to LW5 were smoothed with the nominal resolution of 0.6 m and both scans directions averaged. Note that within the 15 measurements considered, the change in apparent size of Uranus corresponds to a total ux variation of 10%, which was included in the calculations. The background inuence is expected to be less than 0.5% and, therefore, it was not taken into account. The values obtained show that Uranus does calibrate back to the model and that the calibration is good and repeatable to within a few percent for all detectors. Looking into the behaviour of each detector more in detail, the same data set for which the results are shown in Table 6.11 were also used to produce Figures 6.33 and 6.34.

Figure 6.33: Averaged LWS01 Uranus observations/model ratio for the full LWS wavelength range derived from OLP Version 10 data products.

6.4. COMPARISON WITH MODELS

161

Figure 6.34: Averaged LWS01 Uranus observations/model ratios per detector derived from OLP Version 10 data products. Error bars represent the standard deviation of the 15 measurements considered.

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As we can see from the averaged observation/model ratios of all 15 measurements the agreement between Uranus model and the calibrated Uranus observations is in most cases within the 2% level. Only SW1 and SW2 show slightly larger deviations at the short wavelength end, as well as LW5, which shows a larger scatter at the long wavelength end. In general, the reasons for the deviations might be related to the dierent ways of calculating Uranus uxes from the brightness temperature model. However, the uctuations observed in the SW1 detector may be directly connected with a known problem in the RSRF, which produces a conspicuous doublepeaked spectral shape observed not only in the spectrum of Uranus but also in all the astronomical sources inspected in the course of our cross-calibration analysis, including planets, asteroids and stars. The relative error induced by this decient RSRF amounts to 510% in ux and its eect is clearly visible in most LWS spectra, as in the few examples plotted in Figure 6.35.

Figure 6.35: Example of OLP Version 10 LWS spectra of planets (Neptune), asteroids (Ceres), HII regions (G298.228) and proto-planetary nebulae (CRL 618) where the conspicuous double-peaked shape of the SW1 detector is clearly seen at the short wavelength end of the spectra in green colour.

6.4. COMPARISON WITH MODELS LWS02 observations of Uranus

163

Thirteen dierent observations of Uranus taken with the AOT LWS02 (xed grating LWS spectra) were also retrieved from the ISO Data Archive (OLP Version 10 data products) and analysed in order to check the consistency of this observing mode of LWS. Only the last 100 s of the detector signal were considered in order to avoid transient eects in the beginning of the measurements. After manual deglitching and dark current subraction using ISAP Version 2.0 (the background values were always smaller than 1% at all wavelengths) we derived the average ux per detector divided by the model. The agreement found in this case was within the 3% level in general. However, individual observations, especially in SW1 and in the long wavelength detectors LW3, LW4 and LW5 were sometimes o by up to 10% as we can see in Figure 6.36.

1.4

Uranus 13x LWS02

1.2 Obs/Mod

1.0

0.8
1.00+/-0.04 1.00+/-0.01 0.99+/-0.01 1.00+/-0.01 0.99+/-0.01 1.00+/-0.01 1.02+/-0.02 1.00+/-0.03 1.01+/-0.03 0.97+/-0.05

0.6

100 Wavelength [m]

Figure 6.36: Averaged Uranus LWS02 observations/model ratios for the full LWS wavelength range derived from OLP Version 10 data products. . The average ratios per detector and their standard deviation are listed in Table 6.12. Table 6.12: Averaged Uranus LWS02 observations/model ratios per detector derived from OLP Version 10 data products.

Detector SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4 SW5

<Observations/model> 1.000.04 1.000.01 0.990.01 1.000.01 0.990.01

Detector LW1 LW2 LW3 LW4 LW5

<Observations/model> 1.000.01 1.020.02 1.000.03 1.010.03 0.970.05

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LWS observations of Neptune Two LWS01 and thirteen LWS02 observations of Neptune retrieved from the ISO Data Archive (OLP Version 10 data products) were analysed in a similar way. The background values for Neptune were again taken from COBE/DIRBE weekly maps (up to 100 m) and yearly maps (for wavelengths larger than 100 m). The model of Neptune adopted was developed by Orton & Burgdorf (private communication). LWS01 and LWS02 observations of Neptune agree extremely well. In the full scans detector non-linearities appear as jumps between the individual detectors. In the LWS02 mode (see Figure 6.37), detectors SW2, SW3, SW4 and SW5 have been used as references since they seem to give consistent results for all objects. The other detectors are given relative to these 4 detectors. There is a nice agreement between the observations and model predictions but the model seems to underestimate the overall ux detected by 2%. SW1 is systematically 48% too low, LW1 a few percent too high. The stressed Ge:Ga detectors LW2 through LW5 are 510% too low, with increasing osets at longer wavelengths. LW5 shows a larger scatter.

1.4

Neptune 13x LWS02

1.2 Obs/Mod

1.0

0.8
0.91+/-0.03 0.98+/-0.02 0.97+/-0.02 0.97+/-0.01 0.99+/-0.02 1.00+/-0.01 0.98+/-0.02 0.95+/-0.02 0.93+/-0.02 0.92+/-0.04

0.6

100 Wavelength [m]

Figure 6.37: Averaged Neptune LWS02 observations/model ratios for the full LWS wavelength range derived from OLP Version 10 data products. . LWS observations of asteroids The same exercise was performed on a number of asteroids. OLP Version 10 data products were retrieved from the ISO Data Archive and reduced using ISAP Version 2.0 in a similar way as Uranus and Neptune, but here background subtraction becomes quite important. The background values were taken from COBE/DIRBE weekly maps (up to 100 m) and yearly maps (for wavelengths larger than 100 m). The asteroid models were those produced by M ller & Lagerros 2002, [127]. u LWS01 and LWS02 observations agree extremely well. The slight dierences found between both observing modes are probably due to transients; LWS02 is less aected by transients since only the last 100 s of each xed grating position were taken. Ceres: A nice agreement (at the 3% level) between observations (15) and model predictions is found for this bright asteroid (see Figure 6.38). SW1 was o in a few cases by up to 20% as expected when observations taken before revolution 237 (the analysis was done before the correction was implemented in OLP Version 10.1). LW1 was on average 6% too high, LW2 5% too low, LW3 15%

6.4. COMPARISON WITH MODELS

165

too low, while LW4 and LW5 were about 10% too low, but with a larger scatter (10% in LW4 and 20% in LW5).

1.4

Ceres 15x LWS02

1.2 Obs/Mod

1.0

0.8
0.93+/-0.11 0.97+/-0.03 1.00+/-0.02 0.99+/-0.02 0.99+/-0.04 1.06+/-0.04 0.95+/-0.04 0.86+/-0.05 0.91+/-0.09 0.93+/-0.19

0.6

100 Wavelength [m]

Figure 6.38: Ceres LWS02 observations/model ratios per detector derived from OLP Version 10 data products. The underestimated SW1 measurements correspond to observations made before revolution 237. Pallas: A nice agreement between observations (4) and model was also found at the 5% level. The SW1 measurement taken before revolution 237 was 15% o, again as expected. LW1 was 10% too high, LW2 12% and LW3 15% too low. Dark current problems in LW4 and LW5 produced too large scatter because of the relatively low ux level of the asteroid at these wavelengths. Vesta: The agreement betwen observations (14) and model predictions is at the 5% level, including SW1 (no observations were taken before revolution 237 in this case). LW1 was found 12% too high, LW2 10% and LW3 15% too low. Again, dark current problems in LW4 and LW5 produced a large scatter at these wavelengths. Hygiea: The agreement between observations (2) and model predictions is at the 15% level. SW1 is 15% too low in the observations taken before revolution 237 as expected, LW1 11% too high, LW2 20% too low and LW3 30% too low. This asteroid is the faintest in the sample. Therefore, dark current problems were so strong in the LW4 and LW5 bands that they prevented any kind of analysis at these wavelengths. LWS01 observations of stars Stars are among the faintest objects observable with LWS and although detected, the uncertainty in the dark current was in many cases comparable to their ux, particularly at the longer wavelengths. Table 6.13 lists the average observations/model ratios per detector for two of the brightest stars observed with LWS01 as derived from OLP Version 10 data products. The stellar models were taken from the available templates in the Cohen, Walker, Witeborn et al. (CWW) absolute calibration programme (Cohen et al. 1992a, [28]; 1992b, [29]; 1995, [31]; 1996, [32] and 1998, [33]). The scatter in the values obtained is mainly due to uncertainty in the dark current subtraction. Therefore, no denitive statement can be made about the detector performance, except that the photometric behaviour is still within pre-launch expectations of about 3050%, even at these very low ux levels.

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Table 6.13: LWS01 observations (averaged per detector) versus model predictions for stars Boo (Arcturus) and Tau (Aldebaran). The scatter in the values obtained is mainly due to uncertainty in the dark current subtraction.

* Detectors aected by NIR leaks. LWS02 observations of stars Two LWS02 observations of Boo (Arcturus) were also retrieved from the ISO Data Archive (OLP Version 10 data products) and reduced using ISAP Version 2.0. Background subtraction was again extremely important in this case. The background values were taken from COBE/DIRBE weekly maps (up to 100 m) and yearly maps (for wavelengths larger than 100 m), as usual, and they represent up to 50% of the total ux for some detectors. The stellar model was taken from the CWW absolute calibration programme. As we can see in Figure 6.39 detectors SW1, SW3 and SW4 agree within the 20% level with the model, while LW2 and LW3 are systematically too low (30 and 50%, respectively). Detectors SW2 and LW1 were aected by near infrared leak features. Others stars like Dra were studied but, unfortunately, they were too faint to perform any kind of analysis with the data products provided by the pipeline. In summary, OLP Version 10 LWS data products of Neptune, the few asteroids studied and Boo agree nicely with the model predictions. Observational uncertainties are only large for the fainter asteroids and for some of the stars studied, like Tau or Dra, mainly because they are also too faint for LWS. Appart from the (known) problem aecting detector SW1 before revolution 237, which was corrected in Version 10.1 of the pipeline, detectors LW4 and LW5 usually encounter dark current problems. Manual dark current determinations improve the situation signicantly; however, this is only an option for LIA users. LW1, LW2 and LW3 show systematic eects assuming the COBE derived backgrounds. At the faint end the responsivities possibly depend on the total incoming ux. In the case of LW1 the calibrated uxes can be up to 15% higher for the faintest sources (as compared to the models). For the stressed detectors LW2 and LW3 the opposite eect is found. Faint sources are systematically underestimated by up to 30% for LW2 and up to 40% for LW3. A quick comparison with ISOPHOT stressed Ge:Ga detectors reveals the possible nature of this nding. An explanation for the discontinuities observed could come from the known non-linearities shown by stressed Ge:Ga detectors. When going from bright sources (Uranus) to faint sources (stars) the incoming

6.4. COMPARISON WITH MODELS

167

2.0

Alp Boo 2x LWS02

1.5

Obs/Mod

1.0

0.5

100 Wavelength [m]

Figure 6.39: Arcturus ( Boo) LWS02 observations/model ratios per detector derived from OLP Version 10 data products. uxes change by three orders of magnitude. Non-linearity corrections over this ux range can be up to 50% for ISOPHOT. Similar eects could then be expected in LWS detectors. Although the results are not conclusive, empirical non-linearity corrections have tentatively been derived for LW1, LW2 and LW3, based on the sources here analysed (Neptune, the four asteroids and Boo). They are available in M ller 2001, [124]. u More details on these consistency checks can also be found in M ller & Lagerros 2001, [126]. u

6.4.3

ISOPHOT

In the case of PHT a large number of consistency checks with models of planets, asteroids and stars were also performed as part of the process of scientic validation of OLP data products (Klaas et al. 2000a, [100]; 2000b, [101]; Klaas & Richards 2002, [102]). Some of the analysis made are summarised below. PHT-S staring observations Staring PHT-S measurements of some of the calibration stars (HR7001 = Vega, HR 5340, HR 7469, HR 7924, HR 7980 and HR 8487) that were used to establish the dynamic relative spectral response function surfaces of Cal-G le PSDYNAMIC were checked in order to determine whether their input model SEDs were correctly reproduced by the pipeline. OLP Version 10 data products were retrieved from the ISO Data Archive. Once background subtracted, the SEDs of the stars above mentioned were compared with their ux models (see Figure 6.40). The results obtained show that the absolute accuracy reached is better than 10% with a relative spectral shape accuracy better than 20% for the ux range of 18000 Jy with the SS-array and for the ux range of 0.21800 Jy with the SL-array. To conrm the accuracy of the observing mode the analysis was extended to a small number of noncalibration stars with similar spectral types as the standard stars above mentioned but dierent brightness, obtaining very similar results (Klaas & Richards 2002, [102]).

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Figure 6.40: Comparison of the staring OLP Version 10.0 PHT-S spectra of HR 7001 (=Vega), HR 5340, HR 7469, HR 7924, HR7980 and HR 8487 with their model SEDs . PHT-S chopped observations Measurements of two calibration stars (HR 6817 and HR 6847) which were used to establish the Relative Spectral Response Function for chopped PHT-S calibration were checked in order to determine whether their input model SEDs (provided by Hammersley et al. 1998, [72]) were correctly reproduced by the pipeline. Both calibration stars were measured both in rectangular and triangular chopped modes. OLP Version 10 data products retrieved from the ISO Data Archive show an excellent agreement with the models (see Figure 6.41). Although not shown in Figure 6.41 there is no signicant dierence in the results between rectangular and triangular chopped mode. The absolute accuracy and the relative spectral shape accuracy are in both cases better than 10%.

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169

Figure 6.41: Comparison of the chopped OLP Version 10 PHT-S spectra (only the triangular chopping mode results are shown) of the calibration stars HR 6817 (left) and HR 6847 (right) with their models. As for the staring measurements, the analysis was extended to a small number of non-standard stars with dierent brightness, obtaining very similar results (Klaas & Richards 2002, [102]). Multi-lter photometry The composite spectra from 1 to 35 m extrapolated to 300 m provided by Martin Cohen for HR 5340 ( Bootes = Arcturus) and HR 6705 ( Draconis) were compared with observations of these stars taken with PHT-P and PHT-C in the staring modes PHT03 and PHT22 with all the available lters (except the 3.6 and 4.85 m lters in the case of HR 5340 because the source saturated the detectors). The comparison plots are shown in Figure 6.42.

Figure 6.42: Comparison of PHT-P and PHT-C photometry, using the full ISOPHOT lter set, with the composite spectra extrapolated to 300 m of Bootes (=HR 5340) (left) and Dra (=HR 6705) (right) provided by M. Cohen and with IRAS photometry for OLP Version 10.0 data products. All photometric points were colour-corrected for a 4000 K blackbody. The meaning of symbols is the following: solid line = model; asterisks = IRAS; squares = PHT-P (PHT03) measurements; triangles = C100 (PHT22) measurements; diamonds = C200 (PHT22) measurements. The conclusion obtained for HR 5340 is that OLP Version 10 photometry gives a good representation of the SED from 3.3 to 170 m (agreement within 10% in most cases), with still some problems at the

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longest wavelengths where the source ux extraction is more dicult because of the strong background. In the case of HR 6705, there is a general good agreement from 3 to 100 m with the only exception of a measurement at 15 m aected by strong transients. The C100 lters are systematically high by 20 to 45%. Adopting a default responsivity calibration for these lters gives uxes which are lower than the model in contrast with the uxes derived from actual responsivity calibration. The exception is the 105 m lter which is too low both for actual and default responsivity calibration methods. Very likely this is caused by the background subtraction. For C200 lters, no useful results were achieved. The uxes are all too low or even negative. Similar analysis performed on other test cases indicate that reliable photometry with the standard on-o staring mode can be obtained up to a lower ux limit of 0.5 Jy for P1 and P2 detectors, 1.5 Jy for P3 and C100 detectors and 2.0 Jy for C200 with slightly worse accuracies in the case of chopped photometry, more aected by transients. Systematic osets are only detected for some ux ranges in some lters for staring mode observations as well as for PHT-P photometry in smaller apertures than the standard ones (see Klaas & Richards 2002, [102] for more details). Absolute photometry PHT05 and PHT25 (absolute photometry) measurements of the calibration star HR 6705 ( Draconis) were compared to the model available from Martin Cohen (composite spectrum from 1 to 35 m extrapolated to 300 m). The background subtracted, colour-corrected uxes were compared also with IRAS photometry. The results are shown in Figure 6.43.

Figure 6.43: Comparison of PHT-P and PHT-C absolute photometry with the composite spectrum of Draconis (HR 6705) provided by M. Cohen and with IRAS photometry for OLP Version 10.0 data products. All photometric points are colour-corrected for a 4000 K blackbody. The meaning of the symbols is the following: solid line = model; asterisks = IRAS; squares = PHT-P (PHT05) measurements; triangles = C100 (PHT25) measurements; diamonds = C200 (PHT25) measurements. The accuracy of the absolute photometry of Draconis is better than 15% for all detectors, even for the 170 m lter of C200 in contrast to the multi-lter measurement. A similar analyis was performed with a number of PHT05 observations of HR 2491 (Sirius) covering the range from 3.3 to 25 m (see Figure 6.44). In this case the accuracy of the absolute photometry achieved was better than 6% for both P1 and P2 detectors (for the 25 m lter a background measurement was performed and the non-negligible background ux was subtracted from the on-target ux). Similar results on absolute photometry (PHT05) were found when the comparison was made using observations of Ari (HR 617) up to 100 m. The background subtracted, colour-corrected ux values derived from OLP Version 10.0 data products are shown in Figure 6.45.

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171

Figure 6.44: Comparison of PHT-P absolute photometry with the composite spectrum of Sirius (HR 2491) provided by M. Cohen and with IRAS photometry for OLP Version 10.0 data products. All photometric points are colour-corrected for a 10000 K blackbody. The meaning of the symbols is the following: solid line = model; asterisks = IRAS; squares = PHT-P (PHT05) measurements. Accuracies are found to be better than 10% over the full P1 lter range, except for the three lters centred at 4.8, 11.3 and 12.8 m. The 4.8 m lter colour correction appears to be not appropriate due to an underlying strong absorption feature. For P2 detectors the background subtraction was performed using COBE/DIRBE uxes since background measurements were not taken with ISOPHOT. Once this background contribution is removed, the accuracy of the P2 absolute photometry is also found to be better than 10%.

Figure 6.45: Comparison of PHT-P absolute photometry with the composite spectrum of Ari (HR 617) provided by M. Cohen and with IRAS photometry for OLP Version 10.0 data products. All photometric points are colour-corrected for a 4000 K blackbody. The meaning of the symbols is the following: solid line = model; asterisks = IRAS; squares = PHT-P (PHT05) measurements. Finally, OLP Version 10 data products corresponding to C200 absolute photometric mode (PHT25) observations of Uranus at 120 and 200 m were also compared against the Uranus model produced by Grin & Orton 1993, [64].

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Figure 6.46 shows the results obtained where we can see that the measurements are within the 5% level of agreement.

Figure 6.46: Comparison of C200 OLP Version 10.0 absolute photometry of Uranus with the model. All photometric points are colour-corrected for a 60 K blackbody. The meaning of the symbols is the following: solid line = model; diamonds = C200 (PHT25) measurements.

6.4.4

SWS

Detailed cross-calibration comparisons were made by Decin 2001, [40] between a few OLP Version 8.4 spectra of bright stars observed with SWS and their corresponding synthetic spectra from 2.38 to 12 m derived using the MARCS-code (Gustafsson et al. 1975, [67] and subsequent updates). The purpose of this study was to determine the origin of the small discrepancies detected between the ISO data and the theoretical spectra, leading both to improvements in the calibration of SWS and on the theoretical description of stellar atmospheres. This data set was used to improve the ux calibration of SWS bands 1 and 2 in OLP Version 10. The broad-band shape of the relative spectral response function (RSRF) was as of OLP Version 8.4 already quite accurate in band 1. However, some improvements were made at the beginning of band 1A and a fringe pattern recognised at the end of band 1D was also corrected in OLP Version 10. The nal accuracy of SWS in band 1 is estimated to be better than 2%. In band 2 the calibration improved also with respect to previous calibrations in OLP Version 10, but still some problems exist. Due to the new model for memory eect correction based on the Fouks-Schubert model and developed by Do Kester (Kester 2001, [98]) the problems with the memory eects are now under control, at least when the ux jumps are not too high. By making a comparison between the SWS data and the theoretical models rst as a function of the spectral type and then as a function of the absolute ux value (see Figures 6.47 and 6.48) it was possible to distinguish between problems aecting OLP Version 8.4 which were spectral type related -i.e., problems with the theoretical predictions of the model - and problems which were ux, and so memory eect, related. This way it was learned that: - A bump of 2.5% in the wavelength range from 4.084.30 m present both in hot and cool stars, in low-ux as well as in high-ux sources is indicative of problems with the RSRF. - From 4.75 to 4.85 m, a sligt increase (1%) is noticeable. Once more, an indication of a small problem with the RSRF.

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173

- At the end of band 2A, a quite dierent behaviour for all the stars emerges. Further inspection indicates that we see a combination of problems with the memory-eect correction, synthetic predictions and, consequently, maybe also with the RSRFs. When we look at Figure 6.47 we can recognize a same increasing trend for Peg, Cet, And and Tau, the coolest stars in the sample and so indicating a problem with the synthetic predictions. This behaviour is however not visible for HD 149447, whose spectral type is in between And and Tau. An analogous discrepancy is visible for Dra with respect to the stars with almost the same eective temperature. Looking now at Figure 6.48 we see that HD 149447 and Dra (together with Vega and Tuc) have almost the same absolute ux-level in band 2A and show the same trend (decreasing slope) in this plot, indicating a problem with the correction for memory-eects, a statement which is conrmed when we compare the up-scan and down-scan data. The majority of discrepancies encountered in bands 2B and 2C are due to still existing problems with the memory-eect correction and smaller problems with the RSRFs. This kind of exercise gives us, however, also an idea on the relative accuracy in band 2 for OLP Version 8.4: an accuracy of better than 6 %, which is taking into account the problematic behaviour of the detectors in band 2 a very good result, which may have been slightly improved in OLP Version 10 with the latest iteration in the determination of the RSRFs.

Figure 6.47: Division between OLP Version 8.4 SWS AOT01 data and their theoretical predictions at a resolving power of 100. The synthetic spectra are calculated using as stellar parameters the values determined from band 1 data. In this gure, the stars are ordered by spectral type. The mean of the dierent, coloured, divided spectra is given in black at the bottom of the gure (from Decin 2001, [40]). The new set of synthetic spectra resulting from the work by Leen Decin was used to improve the calibration of OLP Version 10, while in OLP Version 8.4 models provided by Martin Cohen were used. Thus, a confrontation between the two sets may be instructive. Several stars are in common between the two samples: i) Vega and Sirius, for which Cohen has constructed a calibrated model spectrum; ii) a composite spectrum (i.e. various observed spectra have been spliced to each other using photometric data) is available for Cen A, Boo, Dra, Tau, And, Cet and Peg; iii) a template spectrum (i. e. a spectrum made by using photometric data of the star itself and the shape of a template star)

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Figure 6.48: Division between OLP Version 8.4 SWS AOT01 data and their theoretical predictions at a resolving power of 100. The synthetic spectra are calculated using as stellar parameters the values determined from the band-1 data. In this gure, the stars are ordered by absolute-ux value. The mean of the dierent, coloured, divided spectra is given in black at the bottom of the gure (from Decin 2001, [40]). is built for Dra (template: Gem: K0 III), Dra (template: Boo: K2 IIIp), Tuc (template: Hya: K3 II-III) and HD 149447 (template: Tau: K5 III). One should notice that for the composite spectrum of Dra, no spectroscopic data were available at that time in the wavelength range from 1.2 m till 5.5 m. The spectrum of Tau has therefore been used to construct the composite spectrum of Dra in this wavelength range. In order to ensure independency of the absolute-ux level of the SWS data, the angular diameters of the synthetic spectra were determined by using the photometric data of Cohen, JKLM data from Hammersleys GBPP broad-band photometry, IRAS data and some other published photometric data cited in the IA SED data-base. A comparison between the (high-resolution) synthetic spectra, SEDs of Cohen and used photometric data is given in Figure 6.4.4. The obtained angular diameters d (in mas) for the stellar sources are mentioned in the gure. The most remarkable discrepancies between the two spectra arise in the CO and SiO molecular bands, where the molecular bands are consistently across the sample stronger in the composites of Cohen. Cohen used low-resolution NIR and KAO data to construct this part of the spectrum. Comparing these synthetic spectra with OLP Version 8.4 SWS data (whose calibration is not based on our results) and the highresolution Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) spectrum of Boo published by Hinkle et al. 1995, [82] (see Figure 4.5 in Decin 2000, [39]), we did however see that the strongest, low-excitation, CO lines were always predicted as being somewhat too strong (a few percent at a resolution of 50000 for the FTS spectrum), probably caused by a problem with the temperature distribution in the outermost layers of the theoretical model (Decin et al. 2003c, [44]). Moreover, a comparison between the high-resolution synthetic spectrum of Boo with its FTS spectrum shows also a good agreement for the high excitation CO v = 1 lines, the low excitation lines being predicted as too weak. The few percent disagreement between FTS and synthetic spectrum will however never yield the kind of disagreement one sees between the low resolution synthetic spectra and the SED data. The CO v = 2 discrepancy visible in Dra

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175

results from using the Tau observational KAO data. Since Tau and Dra have a dierent set of stellar parameters, with Tau having a signicant larger amount of carbon, the SED of Cohen for Dra displays too strong a CO feature. One should also be heedful of this remark when judging upon the quality of the template spectra for Dra, Dra, Tuc and HD 149447. As conclusion, we may say that the SED spectra of Cohen are excellent (and consistent) for the absolute calibration of an instrument, but that attention should be paid when using them for relative ux calibration. This kind of analysis, which has been proven to be very adequate, will be applied also to bands 3 and 4 in the future.

Figure 6.49: Comparison between the synthetic spectra of the standard stellar sources, their SED of Cohen and various photometric datapoints taken from the literature.

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6.5

Conclusions

In summary, the results above presented show an overall agreement which exceeds in most cases pre-launch expectations. This applies both to the internal (among the ISO instruments) and external (between ISO instruments and other space missions, like IRAS, MSX or COBE-DIRBE) comparisons made. The consistency found is in general of the order or better than the 1015% level for what we have called wellbehaved data sets, with just a few exceptions. In particular the discrepancies between IRAS photometry and ISO synthetic photometry at 60 and 100 m are shown to be probably related to a problem in the absolute ux calibration of IRAS at high ux levels. ISO, along with several other missions, was so-well calibrated because they were all underpinned by a common, self-consistent, calibration basis that was already in place at the time of launch. The clear lesson learned from this success is that one needs a self-consistent common basis as much to bind together the instruments on a given satellite, as to compare transparently with data from dierent spaceborne, ground-based and airborne facilites. Building on a solid foundation of work from the ground, airplanes and satellites it has been possible to establish a robust infrared calibration framework. The ISO Ground Based Preparatory Programme (GBPP) was able to deliver a uniform calibration database (photometric data plus spectral energy distributions) of some 400 sources covering the whole sky with an accuracy typically of a few percent which was used mainly for the calibration of the ISO instruments at short wavelengths (Hammersley & Jourdain de Muizon 2001, [73]). Founded originally on empirical spectra derived from observations on NASAs Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO), the entire calibration context is traceable to emergent spectra from a pair of stellar atmospheric models for Vega and Sirius by Kurucz. The scheme proved very successful in unifying infrared photometry and spectroscopy in the 135 m range for a variety of instruments onboard KAO, IRTS, ISO and MSX and was successfully extended to 300 m in support of ISOPHOT (Cohen 2001, [34]). Although stars were too faint to calibrate LWS directly, its spectra of several K-giant calibration stars show ux levels and spectral energy distributions to be perfectly consistent (albeit with absolute uncertainties of order 1520%) with LWS formal calibration from Uranus. Many connections to IRAS, KAO and between ISO sub-instruments have been established via observations of individual asteroids, which have also provided means to check the absolute photometric calibration and validate the RSRF of the ISO instruments in critical areas, e.g. in the case of late type stellar standards at the CO and SiO fundamental absorption bands (Mller & Lagerros 2001, [126]). u In the near future, this all-sky network of absolute calibrators is expected to be expanded to a far fainter network suitable not only for SIRTF but also for ground-based 810 m class telescopes, still self-consistently.

Chapter 7

The ISO Data Archive (IDA)

ISO was operated as an observatory with the majority of its observing time being distributed to the general astronomical community. One of the consequences of this is that the data set is not homogeneous, as would be expected from a survey. The observational data underwent sophisticated data processing, including validation and accuracy analysis. In total, the ISO Data Archive contains about 30,000 standard observations, 120,000 parallel, serendipity and calibration observations and 17,000 engineering measurements. In addition to the observational data products, the archive also contains satellite data, documentation, data of historic aspects and externally derived products, for a total of more than 400 GBytes stored on magnetic disks. The ISO Data Archive is constantly being improved both in contents and functionality throughout the Active Archive Phase, ending in December 2006.

7.1

Introduction

The ISO Data Archive opened to the external world on December 9, 1998, six months after the end of the operations (Arviset & Prusti 1999, [3] and Arviset et al. 2000, [4]). Through a pioneering user interface based on Java technology, complex queries can be issued to the ISO database. A textual and visual presentation of the data is oered to the users to aid them in selecting observations for retrieval through ftp. The ISO Data Archive was designed and developed at the ISO Data Centre in Villafranca del Castillo, Spain, with continuous and fruitful cooperation between users and developers to provide a unique state-of-the art astronomical data archive. The IDA main characteristics can be summarized as: Archive open to the external world via a fast connection to the Internet Intuitive and user friendly WWW interface Uplink and downlink data held in a single database Powerful and complex queries against the observations database Congurable results display, including product visualization tools Customable product retrieval via a shopping basket Choice for direct retrieval of products on disk Selection of product level for retrieval Product retrieval via ftp 177

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Link between observations and related publications Inter-operability with other archives and applications Modular and exible design that can evolve as additional user requirements come along Proprietary data - access to each observing programme was restricted to the observing proposals PIs for the rst year after its completion. The ISO Data Archive oers the user a selfcontained, fast and powerful interface to all ISO data products. Complex queries can be made against hundreds of database parameters using friendly and modular query panels (general astronomical parameters, observer and proposal, timing constraints, list of targets, pointing and raster map constraints, instrument details, Highly Processed Data Products). The user is helped in the observations selection by a clear and congurable results display that includes quick look data browsing (static GIF icons and postcards and FITS products display), access to auxiliary and ancillary les, access to related observations in the ISO catalogue, on-line help and access to other archives (e.g. IRSA, ADS, CDS). Once logged in, via a simple click, the user can download the data products to his/her local disk for one observation or move this selection to a shopping basket, perform other queries, select other observations and later decide the level of processed products to download (standard datasets or user dened ones, for all or per observation). The IDA is based on a exible and open 3tier architecture design, which main aim is to separate the data from the presentation. The overall system design was decided in early 1997 and has been able to fulll all new requirements that have been raised since then.

Figure 7.1: ISO Data Archive 3-tier architecture.

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179

7.2

IDA Contents

The IDA contains on magnetic disks all the levels of data products, from the reformatted telemetry up to the products fully processed by an automatic pipeline processing chain, as well as quick look browse products, together with ancillary information (engineering, uplink and downlink data). Essential parameters extracted from the data are part of the database allowing complex queries to be made. Also user provided reduced data, catalogues and atlases are archived (the so-called Highly Processed Data Products or HPDPs). They are well separated from the pipeline products and are queriable and retrievable in a userfriendly way. The following paragraphs dene in general terms what data and processing tools are archived. More details can be found in Appendix E.

7.2.1

O-Line products

Every ISO observation was run through an automatic dataanalysis pipeline called O-Line Processing, or OLP, to produce three sets of data products. These correspond to increasing levels of data processing and were extracted from the OLP at successive stages of the pipeline process: - Edited Raw Data (ERD); - Science Processed Data (SPD); - Auto-Analysis Results (AAR); The type and sophistication of analysis performed for each product set is instrument dependent. Detailed technical descriptions of the contents and formats of data product les and the various types of processing performed are given in the corresponding instrument chapters of the ISO Handbook. In the ISO Data Archive, products are further classied according to the following scheme: Raw Data Products These are essentially unpacked telemetry in which no data reduction has taken place and thus form the starting point for data analysis performed by OLP or the users own system. PHT ERD is an example. Basic Science Data Products These data have been processed further to an intermediate level (with the use of calibration les where necessary), often containing physical units. They are therefore ready for assembly into structures of astronomical signicance such as images or spectra by OLP or independently by observers themselves before scientic conclusions can be drawn. For example, the nal result of the LWS pipeline is the LSAN le that contains a tabulation of ux in physical units measured during the observation. Fully Auto-processed Data Products These data include a set of coherent, instrumentdependent measurements of images or spectra designed to get as close as possible by automatic means to what could be produced by an astronomer using an interactive analysis system. Where possible, products follow FITS standard conventions

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CHAPTER 7. THE ISO DATA ARCHIVE (IDA) to ease further analysis by standard high-level tools such as IDL or fv. They allow the user to carry out initial survey programmes or to make an assessment of the relevance of a given observation to their scientic work, although the limitations must be emphasised of such an automatic procedure which takes no account of the individual circumstances of an observation and involves no scientic judgement. Signicantly better results are likely to be achieved using an interactive system. Examples of AAR products are, for the CAM pipeline, individual FITS images in the CMAP le, that are combined where appropriate into mosaics in the CMOS le; a tabulation of sources detected in the images in the CPSL le; and individual source spectra as appropriate in the CSSP le.

7.2.1.1

Scientic validation and accuracy

In addition to the functional validation, the pipeline was also subjected to a scientic validation to establish condence in the processing and calibration of the products. The goals of this scientic validation included, inter alia: Conrming that the applied processing had the expected eect(s) on the data Establishing that sucient processing had been applied to the data Demonstrating that the processing was reliable, stable and repeatable Establishing the level of accuracy of the calibration Documenting any known caveats or concerns with the processing and/or calibration Demonstrating that, with the information provided in the relevant ISO Handbook sections, user can work from the supplied products to produce publishable results. The scientic validation of data per AOT and product level is summarized in the specic sections in the ISO Handbook instrument volumes. Of the 30,000 standard observations in the ISO Data Archive, 89% were performed with modes for which the pipeline was scientically validated. The remaining 11% (all LWS03 observations and some PHT modes) may still be used for scientic analysis. However, it is strongly recommended to look at the relevant ISO Handbook chapters in order to understand the limitations of the pipeline processing for those modes and consult the ISO Helpdesk as necessary. For most of the cases, it is possible to improve the data quality of ISO observations by manual data reduction with the dierent Interactive Analysis (IA) software packages (see Section 1.4.2). Products derived in this way, of higher quality than the pipeline products, can be ingested in the ISO Data Archive in the form of HPDPs (see Section 7.2.3). 7.2.1.2 Quality control

All standard observations in the Routine Phase were individually inspected and an assessment of the quality of the data products was made. Technical ags were assigned to the ISO data products to assess their suitability for delivery to the observers. A detailed description of the ags is given in Appendix E. The Quality control process was split into three dierent levels: Level 1: This was a rst quality assessment performed by the Oline Processing operators according to some simple criteria. A Real Time report provided by the Instrument controllers, an Instrument report automatically generated by the RTA/QLA system and an output log from the Pipeline processing determined that the observation: a) Failed completely and therefore was not delivered and agged as failed; b) Passed the level 1 assessment being delivered to the proposer and agged as Good. c) Was passed to the next quality control level in case of doubt.

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181

Level 2: This was a second quality assessment performed by the Instrument Dedicated Teams to identify the cause of the level 1 check failure and to decide whether the data could be released. The observation was also agged as failed or Good. In the case of a failed observation the QC level 3 could be invoked for rescheduling. Level 3: The third quality assessment was performed by the Science Team at the SOC. According to the level 1 report and the analysis by the Instrument Dedicated Teams, the Science Team decided whether a failed observation had to reenter the Mission Planning system for rescheduling. In addition, an extra level (QC level 4) was invoked when the quality assessment of the observation had to be performed by the proposer. In case of declared failure, the observation could be re-entered into the planning system for execution. It should be noted that this quality information referred to whether the data were useful from the technical point of view; no attempt was made to judge whether the data served to a particular science goal. During the ISO Active Archive Phase (20022006), it is foreseen to enhance the quality information in the ISO Data Archive. ISO products Quality Control statistics are given in Figure 7.2

7.2.2

Browse products after OLP

The ISO Data Archive also provides browse products or quick-look data associated to each observation. These products enable users to make informed decisions as to what observations they want to download for detailed astronomical analysis. These products did not undergo scientic validation nor quality control and should therefore not be used to derive scientic conclusions.

7.2.3

Highly Processed Data Products

The Highly Processed Data Products (HPDPs) include DATA (images, spectra etc.), which have been processed beyond the pipeline and/or using new, rened algorithms and therefore have been improved to any degree compared to the legacy pipeline products, as well as any resulting CATALOGUES and ATLASES. In July 2003, the ISO Data Archive has been enhanced with the functionality for continuous ingestion of new data, catalogues and atlases, further to screening by the ISO Data Centre. A list of currently available Highly Processed Data Products is generated onthey from the IDA and can be accessed through the ISO Data Center web page at: http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/ List of Highly Processed Data Products Data, catalogues and atlases can be easily queried from the IDA interface.

7.2.4

Other products

The ISO Data Archive also contains auxiliary data (e.g. spacecraft data, mission planning information and diagnostic data), ancillary data (such as space weather), calibration data and other observation specic information. These are described in more detail in Appendix E.

7.3

Database Architecture

The IDA database was designed taking into account all the contents required by the users. From this, a exible and evolutive Physical Data Model has been built up to design the way the IDA database tables are organised. The ISO Data Archive architecture is described in the ISO Data Archive Physical Data Model, [47]. This gives, for each IDA database table, the elds, the indices, links to other tables and population scripts used.

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Figure 7.2: ISO pipeline products Quality Control statistics which shows the number of observations which passed through the Quality Control process (from Claes et al. 1998, [24]). An OK assessment means that the observation could be processed by the pipeline, partially (until Derive-ERD or Derive-SPD) or fully (until Auto-Analysis). NL 4 refers to the number of QC L4 cases which were shown to be rescheduling cases. No or N cases points to pure rescheduling cases in QC L1 (total failure of an observation in QC L1).

7.4. USER INTERFACE

183

7.4

User Interface

In the early stages of the project in 1997, it was decided that the only way to have a powerful graphical user interface meeting all user requirements was to opt for a Java application or applet rather than the standard approach based on cgi-bin scripts. As a consequence of this, IDA oers one of the most powerful archive interfaces.

7.5

Business Logic/Middle-Tier

While the pipeline processing system produces data products and les and the user only sees the Java interface, all connections between the two other layers are made by the so called Business Logic or middle-tier. The use of a middle-tier has a number of advantages. It isolates the interface from the rest of the system and deals with most of the application business logic and complexity. This has the benet of making the interface lighter and faster and it also means that a number of changes dont require the users to get a new version of the application. All data transfers between the interface and the middle-tier are compressed which makes the system run faster. This business logic layer is also the way other archives or applications can access the ISO data products and extra les without being required to go through the standard user interface. This has made very easy any inter-operability of IDA in the context of the Virtual Observatories. Another great advantage has been brought by the use of Java in this open 3-tier architecture. The IDA design and code has been re-used to develop other ESA scientic mission archives (e.g. the XMM-Newton Science Archive, rst released in April 2002; Arviset et al. 2002, [6]).

7.6

Publication Tracking

This service has been available since the release of IDA Version 3.0, in December 1999. In cooperation with the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, (IPAC, USA), all major astronomical journals are read for references to ISO. Later on, astronomers at the ISO Data Centre nd the specic observations (TDTs) on which the paper is based. This process sometimes involves interaction with the authors, when they are not explicitely mentioned in the paper. The observation details are then entered into IDA, via a dedicated web page called from IDA itself. Paper authors can also enter directly the observations used in their paper using the same system. Further to validation by the IDC, these are entered in IDA. Links between ISO observations and related articles are available in both directions as described in the following section.

7.7

Interoperability Aspects

Prior to the advent of the Virtual Observatory and establishment of associated standards, eort has already been done on improving IDA interoperability with other astronomical archives, through accessing other relevant archives or through providing direct access to the ISO data for external services (Arviset et al. 2001, [5]; Salama et al. 2002a, [141]; Arviset et al. 2003, [7]). In particular, target name resolution via NED and SIMBAD has been available since the release of the rst version of IDA in December 1998. From the list of observations on the IDA interface, users can access the corresponding articles on the ADS WWW mirror at Strasbourg, France. On the other hand, links are provided by ADS to the ISO postcard server for the observations on which a given article is based. From the ISO postcard, by a simple click, the user can open a browser window to the IRAS archive WWW page located at IPAC, USA that contains the IRAS data covering the region of the sky of the selected ISO observation.

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CHAPTER 7. THE ISO DATA ARCHIVE (IDA)

Direct links to the ISO data are also provided, using mechanisms developed to be compatible with the Virtual Observatories. At the time of writing, a subset of ISO observation specic information and data are accessible from the VizieR catalogue browser based at CDS, Strasbourg, France, the NASA HEASARC archive and from ADS. ISO observations are also accessible from the InfraRed Science Archive (IRSA), located at IPAC via a tool showing ISO observations eld-of-views, overlayed onto IRAS images. All these interfaces are being ported to the new Virtual Observatory standards (Simple Image Access Protocol, VOTable, etc...) for the IDA to be fully part of it.

7.8

Using the ISO Data Archive

A short summary follows of the main features of the IDA User Interface. Extensive context-help is available directly for each eld in the user interface and a guided tour can be accessed on the ISO Data Center web site at: http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/ Guided Tour of the Archive Access the ISO Data Archive interface Having reached the ISO Data Archive on the WWW (http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/ Access the Archive) and having started the Java applet, users can dene a query as shown in Figure 7.3. The Main query panel consists of various subpanels, which can be opened to specify parameters against which to query. The Principal search criteria panel, opened by default, allows the general astronomer to query against general parameters such as: - Target name (as given by the proposer or resolved via NED or SIMBAD) - Coordinates - Wavelength ranges - Type of observing mode (AOT) used by the satellite - Instrument Other subpanels are more specic and allow searches against parameters like: - Highly Processed Data Products - Observer or proposal name, proposal text, observation identier - Date, time, uplink software version, revolution or phase in orbit - Target name list - Observation list - Raster map parameters - Instrument specic details parameters Aimed more at expert users, the interface supports querying of non-standard modes, including engineering data and additional observations obtained in parallel to other instruments or while slewing between targets.

7.8. USING THE ISO DATA ARCHIVE

185

Figure 7.3: ISO Data Archive main query panel.

Once the user has completed the search criteria, the query can be executed. The query can also be manually edited to allow expert users to perform more complex queries which are not possible through entering values in search boxes (see Appendix G).

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CHAPTER 7. THE ISO DATA ARCHIVE (IDA)

Getting the results Once a query has been executed, the archive returns the list of observations matching the constraints in the Latest Results panel. A subset sized to t on the screen of the returned list of observations will be displayed. The user can scroll through this list using navigational buttons.

Figure 7.4: ISO Data Archive query results panel with associated browse products Figure 7.4 shows an example of the information displayed for each observation. An icon (one of the browse products) on the right-hand side of the screen gives an immediate visual impression of the data content of the observation. The postcard can be viewed by clicking on the icon. A Survey Products Display Tool (SPDT) allows simple manipulation of the FITS survey products. The amount of information and observations displayed in the Latest Results panel can be customised; the main parameters are:

7.8. USING THE ISO DATA ARCHIVE

187

- Target name - Observing mode - Coordinates - Observation type and number - Field of view - Wavelength range - Observer and proposal identication - Date, time and observation length - Data quality information Highly Processed Data Products The Highly Processed Data Products (HPDPs) are a dierent kind of products, well distinguished from the homogeneous set of pipeline products. A specic interface has been designed to display and retrieve them in a uniform way. For observations in the Latest Results panel having associated HPDPs, a number of options are given to access relevant information and data. A dedicated panel gives the abstracts of all HPDP sets associated to the observation. The following options are given as applicable: 1. Data Data can be retrieved via direct download on disk. 2. Documentation If it is a published article, a link is given to the corresponding abstract in ADS, otherwise, a link is provided to a documentation le stored in IDA. 3. The button Add related will move all observations pertaining to the given HPDP set to the shopping basket for retrieval of all observations in one go. More buttons may be highlighted depending on the availability in the given HPDP set: 4. Postcard An illustration (plot, image) of the reduced observation. This will be obtained by automatically launching your default browser. 5. Atlas This is dened as illustration of the observations together with other information provided in the HPDP set, such as externally derived Spectral Energy Distributions, stellar models, etc. 6. Catalogue A new panel will be launched, pointing to the observation specic information. The whole catalogue may be saved on disk or printed. Observational Details and Related Products Many additional data products are connected directly to individual observations, but not retrievable in the same way as the observational data (e.g. uplink les and downlink, real-time and instrument reports, proposal abstracts). These products are available under the Details and Related buttons in the archive and can be saved directly into a le.

188 Requesting the data

CHAPTER 7. THE ISO DATA ARCHIVE (IDA)

Another innovative and friendly feature of the ISO Data Archive is the wide selection of possibilities oered for the retrieval of data. Once a query has been performed and the user has logged in, observations can be selected for retrieval by moving them to the shopping basket. The user can then perform other queries, select other observations and add them to the shopping basket. The Shopping Basket panel looks very similar to the Latest Results one and is similarly congurable. For all observations in the shopping basket, the user can select the level of products to be retrieved, i.e.: - Raw data - Basic science - Fully processed - Quick-look - Custom - HPDP - All These choices can be made for all observations as well as per observation and they can be combined. Moreover, through the custom option, users can choose their own set of les to be retrieved. Once ready for requesting the data, users can press the Submit Request button. The User Interface then determines the volume of data, checks whether the daily quota for the user has been exceeded and asks the user for a compression format. The download time by ftp (default means of data retrieval) can be estimated if required. The archive processes the data retrieval task and copies the data into an ftp public area, where it is stored for a period of seven days. The user is informed by e-mail when and where data is available. A direct retrieval on disk is also possible for each observation in the Latest Results query panel. User registration and login Anybody can query the archive and see results and associated quick-look data. However, before being able to retrieve observations, a username and a password has to be requested and issued. This login mechanism was necessary to protect proprietary data during and shortly after the mission. It also helps in monitoring archive usage and avoids possible disturbances from hackers. Additionally, users have to provide their e-mail address to receive notications from the archive, when their product report is completed. The user database is also used to maintain close contact with the users community (Matagne 2002, [119]). Advanced user access the ISO Data Archive database A specic java applet allows a direct access to the ISO Data Archive metadata via an SQL-applet. The SQL interface allows expert users to perform searches against all queriable contents of the ISO Data Archive, including observation data products, auxiliary data, trend and housekeeping information and many other products. An on-line tutorial is available in the ISO Web site. Worked examples can be found in Appendix G. Expert users can also create User Dened Functions to extract virtual attributes from les external to the database engine. These virtual attributes can then further be used in queries inside the database engine (Wieprecht et al. 1999, [165]).

7.9. HISTORICAL ASPECTS

189

7.9

Historical Aspects

At the end of ISO operations, in May 1998, all ISO observations (around 900 days of data) were bulkreprocessed (BKRP) with the latest version of the pipeline and calibration software to produce the rst uniform ISO Interim Archive. All products were then stored on CD-ROM jukeboxes. During the ISO Post-Operations Phase, the data processing and calibration software had been constantly updated and improved at the rate of one major update per instrument per year as the behaviour of instruments was better understood. In order to enable the astronomical community to take advantage of these improvements, an on-the-y reprocessing facility for all data products was provided through the interface to the archive, for the user to always have the possibility to retrieve the latest version of the data products processed with the latest version available of the pipeline software (Osuna et al. 2000, [133]). In late 2000, all ISO observations were reprocessed again to produce the New Interim Archive. As technology had evolved and storage facility had become more aordable, all products were saved on hard disk which allowed faster download of the data. All ISO data were reprocessed with the nal version of the pipeline to produce the so-called Legacy Archive. This was released at the end of February 2002 and represents the best set of products that can be generated by an overall automated processing chain. All products were put on hard disk and previous Interim Archive and New Interim Archives were discarded. The ISO Data Archive is constantly enhanced both in contents (Highly Processed Data Products) and functionality throughout the ISO Active Archive Phase, ending in December 2006.

7.10

IDA usage statistics

The usage of the ISO Data Archive is constantly monitored. A snapshot of the statistics at the time of writing is shown in Figures 7.5 to 7.9 (see also Salama 2002b, [142] and Matagne 2002, [119]).

Figure 7.5: ISO Data Archive users registration. At the time of its rst release in December 1998, all ISO proposers were pre-registered. New users are continuously registering. During 2003 the registration rate was about 12 per month.

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CHAPTER 7. THE ISO DATA ARCHIVE (IDA)

ISO Data Archive Users (distribution by country)

500 450 400 Total: 1467 enabled users 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0
U in SA gd o Fr m a G nc er e m an y Th Ita e ly N et ES he rla A nd Ja s pa Sp n ai C n hi C na an ad a ES A O us tr i K a o B rea el gi um In Fi dia nl a Sw nd e A de us n tr a Po lia la n Ire d la n Sw B d ra itz z er il la D e n nd m a G rk re e M ce ex i R co us s Ta ia A iwa rg en n tin a C H hile un Li ga S o thu r y ut an h i A a fr U ica k Ve rai ne ne zu B ela ul C gar ol om ia C bi ze ch Cy a R pru ep s ub lic Is M rae or l oc Po c o rt ug Tu al rk ey K

Europe (58%) North America (32%) Asia (8.1%) South America (0.9%) Australia (0.8%) Africa (0.2%)

ni

te d

Figure 7.6: ISO Data Archive users distribution by country

Figure 7.7: ISO Data Archive queries per month. Users do not necessarily need to log in to query the archive database. Only queries from external users are shown here.

7.10. IDA USAGE STATISTICS

191

Figure 7.8: ISO Data Archive active users per month. A user is here dened to be active when a download of at least an observation dataset is performed in the given month. Note that only users external from the ISO Data Centre and the National Data Centres are considered here.

Figure 7.9: ISO Data Archive observations retrieval. This plot shows the number of observations downloaded by external users throughout the IDA lifetime. At the time of writing, there has been a download of 4.7 times the equivalent of the scientic content of the archive from the external astronomical community. This factor rises to 8.3, if we also take into account users from the National Data Centres, working with the IDA for both functional and visitor support activities.

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Appendix A

Infrared Astronomy
This appendix summarizes the unit conventions used for ISO observations. Some aspects inuencing the observations, such as the astronomical background and source confusion are also mentioned.

A.1

Infrared Units

The infrared wavelength range has borrowed units from the surrounding optical and radio (submm) regimes. Both magnitude and ux representations are widely used in the infrared. Flux density F of a source is dened as the ux per unit frequency. Flux density is the physical unit used for point sources. The unit of ux density is W m2 Hz1 . For practical purposes in the infrared it is often convenient to scale this SI unit and use Janskys (Jy) instead. 1 Jy = 1026 W m2 Hz1 (A.1)

ISOCAM-CVF and SWS spectra are given in units of Jy/pixel and Jy, respectively in AAR data products. ISOPHOT-S spectra are given in units of W m2 m1 . The conversion to Jy can be done in the following way: 1 2 W = 1013 Jy m2 m 29.98 with in [m] (A.2)

LWS spectra are given in units of 1018 W cm2 m1 . The conversion to Jansky can be done with the following equation: 1018 2 W = Jy cm2 m 299.8 with in [m] (A.3)

For extended objects, surface brightness B is used instead of ux density. Also background emission, for point sources, is expressed in brightness units. Brightness is dened as the ux density per unit solid angle. The unit of brightness is W m2 Hz1 sr1 , but in practice it is often scaled to MJy sr1 . 1 MJy sr1 = 1020 W m2 Hz1 sr1 (A.4)

The ux density of a point source, in particular for a stellar object, is often given in magnitudes m. In the ISO wavelength range these units are mostly used for ground based measurements below 20 m. The conversion to or from magnitudes is performed via the denition of the zero magnitude ux density F0 , which depends on the wavelength and on the photometric system used. In the case of ISO, the 193

194

APPENDIX A. INFRARED ASTRONOMY

system zero point is dened by the model spectral energy distribution of Vega ( Lyr), available from http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/. The magnitude m of a ground based observation can then be converted into ux density through the formula F = F0 10 2.5 .
m

(A.5)

For spectroscopic measurements, the total ux F of a line is often the most interesting quantity. A c ux calibrated spectrum may be presented in the form of ux density F (F = 2 F ) as a function of wavelength . Flux F of a line of interest can be obtained by subtracting an appropriate continuum ux density level of the spectrum before integrating over the entire line in wavelength . The unit of ux is W m2 .

A.2

Astronomical Background Radiation

Background and stray radiation from sources other than the target increase the noise and thus aect the detectability of a continuum or line ux. Aspects which are related to background radiation and which constraint the sensitivity are: the celestial background source and cirrus confusion straylight from nearby bright sources instrumental stray radiation high-energy particles The last three items in this list have already been addressed in detail in Chapter 5. If the target object was close to strong infrared objects, but not confused with the stronger infrared source, then the background radiation was dominated by emission in the tail of the point spread function of the stronger object. In this case chopping and beam switching techniques generally did not work well. It was then recommended to the observer to consider e.g. observations in scan mode (see Section 4.5) to obtain sucient information of the stronger source to remove its contribution from the data at the analysis stage.

A.2.1

The celestial background

The two components which contribute most to the celestial background in the infrared are the zodiacal light and the diuse Galactic emission. Zodiacal light dominates at the shorter ISO wavelengths <50 m with a peak around 25 m. The diuse Galactic emission is more important at the longer wavelengths >100 m with a peak around 200 m. The amount of zodiacal emission depends on wavelength and on the ecliptic coordinates of the object. The closer to the ecliptic plane the more background emission is to be expected. In addition to the dependence on celestial coordinates, zodiacal emission depends also on the satellite orientation: The smaller the solar elongation angle, which for ISO ranges from 120 to 60 degrees, the more zodiacal emission is received. The results obtained with PHT-S, PHT-P and ISOCAM suggest that the zodiacal emission spectrum can be well approximated by blackbodies of 260290 K, depending on the solar elongation and on the a ecliptic latitude (Abrham et al. 1999, [2]). In addition, ISOCAM CVF and ISOPHOT-S measurements

A.2. ASTRONOMICAL BACKGROUND RADIATION

195

demonstrated that the spectrum is featureless between 5 and 16 m. The diuse Galactic emission has a dependence on Galactic coordinates: Toward the Galactic centre the background radiation is increasing. While the Galactic emission has a signicant fraction of intensity in lines and broad spectral features, the zodiacal light is expected to be dominantly continuum radiation. Both emission components aected the detection of faint sources and it was often desirable to determine the background ux via a reference measurement at a position in the neighbourhood of the source position. The most common methods to obtain reference measurements were beam switching and chopping, which were oered in several AOTs. For some observations the CAM eld of view was large enough to image both the source and its background in one frame, thus avoiding beam switching altogether. If a suitable reference position was relatively far from the source position (but still within 3 degrees) the proposer usually prepared two separate observations which were then concatenated (see Section 4.5). For imaging and spectroscopic observations one of the parameters an observer had to provide was the peak ux density. This included both the emission from the target and the background. For small apertures and strong sources the background contribution was usually negligible. For weaker objects observed with larger apertures (at longer wavelengths) it was necessary to take into account the background emission as discussed in the paragraph below. For PHT AOTs the background emission was an explicit parameter required for the observations. IRAS maps were considered to be the best source to obtain estimates of the Galactic emission. For estimates at wavelengths outside the IRAS wavelength range, COBE results were recommended. Table A.1 gives some very rough estimates based on COBE data. The values are relative numbers, normalised to the 100 m ux, and should be used for extrapolation from the IRAS uxes. It should be noted that the values in Table A.1 apply to the diuse interstellar medium only. In molecular cloud complexes the surface brightness at 200 m may be factors of 5 to 10 higher compared to the diuse clouds. Table A.1: Typical infrared uxes of interstellar clouds detected with COBE. The results are averages from 10 diuse clouds and are normalised to the 100 m ux. Wavelength [m] 3.5 4.9 12 25 60 100 140 240 Surface Brightness [MJy/sr] 0.0016 0.0015 0.043 0.058 0.42 1 1.99 1.40

A proposer had to be aware of all oset corrections made to the data products used. E.g. IRAS maps are often provided with zodiacal emission subtracted. As zodiacal emission might have been the main contributor to the background, it was necessary to take it into account for the total background level estimate. This was not exactly possible as the satellite orientation was not known prior to the actual observation. Therefore a conservative estimate had to be made to avoid saturation. Table A.2 contains for various wavelengths estimates of the maximum zodiacal light contribution as a function of the ecliptic latitude. The ecliptic latitude can be obtained from Right Ascension and Declination by equation: sin = sin cos 23 26 cos sin 23 26 sin (A.6)

196

APPENDIX A. INFRARED ASTRONOMY

Table A.2: Maximum zodiacal light contribution in MJy sr1 with the smallest solar aspect angle possible for ISO (60 except for the ecliptic pole) as a function of the ecliptic latitude and wavelength . The estimates are based on measurements by ZIP (2.57.5 m, Murdock & Price 1985, [128]) and IRAS (12 100 m), an examination of full IRAS scans obtained with a solar aspect angle 60 < < 61 except for the poles for which scans with about 90 solar aspect angle were used). The 200 m estimate is an extrapolation of the IRAS data. || 0 10 20 30 45 60 90 0.2 0.2 25 75 55 40 30 20 15 14 140 100 70 50 35 30 25 45 30 20 12 10 8 7 25 15 10 8 6 5 1 15 2.5 m 3.5 m 7.5 m 12 m 25 m 60 m 100 m 200 m

0.2

0.15

4.5

0.26

A.2.2

Source Confusion

Source confusion is an additional noise factor closely related to the astronomical background. However, there is a fundamental dierence. The sensitivity limit due to confusion is determined by the telescope aperture, observing wavelength and position on the sky. After reaching the confusion limited level, sensitivity cannot be improved by increasing the integration time. With the ISO mission properties and depending on the instrument congurations the confusion limit was reached within a relatively short integration time. Therefore users had to be aware of the limiting source densities as a function of wavelength and the position on the sky. The most important contributors to the confusion limits in the ISO wavelength range are listed below. Extragalactic sources dominate the long wavelength end outside the Galactic plane, Magellanic Clouds and nearby star forming regions. Small scale structure in cirrus clouds may dominate the longer wavelengths in intermediate Galactic latitudes. The contribution depends heavily on the level of cirrus emission at the position on the sky. Old stars dominate at the shorter wavelengths. Their contribution increases toward the Galactic plane and especially toward the Galactic centre (bulge). Young stars appear usually in groups. When the line of sight passes through such a group, young stars may dominate the confusion limit in the whole ISO wavelength range. Groups of young stars exist throughout the Galactic plane (the inner Galaxy being more crowded than the outer Galaxy), in the Magellanic Clouds and within nearby star forming regions (in Orion, Ophiuchus, etc.). For an object away from the Galactic plane (|b| > 20 ) and at wavelengths below 25 m it was necessary to consider confusion if the estimated ux of the target was less than about 1 mJy. On the Galactic plane the situation is worse (i.e. the confusion limit is higher). At longer wavelengths the approximate limits are: 10 mJy at 60 m, 50 mJy at 100 m and 0.1 Jy at 200 m. However, the level of cirrus may easily change these limits by an order of magnitude depending on the location of the target in the sky. Model dependent estimates of confusion limited ux levels have been presented by Franceschini et al. 1991, [55]

A.3. INFRARED ASTRONOMICAL CALIBRATORS

197

and by Gautier et al. 1992, [61]. Results on the confusion problems, based on ISO results, can be found in Herbstmeier et al. 1998, [79]. A discussion of the models and the consequences for observations with ISO can be found in Puget 1992, [138]. When the expected source ux suggested that confusion noise would be a signicant factor, it was important to obtain observations with the highest available spatial resolution. This was achieved by setting the reference measurement (or chopping for PHT) as close as possible to the target position. The best observing strategy for sources with a ux level close to the confusion limit was to obtain fully sampled maps. This was, of course, very expensive as far as observing time is concerned.

A.3

Infrared Astronomical Calibrators

The absolute ux calibration of three of the four ISO instruments (CAM, PHT - at short wavelengths - and SWS) is based primarily on results from the Ground-Based Preparatory Programme (GBPP, Jourdain de Muizon & Habing 1992, [91]; Hammersley & Jourdain de Muizon 2001, [73]) and of the Cohen, Walker, Witeborn et al. (CWW) absolute calibration programme (Cohen et al. 1992a, [28]; 1992b, [29]; 1995, [31]; 1996, [32] and 1998, [33]), and more recently on detailed models provided by Decin et al. 2002, [41]; 2003a, [42]; 2003b, [43] and 2003c, [44]). The long wavelength lters of PHT also use planets and asteroids to cover the bright and intermediate part of their dynamic range (M ller & Lagerros 1998, [125]; Grin & Orton 1993, [64]; Orton 2001, u [132]). The absolute ux calibration of LWS is based on Uranus as primary source (Sidher et al. 2001, [150]). A catalogue of calibration source observations as well as many of the reference models used for the calibration of the four ISO instruments are available on-line at the ISO IDC web site: http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/ ISO Explanatory Library Performance and Calibration.

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APPENDIX A. INFRARED ASTRONOMY

Appendix B

ISO Scientic Observations

In the following sections, the titles, principal investigators and the total observing time (in seconds) of all performed programmes, sorted per scientic area, are summarized. The section has been split up into 2 parts, one for Guaranteed Time Proposals (GT) and one for Open Time Proposals (OT). This separation is based on the way the proposals were handled and on the availability of observing time under the OT and GT budget. The times are given in seconds for each proposal. More details on the proposals, including the scientic abstracts can be found in the ISO Data Archive. There, searches for proposal categories (European CP observer, American guaranteed time, Japanese guaranteed time, Open time, Calibration observer), scientic categories (Solar System, Interstellar Matter, Stellar Physics, Extragalactic Systems, Cosmology, Calibration), proposal keywords1, text from proposal abstracts and text from proposal justications can be done within the Observer,Proposal,OSN panel. Notes: In many cases, several proposals with the same PI and on the same topic have been merged to meta-proposals. The scientic categories do not always agree with the OTAC panel structure (in the OTAC the extragalactic proposals were split up into normal galaxies and AGNs). The target of opportunity (ToO) proposals are all in the Open Time list. Small parts of some proposals were performed under the calibration time budget and not under OT or GT budgets. If PI and title were the same as those corresponding to other OT or GT proposals, the observing times have been added. Polarisation observations were done in a special way under the category calibration, nevertheless they appear in the following lists under OT, since the observing time was taken from the OT budget. The resulting number of proposals with On-Target Time (OTT) > 0 s is 1079.

1 abundances, accretion discs, active galactic nuclei, AGB stars, bipolar outows, BL Lac objects, brown dwarfs, calibration, circumstellar discs, circumstellar envelope, comet trails, comets, compact galaxies, cooling ows, dark matter, diuse interstellar medium, dust properties, early-type stars, elliptical galaxies, galactic structure, galaxy clusters, galaxy formation, gravitational lensing, HII regions, interplanetary medium, irregular galaxies, jets, large scale structure, line formation, Magellanic Clouds, molecular clouds, normal galaxies, novae, planetary nebulae, planets, quasars, star formation, starburst galaxies, stellar atmospheres, stellar evolution, stellar winds, supernova remnants, young stellar objects

199

200

APPENDIX B. ISO SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATIONS

B.1
B.1.1

Performed Guaranteed Time Proposals

Solar System
Titan: A Study of the Composition and Temperature of the Atmosphere Spectroscopic Observations of Periodic Comets with LWS and SWS Is there Sub-Arcminute Structure in the Zodiacal Bands? On the Trail of Tails: Imaging the Trails of Comets P/Kop, P/Gunn and P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko with CAM ISO Observations of Mars Observations of Galilean Satellites and Asteroids with ISO Search for H2 -H2 Dimeres on Jupiter and Saturn Titan ISO Spectroscopy of the Giant Planets Comet Observations with ISOPHOT: Study of Bare Nuclei, Onset of Activity, Composition of Comets and Dust Production Search for Atmospheric Constituents on Jupiter and Saturn Satellites Global Mapping, Seasonal Variation and Search for Arcminute Structure of Zodiacal Light Properties of Solar System Dust SWS Observations of the Zodiacal Light: Solar System Mineralogy The Mineralogy and Chemistry of the Major Asteroid Classes Vesta Lightcurve Observations Mapping of Dust and Parent Molecules in Periodic Comets with ISOCAM 58078 82232 3434 43644 39864 4214 17848 15553 344943 86080 29073 75022 104296 8779 17679 18925 23525

Coustenis, A. Crovisier, J. Davies, J. Davies, J. de Graauw, Th. Encrenaz, Th. Feuchtgruber, H. Feuchtgruber, H. Grin, M. Gr n, E. u Heras, A. Leinert, Ch. Leinert, Ch. Morris, P. Salama, A. Schulz, B. Sibille, F.

B.1.2

Stellar/Circumstellar Physics
Abundances in the High-Velocity Outows from Novae and EarlyType Stars High-Spectral Resolution Observations of Molecules and Atoms in Outows from Evolved Stars Spectroscopic Observations of Vega-Excess Systems The Far-Infrared Spectra of Cool Evolved Stars, Post-AGB Objects and Planetary Nebulae Dust Debris around Solar Mass Stars Evolution of Circumstellar Disks around Young Stars Physical Properties of Circumstellar Disks: Spectral Energy Distributions of Young Stellar Objects Spectroscopy of Planetary Nebulae Mass-Losing AGB Stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud Mid-Infrared Dust Emission from Young Stellar Objects: Outows and Warm Halos A Spectral Study of Bright AGB Stars Infrared Flux Densities of Nearby Stars: A Search for Vega-Type Stars Photometry and Spectroscopy of Normal Stars 52895 43052 59408 342825 364161 51550 9524 102670 20056 125985 86953 231931 35316

Barlow, M. Barlow, M. Barlow, M. Barlow, M. Becklin, E. Beckwith, S. Beckwith, S. Beintema, D. Blommaert, J. Cabrit, S. de Jong, T. Habing, H. Hammersley, P.

B.1. PERFORMED GUARANTEED TIME PROPOSALS Heske, A. Hessman, F. Izumiura, H. Lamers, H. Leinert, Ch. Leinert, Ch. Mirabel, I. Nordh, L. Persi, P. Price, S. Price, S. Ray, T. Ray, T. Reipurth, B. Rouan, D. Russell, S. Salama, A. Salama, A. Sargent, A. Sedlmayr, E. Stencel, R. Takashi, T. Tanab, T. e Telesco, C. Trams, N. Trams, N. Trams, N. van der Hucht, K. Waelkens, C. Walker, H. Walker, H. Walker, H. Waters, L. Waters, L. Wesselius, P. Molecular Bands along the Giant Branches FU Orionis Stars Mass-Loss in the Late Stage of Stellar Evolution: Deep Infrared Imaging of Dust Shells around AGB Stars Winds and Circumstellar Matter around Hot Luminous Stars Binary T Tauri Stars Herbig Ae/Be Stars and the Evolution of their Circumstellar Material Dust Heated by High-Energy Sources A Survey for Young, Low-Mass Stars in Nearby Molecular Clouds Infrared Structure of Selected Planetary and Proto-Planetary Nebulae: Spectrophotometric Imaging Selected Area Galactic Survey Spectral Characterisation of Bright Infrared Sources Infrared Emission from Bipolar Outows The Evolution of Disks around Young Low-Mass Stars Energy Sources of HH Flows Infrared Structure of Selected Planetary and Proto-Planetary Nebulae: Broad Band Imaging of the Dust Envelope Protostars ISO Observations of Cataclysmic Variables ISO Observations of SS433 Planetary/Proto-Planetary Disks: ISOCAM Investigations Variability of Circumstellar Dust Shells around Long-Period Variables The Birth and Death of Planetary Systems Mass-Loss in the Late Stages of Stellar Evolution: Structure of the Outer Atmosphere of Cool Evolved Stars Mass-Loss in the Late Stages of Stellar Evolution: AGB Stars in the Magellanic Clouds Star Clusters A Search for Brown Dwarfs as Companions to Nearby Stars Infrared Photometry of Be Stars Mass Loss and Evolution of AGB Stars in the Magellanic Clouds The Circumstellar Environment of Evolved Massive Stars Winds and Dust Formation by Wolf-Rayet Stars The Evolution of Proto-Planetary Disks Disks and Shells around Post-Main Sequence Stars Dust Disks around Vega-Like Stars The Infrared Energy Distributions of M-Dwarfs The Structure of the Winds of Be Stars Transition Objects between Asymptotic Giant Branch and Planetary Nebula Very Young Intermediate-Mass Stars

201 65637 6404 91202 45433 24214 29356 90418 252480 49192 50023 83463 4766 45920 7990 10923 24826 133784 11270 71654 15954 122043 138192 71548 34902 20774 60849 21954 79797 89538 43946 68984 13960 37882 86587 110268

B.1.3

Interstellar Matter
Mid-Infrared Spectral Energy Distribution Complete LWS Spectral Survey at High-Resolution Small Particles in the Interstellar Medium Search for Interstellar Fullerenes Study of the Low Density Components of the ISM: The Diuse Medium in the Galactic Plane 55485 229962 218265 1020 68174

Andr, P. e Baluteau, J. Boulanger, F. Breitfellner, M. Caux, E.

202 Cesarsky, D. Cox, P. Cox, P. Drapatz, S. Emery, R. Gry, C. G rtler, J. u Harwit, M. Henning, Th. Henning, Th. Joubert, M. Jourdain de Muizon, M. Lagage, P. Laureijs, R. Laureijs, R. Laureijs, R. Lemke, D. Lemke, D. Lemke, D. Lemke, D. Lemke, D. Mattila, K. Mezger, P. Mezger, P. Moneti, A. Morris, M. Morris, M. Olofsson, G. Onaka, T Onaka, T. Pquignot, D. e Pollock, A. Prusti, T. Prusti, T. Puget, J.-L. Roelfsema, P. Roelfsema, P. Rouan, D.

APPENDIX B. ISO SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATIONS Spectral Imaging of H II Region Interfaces and Reection Nebulae Chemical and Physical Characterisation of Compact H II Regions across the Galaxy Structure, Physical and Chemical Characterisation of the Dense Parts of the ISM and their Interfaces Physical and Chemical Conditions in Dense, Warm Interstellar Gas Study of Ionised Regions Study of the Low Density Components of the ISM: The Interstellar Cirrus Embedded and Background Infrared Sources for Absorption Measurements Measurement of Water Vapor and Oxygen Abundances Circumstellar Matter around Very Young and Massive Stars Star Formation in Molecular Cloud Cores Structure, Physical and Chemical Characterisation of the Dense Parts of the ISM and their Interfaces Solid State Infrared Spectroscopy with ISO Mapping of Supernova Remnants Exploring the Nature of the Coldest IRAS Sources Infrared Properties of Compact Sources in the Magellanic Clouds Small Grains in Reection Nebula CED 201 Addendum to a Large-Scale Map of the Orion Molecular Cloud/Star Formation Complex at 200 m Interstellar Dust Emission Interstellar Dust Emission: Messier 31 Interstellar Dust Emission: Small Magellanic Cloud Interstellar Dust Emission: Taurus Molecular Cloud 1 Diuse Infrared Emission of the Galaxy ISO Observations of the Earliest Evolutionary Stages of Protostars Observations of the Galactic Centre with ISO A Complete Spectrum of the Prototype FU Ori Object FU Orionis Large-Scale Shocks in the Galactic Centre and Other Regions The Metallicity of Galactic Centre Gas A Deep Search for Low-Mass Protostellar Objects and Pre-Main Sequence Stars in Nearby Molecular Clouds Observation of Diuse Interstellar Medium: Spectroscopic Study Observation of Diuse Interstellar Medium: Far-Infrared Polarisation Study Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of Supernova Remnants: Nuclearly Processed Material in Young Supernova Remnants The Morphology of Dust Heated by the SNR G78.2+2.1 Solid State Features Survey of TMC2 in Taurus Spectral Survey of the Cold Interstellar Medium: Search for New Features from Dust, Atom Clusters and Molecule Lines Silicate Emission Features towards Ultracompact H II Regions The Properties of Dust Emission Features towards Ultracompact H II Regions: The Details of the 512 Micron PAH Features Polaro-Imaging of Dierent Components of the Interstellar Medium and Circumstellar Dust 27417 139944 108556 324046 41240 55970 14514 146596 24204 5373 37353 115029 74614 23392 20578 13258 7970 314849 18126 80171 2644 36562 65639 124636 10306 11128 10254 39854 216196 6820 28008 6988 976 107429 1890 7506 23182 32092

B.1. PERFORMED GUARANTEED TIME PROPOSALS Saraceno, P. Saraceno, P. Saraceno, P. Stark, R. Tamura, M. Tus, R. van Dishoeck, E. van Dishoeck, E. Whittet, D. Pre-Main Sequence Evolution: Outows and their Interaction with Interstellar Medium Pre-Main Sequence Evolution: The Early Phase of Star Formation Pre-Main Sequence Evolution: The Pre Main Sequence Stars A Detailed Study of the Carbon and Oxygen Cooling Lines in Translucent Cirrus Clouds Evolution of the High-Density Cores in Molecular Clouds Observations of Dust and Gas in Supernova Remnants Deuterium in the Galaxy: The HD Abundance as a Function of Galactocentric Distance Molecular Spectroscopy of Gas-Phase Species: A Pilot Study with the SWS Infrared Spectroscopy of Interstellar Dust Absorption

203 90420 339508 133514 30668 48894 77470 16560 165421 149815

B.1.4
Barr, P. Barr, P. Barr, P.

Extragalactic Systems
Infrared Continuum Variability in BL Lacertae Objects The Infrared Flux Distribution of Broad Line Radio Galaxies and the 25 m Bump in 3C 390.3 The Polarisation of the Non-Thermal Infrared Continuum in Active Galactic Nuclei The Nature of Broad Line Radio Galaxies Emission Mechanisms in Quasars: Radio Loud Quasars and BL Lac Objects ISOPHOT-S and ISOCAM Observations of Seyfert Galaxies: The CfA Sample Investigation of the Unied Model of Quasars and Radio Galaxies with Infrared Data High-Resolution Observations of OH Absorption in the Galactic Centre The Physical Parameters that Control Violent Stellar Bursts Infrared Spectroscopy of Bright Galactic Nuclei and the Connection between Star Formation and AGNs Search for a Flaring/Fading Infrared Counterpart to the New Gamma-Ray Burst GRB970111 The Interstellar Medium of Normal Galaxies: Properties and Evolution Heating of the Interstellar Medium in Spirals: Mapping of Nearby Galaxies The ISOPHOT Field Galaxy Sample The Infrared Energy Distributions of Ultraluminous Galaxies A Coordinated Study of Galaxies in the Virgo Cluster Spectro-Imaging of Individual Star-Forming Regions in Nearby Galaxies Determination of SEDs for High-z Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies Detected in the C. Lonsdale et. al. Filler Survey Dust Emission in Irregular Galaxies ISO Observations of Blue Compact Galaxies Dust in 6C 1908+772 Starburst and Active Galaxies Deep Imaging of Quasars with ISOCAM 22898 7953 2884 13968 171330 138497 25640 17585 20135 1069615 1078 437856 158486 68067 51710 119548 60200 30814 74830 94174 3618 123792 30110

Barthel, P. Chini, R. Clavel, J. de Graauw, Th. Feuchtgruber, H. Garzn, F. o Genzel, R. Hanlon, L. Helou, G. Hippelein, H. Joseph, R. Klaas, U. Lequeux, J. Lequeux, J. Levine, D. Madden, S. Metcalfe, L. Miley, G. Mirabel, I. Moorwood, A.

204 Nakagawa, T. Nrgaard-Nielsen, H. Rodr guez Espinosa, J. Richter, G. Siebenmorgen, R. Smith, H. Smith, H. Smith, H. Smith, H. Telesco, C. van der Hulst, J. van der Werf, P. Vigroux, L. Vigroux, L. Vlk, H. o Wilkes, B.

APPENDIX B. ISO SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATIONS Mid-Infrared Ne Ionic Lines Survey of Active Galaxies Dust in Elliptical Galaxies Astrophysics of AGN: An ISOPHOT Perspective ISOPHOT Observations of an Unbiased Sample of Blue Compact Galaxies Polarimetry of Ultraluminous IRAS Galaxies: Starbursts or AGN? ISO Spectroscopy of Active Galactic Nuclei ISO Spectroscopy of Infrared Bright Galaxies Spectroscopic Studies of the Galactic Centre Region Spectroscopic Studies of the Interstellar Medium in Galaxies Blue Radio Galaxies at Intermediate Redshifts Spectral Study of the Interstellar Medium and Star Formation in Nearby Galaxies: Physical Conditions and Composition Star Formation and Active Nucleus in Distant Radio Galaxies: A Pilot Study Broad Band Imaging of an Extragalactic H II Region Sample Infrared Emission from Early-Type Galaxies Statistical Sample of Late-Type Galaxies from the Virgo Cluster Exploring the Full Range of Quasar/AGN Properties 16258 54380 64044 20230 7050 305655 153696 140180 57596 104006 137384 9336 150694 88355 108495 372258

B.1.5

Cosmology
The Ultimate CAM Raster on Abell 2390 Star Formation in Barred Spiral Galaxies A Search for a Brown Dwarf Halo in an Edge-On Spiral Galaxy and Galactic Clusters Deep Imaging of a Sample of X-Ray Galaxy Clusters in Hydra ISOCAM Deep Survey Programme (Cosmology) Deep Imaging of Intermediate and High-Redshift Clusters Measurement of the Extragalactic Infrared Background Radiation ISO Observations of Gravitationally Lensed Arcs ISOPHOT Deep Observations of Selected Area 57 Structure of the Far-Infrared Background Cold Dust in the Intracluster Medium of Galaxy Clusters A Search for Primeval Galaxies and Quasars 56981 78005 24067 85607 503359 237760 116587 143082 147099 140322 18966 278483

Altieri, B. Bonoli, C. Casali, M. Cesarsky, C. Cesarsky, C. Franceschini, A. Mattila, K. Metcalfe, L. Nrgaard-Nielsen, H. Puget, J.-L. Stickel, M. Taniguchi, Y.

B.2. PERFORMED OPEN TIME PROPOSALS

205

B.2
B.2.1

Performed Open Time Proposals

Solar System
Infrared Observations of Rosetta Asteroidal Targets: Albedo and Diameter Measurements of the Rosetta Target Asteroids Dark, Volatile-Rich Asteroids: Possible Relation to Comets Search for Dust Debris in the Outer Solar System: Mapping and Fluctuation Search Infrared Imaging Spectroscopy of Mars: Constraints on Surface Mineralogy and Volatile Transport Infrared Spectroscopy of Phobos and Deimos: Spectral Classication and Constraints on Surface Mineralogy Search for Methyl Radical on Neptune and Saturn Search for Undetected Hydrocarbons on Jupiter and Saturn Search for Undetected Hydrocarbons on Neptune Search for Undetected Photochemical Compounds on Jupiter Study of Carbonaceous Matter in Comets Cometary Nuclei and Trails Study: Analysis of Comets also in Preparation to Rosetta Extended Remote Analysis of Coma and Trails: Analysis of Comets also in Preparation to Rosetta A Spectroscopic Investigation of Titan at 57 Micrometers Spectroscopy of the 12.2 and 13.4 Micron Regions on Titan Spectroscopy of the 15 Micron Region on Titan (CO2 and CO) Spectroscopy of the 16 Micron Region on Titan (C4 H2 and C3 H4 ) The 3-Micron Window on Titan The Short-Wavelength Spectrum of Titan ToO: Observations of Unexpected Comets ToO: Spectroscopic Observations of Comets Observations of the Earths Circumsolar Dust Ring Probing the Zodiacal Cloud by Observing the Ecliptic Poles Equatorial Emissions of Hydrocarbons on Jupiter Spectroscopy of the Auroral Regions of Jupiter Jupiter: Latitudinal Variations of Atmospheric Parameters Neptune: Search for PH3 and Determination of Tropospheric C/H Deuterium in the Four Giant Planets H2 O in the Outer Solar System The Composition of D-Type Asteroids Rosetta Target Asteroids ToO: ISOPHOT Observations of a Bright Comet Coma: Composition and Dust Production ToO: ISOPHOT Observations of a New Comet: Coma Composition and Dust Production Cometary Activity in Asteroids A Survey of Kuiper Belt Candidates Observation of Cometary Nuclei ToO: The Nucleus of a New Bright Comet Spectroscopic Studies of Volatile-Rich Asteroids Mapping of COBE Fields Deuterium on Jupiter and Saturn The Surface Temperature of Pluto 1976 74127 7374 7716 5824 9666 3590 2102 6560 18114 22326 23116 23624 16428 5384 9839 27486 6296 82747 25486 8361 6666 12708 10044 20052 33072 22459 79859 2910 7368 24231 8732 17952 102824 24878 18054 22478 28518 18795 34531

Barbieri, C. Barucci, A. Beckwith, S. Bell, J. Bell, J. Bzard, B. e Bzard, B. e Bzard, B. e Bzard, B. e Bockele-Morvan, D. e Colangeli, L. Colangeli, L. Courtin, R. Coustenis, A. Coustenis, A. Coustenis, A. Coustenis, A. Coustenis, A. Crovisier, J. Crovisier, J. Dermott, S. Dermott, S. Drossart, P. Drossart, P. Encrenaz, Th. Encrenaz, Th. Feuchtgruber, H. Feuchtgruber, H. Fitzsimmons, A. Fulchignoni, M. Gr n, E. u Gr n, E. u Harris, A. Ip, W.-H. Lamy, P. Lamy, P. Larson, H. Leinert, Ch. Lellouch, E. Lellouch, E.

206 Lisse, C. Miller, S. M ller, T. u Naylor, D. Noll, K. Oldham, P. Osip, D. Osip, D. Peschke, S. Reach, W. Reach, W. Schmitt, B. Schulz, R. Scotti, J. Stern, A.

APPENDIX B. ISO SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATIONS Large-Scale Observations of Scattered Sunlight and Thermal Emission in the Tails of Bright Periodic Comets Forbidden Rotational Spectrum of H3 + in the Ionosphere of Jupiter Polarimetry of Asteroids LWS Grating Observations of HD on Uranus and Neptune Titans Lightcurve at 5 Micron: A Clue to Surface Composition Saturn: Determination of the Tropospheric Methane Abundance Prole Spectral Analysis of Carbon-Chain Depleted Comets Spectral Analysis of Carbon-Chain Depleted Comets: Spectral Studies of P/Wolf-Harrington ToO: Cometary Comae in the IR: Dimensions, Structures and Composition Imaging the Source of Cometary Dust Trails Spectrum of the Zodiacal Light The Composition and Temperature of the Surface of Io Distributed Sources in Cometary Comae: Column Density Proles of Potential Parent Molecules Characterisation of the Size of Short-Period Comet Nuclei A Comprehensive Investigation of the Thermal Properties and Rotational Thermal Variability of the Pluto-Charon Binary and Chiron Asteroid Size-Frequency Distribution Ios SO2 Atmosphere and Torus 21771 590 9381 3866 2330 11348 10027 11797 3120 9629 21827 13966 12362 8934 7360

Tedesco, E. Thomas, N.

77003 13461

B.2.2

Stellar/Circumstellar Physics
Extension of AE Aquariis Radio Spectrum to the Far-Infrared: Search for the Synchrotron Spectrums Turnover Frequency Very Cold Dust around Herbig Ae/Be Stars Dust Distribution around Bipolar PPNe Spatial Structure of the Youngest Protostars: An Absorption Study Mapping and Spectroscopy of a Circumbinary Disk: Infrared Studies of an Edge-On Disk Discovered via Coronagraphy Terrestrial-Temperature Dust around Cluster A Stars Zodiacal Dust in Other Planetary Systems: Search for Hot Dust around Planetary-Perturbation Target Stars FP Observations of Far-Infrared OH Maser Pump Lines High-Resolution Observations of Far-Infrared Water Lines Photometry of a New Sample of Candidate Vega-Excess Sources: Properties of Circumstellar Disks ToO: Observations of Novae during the ISO Mission Infrared Observations of Cygnus X-3: What Is the Origin of the Infrared Flares? Infrared Properties of Cygnus X-3: Origin of the Infrared Flares and Quiescent Emission The Infrared Spectrum of Chromospherically Active Stars Evolution of Circumstellar Disks: A Test of Disk-Regulated Angular Momentum Evolution 3418 1962 5570 16521 10228 9503 13472 74627 40643 5222 34744 4166 17094 4484 13744

Abada-Simon, M. Abrahm, P. a Alcolea, J. Andr, P. e Backman, D. Backman, D. Backman, D. Barlow, M. Barlow, M. Barlow, M. Barlow, M. Barr, P. Barr, P. Barrado Navascus, D. e Beckwith, S.

B.2. PERFORMED OPEN TIME PROPOSALS Beckwith, S. Bell Burnell, J. Bergeat, J. Bzard, B. e Blake, G. Blanco, A. Blommaert, J. Blommaert, J. Blomme, R. Bockele-Morvan, D. e Bonnet-Bidaud, J.-M. Bujarrabal, V. Carr, J. Casali, M. Casali, M. Cassinelli, J. Cassinelli, J. Castro-Tirado, A. Castro-Tirado, A. Physical Properties of Circumstellar Disks: Spectral Energy Distributions of Young Stellar Objects ISO Observations of Cygnus X-3: Infrared Studies of a Microquasar The Environment of Cool Giant Variables: Extensions and Detached Shells on the AGB The Atmospheric Structure of Brown Dwarf Gliese 229 B SWS Studies of H2 Rotational Lines from YSO Accretion Disks Dust Composition in Carbon Stars Evolution and Mass Loss of AGB Stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud The Nature of OH/IR Stars in the Galactic Centre: An Accurate Determination of their Luminosities Clumping in the Stellar Wind of Early-Type Stars Search for CO and CO2 Ices towards Vega-Like Stars Infrared Study of the Peculiar X-Ray Binary Cygnus X-3: Spatial Extent and Energy Distribution of the Infrared Source Atomic Gas in Proto-Planetary Nebulae Water in Proto-Planetary Disks The Decline of Outow Activity with YSO Age: A New Approach The Disks of Young Stars in Dense Clusters Infrared Diagnostics of Temperature Structure in the Atmospheres of Early B-Stars The Velocity Structure of Wolf-Rayet Winds from Infrared Line and Continuum Observations Thermal Imaging of GRO J174428 while in Outburst ToO: The Nature of the Superluminal Galactic Source GRS 1915+105: ISO Monitoring of the Most Powerful Source in the Galaxy ToO: The Nature of the Superluminal Galactic Source GRS 1915+105: ISO Observations during the Oct 1997 X-Ray and Radio-Outburst Major Cooling Lines in Infall around YSOs Map of C- and J-Type Shocks in IRAS 162932422 A Key Spectroscopic Study of CRL 618: Shocked Chemistry in Post-AGB Evolution A Study of Water Emission in O-Rich Evolved Stars: The Water Abundance and the 17 O/18 O Isotopic Abundance Ratio in CSE The Molecular Content of IRC+10216 between 2.38 and 196.7 Microns: A Spectroscopic Study of the C-Rich Star IRC+10216 Observation of Dust Features in Carbon-Rich Wolf-Rayet Stars: A Search for Aromatic and Fullerene Bands in WC Stars Observation of Dust Features in R CrB Stars: A Search for Aromatic and Fullerene Bands in R CrB Stars ISO Study of Protostars Dust Characterisation in Circumstellar Shells around Evolved, Massive Stars Understanding the Evolution of H-Decient Stars Target of Opportunity Studies of High-Mass X-Ray Binary Systems: Multiwaveband Investigations of Such Systems in Outburst PAH Emission Bands in Selected Planetary Nebulae: A Study of the Behaviour with Gas Phase C/O Ratio

207 60270 2890 19000 10378 24463 14970 36221 57525 29290 4778 6382 73884 38354 24653 33380 42550 59442 5994 736

Castro-Tirado, A.

12076

Ceccarelli, C. Ceccarelli, C. Cernicharo, J. Cernicharo, J. Cernicharo, J. Cherchne, I. Cherchne, I. Chini, R. Clampin, M. Clayton, G. Coe, M. Cohen, M.

30524 14802 7598 27296 32359 8360 4404 34928 14130 19968 618 7916

208 Colgan, S. Comern, F. o Comern, F. o Cox, P. Cox, P. Creech-Eakman, M. Crifo, F. Crifo, F. Currie, D. de Jong, T. de Jong, T. Decin, L. Deguchi, S. Deguchi, S. Deleuil, M. Dougados, C. Doyle, J. Dufton, P. Engels, D. Engels, D. Eriksson, K. Eriksson, K. Eriksson, K. Evans, A. Evans, A. Evans, A. Eyres, S. Eyres, S. Fajardo-Acosta, S. Fender, R. Fix, J. Forrest, W. Forveille, T. Forveille, T. Foster, R. Fusi Pecci, F. Garc a-Lario, P. Garzn, F. o

APPENDIX B. ISO SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATIONS Infrared Spectroscopy of Black Hole Candidates Brown Dwarf Candidates in Embedded Stellar Populations Brown Dwarf Candidates in the Rho Ophiuchi Cluster Spectroscopic Observations of PDRs in Proto-Planetary and Planetary Nebulae The Helix Planetary Nebula: A Case Study of a PDR Region Stellar Plasma to Circumstellar Dust Transformation: The Role of Silicon Monoxide In LPVs Bolometric Magnitude and Eective Temperature of M-Dwarfs Radii, Eective Temperatures and Bolometric Luminosities of Subdwarfs Thermal Structure and History of Eta Car High-Resolution Observations of HCN and C2 H2 Lines in Carbon Stars SWS Observations of O-Rich Circumstellar Shell of Late-Type Stars with the 13m Emission Feature Accurate Modelling of Cool-Star Atmospheres Observations of Halo AGB Stars with ISO SWS for the Purpose of the Future Searches for MACHOs Observations of Stars with Unusual IRAS LRS Spectra Origin of the Circumstellar Gas around Beta Pictoris The Embedded Clusters Associated with Young IntermediateMass Stars Detectability of Mass Loss from Cool M-Dwarfs H II Regions Associated with Young Galactic Clusters: Comparison of Stellar and Nebular Chemical Compositions Infrared Spectral Properties of Young PPN The 22 GHz H2 O Maser Pump in AGB Stars A Spectrum of the Envelope around the M-Giant R Doradus Imaging of Dust Shells around Carbon Stars Spectra of Envelopes around AGB Stars An ISO Study of PAH Emission in XX Oph Far-Infrared Observations of RV Tauri Stars The Far-Infrared Flux Distribution of RS CVn Stars Spectroscopy of Sakurais Object in Sagittarius: The Evolution of a Final Helium Shell Flash SWS Spectroscopy of Symbiotic Stars Microscan Mapping of Vega-Type Circumstellar Dust ToO: ISO Observations of Cygnus X-3 in Outburst: Infrared Studies of a Flaring Microquasar ISO Observations of Variable Circumstellar Shells A Search for Brown Dwarfs in the Hyades ISOCAM-CVF Spectrum of the Nearby Brown Dwarf Denis-P J02051159 ISOCAM-CVF Spectrum of the Newly Discovered Nearby Brown Dwarf Denis-P J02051159 Circumstellar Dust Emission from Millisecond Pulsars Circumstellar Matter in the Central Region of Globular Clusters Correlation of Mass and Age with the Far-Infrared Colors of PNe and PPNe Stellar Populations of the Inner Bulge of the Galaxy 8840 19322 10574 17114 60282 10260 9850 7982 27394 10352 27820 32691 8820 6471 30336 57390 8224 4286 26702 38427 698 7008 92254 7440 5658 7604 4958 10978 9128 8824 5699 81199 10598 5138 14602 24458 12730 1720

B.2. PERFORMED OPEN TIME PROPOSALS Gehrz, R. Gehrz, R. Gehrz, R. Gerbaldi, M. Goebel, J. Grny, S. o Grady, C. Grin, M. Groenewegen, M. Groot, P. G rtler, J. u G rtler, J. u Haas, M. Habing, H. Hammersley, P. Harrington, P. Hauschildt, P. Hawley, S. Heinrichsen, I. Hirth, G. Hoare, M. Hora, J. Hrivnak, B. Hrivnak, B. Hron, J. Hurley, K. Hurt, R. Hutsemkers, D. e Ivison, R. Ivison, R. Izumiura, H. Jameson, R. Jiang, B. Jones, H. Jorissen, A. Jorissen, A. Jorissen, A. Justtanont, K. Kaper, L. Studies of Classical Novae and Related Objects with ISO: Physics Characteristics and Contributions to the ISM ToO: ISO Spectroscopy of Galactic Novae ToO: Observations of New Novae in Outburst: Physics Characteristics and Contributions to the ISM Remnant of Circumstellar Matter around Early A-Type Stars in Young Clusters Study of the Population Distribution of the 7 Micron Dust Emission Feature in Oxygen-Rich Stars Spectroscopy of Dusty Planetary Nebulae with WR-Type Central Stars The Beta Pictoris Phenomenon in Young Stars with Accreting Gas The Far-Infrared Continuum Spectra of Cold Protostellar Sources Observations of Mass-Losing Supergiants in the Magellanic Clouds ISOCAM 12 Micron Imaging of a Possible GRB970508 Counterpart Analysis of Dust Envelopes around Evolved Stars Infrared Imaging of Post-AGB Dust Envelopes Physical Conditions in the Circumstellar Envelopes of Supergiants and Other Evolved Stars Vega-Type Excess in a Newly Discovered Planetary System Star Counts in the Galactic Bar Dust in Hydrogen-Poor Planetary Nebulae A Spectroscopic Study of the Water Bands in M-Dwarfs Circumstellar Disks and Far-Infrared Luminosity in Active MDwarfs High-Resolution ISO Observations of Beta Pictoris Physical Properties of Outows from Young Stellar Objects: Probing the Circumstellar Environment Ionised Winds from Luminous Young Stellar Objects The Spatial Distribution of Cool Dust in Planetary Nebulae Spectroscopy of Visible Proto-Planetary Nebulae SWS Spectroscopy of Obscured Proto-Planetary Nebulae Spectral Variability of Long Period Variables: The Relation between Pulsation, Atmospheric Structure and Dust Formation Study of Soft Gamma Repeater Counterparts Dust Emission from Class 0 Protostars in the Serpens Cloud Core Dust around Luminous Early-Type Stars in Nearby Galaxies Testing the Binary Hypothesis for OH/IR Colour Mimics The Properties of Circumstellar Dust in Symbiotic Miras Extended Dust Shell around the J-Type Carbon Star RY Draconis A Spectral Atlas for M-Dwarfs The Nature of IRAS LRS Sources without Near-Infrared Detection Water Vapour in Cool Dwarfs A Study of Mass Loss along the AGB and RGB of 47 Tuc Dust in Binaries Containing Chemically Peculiar Giants: Linking Barium and S-Stars to Post-AGB Stars Infrared Spectral Classication of S-Stars SWS Observation of Molecular Lines in NML Cyg Infrared Study of Low-Mass X-Ray Binaries

209 21023 51335 20117 8692 31110 6684 11794 12350 15280 7104 10594 11272 41454 3284 15056 11144 8776 1084 40150 10472 8214 17264 29391 5948 72344 19866 3134 12412 11266 7214 6896 17722 6830 37265 45725 5284 14692 26730 9092

210 Kaper, L. Kastner, J. Keenan, F. Kerber, F. Kerschbaum, F. Kerschbaum, F. Kerschbaum, F. Klaas, U. Koch-Miramond, L. Koornneef, J. Koornneef, J. Kwok, S. Kwok, S. Kwok, S. Lada, E. Lagage, P. Lagage, P. Lagrange, A.-M. Lambert, D. Lambert, D. Lambert, D. Lamers, H. Larson, H. Lecavelier, A. Leech, K. Leinert, Ch. Liu, X.-W. Loup, C. Loup, C. Luu, J. Manchado, A. Mart n-Pintado, J. Mathieu, R. Mathieu, R. Meixner, M. Meixner, M.

APPENDIX B. ISO SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATIONS Stellar-Wind Structure in High-Mass X-Ray Binaries Mid-Infrared Polarimetric Imaging of Evolved Star Envelopes Spectroscopy of Hot Halo PAGB Stars and Planetary Nebulae: LS IV 12 111, a PAGB Star Developing a Proto-Planetary Nebula Sakurais Object: A New Born-Again Nucleus of a Planetary Nebula Atmospheric Structure of Oxygen-Rich Semiregular and Irregular Variables Atmospheric Structure of Oxygen-Rich Semiregular Variables Spectral Characteristics of the AGB and Post-AGB Phase Objects for the ISO Extended Mission Far-Infrared Polarisation of Pictoris Search for Circumstellar Material around Nearby Pulsars: Thermal Emission of Dusty Clouds or Disks around Neutron Stars A Unique B[e]-Star: ISO Discovers High-Excitation Gas An Investigation of the Ara Infrared Cluster A Detailed Study of the Unidentied 21 Micron Emission Feature in Post-AGB Stars Spectroscopy of 21 Micron Feature Sources Spectroscopy of Extreme Carbon Stars Investigations of the Earliest Stages of Stellar Evolution in Young Embedded Clusters Gas and Dust in the Kepler SNR Polarimetry of Dust Disks around MS and PMS stars Infrared Study of the Close Herbig Ae/Be Binary System TY CrA FG Sagittae: A New R Corona Borealis Star Infrared Spectroscopy of R Coronae Borealis Stars Testing Model Atmospheres of Cool Dwarf Stars with ISO The Winds of Early-Type Supergiants: The Critical Mass Loss Phase of Massive Stars Search for Hydrated Minerals around O-Rich Red Supergiants Gaseous Content of a Few Well-Known Beta Pictoris-Like Stars ISO Observations of the Pleiades Brown Dwarfs Teide 1 and Calar 3 Spectral Energy Distribution of Binary T Tauri Stars Far-Infrared Fine-Structure Lines in Planetary Nebulae: A Key to Resolving Discrepancies in Abundance Determinations Mass-Loss and Evolution of AGB Stars in the LMC: A MiniSurvey Mass-Loss and Evolution of AGB Stars in the LMC: Extension of the Mini-Survey to the SMC Evolution of Dust in Circumstellar Disks Spectroscopy of Heavily Obscured Post-AGB Stars The Physical Properties of the Stellar Winds in Selected Radio Stars Masses of Circumstellar Disks in Pre-Main Sequence Binary Stars Searching for Gaps in the Disks of Pre-Main Sequence Binary Stars Far-Infrared Imaging Dust Halos of Proto-Planetary and Planetary Nebulae: A Study of Mass Loss History Spectroscopy of Atomic Fine-Structure Lines in Evolved Stars: A Study of Planetary Nebula Formation 8700 15930 8948 5120 9560 9248 66979 6824 13526 3028 2680 4824 14315 9084 8096 5434 9380 10652 8380 48191 18400 39448 3944 14504 14129 15252 17370 27076 34389 3826 8512 10174 524 13250 31517 28705

B.2. PERFORMED OPEN TIME PROPOSALS Meixner, M. Metcalfe, L. Millar, T, Mirabel, I. Mirabel, I. Moneti, A. Montesinos, B. Montmerle, T. Morris, P. Myers, P. Nakajima, T. Naylor, T. Neri, R. Nguyen-Rieu, Q. Noriega-Crespo, A. Oestreicher, M. Oliva, E. Oliva, E. Omont, A. Omont, A. Onaka, T. Onaka, T. Oudmaijer, R. Oudmaijer, R. Penny, A. Pottasch, S. Price, S. Prusti, T, Prusti, T. Prusti, T. Prusti, T. Puxley, P. Ramsay, G. Rauer, H. Reid, I. Reinsch, K. Spectroscopy of Atomic Fine-Structure Lines in GL 618 Far-Infrared Photometry and CAM-CVF Observations of a Disk around BD +31 643 Carbon-Bearing Molecules in Oxygen-Rich Stars Dust Heated by High-Energy Sources (Continuation) The Galactic Superluminal Source GRS 1915+105: Is the Superluminal Microquasar in a Molecular Cloud ? The Nature of the Pistol, its Star, and the Quintuplet: CAM-CVF and SWS Spectroscopy The Infrared Energy Distribution of FG Sge Search for H2 and H3 + Infrared Lines Associated with X-Ray Sources Embedded in Molecular Clouds Ices towards the Candidate LBV G79.29+0.46 Warm Dust Imaging of Nearby Low-Mass Protostars A Search for Brown Dwarf Companions to Young Nearby Stars ToO: Observations of Low-Mass X-Ray Binaries A Key Spectroscopic Study of CRL 2688, CRL 618 and NGC 7027: Shocked Chemistry in Post-AGB Evolution Water Abundance in the Envelope of Optical Oxygen-Rich AGB Stars The Star-Forming Region around IRAS 05487+0255: ISOCAM Maps of Stellar Jets and their Sources Broadband and Spectrophotometry of Luminous Stars in the LMC: Mass Loss and Evolution of Circumstellar Dust Shells Infrared Coronal Lines and the Intrinsic EUV Spectrum of AGNs: Coronal Lines in AGNs Infrared Spectroscopy of the Most Luminous LMC Supernova Remnant: Infrared Spectroscopy of N 49 ISOCAM Survey of the Inner Galaxy ISOCAM Survey of the Outer Galaxy: Completion of the ISOGAL 715 micron Survey Far-Infrared Polarisation of Diuse Thermal Emission Time Variation of Circumstellar Envelopes Is Wra 1484 a Hot Post-AGB Star? Post-AGB Stars with Cool Dust Shells Dust in Globular Clusters Determining Planetary Nebulae Central Star Temperatures Spectral Characterisation of Bright Infrared Sources Variable Infrared Emission from Circumstellar Environment of Young Intermediate-Mass Stars Extended Infrared Emission around Young Stars Search of the Comet-Like Activity in Stars with Non-Periodic Algol-Type Minima ToO: Evolution of the Circumstellar Environment during an FU Ori or EX Lup Outburst The Dust Content of H II Regions Observations of Magnetic Cataclismic Variables: The Determination of Magnetic Field Strengths Infrared Absorption Features of Extra-Solar Planets: Search for an Extended Envelope around 51 Peg B Cocoon Stars in the Magellanic Clouds Cyclotron Spectroscopy of Magnetic Cataclysmic Variables

211 20866 9910 28246 29730 7696 15332 4396 31456 7782 8806 7936 5534 41420 12533 2517 4004 52290 6756 553231 287300 9382 37196 3824 7692 31046 18014 34437 94033 23398 36229 42814 6572 24943 37998 14425 24624

212 Rengarajan, T. Rieke, G. Roche, P. Roche, P. Rodono, M. Rodono, M. Ruiz, M. Russell, S. Sahai, R.

APPENDIX B. ISO SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATIONS Infrared Emission from RS CVn Binaries Low-Mass Pleiades Brown Dwarfs Dust Emission Features in Stellar Envelopes Spectral Features in Carbon-Rich Stellar Envelopes Infrared Excess in dMe Stars: Existence of a Circumstellar Envelope for Flare Stars Infrared Excess in RS CVn and Algol-Type Binaries: Circumstellar Envelope around Active Binary Stars ISOCAM Imaging of the Newly Discovered Nearby Brown Dwarf Candidate Kelu 1 A Statistical Study of the Spectral Energy Distributions of Very Cold IRAS Sources Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of Very Young, Low-Excitation Planetary Nebulae: The Physical and Chemical Evolution of Circumstellar Gas and Dust ISO Observation of the New Nova Sgr 1998 ISO Observations of Old Novae Unravelling the Murky Past of the Old Nova GK Per Dust in Symbiotic Binaries Probing Mass Loss Variations of AGB Stars with Detached Shells: Dierences in Mass Loss Behavior for C- and O-Rich AGB Stars Asymmetric Mass Loss in the Upper HR Diagram: The Role of Molecular CO Imaging of Shocked Molecular Hydrogen in Herbig-Haro Objects Variability of Circumstellar Dust Shells around LPVs Coronographic Photometry and Polarimetry of Proto-Planetary Disks Mid-Infrared Polarimetric Imaging of the Protostellar Candidate HH108MMS CO Observations of Mass-Loss in Low-Mass Post-Main Sequence Stars PAHs and Chromospheres in M-Supergiants Photometry of a New Sample of Candidate Vega-Excess Sources: Properties of Circumstellar Disks Infrared Studies of Extremely Young Supernova Remnants: MidInfrared Supernova Studies Dissipation of Gaseous Circumstellar Disks The Gas-Dust Connection and Cooling in Proto-Planetary Disks Dust around A Stars in Young Open Clusters Dust around Solar-Type Stars in Young Open Clusters Photometry of Cluster Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs ISOPHOT Reobservation of Vega Disk Stars The Birth and Death of Planetary Systems Amorphous versus Crystalline Water Ice: Ice Structure in Circumstellar Envelopes Replenishment of the Accretion Disk between Outbursts in EXORs: Characterising the Variable Infrared Emission of Accreting YSOs Detailed Investigation of the 30 Micron Band: Search for the 30 Micron Emitters Excitation Conditions in Shells of Post-AGB Objects: Search for Precursors of Planetary Nebulae with WR-Type Stars 2940 22990 10361 8820 14654 2872 4654 11082 10368

Salama, A. Salama, A. Salama, A. Schild, H. Schnberner, D. o Schulte-Ladbeck, R. Schultz, A. Sedlmayr, E. Siebenmorgen, R. Siebenmorgen, R. Skinner, C. Skinner, C. Skinner, C. Spyromilio, J. Stapelfeldt, K. Stark, R. Stauer, J. Stauer, J. Steele, I. Stencel, R. Stencel, R. Strazzulla, G. Stringfellow, G.

5128 13007 7246 29543 27052 1080 7828 1916 33777 7356 24343 27098 13360 9966 28953 9880 19500 14832 16591 12848 11800 2582 28998

Szczerba, R. Szczerba, R.

26628 7998

B.2. PERFORMED OPEN TIME PROPOSALS Szczerba, R. Takashi, T. Takashi, T. Infrared Carbon Stars with OH Emission: Transition from O- to C-Rich Stars Dust Formation in the Photospheres of Very Low-Mass Stars from M-Dwarfs to Brown Dwarfs High-Resolution Spectroscopy of CO and SiO in Red (Super)Giants: Physical Structure of the Upper Atmospheres of Cool Evolved Stars Infrared Excesses in Carbon Stars of the Galactic Halo and the LMC: Eect of Metallicity on the Evolution of Carbon Stars Infrared Properties of Very Low-Mass Stars from M-Dwarfs to Brown Dwarfs A Systematic Study of Unidentied Features in AGB Stars A Systematic Study on the Properties of Dust Grains around MSupergiant Stars Mass-Loss in the Late Stages of Stellar Evolution: AGB Stars in the Magellanic Cloud Star Clusters Spectrophotometric Observations of AGB Stars in the Magellanic Cloud Star Clusters ToO: Dust Formation around R CrB-Type Stars at their Minima: Search for Fullerenes The Disk of MWC349 The Recombination Line Maser The Recombination Line Maser MWC349: Velocity-Resolved Spectroscopy and Molecular Transitions SETI: Search for Dyson Spheres The Near- and Far-Infrared Spectra of Very Late M-Stars Deep Infrared Observations of Starless Cores in Taurus B213 Region Infrared Spectrophotometry and 60 Micron Photometry of LMC and SMC AGB Stars The LMC AGB Star IRAS 044966958: a Carbon Star with Silicate Dust? A Time Variable Plerion: Modelling the Be Star Disk in the Unique Milli-Second Pulsar Binary System PSR B125963 ISOCAM Search for Pulsar Debris Disks Accurate Abundance Determination of CNO in PN: An Investigation into the t2 Problem Neon Abundance in Wolf-Rayet Stellar Winds Imaging of Dust Shells around AGB and Post-AGB Stars Complete SWS/LWS Scans of Young Stellar Objects Further Searches for H2 Lines in Circumstellar Disks with the SWS A Search for PN with Carbon and Oxygen Dust Features Accurate Abundance Determination of CNO in PN: An Investigation into the t2 Problem Observation of the 21 Micron Feature Prototype IRAS 07134+1005 Spectroscopy of Featureless, Low-Temperature IRAS Sources Study of an Unknown Type of Dust Study of Low Temperature, Featureless IRAS Sources Study of Unusual 11.3 Micron Feature Sources Disks around B[e]-Supergiants

213 5736 33968 27416

Takashi, T. Takashi, T. Tanab, T. e Tanab, T. e Tanab, T. e Tanab, T. e Tanab, T. e Thum, C. Thum, C. Thum, C. Tilgner, C. Tinney, C. Toshikazu, O. Trams, N. Trams, N. Unger, S. van Buren, D. van de Steene, G. van van van van der Hucht, K. der Veen, W. Dishoeck, E. Dishoeck, E.

30942 32774 4850 9561 8262 36080 18005 5656 31338 36285 4638 33632 1132 57894 5936 3522 6272 13972 15801 30112 28426 22188 9692 17502 6168 4370 3052 10218 5454 17368

van Hoof, P. van Hoof, P. Volk, K. Volk, K. Volk, K. Volk, K. Volk, K. Voors, R.

214 Waelkens, Waelkens, Waelkens, Waelkens, Waelkens, Waelkens, Waelkens, Waelkens, Walker, C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C.

APPENDIX B. ISO SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATIONS Accurate Modelling of Cool-Star Atmospheres Circumstellar Chemistry of the Main Sequence Star Beta Pictoris Circumstellar Matter around High-Latitude Supergiants Detailed Mineralogy of the Oxygen-Rich Dust around Young Stars Dust Disks around Young Main Sequence Stars Jupiters and Circumstellar Dust Disks around Southern G-Dwarfs Monitoring of the Infrared Emission of HR 4049 and HD 213985 Probing the Vega Phenomenon in Open Clusters: Vega-Type Stars in Clusters [C II] Emission as a Probe of Star Formation in Absorption Line Systems: A Study of Star Formation at Intermediate Look-Back Times High-Resolution Scans across Vega-Like Dust Disks Mapping of R CrB Dust Shells Mapping the Environment of Vega-Like Candidates Mapping the Environment of Vega-Like Stars Spectra of R CrB Dust Shells A Proto-Planetary Disk around the Red Rectangle? First Detection of Crystalline Silicates in the LMC: Unraveling the Mass Loss History of R 71 Infrared Spectroscopy of Normal O- and B-Stars: A Search for Low-Density Circumstellar Gas Infrared Photometry of K-Stars with Infrared Excess: The Nature of Circumstellar Dust in K-Giants Infrared Spectroscopy of OB-Dwarfs: Probing the Outer Layers of the Atmosphere Massive Stars in the LMC and SMC: A Study of the Ejecta of B[e]-Stars in the Magellanic Clouds Mineralogy of Crystalline Dust: Oxygen Rich Dust Shells in Evolved Stars Post-Helium Programme ISOPHOT Backgound Observations for M-Dwarfs Temperature Stratication in Cool Dwarf Atmospheres Dust in Born-Again Planetary Nebulae Edge-On Dust Disks in Planetary Nebulae Dust and Gas Environment of Lambda Bootis Stars Follow-Up SWS Observations on Intermediate-Mass YSOs A Study of M-Stars with Unusual Mass-Loss Rates Mass-Loss History of the Lithium-Rich S-Star RZ Sgr Structure of Wolf-Rayet Stellar Winds The Neon + Magnesium Abundances in WC and WO Stars ToO: The Infrared Counterpart of GRS 1915+105: Observations of Outbursts Chemistry and Mass-Loss History of a Luminous Carbon Star: IRAS 151945115 ISOPHOT Polarisation Observations of Two Bipolar Outow Sources Mid- and Far-Infrared Polarimetry of Young Stellar Objects: Magnetic Fields and Dust Properties High-Resolution Spectroscopy of IRTS Template Stars Spectroscopic Observations of High-Velocity Flow of Evolved Objects 38324 8796 5074 44596 6908 52551 3818 10436 5368

Walker, Walker, Walker, Walker, Walker, Waters, Waters,

H. H. H. H. H. L. L.

8586 10964 6713 4800 1660 8406 13982 31730 38757 9894 22702 62430 759232 14460 15348 3936 2608 16096 11002 16678 17828 4844 64764 21859 15142 4544 16478 7762 21253

Waters, L. Waters, L. Waters, L. Waters, L. Waters, L. Waters, R. Wehrse, R. Wehrse, R. Weinberger, R. Weinberger, R. Weiss, W. Wesselius, P. Whitelock, P. Whitelock, P. Williams, P. Willis, A. Winkler, C. Wolstencroft, R. Wright, C. Wright, C. Yamamura, I. Yamamura, I.

B.2. PERFORMED OPEN TIME PROPOSALS Zhang, C.-Y. Zijlstra, A. Zijlstra, A. Zinnecker, H. Spectroscopy of Dusty Planetary Nebulae Carbon Stars and [WC]-Planetary Nebulae in the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy Spectroscopy of Planetary Nebulae in the LMC Are X-Ray Selected Very Young Weak-Line T Tauri Stars Born Naked? A Study of Faint Disks around Low-Mass Stars in an OB Association Brown Dwarfs: A Search for Cool Infrared Companions around Nearby Old White Dwarfs Remnant Dusty Disks in Lindroos Post T Tauri (PTT) Stars Luminosity Class III Stars with Excess Far-Infrared Emission

215 6124 24672 9886 21500

Zinnecker, H. Zinnecker, H. Zuckerman, B.

67972 6614 11936

B.2.3

Interstellar Matter
Extinction Curve in Dense Cores Very Cold Dust Imaging Investigation of the Cirrus Confusion Noise in a Faint Region near the Draco Cloud Specic PAH and Amorphous Carbon Structures: The Evolution of Carbon from Carbon Stars to H II Regions The D/H Ratio in Interstellar PAHs: The Search for Interstellar PADs An ISOCAM Absorption Survey for Dense Clumps within Dark Clouds Magnetic Field Geometry toward Embedded Outow Sources Spectral Energy Distribution of a Newly-Discovered Protostar in Taurus The Spatial Structure of Protostellar Cores: An Absorption Study Unusual Line and Continuum Emission in the Cas A SNR Molecular Infrared Lines as Tracers of Infall and Outow in StarForming Cores The Bipolar Outows from the Youngest Stellar Objects: Infrared Spectroscopy Complete LWS Spectral Survey at High-Resolution LWS High-Resolution Scans of Sgr B2 Probing the Properties of Southern Hemisphere Galactic H II/ PDR/GMC Sources Using ISO Far-Infrared Spectra and AST/RO [C I] Measurements Probing the Structure of Nearby Translucent Molecular Clouds: Constraining the Chemistry of High Galactic Latitude Gas Probing the Structure of the Nearest Molecular Cloud MBM-12 Southern Hemisphere High-Latitude Clouds: Constraining the Chemistry of Translucent Gas Detection of OD in Orion A: OD in Hot Molecular Cores Detection of OD in Selected Hot Molecular Cores: OD in Hot Molecular Cores OH in Compact H II Regions OH Spectroscopy of the Dense Gas Surrounding Compact H II Regions: OH in Compact H II Regions Origin of Color Variations in the ISM PAH Destruction around Hot Stars High H2 Rotational Lines in Orion IRC2 Pk1 12857 47298 16860 6240 8123 29114 40196 5524 21144 18348 35158 38112 36796 34817 17420

Abergel, A. Abergel, A. Abrahm, P. a Allamandola, L. Allamandola, L. Andr, P. e Andr, P. e Andr, P. e Andr, P. e Arendt, R. Bachiller, R. Bachiller, R. Baluteau, J. Baluteau, J. Bania, T.

Bania, T. Bania, T. Bania, T. Baudry, A. Baudry, A. Baudry, A. Baudry, A. Bernard, J.-P. Bernard, J.-P. Bertoldi, F.

2906 6850 13814 3380 6896 5418 15726 59029 30018 4060

216 Bertoldi, F. Black, J. Bontemps, S. Boulanger, F. Boulanger, F. Boulanger, F. Brand, P. Caux, E. Cernicharo, J. Cernicharo, J. Cernicharo, J. Cernicharo, J. Cernicharo, J. Cernicharo, J. Cernicharo, J. Cernicharo, J.

APPENDIX B. ISO SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATIONS Physical Conditions in Photodissociation Regions Thermal Structure of Translucent Molecular Clouds Mid-Infrared Search for Embedded Outow Shocks around YSOs A Comparison of Extinction and Emission Properties of Dust Dust in the Low Density Warm Phases of the Interstellar Medium Very Small Dust Grains in the Galactic Halo: Dust Destruction in Shocks Warm Molecular Hydrogen in the Galaxy Atomic Oxygen Absorption against Bright Galactic Sources A Search for C3 , C4 H2 , and C6 H2 in the Interstellar Medium: The Synthesis of Hydrocarbons in the ISM and in the CSM A Study of Dust, Atomic and Molecular Emission in Cometary Globules: The Physics of Partially Ionised Globules A Study of Dust, Atomic and Molecular Emission in Cometary Globules: The Physics of Partially Ionised Globules in the Trid A Study of Water Emission in Molecular Clouds: The Extent of Water Vapor Emission in Galactic Molecular Clouds A Study of Water Emission in Orion: The Extent of Water Vapor Emission in the Orion Cloud HH Jets and their Interaction with their Placentary Clouds: HH Jets and Molecular Outows Discovery of a Dust Jet and a Circumstellar Disk in HH12 The Mid- and Far-Infrared Spectrum of Keystone Molecular Clouds: The Molecular Content of Warm and Cold Molecular Clouds Warm Dust around Hot Stars: the Ionising Source of the Trid Nebula Dust Emission in Reection Nebulae Supplementary Observations with ISOCAMs CVF: Follow-Up and Complementary Observations Determining the Role of Magnetic Fields in the Disks of YSOs Line Emission from Photodissociation Regions Emission from and Destruction of Small Interstellar Dust: High Radiation Environments Are Starless Bok Globules Really Devoid of Stars? ISOCAM Imaging of Starless Bok Globules Dust Temperatures and Densities in Filamentary Dark Clouds: Cold Dust Maps of Globular Filament Clouds Embedded Magnetic Fields in Filamentary Dark Clouds Low Luminosity Protostars and YSOs in Bok Globules: SEDs. Energy Distributions and Source Counts of YSOs in Bok Globules Infrared Spectroscopy of the Great Annihilator The Interaction of Recently Discovered Hot Stars with Galactic Centre Thermal Radio Emission Filaments The Properties of Narrow Recombination Line H II Regions Ultracompact H II Regions in the Large Magellanic Cloud A Study of Water Vapour Absorption in Molecular Clouds: Water Vapour Absorption Dust Evolution in Planetary Nebulae Molecular Nitrogen in Interstellar Ices Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of Ice Features Search for Specic Solid State Features from Interstellar Grains 12550 29356 24846 8715 17752 10894 18940 10136 36066 18192 22552 107660 14182 20360 3704 108824

Cernicharo, J. Cesarsky, D. Cesarsky, D. Chrysostomou, A. Chrysostomou, A. Clark, F. Clemens, D. Clemens, D. Clemens, D. Clemens, D. Colgan, S. Colgan, S. Colgan, S. Comern, F. o Cox, P. Cox, P. Cruikshank, D. dHendecourt, L. dHendecourt, L.

2088 17744 48796 14380 5137 11472 27760 6308 18197 16750 5080 6524 12022 1082 31330 19606 9955 13686 50818

B.2. PERFORMED OPEN TIME PROPOSALS dHendecourt, L. dHendecourt, L. dHendecourt, L. Decourchelle, A. Deharveng, L. Digel, S. Doi, Y. Drapatz, S. Dwek, E. Dwek, E. Dwek, E. Eckart, A. Ehrenfreund, Ehrenfreund, Ehrenfreund, Ehrenfreund, Eislel, J. o Eislel, J. o Specic Search for Solid State and Gas Phase Features Spectroscopy of Carbon-Bearing Molecules in Diuse ISM Survey of Solid State Molecular Absorption Detailed Comparison of Infrared and X-Ray Emission in Selected Regions of the Cygnus Loop Supernova Remnant Imaging of a Massive Star-Forming Region: Study of Sh 88B Abundance Determinations in the Far Outer Galaxy: Infrared Observations of H II Regions Spectroscopy of Interstellar Gas around the Cygnus OB2 Association Search for Interstellar Molecular Oxygen A Search for the Infrared Signature of Graphite Grains: The 11.52 Micron Graphitic Absorption Feature towards the Galactic Centre Grain Destruction in Intermediate-Velocity Clouds Grain Destruction in Supernova Remnants Probing Shocks and PDRs Using Sulphur-Bearing Molecules Far-Infrared Observations of Water Ice Search for Interstellar Fullerenes Search for Solid Molecular Oxygen and Ozone Search for Solid O2 and O3 on Interstellar Grains with ISO Rotationally-Excited Molecular Hydrogen in Bipolar Outows The Dusty Envelopes of Deeply Embedded Class 0 Outow Sources Interaction of IVC 86+3844 with the Hot Plasma Photoionisation Regulated Star Formation, Cloud Structure, and Tracers of the Neutral ISM Gas Spectral Diagnostics of the Dust Emission: Color Variations in Interstellar Clouds Polarisation of Dust Absorption at the Edge of a Dense Core: Magnetic Field Connement? A Chemical Study of the Hot and Dense Molecular Gas Adjacent to Photodissociation Regions (PDRs) A Chemical Study of the Hot and Dense Molecular Gas Adjacent to the Photon-Dominated Region (PDR) Associated with NGC 7023 Study of the Interface Between the Atomic and Molecular Gas in the Reection Nebulae: NGC 2068 (S), Sgr R1 (A) Observations of Complex H II/Molecular Cloud Structures: The NGC 6334 and NGC 6357 Regions Crab-Like Supernova Remnants: Imaging, Polarisation and Broad-Band Spectroscopy Sulfur and Neon in Extragalactic H II Regions Warm Dust in H II Regions and PDRs Water Vapor in Warm Dusty Regions Mapping Magnetic Fields in the Interstellar Medium: Polarimetry at 100 Microns Detection of OH Far-Infrared Lasers in Star-Forming Regions: Laser Action in OH at 134.83 and 135.95 Microns Mapping of 3C 58 Cold Dust and Dust Filaments in a High-Latitude Cirrus Cloud Far-Infrared Emission in the Cepheus A/B Molecular Complex Infrared Ice Bands towards Young Stars in Chamaeleon

217 4910 4572 21152 13361 616 12246 6338 6710 2930 13624 12130 11236 11920 7594 10954 13772 36708 7736 1936 24688 47926 47502 31671 36801

P. P. P. P.

Engelmann, J. Evans, N. Falgarone, E. Falgarone, E. Fuente, A. Fuente, A.

Fuente, A. Furniss, I. Gallant, Y. Garnett, D. Giard, M. Giard, M. Goodman, A. Gray, M. Green, D. Grossmann, V. Gulin, M. e G rtler, J. u

30778 8794 16538 18032 5608 7338 39067 3538 7266 11220 22218 7628

218 G sten, R. u G sten, R. u Haas, M. Habing, H. Haikala, L. Harvey, P. Harwit, M. Heithausen, A. Helmich, F. Henning, Th. Henning, Th. Herbstmeier, U. Herbstmeier, U. H ttemeister, S. u Jackson, J. Jackson, J. Jackson, J. Jae, D. Jansen, D. Jenniskens, P. Joblin, C. Joblin, C. Jourdain de Muizon, M. Jourdain de Muizon, M. Jourdain de Muizon, M. Kazuhito, D.

APPENDIX B. ISO SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATIONS Low-Mass Protostars in Globular Filament GF9: The Physics of Globular Filaments as Sites of Low-Mass Star Formation Study of an Unusual Shock Region in the Galactic Centre: Observation of Shock/Photoionisation Diagnostics toward G0.170.04 A Study of Interstellar Shocks in IC 443 ISO Observations of Vega-Type Excess in HD 207129 Mapping of Cold Dust and Search for Embedded Young Stars Diraction Limited Imaging of Protostellar Clouds GT Dropped Observations Ionised Carbon in High-Velocity Clouds Searches for New Interstellar Molecules: CH2 and NCCN Dust Spectroscopy of Embedded Infrared Sources in the Magellanic Clouds Search for the 21 Micron Emitters Cirrus Dust Clouds in Hot Plasma G88+362 Physical Properties of a Cloud Located in the Local Hot Bubble: The Dust Dust Properties of Galactic Centre Clouds Infrared Studies of Massive Young Stars and the ISM: The NGC 6334 Star Formation Region Low Metallicity PDR Diagnostics in the Infrared: A Study of the Dust-Gas Interaction Photodissociated Gas in the NGC 6334 Complex: The Inuence of UV Field Strength Low-Velocity Shocks in the Dense Interstellar Medium The O/OH/H2 O Transition in Partially Ionised Globules in IC 1396 The Emission Spectrum of Quiescent Dense Cloud Dust Infrared Emission Features and Interstellar PAHs: The Simple Case of the Reection Nebula NGC 1333SVS3 Photochemical Evolution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Interstellar Medium Tentative Detection of Solid O2 in Interstellar Grain Mantles The Organic Component of Interstellar Dust in Diuse Clouds Variation of the Dust Composition through the Taurus Cloud: Infrared Spectra of Background Stars toward the Taurus Cloud Infrared Properties of YSO Candidates Isolated from Molecular Clouds: Infrared Observations of the Isolated IRAS Point Sources with ISO Methanol-Masers: Pump Mechanism and Possible IRaser-Lines The High-Velocity Cloud 90+42.5130: The Impact of a HighVelocity-Cloud onto the Galactic Disk Search for Cold Molecular Hydrogen in the Galaxy H II Regions in M 33: Supernovae Rates Evolution of Pre-Protostellar Core Fragments: Far-Infrared Emission from Core Fragments in L1498 Mid-Infrared Morphology of a High-Mass Protostellar Core: The Case of LBN594MM Dust Properties of Cirrus Heated by B-Stars Properties of Peculiar Molecular Clouds at High-Latitudes 32361 9698 13051 10639 18270 39675 8844 5870 8911 13816 6840 5434 7144 1522 10310 11636 7764 12348 872 12105 6676 8899 10230 16549 39053 5158

Kegel, W. Kerp, J. Koornneef, J. Lahuis, F. Langer, W. Launhardt, R. Laureijs, R. Laureijs, R.

2888 2840 86669 1526 10674 2320 35224 26350

B.2. PERFORMED OPEN TIME PROPOSALS Laureijs, R. Laureijs, R. Le Bertre, T. Lger, A. e Lger, A. e Lemke, D. Liljestrm, T. o Lis, D. Liseau, R. Liseau, R. Liseau, R. Little, L. Lutz, D. Mart n-Pintado, J. Matsuhara, H. Mattila, K. Mattila, K. Mattila, K. Megeath, S. Merluzzi, P. Mezger, P. Mochizuki, K. Mochizuki, K. Molinari, S. Montmerle, T. Moritz, P. Morris, M. Murakami, H. Myers, P. Nakagawa, T. Neufeld, D. Neufeld, D. Neufeld, D. Neufeld, D. Small Scale Structure and Dust Properties in Cloud Cores Study of Dust Particles in Bright-Rimmed Clouds Interstellar Dust Heated by AGB Stars Reection Nebulae: Photometry and Full Range Spectroscopy Search for C60+ Bands and Long-Wavelength PAH Features Large-Scale Map of the Orion Molecular Cloud/Star Formation Complex at 200 m Heating and Cooling of Cirrus and Dark Clouds Star Formation in the Galactic Centre Dust Ridge: Search for Embedded Far-Infrared Sources LWS Spectroscopy of the Star-Forming Rho Ophiuchi Cloud: Physical Conditions in the Condensed Absorption Cores Spectroscopic Mapping of the Rho Ophiuchi Cloud: The Gas and Dust Components of the Star-Forming Core Spectroscopic Mapping of the Serpens Cloud: The Properties of Active and Inactive Cores of Star-Forming Regions C+ and O Distribution in the Molecular Cloud G34.3+0.2: How Deep Do They Go? The Mid-Infrared Extinction Law Towards the Galactic Centre On the Properties of the Giant Molecular Clouds in the Neutral Disk Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of Galactic Warm Ionised Medium Large-Scale Mapping of the Orion-B Molecular Cloud/Star Formation Complex (Lynds 1630) at 200 m Search for Compact Very Cold Dust Clouds in the Galaxy Spectrophotometry of Diuse Dust Emission in the Galaxy: UIR Band Carriers, Small and Large Grains A Search for Deeply Embedded Young Stellar Objects in the NGC 281 West Cluster: A Test for Triggered Star Formation Properties of Interstellar Cirrus. Physical Properties of Dust Components in Galactic Cirrus Imaging and Spectroscopy of the Unusual Infrared Source 17423005 Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of M 31: Seach for [C II] Decit Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of M 33: Interstellar Physics in a Low Metal Spiral Spectroscopy of Candidate Progenitors of Ultracompact H II Regions Spectral Features of X-Ray Irradiated Dust Infrared Photometry and Spectroscopy of the Draco Nebula Large-Scale Shocks in the Galactic Centre and Other Regions Spectrophotometry of the UIR Bands in the IRTS Field Warm Dust Imaging of Nearby Young Stellar Objects IRTS Follow-On Observation of SNRs with Far-Infrared FineStructure Lines Far-Infrared Line Emission from Shock Heated Gas in Cepheus: Fabry Prot Observations of O I and High-J CO Emissions e Search for Far-Infrared Transitions of Interstellar Hydrogen Halides Search for Hydrogen Fluoride in OMC1 and W51 Search for Ultra-High Excitation Rotational Lines of Water: A Probe of the Hottest Molecular Gas in the ISM

219 52955 19816 60984 45885 17486 8072 8720 20672 25574 20008 25850 5476 10332 71524 18236 11964 25717 21054 4016 12004 3454 10964 11886 10708 87518 23841 2090 472 7812 13320 9150 3170 3176 3796

220 Nieten, Ch.

APPENDIX B. ISO SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATIONS Dust, Clouds and Magnetic Fields in a SW Spiral Arm Region of M 31: A Multi-Wavelength Study of Infrared Emission and Polarisation Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of G159.618.5: A Possible DustEmbedded Supernova Remnant Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of Nuclearly Processed Material in Young Supernova Remnants Photo-Imaging of Quiescent Molecular Clouds in the Inner Galaxy The Signature of Diuse Interstellar Bands in Mid-Infrared Emission Oxygen in Molecular Clouds CAM Imaging of HST M 16 Field ISOCAM M 16 Imaging Follow-Up: CVF Spectro-Imaging SWS Spectroscopy of an Unknown Extended Source in the M 16 Area 200 Micron Filler Survey for IRAS Sources Bolometric Luminosity Functions of Nearby Star-Forming Regions Circumstellar Environment of Pre-Main Sequence Stars with Variable Extinction Distance to a Cepheid Spectral Energy Distribution of Young Stellar Objects: Star Formation in Molecular Clouds Spectral Survey of the Cold Interstellar Medium: Search for New Features from Dust, Atom Clusters and Molecule Lines Shock Processing of Dust in Tychos SNR Infrared Emission from the Warm Ionised Medium Phase Transitions in Translucent Clouds Supernova Interactions with Molecular Clouds and their Inuence on X-Ray Remnant Morphology Dust in Galactic Open Clusters Magnetic Field Structures in Star-Forming Regions Element Abundances in Galactic H II Regions An Analysis of Planetary Nebulae: Temperatures, Densities, and Abundances Iron Abundance in the Orion Nebula: Unique Contributions from [Fe III] and [Fe IV] Lines Iron Abundances in Gaseous Nebulae: Unique Contributions from [Fe III] and [Fe IV] Lines ISO Spectral Analysis of Planetary Nebulae: Densities, Temperatures and Abundances A Statistical Study of Dust in Magellanic Cloud Supernova Remnants The Energy Sources of Molecular Outows The 135200 Micron Luminosity of Nearby, Star-Forming GMCs: W3 and NGC 7538 A Search for Solid State Ozone (O3 ) in the Ices in Interstellar Dense Molecular Clouds The 1116 Micron C-H Bending Modes of Interstellar PAHs: Determination of Molecular Symmetries and Abundances The Composition of the H2 -Containing Ice and Dust along the Line of Sight to the Unique Object WL5 W28 A2 Revisited 19398

Pauls, T. Pquignot, D. e Prault, M. e Pfau, W. Phillips, T. Pilbratt, G. Pilbratt, G. Pilbratt, G. Prusti, T. Prusti, T. Prusti, T. Prusti, T. Prusti, T. Puget, J.-L. Rasmussen, I. Reach, W. Reach, W. Reach, W. Richards, P. Roche, P. Roelfsema, P. Rubin, R. Rubin, R. Rubin, R. Rubin, R. Russell, S. Russell, S. Sanders, D. Sandford, S. Sandford, S. Sandford, S. Saraceno, P.

3948 34700 16260 4298 66080 3222 4840 3824 25212 15195 19976 2574 60256 47126 26334 19277 20158 27406 11896 9583 13548 14374 15050 9164 12332 42706 9578 16830 3412 5988 3454 7286

B.2. PERFORMED OPEN TIME PROPOSALS Schutte, W. Schutte, W. Schutte, W. Sellgren, K. Serra, G. Sibille, F. Siebenmorgen, R. Siebenmorgen, R. Smith, M. Smith, M. Spaans, M. Stapelfeldt, K. Stark, R. Stark, R. Stark, R. Stark, R. Stutzki, J. Stutzki, J. Stutzki, J. Tauber, J. Teixeira, T. Timmermann, R. Tus, R. Tus, R. Infrared Absorption Features of H2 O Diluted in Apolar Ices Infrared Absorption Features of Nitrogen and Sulfur Containing Molecules in Interstellar Ices The 2.75 Micron Feature of Hydrated Silicates Imaging of Infrared Emission Features in Reection Nebulae Dust and Gas Properties of Extended Cold Cores in the ISM: A Study of Dust Matter Inside Cold Cores Luminosity Functions of Low-Mass Stars in Nearby Molecular Clouds: 60 Micron Photometry of Regions Observed with CAM Dust Emission of Reection Nebulae The Energetics of Extended Emission around Herbig Ae/Be Stars Molecular Hydrogen in Bipolar Outows: High-Vibrational PureRotational Transitions Warm CO in the Youngest Protostellar Outows Far-Infrared Line Observations of Photon Dominated Regions around Cool Stars The Spectral Energy Distribution of HH 30 A Protostar in the Southern Ammonia Core of L183? Cooling by the Diuse Cold and Warm Phases of the ISM Density Structure and Evolutionary State of TMC1 Far-Infrared Line Emission from Galactic High-Latitude Clouds High-Density PDR Tracers The Changing Faces of PDRs: Structure, Evolution, and Spectroscopic Characteristics Trace Species Detected through PDR Emission: A Study of Depletion in the Gas Phase Galactic Distribution of the Isotopic Ratio 13 C II/C II Deuteration in Grain Mantles: The Missing Link Low-Velocity Shocks in the Dense Medium of Outows Observations of Gas and Dust in Supernova Remnants Polarimetric Imaging of Mid-Infrared Synchrotron Emission in Cas A: A Study of Cosmic Ray Electron Acceleration in a ShellType SNR Polarimetric Mapping of Synchrotron Emission in the Crab Nebula Discretionary Time Observations of the SNR 3C 58 Using the ISO Spectrometers Infrared Coronal Lines in Ultracompact H II Regions Stellar Wind Bow Shocks: Laboratories for Dust Shock Processing Density and Ionisation Structure of H II Regions Pressure in the Interstellar Medium of M 33: The Contrast between Arm and Inter-Arm Regions SWS Fabry-Prot Observations of Highly-Excited H2 O Absorpe tion toward Orion IRC2 The Chemical State of Southern High-Mass Star-Forming Regions The Chemistry of H2 O and CO2 in Star-Forming Regions Mid-Infrared Imaging of Ultracompact H II Regions/ CO Clumps Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy of Small Dust Grains around Hot Stars: Photon Processing of Small Grains Atomic Silicon in Orion Observation of NH3 in Some Hot Molecular Cores Pre-Protostellar Cores

221 3136 13849 5846 105536 15990 30592 37250 41840 21796 6262 21530 5710 15704 3580 24491 3110 16056 15854 30805 30804 8060 16932 8238 35887

Tus, R. Unger, S. van van van van Buren, D. Buren, D. der Hulst, J. der Werf, P.

18300 12514 5228 4734 9812 9893 9142 25980 25950 2012 41102 3858 24760 32256

van Dishoeck, E. van Dishoeck, E. van Dishoeck, E. Verma, R. Verstraete, L. Walmsley, C. Walmsley, C. Ward-Thompson, D.

222 Ward-Thompson, D. Wendker, H. Wesselius, P. Wesselius, P. Wilking, B. Wilson, T. Wooden, D. Wouterloot, J. Wright, C. Wright, C. Wright, C. Wright, C. Yates, J. Yui, Y. Zavagno, A. Zavagno, A. Zimmermann, T.

APPENDIX B. ISO SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATIONS Pre-Stellar Cores G 79.29+0.46: A New LBV and its Shell: A Surprisingly Perfect Bubble around an LBV CO2 and CH4 Ice Absorption Features Solid 12 CO2 and 13 CO2 Ice Absorption Features: The Galactic 12 C/13 C Abundance Ratio The Nature of Weak Radio Sources in the Rho Oph Cloud Core Molecular Cloud Cores in Orion: Star Formation in Orion Iron-Group Spectroscopy of SN 1987A Narrow-Line CO Emission from a Molecular Cloud with Star Formation: Sonic Linewidths from a Star-Forming Region Absorption in the Cold ISM toward the Galactic Centre. Molecular Hydrogen Formation of Molecular Ice Mantles on Interstellar Dust Grains and the Nature of the Grain Surfaces LWS Observations of HD toward the Orion Bar SWS Spectrum of the Orion Shock Peak 2 Observations of Far-Infrared Water Masers in Star-Forming Regions H2 Molecule Lines in Rho-Oph Cloud: UV Radiation Field in Dark Clouds Dust Distribution in Galactic H II Regions Imaging of a Massive Star-Forming Region: Study of AFGL 4029 Molecular-Neutral-Ionised Gas Interfaces in L1457: Line Observations of O I (63 m) and C II (158 m) 20806 11298 22146 6448 13771 21152 6164 3240 22272 4084 4498 6538 2530 6376 20446 1144 5994

B.2.4

Extragalactic Systems
Centre and Disk Spectroscopy of Interacting Galaxies Mid-Infrared Imaging of the Starburst Galaxy NGC 6090 Far-Infrared Photometry of a Complete Sample of Optically Selected Bright Quasars Spectrophotometry of a Complete Sample of IRAS Galaxies with Millimetric Fluxes, CO and H I Data Search for CO Absorption in the Cygnus A Torus Using Infrared Coronal-Lines as Calorimeters for AGN: Spectroscopy of Sources with Exceptionally High Ionisation Infrared Imaging of Collisional Ring Galaxies The Far-Infrared Spectral Energy Distributions of High-Redshift Quasars ISO Observations of the Egret Blazars Mapping the Molecular Torus in Active Galactic Nuclei Multifrequency Monitoring of the Enigmatic Blazar 3C 279 Target of Opportunity of the Gamma-Ray Flaring Blazar Mkn 501 Target of Opportunity of the Optical Flaring Quasar BL Lac The Nature of Broad Line Radio Galaxies An Einstein Ring with Strong Submillimeter Emission H2 Emission from the Molecular Torus in Cygnus A ISO Observations of the Cloverleaf: A Quasar with CO at z=2.5 Probing Dust in Quasars: Observations of the 9.7 Micron Silicate Feature 3724 9790 35907 11405 39386 5792 4652 3638 34946 69822 46100 1384 3526 6350 10426 4366 29762 7272

Aalto, S. Acosta-Pulido, J. Andreani, P. Andreani, P. Antonucci, R. Appenzeller, I. Appleton, P. Armus, L. Barr, P. Barr, P. Barr, P. Barr, P. Barr, P. Barthel, P. Barvainis, R. Barvainis, R. Barvainis, R. Bechtold, J.

B.2. PERFORMED OPEN TIME PROPOSALS Bergvall, N. Birkinshaw, M. Boisson, C. Bonoli, C. Bonoli, C. Bonoli, C. Boulanger, F. Bower, G. Braine, J. Braine, J. Braine, J. Brandt, W. Bregman, J. Bregman, J. Bregman, J. Bregman, J. Browne, I. Calzetti, D. Carilli, C. Carilli, C. Casali, M. Casoli, F. Casoli, F. Casoli, F. Chini, R. Clavel, J. Clavel, J. Clements, D. Combes, F. Combes, F. Courvoisier, T. Courvoisier, T. Courvoisier, T. Cox, C. Crotts, A. Davies, J. de Jong, R. Dennefeld, M. Star Formation in Luminous Blue Compact Galaxies Infrared Properties of the Cores of Nearby Radio Galaxies Testing the Unifying Scheme of Active Galactic Nuclei Infrared Properties of Barred Galaxies Infrared Properties of Galaxies in Intermediate Redshift Clusters Star Formation in Ring Galaxies: Dust Properties in Colliding Galaxies Thermal Balance in the Warm ISM Magnetic Field Morphology in Spiral Galaxies: A Study of Polarised Far-Infrared Radiation Gas Properties in an Old but Incomplete Merger NGC 660: A Study of Gas Properties in a Polar Ring Galaxy Is there Dust in the Intercluster Medium? Dust in Galaxy Clusters The Interstellar Medium of a Normal, Isolated, Spiral Galaxy: The ISM in NGC 4414 Infrared Line Maps and Longwave Spectra of X-Ray Bright Extragalactic H II Region Galaxies with Superbubbles Are there Hidden Supernovae? Dust in the X-Ray Atmospheres of Elliptical Galaxies The Origin of Dust and PAHs in Elliptical Galaxies The Origin of Mid-Infrared Emission from Elliptical Galaxies A New Look at the Synchrotron Emission in Radio-Loud AGN The Relationship between Dust Absorption and Emission in Galaxies Infrared Imaging of the Optical Emission Line Jet and Optical and H I Shells in Centaurus A Infrared Imaging of the Radio Hot Spots in Cygnus A A Search for Cool Halo Emission above NGC 5714 and NGC 5529 C II Line Emission in Isolated Galaxies Fine-Structure Line Emission in Selected Regions of M 31 Star Formation and Gas Content in Isolated Galaxies: A Reference Sample Star Formation Eciency in Galaxies ISO and mm Observations of Narrow Lines Seyfert 1 Galaxies ISO Observation of the Only Radio Loud Broad Absorption Line Quasar 1556+3517 The Spectral Energy Distribution of Extreme Ultraluminous IRAS Galaxies Bars and Tides in Galaxies: Role of Large-Scale Dynamics on Star Formation Spiral Arm in Messier 31: Star-Formation Processes across the Arm Far-Infrared Variability of a Large Sample of Quasars ISO Spectra of a Sample of AGN Polarimetry of Two Radio-Loud Quasars Far-Infrared Emission from the Cores of Rich Clusters Evolution of 335 Micron Lines from the Formation of SNR 1987A The Diuse Far-Infrared Emission from Spiral Galaxies Surface Density Distribution of Hot and Cold Dust in a Complete Sample of Face-On Spiral Galaxies The Nature of High X-Luminosity ROSAT/IRAS Galaxies: Relations with Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies

223 12346 24165 61759 16840 16122 16004 63510 9256 6538 7370 7095 8972 23038 8958 18522 9172 12742 5048 10242 7784 40528 3534 1464 38278 27776 15672 2786 7426 44808 10504 20286 44968 13640 9036 14190 30209 11296 29734

224 Dennefeld, M. di Serego Alighieri, S. Dunlop, J. Edmunds, M. Efstathiou, A. Egami, E. Egami, E. Elias, J. Fabian, A. Fanti, C. Feretti, L. Fischer, J. Fosbury, R. Garnett, D, Garzn, F. o Gavazzi, G. Genzel, R. Gerin, M. Gerin, M. Gilmore, G. Gilmore, G. Gmez Alvarez, P. o Greenhouse, M. Gregorini, L. Gulin, M. e Haas, M. Haas, M. Haas, M. Hammer, F. Hanlon, L. Hanlon, L. Hansen, L. Helou, G. Helou, G. Henkel, C.

APPENDIX B. ISO SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATIONS The Nature of the Faintest IRAS Galaxies and Galaxy Evolution: Follow-Up of IRAS Deep-Field Sources Jet-ISM Interactions in Radio Galaxies An Infrared Comparison of the Host Galaxies of Radio-Quiet Quasars, Radio-Loud Quasars and Radio Galaxies The Cooling and Composition of Extragalactic H II Regions Photometry and Spectroscopy of AGN with Polarised BLR SWS Spectroscopy of a Seyfert 2 Warm Ultraluminous Galaxy: IRAS 051892524 SWS Spectroscopy of Molecular Hydrogen Lines in Bright Infrared Galaxies Comparison of Mass-Losing AGB Stars in the Magellanic Clouds Cold Gas and Star Formation in Massive Cooling Flows: A Search for the End-Point of the Cooled Gas Medium/Far-Infrared Observations of Compact Steep Spectrum and GHz-Peaked Spectrum Radio Galaxies Rich Clusters with Tailed Radio Galaxies: Dust and Stripping LWS Grating Observations of HD and Other Molecules in Infrared Bright Galaxies Infrared Properties of Extragalactic Radio Sources: The General Population to High-Redshift Composition and Cooling in Extragalactic H II Regions The Physical Parameters that Control Violent Stellar Bursts Infrared Properties of S/Irr Galaxies in the Coma and A1367 Clusters: Late-Type Galaxies in Clusters Testing Unied Models with Infrared Spectroscopy The Dust Composition at High-Redshift The Dust Composition in Distant Galaxies Brown Dwarf Halos of Low Redshift Spiral Galaxies ISO Colours of the Halos of Normal Galaxies: Conrmation and Origin of Detected Halo Emission Infrared Study of High Metallicity Star-Forming Regions Infrared Coronal Lines of Active Galactic Nuclei A Complete Sample of Dumb-Bell Galaxies: Dust inside Interacting Systems Matter at the Periphery of Nearby Galaxies: The Dust Component Far-Infrared Map of the Andromeda Galaxy M 31 Search for Cold Dust in the Normal Spiral Galaxy M 31 Very Cold Dust in the Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy N 205: Discretionary Time Proposal Infrared Studies of Distant Galaxies in Deep Optical and Radio Surveys Search for a Flaring/Fading Infrared Counterpart to the New Gamma-Ray Burst GRB970111 ToO: Search for Infrared Counterparts to Gamma Ray Bursts Dust in Cooling Flows: Production and Destruction of Dust in X-Ray Gas Environments An [O I] Survey in High-Redshift Objects Exceptions to the Radio-Infrared Correlation: Radio-Decient Galaxies An OH Multilevel Study of Megamaser Galaxies: OH Megamasers 18642 7204 6894 16650 14838 15414 15758 7654 92436 41232 10142 3736 81689 44922 23314 29776 24422 17962 27248 57652 57658 2564 42994 10769 19921 50889 9533 6301 122776 4442 8174 26665 54153 9860 11214

B.2. PERFORMED OPEN TIME PROPOSALS Henkel, C. Higdon, J. Hines, D. Hough, J. Hu, E. Iovino, A. Ishii, K. Ivison, R. Ivison, R. Jae, W. Joseph, R. Keel, W. Kegel, W. Kegel, W. Kessler, M. Kidger, M. Klaas, U. Knapp, G. Knapp, G. Krishna, G. Krishna, G. Kr gel, E. u Kr gel, E. u Kr ger, H. u Kunth, D. Kunze, D. Kutner, M. Leech, K. Leech, K. Lemke, D. Lequeux, J. Levine, D. Lo, K.-Y. Longair, M. Lonsdale, C. Lu, N. The Strongest Molecular Hotspot in the Magellanic Clouds: Molecules in the Magellanic Clouds Probing the Star-Forming ISM in Ring Galaxies Infrared Fine-Structure Emission in Warm IR-Ultraluminous AGN Polarimetry of the Nucleus of Active Galaxies Two Extremely Red Galaxies ISO Observations of Compact Groups of Galaxies: A Test to Check their Physical Reality [C II] Observations of Spiral Structures in NGC 300: A Research on Arm-Interarm Contrast in Star-Formation Eciency A New Window on Galaxy Formation and Evolution The Far-Infrared Luminosity Function of QSOs in the Early Universe Cool Gas and Dust in Cooling Flows in Clusters of Galaxies The ISOPHOT Field Galaxy Survey Dust Emission and Absorption in Backlit Spiral Galaxies OH Megamasers: Pump Mechanism, Possible IRaser-Line OH Megamasers: Pump Mechanism, Possible IRaser-Lines, and the Velocity Field. Search for Flaring/Fading Infrared Counterparts to New GammaRay Bursts The Optical-Radio Polarisation Breakpoint in Blazars The Infrared Spectral Energy Distribution of the Circinus Galaxy: ISOPHOT Broad Band Photometry from 10 to 200 Micron Origin and Evolution of Dust in Elliptical Galaxies: Analysis of Infrared Continuum Emission from 5 to 200 m Origin and Evolution of Dust in Elliptical Galaxies: ISOPHOT Observations of 10 Galaxies with Nuclear Optical Dust Lanes Gaseous Superdisks in Powerful Radio Galaxies Mid- and Far-Infrared Properties of Nearby Radio-Loud Ellipticals: Radio-Infrared Connection in Bright Active Ellipticals Dust Emission from Radio Galaxies at High-Redshifts The Shape of Grains in the Normal Galaxy N1808 Infrared Studies of H II Galaxies with Companions PAH Molecules in Star-Forming Galaxies: Inuence of Metallicity and UV Radiation Field Detailed Spectroscopy of the Galactic Centre Molecular Clouds and Star-Forming Regions in the Magellanic Clouds A Multiwaveband Study of the Unusual Narrow Line Quasar IRAS 201812244 Is there Dust in z > 4 Quasars? Search for Very Cold Dust Outside the Optical Disks of Galaxies CAM-CVF Observations of the Nuclear Region of M 31 A Superbubble Surrounding the Quintuplet at the Galactic Centre? Pre-Starbursts in Luminous Infrared Galaxies Far-Infrared Photometry of Distant 3CR Radio-Galaxies ISO-IRAS Faint Galaxy Survey Disentangling the Merging Sequence of Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies

225 26844 2486 21423 40266 3618 14445 38323 10348 58867 48987 3978 7446 13716 30024 36790 2272 2568 53262 11168 2588 24670 21229 9256 7782 35021 28316 16132 3294 9992 30849 16680 19984 15050 8372 253628 10166

226 Lu, N. Luhman, M. Lutz, D. Lutz, D. Lutz, D. Macchetto, F. Macchetto, F. Madden, S. Magnier, E. Maihara, T. Maiolino, R. Malkan, M. Malkan, M. Mann, R. Marx, M. Mattila, K. Mazzei, P. McBreen, B. McMahon, R. Metcalfe, L. Mezger, P. Miley, G. Miley, G. Mirabel, I. Mittaz, J. Moorwood, A. Moorwood, A. Moorwood, A. Moran, J. Mouri, H. Nakagawa, T. Neininger, N. Okumura, K. Okumura, K. Oliva, E.

APPENDIX B. ISO SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATIONS IRAS Galaxies with the Coldest Far-Infrared Colors [C II] in Nearby ULIGs: Probing the Starburst Age and the Luminosity Source Exploring with PAH-Features: The Starburst-AGN Connection in Ultra- and Hyper-Luminous Infrared Galaxies Infrared [Fe VII] Lines as Narrow Line Region Diagnostics Spectral Line Mapping of M 82: From Starburst to Quiescent Disk Exploring the Physical Properties of the Dust Component in Early-Type Galaxies Imaging of Infrared Counterparts of Extragalactic Radio-Jets Eects of Metallicity on Star-Forming Clouds in Irregular Galaxies A Broadband Spectral Study of the Bulge of M 31 Far-Infrared Photometry of the Lensed Galaxy MG0414+0534 Imaging Spectroscopy of the Starbursts NGC 4945 and IC 342: Disentangling Star-Forming Regions An Infrared Emission-Line Search for Obscured Active Nuclei: Surveying Four Subsamples of the Strongest Candidates High-Resolution Spectroscopy of the 2 Brightest Seyfert Nuclei: Searching for Dense Gas Orbiting near the Nucleus Morphological Disturbance and Star Formation in IRAS Galaxies Infrared Spectroscopy of Cool Clouds in the LMC UIR Bands in the Disks of Edge-On Spiral Galaxies Infrared Properties of Barred Galaxies ISO Observations of Wolf-Rayet Galaxies: H II-Type Galaxy with an AGN Signature Hyper-Luminous Infrared Galaxies Infrared Observations of Low Surface Brightness (LSB) Galaxies Observations of the Galactic Centre with ISO Dust Emission in an Unbiased Sample of 3CR Galaxies: Obscured Nuclear Activity and Star Formation at z < 0.5 Dust in the Most Distant Radio Galaxies: Spectral Energy Distributions and Luminosities Starburst and Active Galaxies: Follow-Up Observations Far-Infrared Observation of X-Ray Selected Emission Line Galaxies from the RIXOS Survey Energy Source in Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies: Starbursts or Obscured AGNs in IRAS Galaxies GT Dropped Observations Imaging Spectroscopy of the Circinus Galaxy: AGN versus Starburst Ring High Spectral Resolution Observations of Megamaser Galaxies Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy of Heavily Obscured IRAS Galaxies Large-Scale Multi-Line Spectroscopy of the Galactic Centre: Origins of the Far-Infrared [C II] Line Decit Mapping the Surroundings of NGC 206: Probing the Dust Processing by a Spiral Arm Diuse Interstellar Medium in the Magellanic Clouds: Are there PAHs in the Magellanic Clouds? Diuse Interstellar Medium in the Small Magellanic Cloud: Are there PAHs in the Small Magellanic Cloud? Probing Cool Molecular/Atomic Gas in Cooling Flow cD Galaxies 14766 7564 139231 7480 10868 114045 16376 32510 4722 3682 17425 19916 28395 15434 10434 12412 13538 36934 6332 45193 10342 50122 101182 48471 7824 140181 10378 7082 12366 11141 25643 2716 12676 15416 24044

B.2. PERFORMED OPEN TIME PROPOSALS Oliver, S. Onaka, T. Padovani, P. Prez-Fournon, I. e Pierre, M. Poglitsch, A. Prieto, A. Prieto, A. Puxley, P. Quirrenbach, A. Rawlings, S. Rawlings, S. Reach, W. Renzini, A. Rieke, G. Rieke, G. Rieke, M. Rieke, M. Rieke, M. Rieke, M. Rigopoulou, D. Rocca-Volmerange, B. Rodr guez Espinosa, J. Rouan, D. Rowan-Robinson, M. Rowan-Robinson, M. Sanders, D. Sauvage, M. Saxton, R. Scoville, N. Shanks, T. Shields, J. Siebenmorgen, R. Smith, B. Smith, B. Smith, H. Far-Infrared Studies of a Complete AGN Rich Sample from the Point Source Catalog Redshift Survey A Systematic Study of Infrared Emission from Galaxies: Complemental Study to MIRS/IRTS Observations ISO Observations of Radio-Selected BL Lacs: Observations of the Complete 1 Jy Sample Search for Hidden BLR in Seyfert 2 Galaxies: Test of Unication Theories for Seyferts Detailed Insights into the Intracluster Medium of Abell 2256 Spectral Line Mapping and the Extended Medium in Nearby Galaxies Anisotropy of the Radiation in NGC 5252 The CfA Sample of Seyfert Galaxies: Follow-Up Line Spectroscopy with SWS Mid-Infrared Recombination Line Spectroscopy of Bright Galaxies Rapid Infrared Variability of an Extreme BL Lac Object Far-Infrared Photometry of High-Redshift Radioquasars Far-Infrared Photometry of Radio Quiet Quasars Mapping the Interstellar Cooling Lines in the SMC Far-Infrared Emission in X-Ray Bright and X-Ray Faint EarlyType Galaxies Optically Quiet QSOs Star Formation and Evolution of Seyfert Nuclei Mid-Infrared Output of Quiescent Galaxies Mid-Infrared Output of the Quiescent Galaxy NGC 3115 Study of the Far-Infrared Properties of BAL QSOs The Star Formation Rate in Coma E+A Galaxies The Nature and Radiation Field of Ultraluminous IR Galaxies: A Survey Using 612 m Emission Features Galaxy Luminosity Functions by Types from the ESO-Sculptor Redshift Sample The Spectral Energy Distribution of Seyfert Galaxies: The Centre for Astrophysics Seyfert Sample PAHs/Very Small Grains in Edge-On Galaxies Photometry and Spectroscopy of Ultraluminous IRAS Galaxies: The QDOT Sample Photometry of Extreme Ultraluminous IRAS Galaxies: The PSCZ Sample Infrared Spectroscopy of an Unbiased Sample of Ultraluminous IRAS Galaxies with Log[LIR /LSun ] = 12.313.0 and z = 0.10.3 Hot Dust in the Central Regions of Early-Type Galaxies? A Fast Spectroscopic Survey with ISOCAM Determining the Timescale of Infrared Variability in Blazars ISO Search for H2 Rotational Transitions in High-Redshift Quasars/Host Galaxies Infrared Properties of X-Ray Selected QSOs and Galaxies Infrared Spectroscopy of the Lowest Luminosity Seyfert 1 Nucleus Polarimetry of Ultraluminous IRAS Galaxies: Starbursts or AGN? Mid-Infrared Spectral Imaging of Galaxy Bulges The ISM in Low Luminosity Virgo Cluster Spiral Galaxies A Spectroscopic Study of OH Lines in Megamaser Galaxies

227 17177 43558 35292 3952 39314 25659 12153 40282 9324 27144 27121 43834 21999 24573 3356 10612 32766 26457 19014 7634 6468 49699 24564 27135 46868 15132 18676 27044 39853 14898 21984 34762 27764 27843 7180 16624

228 Smith, H. Smith, H. Smith, H. Smith, H. Soifer, B. Spear, G. Spinoglio, L. Spinoglio, L. Spinrad, H. Sternberg, A. Sternberg, A. Stickel, M. Stockton, A. Sugai, H. Sulentic, J. Tagliaferri, G. Taniguchi, Y. Thornley, M. Thuan, T. Thuan, T. Treves, A. Trewhella, M. Tus, R. Turner, J. van Buren, D. van der Hulst, J. van der Hulst, J. van der Hulst, J. van der Werf, P. van der Werf, P.

APPENDIX B. ISO SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATIONS Detailed SWS/LWS/PHT-S Spectroscopy of Bright Starburst Galaxies and AGNs Excitation and Kinematics of SgrA*: LWS Complete Spectroscopy of Selected Bands LWS Molecular Line Observations of M 82 and NGC 253 The Mid-Infrared Spectral Energy Distribution of Infrared Luminous Galaxies ISO/SWS Observations of Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies: Probing the Origin of the Luminosity The Period-Luminosity Relationship at 12 Microns for LMC Cepheids Infrared Energy Distributions and Imaging of Active Galaxies: Towards a Unication Scheme of Active Galactic Nuclei Infrared Energy Distributions and Imaging of the Complete Sample: Towards the Unication of Active Galactic Nuclei MG1019+0535: A Dusty, High-z Radio Galaxy [Fe II] Emission in Starburst Galaxies and Active Galactic Nuclei Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy of Liners: The AGN Connection ISOPHOT Follow-Up of Interesting Serendipity Sources Correlations between Far-Infrared Spectra and QSO Host Galaxy Morphology Energy Sources for Emission Lines from Liners: Liners with Broad Balmer Line Components Star Formation and Secular Evolution in Galaxies: Mixed Morphology Pairs Infrared Continuum Variability of the Highly Variable BL Lac Object PKS 2155304 Star Formation in Hyper-Luminous Infrared Galaxies The Arches Cluster: Probing the Interaction between Massive Stars and the ISM in the Galactic Centre Dust and Infrared Emission in the Extremely Metal-Decient Blue Compact Galaxy SBS 0335052 The Interstellar Medium in the Young Galaxy System SBS 0335052 and its Companion The Infrared Energy Distribution of the BL Lac Object PKS 2155304 Dust in Spiral Galaxies: Energy Distribution and Temperature Heating and Metallicity in the Extended H I Disks around NGC 891 and NGC 6946 Gas and Dust Properties in Two Nearby Spiral Galaxies: FarInfrared Continuum Observations of IC 342 and Maei 2 Multi-Wavelength Study of Starburst NGC 3690 Dust in Shell Galaxies Dust Temperatures in Galaxies as Function of their Surface Brightness Far-Infrared Observations of Low Surface Brightness Galaxies: Search for Cool Dust in Low Surface Brightness Galaxies Pressure in the Interstellar Medium of Late-Type Galaxies: Scale Lengths and Multi-Phase Structure Shocked Molecular Gas in NGC 6240 and Arp 220: Measuring Energy Dissipation and Gas Flow to the Centre 59568 26236 24910 44470 16056 30682 18145 56182 8714 16528 52720 2914 14910 13086 25211 25772 10770 5748 14653 9694 6493 8070 21695 14592 18903 11567 26406 73103 46934 29424

B.2. PERFORMED OPEN TIME PROPOSALS van der Werf, P. van der Werf, P. Verheijen, M. Viallefond, F. Vigotti, M. Waller, W. Ward, M. Ward, M. Ward, M. Wehrle, A. Werner, M. White, D. Willis, A. Willner, S. Wozniak, H. Wright, G. Xu, C. Xu, C. Xu, C. Yun, M. Spectroscopy of Distant Radio Galaxies: Starbursts and Active Nuclei at Redshift One Stellar Population in the z=3.5 Radio Galaxy 6C 1909+722: A Genuine Primeval Galaxy? An Improved Distance Indicator for Spiral Galaxies: The 2Parameter Tully-Fisher Relation in Ursa Major CAM-CVF Observations of NGC 604 in the Nearby Galaxy M 33 The Nature of AGN and Stellar Populations in High-Redshift Powerful Radio Galaxies Starburst Anatomy: Infrared Spectral Imaging of Giant H II Regions in M 33 Centaurus A: Quest-ce que cest? Hot Dust in High-Redshift Quasars? Implications for the Presence/Absence of Tori Narrow-Line Seyfert 1s: The Infrared Connection The Energy Emission Mechanism of Gamma-Ray Blazars Studies of Wolf-Rayet Galaxies Dust in the Stripped Interstellar Medium of M 86 Infrared Spectroscopy of Wolf-Rayet Starburst Galaxies Abundance Gradient in M 33 High-Resolution Imaging of (Circum-)Nuclear Starburst Galaxies Dust Absorption Features in Active Galaxies Ionising Flux and Extinction in Closely Interacting Spiral-Spiral Pairs Mapping Intergalactic Dust Emission: Compact Groups with Diffuse X-Ray Emission Mapping Infrared Enhancements in Closely Interacting SpiralSpiral Pairs Star Formation in Young Infrared Luminous Galaxies

229 57890 10561 7762 8060 12992 18362 14052 32547 16998 3166 22376 9976 70380 14322 38009 14190 17232 46704 51643 3220

B.2.5

Cosmology
Photometry of Cluster Candidates for the Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect High-Redshift Primeval Galaxies Lensed by Clusters The Spectral Energy Distribution of the Proto-Galaxy Candidate MS1512CB58 Search for Dark Matter Halos in Galaxies and Clusters Far-Infrared Photometry and Spectrometry of Sub-Classes of Radio-Quiet Quasars Early-Type Post-Starburst Galaxies in the Coma Cluster The Infrared Properties of Brightest Cluster Members ToO: New Soft Gamma-Ray Repeater (SGR 18141340): A New IR-Source? Ultra-Deep Survey with ISOCAM: Search for Primeval Galaxies and Quasars ISO Observations of Low Ionisation BAL Quasars: Ultraluminous IRAS Galaxies and the Nature of Iron Quasars The Distribution and Temperature of Dust in Abell 1691 Far-Infrared Evolution of Galaxies: The IRAS Deep Survey Sample 9468 8148 8326 27908 13428 8934 8928 3350 46783 3374 6198 24264

Andreani, P. Barvainis, R. Bechtold, J. Beichman, C. Bergeron, J. Biviano, A. Biviano, A. Castro-Tirado, A. Cesarsky, C. Clements, D. Cox, C. de Zotti, G.

230 Dunlop, J. Egami, E. Elbaz, D. Elston, R. Feretti, L. Franceschini, A. Giard, M. Goldschmidt, P. Gonzlez-Serrano, J. a Kawara, K. Kawara, K. Kawara, K. Keel, W. Le F`vre, O. e Lonsdale, C. Malhotra, S. Malkan, M. McHardy, I. McMahon, R. Mellier, Y. Mirabel, I. Mirabel, I. Mobasher, B. Oliver, S. Puget, J.-L. Puget, J.-L. Rowan-Robinson, M. Rowan-Robinson, M. Rowan-Robinson, M. Rowan-Robinson, M. Sams, B. Serra, G. Stickel, M. van der Werf, P.

APPENDIX B. ISO SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATIONS The Formation and Evolution of Elliptical Galaxies Search for Primeval Galaxies around z>4 Quasars Galaxy Evolution and Diuse Far-Infrared Emission in Hickson Compact Groups of Galaxies The Nature of Faint Red Field Galaxies Elliptical Galaxies in Rich Clusters: Dust and Stripping ISO Observations of Candidate Primeval Dusty Galaxies and AGNs: Infrared Photometry of High-Redshift Galaxies Infrared Emission of SZ Galaxy Clusters The Physical Causes of Quasar Evolution Infrared Photometry of a Complete Sample of B2 Radio Quasars: Properties of Low-Luminosity Radio Quasars ISO Observations around Known Objects at High-Redshift: A Search for Primeval Galaxies around Known Objects ISO Study of Evolution of Quasar Spectra: Spectral Evolution Separated from Luminosity Eect Mid- and Far-Infrared Photometry of High-Redshift QSOs: Dust in High-Redshift QSOs Stellar Populations in a Cluster of Galaxies at z=2.4 Evolution of Galaxies in Very High-Redshift Clusters Ultraluminous High-Redshift IRAS Galaxies Studying Dust in Gravitational Lenses at High-Redshift Dust in Proto-Galaxies: The First Measurements of the RestFrame Infrared Emission from Young Galaxies Could Emission from Dust in Clusters of Galaxies Confuse Observations of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich Eect? Dust Masses and the Far-Infrared Properties of the Most Distant Quasars. Arclets in Three Intermediate Redshift Clusters Clusters of Galaxies at Early Epochs of the Universe Continuation of the Search for Clusters of Galaxies at Early Epochs of the Universe Photometry of Galaxies in Deep Radio-Selected Surveys Evolution in the SED of Ultraluminous IRAS Galaxies Deep Survey at 4.5 Micron: Spectrum of Faint Galaxies in the Near-Infrared Cosmological Window Structure of the Far-Infrared Background A Deep Large-Area Survey with ISO in Open Time A Survey of the Hubble Deep Field with ISO An ISO Survey of the Southern Hubble Deep Field Photometric Identication of High-Redshift Objects from IRAS FSS Blank Fields The Power Source of High-z Ultraluminous Galaxies Infrared Emission of SZ Galaxy Clusters Cold Dust in the Intracluster Medium of Galaxy Clusters Deep ISOCAM Imaging of Faint Blue Galaxies and Microjansky Radio Sources in the Deepest VLA Field 11867 27680 37099 35756 26854 25108 15940 19130 12649 6236 25280 16654 25609 49317 11504 3362 7388 5364 6570 25753 25454 22577 34988 40002 11029 206595 1271242 67560 74166 4526 28794 15371 5636 11655

B.3. PERFORMED DISCRETIONARY TIME PROPOSALS/CALIBRATION

231

B.3

Performed Discretionary Time Proposals/Calibration

Discretionary Time proposals were performed under the Open Time budget and therefore appear under OT in the above lists. Many interesting scientic targets were also observed during the Performance Verication Phase, as part of the AOT comissioning and during the mission for specic calibration purposes. All these data are included in the ISO Data Archive and can be retrieved. But, in many cases, it is not easy to use these data and instrument experts should be contacted before one tries to interpret the observations scientically.

232

APPENDIX B. ISO SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATIONS

Appendix C

List of Solar System Objects

From the ISO mission planning point of view the solar system targets diered from other astronomical targets. This is due to the fact that solar system objects (SSOs) have no xed equatorial coordinates. Therefore they were identied by their names in the Mission Data Base and linked to their corresponding ephemerides. The database of ephemerides contains all outer planets, most of their moons, major comets and selected asteroids. Observations of solar system targets required tracking of the specic object by the spacecraft via a raster observation (see Section 4.5). As the spacecraft raster option was already used for tracking there was no possibility to use the spacecraft raster mode for observations. Therefore, observations of solar system targets in the spacecraft raster mode were forbidden. Additionally, in a certain direction chopping was not feasible. Section 4.6 lists the available AOTs and restrictions with respect to observations of solar system objects. The spacecraft raster capabilities limited observations to objects with an apparent velocity of less than 2 arcminutes per hour with respect to equatorial coordinates. There are several additional aspects specic to solar system targets (e.g. change of orbital parameters, eclipse of a moon around a planet, change of galactic background or stray radiation level, etc). Users who intend to work with ISO observations of SSOs retrieved from the ISO Data Archive should refer to the documentation available at the ISO IDC web site under: http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/ ISO Explanatory Library ISO Satellite on Data reduction and analysis of SSO observations for further information. SSOs observed in the solar system tracking mode have associated numbers in the Mission Data Base that were used to identify these targets to the mission planning system, and therefore the ISO Data Archive (IDA) contains both the target name and the associated number in this list, either of which can be used in searching. Table C.1 gives SSO names and ISO generic numbers for all objects observed in this mode during the mission. Note that other SSOs may have also been observed in non-tracking mode (i.e. xed pointing), in which case they will appear in the archive solely by the name given by the observer. Non-tracking mode was used when looking at objects such as dust trails, the zodiacal light and Pluto. These sources are, of course, not included in Table C.1. In addition, many other SSOs have been seen serendipitously in deep ISOCAM images, in large survey programmes, in the CAM parallel survey and in the PHT serendipity mode.

233

234

APPENDIX C. LIST OF SOLAR SYSTEM OBJECTS

Table C.1: Objects observed with ISO using the SSO tracking mode. Agamemnon Aneas Aten Callisto Ceres Chiron Cybele Davida Deimos Diomedes Dionysus Egeria Europa Europa Frigga Ganymede Hebe Hektor Hestia Hispania Hygiea Iapetus Io Juno Jupiter Jupiter North Pole Jupiter South Pole Kassandra Lacadiera Mars Massalia Melete Metis Mimistrobel 210911 211172 212062 200504 210001 212060 210065 210511 200402 211437 213671 210013 200502 210052 210077 200503 210006 210624 210046 210804 210010 200608 200501 210003 200500 200551 200552 210114 210336 200400 210020 210056 210009 213840 Neptune Nuwa Oljato P/Comas Sola P/Elst-Pizarro P/Encke P/Hale-Bopp P/Hartley 2 P/Helin-Roman-Alu 1 P/Honda-Mrkos-Pajdusakov P/IRAS P/Kop P/Reinmuth 1 P/Schwassmann-W. 1 P/Shoemaker-Holt 1 P/Tempel-Tuttle P/Wild 2 P/Wirtanen P/Wolf-Harrington Palisana Pallas Phaethon Pholus Polyxo Rodari Saturn Tezcatlipoca Titan Tokio Toutatis Uranus Vesta Wilson-Harrington 200800 210150 212201 220014 220050 220004 220048 220028 220033 220012 220017 220015 220035 220001 220034 220029 220020 220018 220024 210914 210002 213200 215145 210308 212703 200600 211980 200606 210498 214179 200700 210004 214015

Appendix D

Satellite Files
This chapter describes all the general data les that can be obtained from the ISO Data Archive related to the satellite as a whole and not to any individual instrument, For information on instrument specic les the instrument specic volumes (II to V) of the Handbook should be consulted.

D.1

Attitude and Orbit Control System (AOCS)

This le contains raw AOCS data copied from telemetry frames 4, 12, 20 and 28, each of identical layout, used for the derivation of the pointing information included in the IIPH (see Section D.12) and IRPH (see Section D.13) les.

D.1.1

Primary header

The AOCS le contains a primary header with the elds described in Table D.1. In this example nonmandatory elds are lled with example values.

D.1.2

Records

The AOCS le contains records described in Table D.2. The AOCSFRAM record is described in Table D.3.

235

236

APPENDIX D. SATELLITE FILES

Table D.1: AOCS primary header. Keyword SIMPLE = BITPIX = NAXIS = EXTEND = ORIGIN = TELESCOP = COMMENT FILENAME = DATE = FILEVERS = OLPVERS = CALGVERS = USERNAME = VERS1 = VERS2 = VERS3 = EQUINOX = TMRATE = Value T 8 0 T ESA ISO AOCS01700101 09/07/95 0298 OLP 21 CALG 31 PIPELINE 1082/EOHA017 1082/EOHI017 1082/APPH017 2000.0 32 Description / / / / / European Space Agency / Infrared Space Observatory Raw AOCS frames / File name in ISO archive / Creation date / Version ID in ISO archive / SOC OLP system version / SOC OLP CAL-G les version / / Version ID of each input le / Version ID of each input le / Version ID of each input le / Equinox / Telemetry rate in Kbps (Kbits/sec)

Table D.2: AOCS records. Keyword GEPRTKEY GEPRQUAL1 AOCSFRAM2

Notes: 1. The 32-bit integer GEPRQUAL gives the quality of the telemetry frame from which AOCSFRAM was extracted. The most signicant bit (bit 31) refers to frame 0, the least (bit 0) to frame 31. A bit set to 1 shows the corresponding frame is bad and should be ignored. e.g. if bit 27 is set to 1, then frame 4 is bad. It is recommended that the AOCSFRAM should be ignored for any non-zero GEPRQUAL. 2. Frames 4, 12, 20 or 28 (the AOCS frames) all have the same layout.

Number 1 1 256

Format I4 I4 I1

Description UTK time key Frame quality Frame 4, 12, 20 or 28

D.1. ATTITUDE AND ORBIT CONTROL SYSTEM (AOCS) Table D.3: Description of AOCSFRAM eld. Keyword HEADER TKEY LAYOUT ATTQUAT FSSX FSSY GYRDATA SASDATA RWSSPD TORQREQ WDSTAT PDUADIG PDUBDIG PDUAMEMR PDUBMEMR ACCHW AOCSSTAT MODSDAT INHISTAT SCOMSTAT MCOMSTAT RMCSTAT STRY1 STRZ2 STRMAGG3 STRSTAT1 STRHC STRHK1 REGULAR STRHK2 STRYOUT2 STRZOUT2 STRMAG2 STRYOUT3 STRZOUT3 STRMAG3 STRYOUT4 STRZOUT4 STRMAG4 RASPOID E ATTIT HSSENDOR GSTARIN IRREGULA TRAILER
Notes:

237

Number 10 1 1 4 1 1 4 1 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 98 2

Format I1 I4 I2 I4 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I1 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I4 I2 I2 I1 I1

Description Frame header AOCS time, TUNIT=0.5s Frame layout information Integer-coded attitude quaternion FSS X output data FSS Y output data GYR1-4 output rate data SAS channels 1-9 output RWL 1-4 speeds (tachometer output) RWS & RCS torque requests Watch Dog status word Branch 1 RCS relay status Branch 2 RCS relay status Contents of PDUA memory Contents of PDUB memory ACC H/W status word AOCS status word Mode specic data Inhibit status Single word command status Multiple word command status RMC status STR output Y-coordinate of guide star STR output Z-coordinate of guide star STR output magnitude of guide star STR mode status information STR health check status STR housekeeping data Regular TM buer

Raster point ID Integer-coded attitude error vector

Irregular TM buer Frame trailer

1. STRY refers to the position of the stars image on the CCD. It is measured in Star-Tracker instrumental units of 1/7 m, which correspond to approximately 0.24 . The maximum and minimum values are 30106 and 30106. 2. STRZ refers to the position of the stars image on the CCD. It is measured in Star-Tracker instrumental units of 1/7 m, which correspond to approximately 0.24 . The maximum and minimum values are 22378 and 22378. 3. This is the visual magnitude of the star, with magnitude 2.0 represented as 0 and 8.0 represented at 120. The resolution is approximately 0.05 mag.

238

APPENDIX D. SATELLITE FILES

D.2

ISO Operational Guide-Star List (APHSTAR)

This le contains information on the guide stars used by ISO.

D.2.1

Primary header

The APHSTAR le contains a primary header with the elds described in Table D.4. In this example non-mandatory elds are lled with example values. Table D.4: APHSTAR primary header. Keyword SIMPLE = BITPIX = NAXIS = EXTEND = COMMENT COMMENT COMMENT COMMENT COMMENT COMMENT ORIGIN = TELESCOP = COMMENT FILENAME = DATE = FILEVERS = OLPVERS = CALGVERS = USERNAME = DATE-OLD = Value T 8 0 T Description / File does conform to FITS standard / Number of bits per data pixel / Number of data axes / FITS dataset may contain extensions FITS (Flexible Image Transport System) format dened in Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series v44/p363, v44/p371, v73/p359, v73/p365. Contact the NASA Science Oce of Standards and Technology for the FITS Denition document #100 and other FITS information. / Not from central ESA archive / Infrared Space Observatory ISO operational guide-star list / File name in archive / Date of addition to archive / File version in archive / SOC OLP system version / SOC OLP CAL-G les version / Product not catalogued / Date of original creation by IDT

ESA ISO APHSTAR 1999-11-18 1919 OLP 80B1 CALG 40 APOLLOCK 1999-05-17

D.2. ISO OPERATIONAL GUIDE-STAR LIST (APHSTAR)

239

D.2.2

Records

The APHSTAR le contains records described in Table D.5. Table D.5: APHSTAR records. Keyword REFNUM TYC HIP VMAG PMOTION PARALLAX SPARE Number 1 2 1 1 2 1 4 Format I4 I2 I4 R4 I4 I4 I1 Description ISO guide-star catalogue reference number Tycho Catalogue identier (TYC(3)=1) Hipparcos Catalogue identier V magnitude Proper motion in (arcsec/yr)*100000 Trigonometric parallax in arcsec*100000 Spare space

240

APPENDIX D. SATELLITE FILES

D.3

Aperture Pointing History (APPH)

This le contains the history of the aperture pointing.

D.3.1

Primary header

The APPH le contains a primary header with the elds described in Table D.6. In this example nonmandatory elds are lled with example values. Table D.6: APPH primary header. Keyword SIMPLE = BITPIX = NAXIS = EXTEND = ORIGIN = TELESCOP = COMMENT FILENAME = DATE = FILEVERS = OLPVERS = CALGVERS = USERNAME = TSTART = TSTOP = GENTIM = REVNUM = APHVERS = Value T 8 0 T ESA ISO APPH 09/07/95 0298 OLP 21 CALG 31 PIPELINE 96117194942 96118194608 96118164552 162 1 Description / / / / / European Space Agency / Infrared Space Observatory Attributes of instantiated Observations / File name in ISO archive / Creation date / Version ID in ISO archive / SOC OLP system version / SOC OLP CAL-G les version / / Start time of interval covered (YYDDDHHMMSS) / End time of interval covered (YYDDDHHMMSS) / Time of generation of this le (YYDDDHHMMSS) / Revolution number / APH version number

D.3. APERTURE POINTING HISTORY (APPH)

241

D.3.2

Records

The APPH le contains records described in Table D.7. Table D.7: APPH records. Keyword SLEWSTA SLEWEND RA DEC OTFTHRES INSTID REQTYPE APERTID NGRID NRASTER TSLEW1 TSLEW2 TSLEW3 SCANDIST Number 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Format I4 I4 R8 R8 R4 A1 A1 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 Description Start time of slew to target as seconds since 1989.0 (UTC) followed by remaining fraction of second End time of slew to target, as above RA of intended view direction in degrees DEC of intended view direction in degrees On-target ag threshold in arcsec Instrument ID (C,L,P,S or Z for QSS) Type of request: Pointing, Raster or Tracking Aperture identication: from 0 to 4 Number of grid points on a scan, from 1 to 322 Number of lines in the raster, from 1 to 322 Time to slew and dwell on 1st point1,2 Ditto for a point on the current line1,2 Ditto for 1st point on next line1,2 Distance between points on a scanline. Units are usually arcseconds but if REQTYPE=T then SCANDIST is dened in units of 0.01 arcseconds2 Distance between scan lines in arcsec2 Orientation raster ag 0=Raster at an angle ROTATE to North 1=Raster starts parallel to the S/C y-axis Spare Rotation of raster pattern, in degrees. 0 < ROTATE < 360 QSS quaternion for the intended viewing direction. Refers to raster centre if REQTYPE is R or T QSS/Star-Tracker misalignment quaternion Guide star unit vector Guide star reference number in catalogue Solar aspect angle, in degrees RPE amplitude, in arcsecs Attitude continuation ag 1=dierent aperture but same instrument and target as previous record 0=otherwise Contingency ag 0=no contingency 1=target attitude not acquired 2=no QSS/STR misalignment available Spare

LINEDIST ORIENT

1 1

I2 I1

SPARE ROTATE QSSQUAT MISQUAT STARVEC REFSTAR SOLASPCT RPEAMP ATTCONT

5 1 4 4 3 1 1 1 1

I1 R4 R8 R8 R8 R4 R4 R4 I1

CONTINGE

I1

SPARE2
Note:

I1

1. The unit for this is seconds, however it is stored as an unsigned integer. Zero time is therefore equivalent to 32768. 2. Details of the schedule and directions of individual raster points are calculated and given in the IRPH le.

242

APPENDIX D. SATELLITE FILES

D.4

Aperture Programmed Pointing History (APPM)

This le contains the history of the aperture pointing when the spacecraft was in Programmable Pointing Mode (PPM), normally around perigee passage. History of the aperture pointing in this mode does not appear in the APPH le. It was routinely used to calculate the evolving pointing history of the spacecraft pointing in the IIPH or CIPH near the beginning and end of an orbit.

D.4.1

Primary header

The APPM le contains a primary header with the elds described in Table D.8. In this example non-mandatory elds are lled with example values. Table D.8: APPM primary header. Keyword SIMPLE = BITPIX = NAXIS = EXTEND = ORIGIN = TELESCOP = COMMENT FILENAME = DATE = FILEVERS = OLPVERS = CALGVERS = USERNAME = CREATOR = DATE-OLD = Value T 8 0 T ESA ISO APPM 09/07/95 0298 OLP 21 CALG 31 PIPELINE MAKE APPM v1.0 1999-08-16 Description / / / / / European Space Agency / Infrared Space Observatory Attributes of instantiated Observations / File name in ISO archive / Creation date / Version ID in ISO archive / SOC OLP system version / SOC OLP CAL-G les version / /Application that created the le / Date of original creation by IDT

D.4. APERTURE PROGRAMMED POINTING HISTORY (APPM)

243

D.4.2

Records

The APPM le contains records described in Table D.9. Table D.9: APPM records. Keyword POFUTS EPISODE INDEX APERTURE REQTYPE UTCS UTCE UTKS UTKE RA DEC ROLL STRQ REV LENGTH SPARE Number 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 Format A11 A9 A9 A2 A1 I4 I4 I4 I4 R8 R8 R8 R8 I4 I4 8A Description / Planned start time of PPM episode / PPM EXIT or PPM ENTRY / PPM index number / Aperture in use = X0 / Type of pointing request = X / UTC time key of actual PPM start / UTC time key of actual PPM end / UTK time key of actual PPM start / UTK time key of actual PPM end / RA of reference PPM direction, in degrees / DEC of reference PPM direction, in degrees / ROLL of reference PPM direction, in degrees / Reference Star-Tracker quaternion / Revolution / Number of PPM AOCS frames / Spare

244

APPENDIX D. SATELLITE FILES

D.5

Executed Observation History per AOT (EOHA)

This is the Executed Observation History per AOT le. One of its uses was to transfer what was known as TDATA between the uplink and downlink parts of the system. TDATA, or Transparent Data, is information about the observation that did not need to be uplinked to the satellite but that was needed to process the data. It was transparent (not looked at) to the spacecraft controllers. Such data include the proposer ID, proposal ID, etc. Its main use was in dening the time limits of observations to show how ISO telemetry was divided.

D.5.1

Primary header

The EOHA le contains a primary header with the elds described in Table D.10. In this example non-mandatory elds are lled with example values. Table D.10: EOHA primary header. Keyword SIMPLE = BITPIX = NAXIS = EXTEND = ORIGIN = TELESCOP = COMMENT FILENAME = DATE = FILEVERS = OLPVERS = CALGVERS = USERNAME = Value T 8 0 T ESA ISO EOHA264 09/07/95 0298 OLP 21 CALG 31 PIPELINE Description / / / / / European Space Agency / Infrared Space Observatory Attributes of instantiated Observations / File name in ISO archive / Creation date / Version ID in ISO archive / SOC OLP system version / SOC OLP CAL-G les version /

D.5. EXECUTED OBSERVATION HISTORY PER AOT (EOHA)

245

D.5.2

Records

The EOHA le contains records described in Table D.11. Table D.11: EOHA records. Keyword EOHATDTN EOHAUTCS EOHAUTCE EOHAINST EOHANCPU EOHARES EOHAAOTN EOHAPRID EOHAPLID EOHAOSN EOHAPSN EOHAPCAT1 EOHACIND EOHATNAM EOHASCAT2 EOHALIND EOHASPAR EOHAAOTV
Notes: 1. EOHAPCAT indicates the proposal category as entered by the user in PGA. The categories were European GT, NASA GT, ISAS GT, OT or Calibration, and these are coded in EOHAPCAT as the ASCII numbers 1 to 5 respectively. 2. EOHASCAT indicates the scientic category as entered by the user in PGA. The categories were Solar System, Interstellar Matter, Stellar Physics, Extragalactic Systems or Cosmology, and these are coded in EOHASCAT as the ASCII numbers 001 to 005 respectively.

Number 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Format A6 A11 A11 A1 A1 A14 A4 A8 A8 A2 A2 A1 A1 A16 A3 A2 A5 A64

Description TDT number UTC start of observation (yydddhhmmss) UTC end of observation (yydddhhmmss) Prime instrument ID # CAM peak-ups (obsolete) Field is always 0 Reserved AOT name Proposer ID Proposal ID Observation Sequence Number (OSN) Pointing Sequence Number (PSN) (obsolete) Field is always 0 Proposal category Calibration indicator Target name Scientic category Link indicator Spare area within observation description AOT/COT variable information (instrument specic)

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APPENDIX D. SATELLITE FILES

D.5.3

CAM AOT specic information

CAM AOT specic information, kept in the 64 bytes of EOHAAOTV, is described in Table D.12. Table D.12: AOTV information for CAM. Number 2 1 1 1 1 1 Format I2 I5 A11 A5 A5 A34 Description Raster size Observation duration in seconds (not including slew) Timestamp of AOT to OCT logic AOT/CO to OCT logic version as xx.yy Unused Unused

D.5.4

LWS AOT specic information

LWS AOT specic information, kept in the 64 bytes of EOHAAOTV, is described in Table D.13 Table D.13: AOTV information for LWS. Number 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 11 11 1 1 1 1
Note: 1. These four bytes are used dierently depending on the AOT. If the AOT being described is an L01 then the start and end detectors are placed here (as I2s). If it is an L03 then the start zone is placed here instead (as an I4).

Format I2 I5 A11 A5 A5 I1 I1 I2 I2 I2 I2 I4 I4 I4 F8.4 F8.4

Description Raster size Observation duration in seconds (not including slew) Timestamp of AOT to OCT logic AOT/CO to OCT logic version as xx.yy Unused FPS use ag 1 yes, 0 no and blank for grating FPL use ag 1 yes, 0 no and blank for grating Spare Total number of spectra to be obtained in this observation Start detector for an L01 AOT End detector for an L01 AOT Start zone to cover the L03 wavelength range End zone to cover the L03 wavelength range First zone for FPL for L03 and L04 Start wavelength of requested range for L01 and L03 End wavelength of requested range for L01 and L03

D.5. EXECUTED OBSERVATION HISTORY PER AOT (EOHA)

247

D.5.5

PHT AOT specic information

PHT AOT specic information, kept in the 64 bytes of EOHAAOTV, is described in Table D.14 Table D.14: AOTV information for PHT. Number 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Format I2 I5 A11 A5 A5 I2 A5 I1 I1 A25 Description Raster size Observation duration in seconds (not including slew) Timestamp of AOT to OCT logic AOT/CO to OCT logic version as xx.yy Unused Spare Number of measurements in observation Number of sub-observations making up this observation Calibration Sequence used (16) Unused

D.5.6

SWS AOT specic information

SWS AOT specic information, kept in the 64 bytes of EOHAAOTV, is described in Table D.15 Table D.15: AOTV information for SWS. Number 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Format I2 I5 A11 A5 A5 I7 A27 Description Raster size Observation duration in seconds (not including slew) Timestamp of AOT to OCT logic AOT/CO to OCT logic version as xx.yy Unused Radial velocity provided by observer in km/s Unused

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APPENDIX D. SATELLITE FILES

D.6

Continuous Executed Observation History (EOHC)

The EOHC le was designed to provide a complete contiguous time history of ISO telemetry without any of the time gaps of the EOHA le.

D.6.1

Primary header

The EOHC le contains a primary header with the elds described in Table D.16. In this example non-mandatory elds are lled with example values. Table D.16: EOHC primary header. Keyword SIMPLE = BITPIX = NAXIS = EXTEND = ORIGIN = TELESCOP = COMMENT FILENAME = DATE = FILEVERS = OLPVERS = CALGVERS = USERNAME = Value T 8 0 T ESA ISO EOHC264 09/07/95 0298 OLP 21 CALG 31 PIPELINE Description / / / / / European Space Agency / Infrared Space Observatory Continuous Executed Observation History / File name in ISO archive / Creation date / Version ID in ISO archive / SOC OLP system version / SOC OLP CAL-G les version /

D.6. CONTINUOUS EXECUTED OBSERVATION HISTORY (EOHC)

249

D.6.2

Records

The EOHC le contains records described in Table D.17. Table D.17: EOHC records. Keyword EOHCTDTN EOHCUTCS EOHCUTCE EOHCINST EOHCNCPU EOHCRES EOHCAOTN EOHCPRID EOHCPLID EOHCOSN EOHCPSN EOHCPCAT EOHCCIND EOHCTNAM EOHCSCAT EOHCLIND EOHCSPAR EOHCAOTV1
Notes: 1. The EOHCAOTV eld is a copy of the EOHAAOTV eld see previous section.

Number 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Format A6 A11 A11 A1 A1 A14 A4 A8 A8 A2 A2 A1 A1 A16 A3 A2 A5 A64

Description TDT number UTC start of observation (yydddhhmmss) UTC end of observation (yydddhhmmss) Prime instrument ID Obsolete column carried over from EOHA Reserved AOT name Proposer ID Proposal ID Observation Sequence Number (OSN) Obsolete column carried over from EOHA Proposal category Calibration indicator Target name Scientic category Link indicator Spare area within observation description AOT/COT variable information (instrument specic)

250

APPENDIX D. SATELLITE FILES

D.7

Executed Observation History per ICS (EOHI)

This is the Executed Observation History per ICS (Instrument Command Sequence) le.

D.7.1

Primary header

The EOHI le contains a primary header with the elds described in Table D.18. In this example non-mandatory elds are lled with example values. Table D.18: EOHI primary header. Keyword SIMPLE = BITPIX = NAXIS = EXTEND = ORIGIN = TELESCOP = COMMENT FILENAME = DATE = FILEVERS = OLPVERS = CALGVERS = USERNAME = Value T 8 0 T ESA ISO EOHI264 09/07/95 0298 OLP 21 CALG 31 PIPELINE Description / / / / / European Space Agency / Infrared Space Observatory Information unconnected to a whole AOT / File name in ISO archive / Creation date / Version ID in ISO archive / SOC OLP system version / SOC OLP CAL-G les version /

D.7.2

Records

The EOHI le contains records described in Table D.19. Table D.19: EOHI records. Keyword EOHITDTN EOHIOSN EOHIUTC EOHIINST EOHITDTC EOHIMSG1 Number 1 1 1 1 1 1 Format A6 A2 A11 A2 A3 A64 Description TDT number Observation Sequence Number (OSN) UTC of sending associated ICS (yydddhhmmss) Prime instrument ID, followed by instrument aperture TDT Component part AOT specic information on ICS level

D.7.3

CAM AOT specic information

No useful information is kept here for CAM.

D.7. EXECUTED OBSERVATION HISTORY PER ICS (EOHI)

251

D.7.4

LWS AOT specic information

For LWS the useful information contained in EOHIMSG1 is shown in Table D.20. Table D.20: LWS EOHIMSG1 contents. Check Requested S/N ratio Unused Spectrum number Character 4 12 I2 Contents

Scan number Zone number Wavelength

I6 I4 8

Incident Power

Maximum scan

I4

Active Detector

I2

Number of scans Total Scans Illuminator ash

I6 I4 I4

Spectrum Number. For line spectra it is the number of the current line being observed. For wavelength ranges it indicates which part of the spectrum is being observed. (The wavelength range may be split into two parts, see AOT VAR contents and also last three entries in this table. Indicates the current scan number being executed of the total number of scans required. Zone number, only AOTs L03 and L04 Wavelength as F8.4. For line spectra this gives the expected wavelength of the line being observed. For wavelength ranges it gives the wavelength of the reference line which determined the overall integration time Incident Power as E8.2. For line spectra this gives the expected power for the line being observed. For wavelength ranges it gives the the power for the reference line which determined the overall integration time Maximum Scan half width as I4. Only used in line spectra AOTs (L02 and L04). Maximum number of mechanism steps that could be used to cover the line being observed. Active Detector. For line spectra and L03 AOTs, the detector number used for the line being observed or measured spectrum. For L01 AOT, the detector corresponding to the reference line used to determine the integration time. Total number of scans to be completed for the line or part of wavelength range. Total number of scans per measurement to be completed for the line or part of wavelength range. Number of scans to be made between illuminator ashes for the line or part of wavelength range.

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APPENDIX D. SATELLITE FILES

D.7.5

PHT AOT specic information

For PHT the useful information contained in EOHIMSG1 is shown in Table D.21. Table D.21: PHT EOHIMSG1 contents. Check Requested S/N Type of source Unused Expected source ux Uncertainty Background Subsystem Measurements Unused Character 4 1 11 8 8 8 1 3 20 Contents Either P for point or E for extended

Uncertainty in above Maximum background ux Identies which subsystem is in use Number of measurements with subsystem

D.7.6

SWS AOT specic information

For SWS the useful information contained in EOHIMSG1 is shown in Table D.22. Table D.22: SWS EOHIMSG1 contents. Check Unused Scan type Character A16 A1 Contents If N then normal resolution scan If L then low resolution scan If R then reference wavelength Measurement number SW section Blank if not applicable Measurement number LW section Blank if not applicable Requested SW band. Blank, 1 or 2 Requested LW band. Blank or 3 to 6 Expected ux in relevant SW band as Jy in F8.2 Blank if not applicable Expected ux in relevant LW band as Jy in F8.2 Blank if not applicable

SW Measurement LW Measurement SW detector band LW detector band SW Band ux LW Band ux Unused

I2 I2 1 1 8 8 25

D.8. GENERAL HOUSEKEEPING (GEHK)

253

D.8

General Housekeeping (GEHK)

This le contains General Housekeeping data. The most important housekeeping data for an observer is the science housekeeping contained in frame 8. This contains information from the prime instrument.

D.8.1

Primary header

The GEHK le contains a primary header with the elds described in Table D.23. In this example non-mandatory elds are lled with example values. Table D.23: GEHK primary header. Keyword SIMPLE = BITPIX = NAXIS = EXTEND = ORIGIN = TELESCOP = COMMENT FILENAME = DATE = FILEVERS = OLPVERS = CALGVERS = USERNAME = VERS1 = VERS2 = VERS3 = EQUINOX = TMRATE = Value T 8 0 T ESA ISO GEHK26400248 09/07/95 0298 OLP 21 CALG 31 PIPELINE 0518/EOHA083 0518/EOHI083 0515/APPH083 2000.0 32 Description / / / / / European Space Agency / Infrared Space Observatory General HK / File name in ISO archive / Creation date / Version ID in ISO archive / SOC OLP system version / SOC OLP CAL-G les version / / Version ID of each input le / Version ID of each input le / Version ID of each input le / Equinox / Telemetry rate in Kbps (Kbits/sec)

254

APPENDIX D. SATELLITE FILES

D.8.2

Records

The GEHK le contains records described in Table D.24. Table D.24: GEHK records. Keyword GEPRTKEY GEPRQUAL1 GEHKGST GEHKFR02 GEHKFR8 GEHKFR162 GEHKRPID GEHKDERP3
Notes: 1. As in the AOCS le, GEPRQUAL is used to determine the quality of the various frames in the GEHK le. GEPRQUAL is a 32 bit integer. The most signicant bit (bit 31) refers to frame 0, the least (bit 0) to frame 31. If the relevant bit for frame x is set to 1 then that frame is bad and should be ignored. e.g. if bit 31 is set to 1, then frame 0 is bad. 2. Frame 0 and 16, containing spacecraft housekeeping, are used to generate ERD but are of no use to the general observer. 3. Similarly, ESOCs derived parameters are unlikely to be of interest to the general observer.

Number 1 1 2 256 256 256 3 509

Format I4 I4 I4 I1 I1 I1 I1 I1

Description UTK time key Frame quality GST in original TDF record Frame 0 (spacecraft housekeeping) Frame 8 (science housekeeping) Frame 16 (spacecraft housekeeping) Raster point ID and validity (ESOCs) derived parameters

D.8. GENERAL HOUSEKEEPING (GEHK)

255

D.8.3

CAM frame 8

No useful information is kept here for CAM.

D.8.4

LWS frame 8

No useful information is kept here for LWS.

D.8.5

PHT frame 8

No useful information is kept here for PHT.

D.8.6

SWS frame 8

Table D.25 describes the bits in frame 8 relevant to SWS. Bits are numbered from 0 (LSB) to 7 (MSB). Some of this information is copied over into the SWS status word SWSPSTAT (see the ISO Handbook Volume V on SWS, [108]). Table D.25: SWS frame 8 contents. Check Diuse calibrator Grating calibrator SW scan in AOT7 Grating scan FP Dark current Photometric check SW grating run LW grating run SW scan direction LW scan direction Byte 13 13 13 13 13 48 46 43 52 43 52 Bit 4 4, 5 and 6 5 5 and/or 6 5, 6 and 7 0 3 0 0 7 7 Contents If bit set then diuse calibrator on If bit set then grating calibrator on If bit set then SW scan in AOT 7 If bit set then grating scan If bit set then FP on If bit set then dark current If bit set then photometric check If bit set then SW grating running If bit set then LW grating running If bit set then SW scan If bit set then LW scan

256

APPENDIX D. SATELLITE FILES

D.9

General Housekeeping (Sampled) (GSHH)

The GSHH le is a sampled version of the GEHK General Housekeeping le, containing every fteenth records. Users should refer to section D.8 for a description of the le. Note that in the GSHH le the record elds are (naturally) named GSHHxxxx rather than GEHKxxxx.

D.10. ISO GUIDE-STAR HIPPARCOS CATALOGUE DATA (HIPPARCHOS)

257

D.10

ISO Guide-Star Hipparcos Catalogue Data (HIPPARCHOS)

This le contains information from the Hipparcos 1 catalogue, [83], for the stars used as ISO guide stars. It is not a full extract of the Hipparcos catalogue, but a subset. Users are recommended to refer to the Hipparcos catalogue for further information on the contents of this le. It was used in some detailed pointing corrections and was not designed to be of use to the general observer.

D.10.1

Primary header

The HIPPARCHOS le contains a primary header with the elds described in Table D.26. In this example non-mandatory elds are lled with example values. Table D.26: HIPPARCHOS primary header. Keyword SIMPLE = BITPIX = NAXIS = EXTEND = ORIGIN = TELESCOP = COMMENT FILENAME = DATE = FILEVERS = OLPVERS = CALGVERS = USERNAME = CREATOR CALIBRAT = TIME = DATE-OLD = Value T 8 0 T ESA ISO HIPPARCHOS 09/07/95 0298 OLP 21 CALG 31 PIPELINE OLP CREATE v1.0 CAL-G v5.6 22:45:59 1999-08-16 Description / / / / / European Space Agency / Infrared Space Observatory ISO guide-star Hipparcos catalogue data / File name in ISO archive / Creation date / Version ID in ISO archive / SOC OLP system version / SOC OLP CAL-G les version / / Task which created the le / Calibration Data release / Time of le creation (hh:mm:ss) / Date of original creation by IDT

1 Actually it should have been spelled HIPPARCOS, as the space astrometry mission, but a dierent transcription of the greek name was used in IDA

258

APPENDIX D. SATELLITE FILES

D.10.2

Records

The HIPPARCHOS le contains records described in Table D.27. Table D.27: HIPPARCHOS records. Keyword H1 H3 H4 H5 H8 H9 H11 H12 H13 H14 H15 H16 H17 H18 H19 H20 H21 H22 H23 H24 H25 H26 H27 H28 H29 H30 H31 H32 H33 H34 H35 H37 H38 H40 H41 H44 H45 H46 H47 H49 H50 H51 Number 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Format I4 A12 A12 R4 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 I4 R4 I4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 I4 R4 R4 R4 Description Identier (HIP number) Identier RA (J1991.25), as h m s Identier Dec (J1991.25), as d m s Johnson V magnitude, in magnitudes alpha (J1991.25), in degrees delta (J1991.25), in degrees Trigonometric parallax, in mas mu alpha*, in mas/year mu delta, in mas/year Standard error in alpha (J1991.25), in mas Standard error in delta (J1991.25), in mas Standard error in pi, in mas Standard error in mu alpha*, in mas/year Standard error in mu delta, in mas/year Correlation: alpha*/delta Correlation: alpha*/pi Correlation: delta/pi Correlation: alpha*/mu alpha* Correlation: delta/mu alpha* Correlation: pi/mu alpha* Correlation: alpha*/mu delta Correlation: delta/mu delta Correlation: pi/mu delta Correlation: mu alpha*/mu delta Data points rejected, in percent F2 (goodness-of-t) HIP number BT, in magnitudes sigma(BT), in magnitudes VT, in magnitudes sigma(VT), in magnitudes BV, in magnitudes sigma(BV), in magnitudes VI, in magnitudes sigma(VI), in magnitudes median(Hp), in magnitudes sigma(Hp), in magnitudes Scatter, in magnitudes Number of accepted transits Magnitude at maximum Hp (5th percentile), in magnitudes Magnitude at minimum Hp (95th percentile), in magnitudes Period, in days

D.10. ISO GUIDE-STAR HIPPARCOS CATALOGUE DATA (HIPPARCHOS)

259

H63 H64 H65 H66 H67 H75 H0 H2 H6 H7 H10 H36 H39 H42 H43 H48 H52 H53 H54 H55 H56 H57 H58 H59 H60 H61 H62 H68 H69 H70 H71 H72 H73 H74 H76 H77 SPARE

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 29

I4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A10 A1 I1 I1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A1 A1 A1 A6 A10 A10 A10 A12 A1 A1

Position angle, in degrees Angular separation, in arcseconds sigma(separation), in arcseconds delta(Hp), in magnitudes sigma(delta(Hp)), in magnitudes VI used for reductions, in magnitudes Catalogue (H = Hipparcos) Proximity ag Coarse variability ag Source of magnitude identier Reference ag for BT and VT Reference ag for BT and VT Source of BV Source of VI Reference ag for colour indices Reference ag for photometry Flag (variability type) Flag (variability tables) Flag (light curves) CCDM Identier Historical status ag Number of catalogue entries Number of components Double/Multiple Systems Annex ag Astrometric source ag Solution quality Component identiers Survey ag Chart ag Notes ag HD identier DM (BD) identier DM (CoD) identier DM (CPD) identier Spectral type Source of spectral type Spare space

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APPENDIX D. SATELLITE FILES

D.11

ISO Focal Plane Geometry (IFPG)

This le contains information on the osets of the various instrument apertures with respect to the Quadrant Star Sensor (QSS). It was of fundamental importance in calculating instrument elds of view.

D.11.1

Primary header

The IFPG le contains a primary header with the elds described in Table D.28. In this example nonmandatory elds are lled with example values. Table D.28: IFPG primary header. Keyword SIMPLE = BITPIX = NAXIS = EXTEND = ORIGIN = TELESCOP = COMMENT FILENAME = DATE = FILEVERS = OLPVERS = USERNAME = DATE-OLD = Value T 8 0 T ESA ISO IFPG 09/07/95 0298 OLP 21 PIPELINE 1996-08-14 Description / / / / / European Space Agency / Infrared Space Observatory ISO Focal Plane Geometry / File name in archive / Creation date / Version ID in ISO archive / SOC OLP system version / / Date of original creation by IDT

D.11.2

Records

The IFPG le contains records described in Table D.29. Table D.29: IFPG records. Keyword SPARE INSTID APERTID DY DZ REV Number 17 1 1 1 1 1 Format I1 A1 I2 R4 R4 I4 Description Spare Instrument ID (C,L,P,S) Aperture ID (1/2/3) Aperture Y-oset with respect to QSS, in arcmin Aperture Z-oset with respect to QSS, in arcmin Revolution during which the osets were measured 1 = EE1 tests 2 = EE2 tests

D.12. INSTRUMENT INSTANTANEOUS POINTING HISTORY (IIPH)

261

D.12

Instrument Instantaneous Pointing History (IIPH)

This le details the pointing history of the prime instrument during an observation at a rate of two records per second2 . Any drift in the pointing is reected in this le. In anticipation of possible future work, the IIPHs binary table contains all the attitude-related quantities that could conceivably have been variable with time, including, in particular, the Star-Tracker/Quadrant Star Sensor (STR/QSS) misalignment quaternion (MISQ). This misalignment is subject to change due to thermal eects and was thus recalibrated at the beginning of each revolution, though the day-to-day changes were small (less than one arcsecond). The changes during a single revolution, which would cause instruments pointing direction to drift, were probably even smaller. Although it was not possible to estimate the magnitude of any such drift in routine operations, so that the elements of MISQ are constant in the distributed IIPH les, detailed analysis of high-resolution CAM or SWS data might allow the drift history to be estimated, yielding the evolution of the MISQ.

D.12.1

Primary header

The IIPH le contains a primary header with the elds described in Table D.30. In this example nonmandatory elds are lled with example values. Table D.30: IIPH primary header. Keyword SIMPLE = BITPIX = NAXIS = EXTEND = ORIGIN = TELESCOP = COMMENT FILENAME = DATE = FILEVERS = OLPVERS = CALGVERS = USERNAME = CREATOR = INSTRUME1 = ATTRA2 = ATTDEC2 = ATTTYPE3 = Value T 8 0 T ESA ISO IIPH64001226 18/08/97 0518 OLP 611 CALG 31 PIPELINE DERIVE IPH v6.2 PHT 266.56054 +62.45108 R Description / File does conform to FITS standard / Number of bits per data pixel / Number of data axes / FITS dataset may contain extensions / European Space Agency / Infrared Space Observatory Instrument Instantaneous Pointing History / File name in ISO archive / Creation date / Version ID in ISO archive / SOC OLP system version / SOC OLP CAL-G les version / / Application that created the le / Instrument identier / Intended Instrument J2000 Right Ascension (degrees) / Intended Instrument J2000 Declination (degrees) / Type of attitude operation

2 Another le called CIPH (CAM Instantaneous Pointing History) is the equivalent le for CAM parallel mode observations only.

262

APPENDIX D. SATELLITE FILES

ATTOTFTH = ATTRNPTS = ATTRNLNS = ATTRDPTS = ATTRDLNS = ATTRORIE = ATTRROTA = ATTGUIDE = ATTSAANG = ATTERROR = ATTMISQ1 = ATTMISQ2 = ATTMISQ3 = ATTMISQ4 = ATTINSQ1 = ATTINSQ2 = ATTINSQ3 = ATTINSQ4 = INSTRA = INSTDEC = INSTROLL = CINSTRA = CINSTDEC = CINSTROL = VERS1 = VERS2 =
Notes:

2.0 3 3 92 92 1 0.0 93715 88.7 0 0.0000000 -0.0004555 -0.0002231 0.9999999 0.0000000 -0.0000181 0.0012427 0.9999992 266.13155 +62.42157 127.70 266.13155 +62.42157 127.70 0518/IRPH08300207 0518/AOCS08300207

/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

On-target threshold (arcsec) Number of points per raster line Number of raster lines Distance between adjacent points (arcsec) Distance between adjacent lines (arcsec) Raster orientation ag (0 or 1) Rotation of raster pattern (degrees) Guide star reference number Solar aspect angle (degrees) 0=OK, 1=target not acquired, 2=No STR/QSS misalignment STR/QSS misalignment quaternion Q(1) STR/QSS misalignment quaternion Q(2) STR/QSS misalignment quaternion Q(3) STR/QSS misalignment quaternion Q(4) QSS/Instrument alignment quaternion Q(1) QSS/Instrument alignment quaternion Q(2) QSS/Instrument alignment quaternion Q(3) QSS/Instrument alignment quaternion Q(4) Reference instrument J2000 right ascension (degrees) Reference instrument J2000 declination (degrees) Reference instrument J2000 roll angle (degrees) Corrected reference instrument J2000 right ascension Corrected reference instrument J2000 declination Corrected reference instrument J2000 roll angle Version ID of each input le Version ID of each input le

1. During activation the INSTRUME keyword refers to the QSS. 2. Intended RA & Dec of instrument viewing direction in degrees. For SWS it refers to whichever slit is being used, for ATTYPE R or T it refers to the centre of the raster pattern. 3. Type of attitude operation: P for ne pointing; R for raster; and T for SSO tracking.

D.12. INSTRUMENT INSTANTANEOUS POINTING HISTORY (IIPH)

263

D.12.2

Records

Each record in the IIPH le has the elds described in Table D.31. All observations will result in a le of many entries two every second. Table D.31: IIPH records. Keyword UTK UTC RPID APERTURE1 OTF FILTER SPIKE SPARE ATTQ RA2 DEC2 ROLL2 CORQ CRA CDEC CROLL STRQ XRA XDEC XROLL
Notes: 1. During spacecraft activation the APERTURE keyword contains Z0, the aperture of the QSS. 2. RA , DEC and ROLL are all measured in degrees RA is not measured in hh:mm:ss. See the denition in Appendix F of RA, DEC and ROLL.

Number 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 13 4 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 1 1

Format I4 I4 I1 A2 I1 I1 I1 I1 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8

Description UTK time key UTC time key Raster pointer ID Aperture in use On-target ag. 0=O target, 1=On target Attitude lter applied. 0=None, 1=AOCS, 2=Other Attitude spike ag. 0=OK, 1=warning, 2=not dened Spare space Instantaneous attitude quaternion Right ascension, in degrees Declination, in degrees Roll angle, in degrees Corrected attitude quaternion Corrected right ascension, in degrees Corrected declination, in degrees Corrected roll angle, in degrees Instantaneous Star-Tracker quaternion Instantaneous right ascension, in degrees Instantaneous declination, in degrees Instantaneous roll angle, in degrees

264

APPENDIX D. SATELLITE FILES

D.13

Instrument Reference Pointing History (IRPH)

This le details the complete set of reference sky positions that apply to an observation3 . A staring observation has one record per aperture; a raster observation has one record per raster point per raster. As the name suggests, these directions provide the reference points for the calculation of the OTF in the IIPH.

D.13.1

Primary header

The IRPH le contains a primary header with the elds described in Table D.32. In this example non-mandatory elds are lled with example values. Table D.32: IRPH primary header. Keyword SIMPLE = BITPIX = NAXIS = EXTEND = ORIGIN = TELESCOP = COMMENT FILENAME = DATE = FILEVERS = OLPVERS = CALGVERS = USERNAME = CREATOR = INSTRUME1 = ATTRA2 = ATTDEC2 = ATTTYPE3 = ATTOTFTH = ATTRNPTS = ATTRNLNS = ATTRDPTS = ATTRDLNS = ATTRORIE = ATTRROTA = ATTGUIDE = ATTSAANG = ATTERROR = Value T 8 0 T ESA ISO IRPH08300207 12/02/96 0518 OLP 242 CALG 31 PIPELINE DERIVE IPH v2.0 CAM 266.56054 +62.45108 R 10.0 3 3 92 92 1 0.0 93715 88.7 0 Description / File does conform to FITS standard / Number of bits per data pixel / Number of data axes / FITS dataset may contain extensions / European Space Agency / Infrared Space Observatory Instrument Reference Pointing History / File name in ISO archive / Creation date / Version ID in ISO archive / SOC OLP system version / SOC OLP CAL-G les version / / Application that created the le / Instrument identier / Intended Instrument J2000 Right Ascension (degrees) / Intended Instrument J2000 Declination (degrees) / Type of attitude operation / On-target threshold (arcsec) / Number of points per raster line / Number of raster lines / Distance between adjacent points (arcsec) / Distance between adjacent lines (arcsec) / Raster orientation ag (0 or 1) / Rotation of raster pattern (degrees) / Guide star reference number / Solar aspect angle (degrees) / 0=OK, 1=target not acquired, / 2=No STR/QSS misalignment

3 Another le called CRPH (CAM Reference Pointing History) is the equivalent le for CAM parallel mode observations only.

D.13. INSTRUMENT REFERENCE POINTING HISTORY (IRPH)

265

ATTMISQ1 = ATTMISQ2 = ATTMISQ3 = ATTMISQ4 = ATTINSQ1 = ATTINSQ2 = ATTINSQ3 = ATTINSQ4 = INSTRA = INSTDEC = INSTROLL = CINSTRA = CINSTDEC = CINSTROL = VERS1 = VERS2 = VERS3 = VERS4 = VERS5 = VERS6 = VERS7 =
Notes:

0.0000000 -0.0004555 -0.0002231 0.9999999 0.0000000 -0.0000181 0.0012427 0.9999992 266.13155 +62.42157 127.70 266.13155 +62.42157 127.70 0518/EOHA083 0518/EOHI083 0515/APPH083 0456/IFPG 1047/ISTR 1047/SOLUN 1350/ORBIT

/ STR/QSS misalignment quaternion Q(1) / STR/QSS misalignment quaternion Q(2) / STR/QSS misalignment quaternion Q(3) / STR/QSS misalignment quaternion Q(4) / QSS/Instrument alignment quaternion Q(1) / QSS/Instrument alignment quaternion Q(2) / QSS/Instrument alignment quaternion Q(3) / QSS/Instrument alignment quaternion Q(4) / Reference instrument J2000 right ascension (degrees) / Reference instrument J2000 declination (degrees) / Reference instrument J2000 roll angle (degrees) / Corrected reference instrument J2000 right ascension (degrees) / Corrected reference instrument J2000 declination (degrees) / Corrected reference instrument J2000 roll angle (degrees) / Version ID of each input le / Version ID of each input le / Version ID of each input le / Version ID of each input le / Version ID of each input le / Version ID of each input le / Version ID of each input le

1. During spacecraft activation the INSTRUME keyword refers to the QSS. 2. Intended RA & Dec of instrument viewing direction in degrees. For SWS it refers to whichever slit is being used, for ATTYPE R or T it refers to the centre of the raster pattern. 3. Type of attitude operation; P for ne pointing; R for raster; and T for SSO tracking.

266

APPENDIX D. SATELLITE FILES

D.13.2

Records

Each record contains the elds described in Table D.33. Table D.33: IRPH records. Keyword RA0 DEC0 ROLL0 SPARE TYPE RPID UTC1 STRQ INSQ RPQ RA2 DEC2 ROLL2 CORQ CRA CDEC CROLL OTFT APERTURE3 FILLER
Note: 1. The UTC start time in the IRPH is the time at which the satellite starts to slew and point towards the raster point in question. 2. RA, DEC and ROLL are all measured in degrees RA is not measured in hh:mm:ss. See the denition in Appendix F of RA, DEC and ROLL. 3. During activation the APERTURE keyword contains Z0, the aperture of the QSS.

Number 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 4 4 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2

Format R8 R8 R8 I1 A1 I1 I4 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R4 C2 I1

Description Raster centre reference right ascension, in degrees Raster centre reference declination, in degrees Raster centre reference roll angle, in degrees Spare space Type of pointing operation Raster pointer ID UTC of start of observation, in seconds, since 1989.0 Star-Tracker point quaternion QSS/aperture alignment quaternion Raster point quaternion Uncorrected raster point reference right ascension, in degrees. It is derived from the APPH le Uncorrected raster point reference declination, in degrees Uncorrected raster point reference roll angle, in degrees Raster point correction quaternion Corrected raster point reference right ascension, in degrees Corrected raster point reference declination, in degrees Corrected raster point reference roll angle, in degrees On-target ag threshold, in arcsec Instrument/aperture combination (e.g. S3) For alignment

D.14. ISO STAR-TRACKER CALIBRATION DATA (ISTR)

267

D.14

ISO Star-Tracker Calibration Data (ISTR)

This le contains information on the operational Star-Tracker.

D.14.1

Primary header

The ISTR le contains a primary header with the elds described in Table D.34. In this example nonmandatory elds are lled with example values. Table D.34: ISTR primary header. Keyword SIMPLE = BITPIX = NAXIS = EXTEND = ORIGIN = TELESCOP = COMMENT FILENAME = DATE = FILEVERS = OLPVERS = CALGVERS = USERNAME = DATE-OLD = Value T 8 0 T ESA ISO ISTR 09/07/95 0298 OLP 21 CALG 31 PIPELINE 1997-07-14 Description / / / / / European Space Agency / Infrared Space Observatory ISO Star-Tracker calibration data / File name in ISO archive / Creation date / Version ID in ISO archive / SOC OLP system version / SOC OLP CAL-G les version / / Date of original creation by IDT

D.14.2

Records

The ISTR le contains records described in Table D.29. Table D.35: ISTR records. Keyword F DFY DFZ X10 DX10 STRX DSTRX REV UTC SPARE Number 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 16 Format R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 I4 I4 I1 Description Focal length, in metre Focal length fractional error Y-component Focal length fractional error Z-component FSS-Z misalignment parameter FSS-Z misalignment parameter error equivalent angle, in arcsec STR-X misalignment, in degrees STR-X misalignment error, in arcsec Revolution after which the measurements apply UTC after which the measurements apply, in seconds since 1989.0 Spare space

268

APPENDIX D. SATELLITE FILES

D.15

ORBIT

The ORBIT le contains all the information needed to reconstruct the orbital parameters of the ISO spacecraft. As it is not merely a tabulation of data conforming to the FITS standard but also contains, for example, variable numbers of interpolation coecients, some accompanying software is required for its proper use. The subroutine MC ORBIT, listed at the end of this section may be used for this purpose. This le holds also compressed and detailed information about the complete history of the spacecrafts geocentric position and velocity. For the convenience of observers, at three times during an observation (at the start, middle and end) ISOs heliocentric velocity and velocity towards the target is determined from this le and inserted in the headers of the corresponding instrument data les as described in the instrument specic volumes (II to V) of this Handbook. These data are kept in two sets of three keywords, TREFHEL1,2,3 and TREFDOP1,2,3, along with the corresponding UTC and orbital phase, kept in the TREFCOR1,2,3 and TREFPHA1,2,3 keywords. Note that the spacecraft velocities reported do not include any component of the velocity of the target, SSO or otherwise.

D.15.1

Primary header

The ORBIT le contains a primary header with the elds described in Table D.36. In this example non-mandatory elds are lled with example values. Table D.36: ORBIT primary header. Keyword SIMPLE = BITPIX = NAXIS = EXTEND = ORIGIN = TELESCOP = COMMENT FILENAME = DATE = FILEVERS = OLPVERS = CALGVERS = USERNAME = COMMENT Value T 8 0 T ESA ISO ORBIT 07/07/98 1350 OLP 632 CALG 31 PIPELINE Description / / / / / European Space Agency / Infrared Space Observatory Compressed orbit le / File name in ISO archive / Creation date / Version ID in ISO archive / SOC OLP system version / SOC OLP CAL-G les version / This le contains ISO orbit data. It can only be interpreted using the software MCRORB within the MC package, or using similar software supplied directly by ESOC.

D.15. ORBIT

269

D.15.2

Records

The ORBIT le contains records described in Table D.37. Table D.37: ORBIT records. Keyword ORBITDAT Number 1 Format A80 Description Orbit parameters (composite structure)

D.15.3

MC ORBIT subroutine

This section lists the FORTRAN subroutine used to read the ORBIT le above described. There is only one call in this subroutine that needs explanation, that of MCRPR. CALL MCRPR (LFILE, RECORD, 80, EOF, BUFFER)

reads from unit number LFILE (I*4) record number RECORD (I*4). This record is expected to be 80 bytes long. If, on return, the logical EOF is true it indicates that the requested record was out of the range of the le, otherwise the record is placed in BUFFER (in this case C*80).

SUBROUTINE MC_ORBIT(DAY,KODE,LFILE,IERROR,NSAT,X,REVNUM) C+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ CP ORBIT: RETRIEVAL ROUTINE FOR COMPRESSED LTOF/STOF ORBIT FILE, C delivered under the original name of "ORBIT" by ESOC/OAD. C C The following changes have been made by J. Sternberg to the original C routine supplied by ESOC/OAD in March 1995. C 1. Name changed to MC_ORBIT (= MC package convention). C 2. Every formatted READ statement was converted to an UNformatted READ C (MCRPR) followed by an internal READ, keeping the same statement C numbers for the FORMAT, "END=" and "ERR=" labels. C 3. NEXT_RECORD was introduced, to keep track of file position, C because ORBIT is a direct access file instead of sequential. C 4. A REWIND statement was replaced by an assignment of NEXT_RECORD to 1. C 5. IMPLICIT statement was completed for all initial letters, due to C /WARNINGS option being in use. C Anyone outside the SOC trying to use this routine could de-integrate it C from the MC package, by reversing the above-mentioned changes, i.e. by C removing everything to do with MCRPR, LFILE_BUFFER, and NEXT_RECORD. C C OADs UPDATE OF 1994/08/30 C OADs UPDATE OF 1995/03/24: REMOVE REFERENCE TO CLUSTER C CHANGE SEARCH FOR FIRST BLOCK RECORD C RETURN EARLIEST/LATEST DATES IF INVALID DAY C C INPUT: CI DAY (R*8) = MODIFIED JULIAN DAY, FROM 2000, FOR THE STATE VECTOR

270

APPENDIX D. SATELLITE FILES

CI KODE (I*4) = NUMBER OF COMPONENTS OF STATE VECTOR = DIM. OF ARRAY C X(); = 3 FOR S/C POSITION, = 6 FOR POSITION & VELOCITY CI LFILE (I*4) = LOGICAL NUMBER OF INPUT DATA FILE C OUTPUT: CO IERROR (I*4) = RETURN CODE: 0=NO ERROR, 1=DAY TOO EARLY, 2=TOO C LATE, 3=TIME GAP IN DATA, 4=WRONG VALUE OF KODE, C 5=FILE CONTENT INCONSISTENT, 6=READ ERROR FROM DATA FILE CO NSAT (I*4) = SATELLITE NUMBER: FROM 1 to 99 CO X(KODE) (R*8) = SPACECRAFT POSITION, KM (AND VELOCITY, KM/S) CO IF IERROR = 1 THEN X(2) = EARLIEST TIME (MJD2000) CO IF IERROR = 2 THEN X(3) = LATEST TIME (MJD2000) CO REVNUM (R*8) = REVOLUTION NUMBER C CF READS A SEQUENTIAL FORMATTED FILE WITH LOGICAL NUMBER LFILE C-------------------------------------------------------------------IMPLICIT REAL*8(A-H,O-Z), INTEGER*4(I-N) DIMENSION Y(6),COEFF(10,6),X(KODE) CHARACTER*3 CH3 INTEGER*4 LFILE_BUFFER(20) !added by JRS, for integration with MC CHARACTER*80 CFILE_BUFFER !added by JRS, for integration with MC EQUIVALENCE (LFILE_BUFFER, CFILE_BUFFER) ! for integration with MC INTEGER*4 NEXT_RECORD !added by JRS, for integration with MC LOGICAL*4 EOF !added by JRS, for integration with MC C INITIALISE FILE NUMBER TO FORCE FILE READING AT FIRST CALL DATA MFILE/-9999/ C C PARAMETERS SAVED INSIDE ROUTINE: NSATIN,MFILE,DAYFIR,DAYLAS,Y(), C RDIST,COEFF(,),KOEFF,DAYBEG,DAYEND,EPOCH,REVEPO,SMAXIS,OMOTIN SAVE C C INITIALISE ERROR CODES IERROR = 0 IF(KODE .LE. 0) GOTO 504 IF(KODE .GT. 6) GOTO 504 C C ALWAYS REWIND IF A NEW FILE NUMBER IS USED IF(LFILE .NE. MFILE) GOTO 10 C C CHECK IF DAY IS INSIDE LAST READ RECORD BLOCK IF(DAY .GT. DAYEND + 1.D-4) GOTO 20 IF(DAY .GE. DAYBEG - 1.D-4) GOTO 70 C C INITIALISE THE READING FROM THE FILE 10 DAYFIR = 99.D9 DAYLAS = 99.D9 MFILE = LFILE C REWIND LFILE !Commented out by JRS, since not correct for MC NEXT_RECORD = 1 !Added by JRS, to replace REWIND C 20 CONTINUE C READ 1ST RECORD IN A BLOCK CALL MCRPR (LFILE, NEXT_RECORD, 80, EOF, LFILE_BUFFER)

D.15. ORBIT NEXT_RECORD = NEXT_RECORD + 1 IF (EOF) GOTO 509 READ (CFILE_BUFFER,41,ERR=506) NSATIN, CH3 41 FORMAT(I3,A3) C IF: CH3 IS P OR R THEN THIS IS 1ST RECORD IN A BLOCK IF(CH3.NE. P .AND. CH3.NE. R) GOTO 20 NSAT = NSATIN C C READ 2ND RECORD IN THE BLOCK CF NREC = RECORD IDENTIFICATION, SHALL BE = 200 + NSATIN CF DAYBEG = BEGIN TIME OF THE RECORD (MJD) CF DAYEND = END TIME OF THE RECORD (MJD) CF EPOCH = EPOCH OF REFERENCE STATE VECTOR (MJD) CF REVEPO = REVOLUTION NUMBER AT EPOCH CF SMAXIS = SEMIMAJOR AXIS FOR THE KEPLER ORBIT CF OMOTIN = INVERSE MEAN MOTION FOR THE KEPLER ORBIT CALL MCRPR (LFILE, NEXT_RECORD, 80, EOF, LFILE_BUFFER) NEXT_RECORD = NEXT_RECORD + 1 IF (EOF) GOTO 509 READ (CFILE_BUFFER,42,ERR=506) &NREC,DAYBEG,DAYEND,EPOCH,REVEPO,SMAXIS,OMOTIN 42 FORMAT(I3,2F12.6,F15.9,F11.3,2F13.5) C CHECK CONSISTENCY OF FILE IF(NREC .NE. 200 + NSATIN) GOTO 505 IF(DAYBEG .GT. DAYEND) GOTO 505 C C DAYFIR = START TIME OF 1ST RECORD ON 1ST BLOCK ON THE FILE - MARGIN DAYFIR = DMIN1(DAYFIR,DAYBEG - 1.D-4) C ERROR RETURN IF DAY IS BEFORE START OF FILE (WITH MARGIN) IF(DAY .LT. DAYFIR) THEN X(2) = DAYFIR GO TO 501 ENDIF C ERROR RETURN IF THERE IS A GAP FROM LAST BLOCK (WITH MARGIN) IF(DAYBEG .GT. DAYLAS) GOTO 503 C DAYLAS = END TIME OF LAST READ RECORD BLOCK + MARGIN DAYLAS = DAYEND + 2.D-4 C C CONTINUE READ IF DAY IS AFTER END OF THIS RECORD BLOCK IF(DAY .GT. DAYEND + 1.D-4) GOTO 20 C REWIND WHEN DAY IS EARLIER THAN START OF PRESENT RECORD BLOCK IF(DAY .LT. DAYBEG - 1.D-4) GOTO 10 C C READ 3RD RECORD IN THE BLOCK CF NREC = RECORD IDENTIFICATION, SHALL BE = 300 + NUMBER OF POL.COEFF. CF Y(6) = REFERENCE STATE VECTOR FOR KEPLER ORBIT (KM, KM/S) CF RDIST = S/C EARTH CENTRE DISTANCE AT EPOCH CALL MCRPR (LFILE, NEXT_RECORD, 80, EOF, LFILE_BUFFER) NEXT_RECORD = NEXT_RECORD + 1 IF (EOF) GOTO 505 READ (CFILE_BUFFER,43,ERR=506) NREC,Y,RDIST 43 FORMAT(I3,3F11.3,3F11.7,F11.3)

271

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APPENDIX D. SATELLITE FILES

C C C

CHECK CONSISTENCY OF FILE IF(NREC .GT. 310) GOTO 505 IF(NREC .LT. 300) GOTO 505 KOEFF = NUMBER OF POLYNOMIAL COEFFICIENTS, BETWEEN 0 AND 10 KOEFF = NREC - 300 IF THERE ARE NO COEFFICIENTS IN THIS BLOCK IF(KOEFF. LE. 0) GOTO 70 DO 60 K = 1,KOEFF NREC = RECORD IDENT. = KOEFF + 11*K COEFF(10,6) = MATRIX WITH UP TO 10 COEFFICIENTS OF THE CHEBYSHEV POLYNOMIAL FOR EACH OF THE 6 COMPONENTS OF THE STATE VECTOR CALL MCRPR (LFILE, NEXT_RECORD, 80, EOF, LFILE_BUFFER) NEXT_RECORD = NEXT_RECORD + 1 IF (EOF) GOTO 505 READ (CFILE_BUFFER,44,ERR=506) NREC,(COEFF(K,I),I=1,6) FORMAT(I3,3F11.3,3F11.7)

CF CF CF

44 C C CHECK CONSISTENCY OF FILE IF(11*K + KOEFF .NE. NREC) GOTO 505 60 CONTINUE C END OF BLOCK READING SEQUENCE, PROVIDE OUTPUT DATA 70 CONTINUE C C TIME CONVERTED TO DIFFERENCE IN MEAN ANOMALY DMANOM = (DAY - EPOCH)*864.D2/OMOTIN C ORBIT NUMBER REVNUM = REVEPO + DMANOM/6.2831853072D0 C C START MODELLING KEPLER ORBIT ARIN = SMAXIS/RDIST ARM = (RDIST - SMAXIS)/SMAXIS RVWAM = (Y(1)*Y(4) + Y(2)*Y(5) + Y(3)*Y(6))*OMOTIN/SMAXIS**2 C CALC. OF ECC. ANOMALY BY NEWTONS ITERATION TAM = DMANOM - RVWAM COMP = 1.D-7 + 1.D-10*DABS(TAM) B = TAM C ITERATIONS TO SOLVE KEPLERS EQUATION: DO 130 ITER = 1,15 GO = DCOS(B) G1 = DSIN(B) BET = TAM - ARM*G1 + RVWAM*GO D = (BET - B)/(1.D0 + ARM*GO + RVWAM*G1) B = B + D C THIS GIVES THE ACCURACY 1.D-14 IN B & THE GS IF(DABS(D) .LE. COMP) GOTO 140 130 CONTINUE C NO CONVERGENCE, ERROR RETURN GOTO 505 140 CONTINUE GO = GO - D*G1

D.15. ORBIT G1 G2 G3 FX GX C K = MIN0(KODE,3) DO 150 J = 1,K X(J) = FX*Y(J) + GX*Y(J+3) = = = = = G1 + D*GO 1.D0 - GO B - G1 1.D0 - G2*ARIN (DMANOM - G3)*OMOTIN

273

150 C

IF(KODE .LE. 3) GOTO 170 RX = DSQRT(X(1)**2 + X(2)**2 + X(3)**2) FT = -G1*SMAXIS*ARIN/(OMOTIN*RX) GT = 1.D0 - G2*SMAXIS/RX DO 160 J = 4,KODE 160 X(J) = FT*Y(J-3) + GT*Y(J) C END OF MODELLING KEPLER ORBIT 170 CONTINUE C C CHECK IF POLYNOMIAL COEFFICIENTS ARE REQUIRED (1 IS NOT WORTH WHILE) IF(KOEFF .LE. 1) GOTO 600 C MID-POINT & SCALE FACTOR FOR CHEBYSHEV POLYNOMIAL DAYMID = 0.5D0*(DAYBEG + DAYEND) SCALE = 4.D0/(DAYEND - DAYBEG) C ADD CHEBYSHEV POLYNOMIAL TO KEPLER STATE VECTOR S = SCALE*(DAY - DAYMID) PA = 1.D0 P = S*0.5D0 C C KODE = NUMBER OF COMPONENTS OF THE STATE VECTOR DO 200 J = 1,KODE 200 X(J) = X(J) + COEFF(1,J) + COEFF(2,J)*P C IF(KOEFF .LE. 2) GOTO 600 DO 210 L = 3,KOEFF PB = PA PA = P P = S*PA - PB DO 210 J = 1,KODE 210 X(J) = X(J) + COEFF(L,J)*P 230 CONTINUE C GOTO 600 C ERROR RETURNS; IERROR = 5, 6, 4, 3, 2 OR 1 509 CONTINUE C END-OF-FILE ONLY IF AT LEAST ONE RECORD HAS BEEN READ IF(DAYLAS .LT. 1.D9) THEN X(3) = DAYLAS GOTO 502 ENDIF 505 IERROR = -1 506 IERROR = IERROR + 2

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APPENDIX D. SATELLITE FILES

504 IERROR = IERROR + 1 503 IERROR = IERROR + 1 502 IERROR = IERROR + 1 501 IERROR = IERROR + 1 C FORCE A RE-INITIALISATION OF READ AT NEXT CALL AFTER AN ERROR MFILE = -9999 600 RETURN END

D.16. ISO GUIDE-STAR TYCHO CATALOGUE DATA (TYCHO)

275

D.16

ISO Guide-Star Tycho Catalogue Data (TYCHO)

This le contains information from the Tycho catalogue, [83], for the stars used as ISO guide stars. This le is not a full extract of the Tycho catalogue, but a subset. Users are recommended to refer to the Tycho catalogue for further information on the contents of this le. It was used in some detailed pointing corrections and was not designed to be of use to the general observer.

D.16.1

Primary header

The TYCHO le contains a primary header with the elds described in Table D.38. In this example non-mandatory elds are lled with example values. Table D.38: TYCHO primary header. Keyword SIMPLE = BITPIX = NAXIS = EXTEND = ORIGIN = TELESCOP = COMMENT FILENAME = DATE = FILEVERS = OLPVERS = CALGVERS = USERNAME = CREATOR CALIBRAT = TIME = DATE-OLD = Value T 8 0 T ESA ISO TYCHO 09/07/95 0298 OLP 21 CALG 31 PIPELINE OLP CREATE v1.0 CAL-G v5.6 22:59:29 1999-08-16 Description / / / / / European Space Agency / Infrared Space Observatory ISO guide-star Tycho catalogue data / File name in ISO archive / Creation date / Version ID in ISO archive / SOC OLP system version / SOC OLP CAL-G les version / / Task which created the le / Calibration Data release / Time of le creation (hh:mm:ss) / Date of original creation by IDT

D.16.2

Records

The TYCHO le contains records described in Table D.39. Table D.39: TYCHO records. Keyword T1 T0 T2 T3 T4 Number 3 1 1 1 1 Format I2 C1 C1 C12 C12 Description TYC identier Catalogue (T = Tycho) Proximity ag Identier RA(J1991.25), as h m s Identier Dec(J1991.25), as d m s

276 T5 T6 T8 T9 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 T25 T26 T27 T28 T29 T30 T31 T32 T33 T34 T35 T37 T38 T41 T44 T45 T46 T7 T10 T36 T40 T42 T43 T47 T48 T49 T50 T51 T52 T53 T54 T55 T56 T57 T39 SPARE 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 36 R4 C4 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 I4 R4 I4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 C1 C1 C1 I1 C1 I1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C2 I4 I4 C10 C10 C10 C1 C1 I1

APPENDIX D. SATELLITE FILES Johnson V magnitude Blank alpha(J1991.25), in degrees delta(J1991.25), in degrees Trigonometric parallax, in mas mu alpha*, in mas/year mu delta, in mas/year Standard error in alpha(J1991.25), in mas Standard error in delta(J1991.25), in mas Standard error in pi, in mas Standard error in mu alpha*, in mas/year Standard error in mu delta, in mas/year Correlation: alpha*/delta Correlation: alpha*/pi Correlation: delta/pi Correlation: alpha*/mu alpha* Correlation: delta/mu alpha* Correlation: pi/mu alpha* Correlation: alpha*/mu delta Correlation: delta/mu delta Correlation: pi/mu delta Correlation: mu alpha*/mu delta Data points rejected, in percent F2 (goodness-of-t) HIP number BT, in magnitudes sigma(BT), in magnitudes VT, in magnitudes sigma(VT), in magnitudes BV, in magnitudes sigma(BV), in magnitudes S/N ratio, in magnitudes V(T) scatter, in magnitudes Magnitude at maximum VT (5th percentile), in magnitudes Magnitude at minimum VT (95th percentile), in magnitudes Source of magnitude identier Reference ag for astrometry Reference ag for BT and VT Astrometric quality ag Source of astrometric data N(photom) Variability (from GCVS/NSV) Variability (from Tycho) Duplicity (from Tycho) Flag (epoch data) CCDM component Identier PPM identier HD identier DM (BD) identier DM (CoD) identier DM (CPD) identier Notes ag Blank Spare space

Appendix E

IDA content details

E.1 O-Line Products

The ISO Data observational products consist of: Data obtained using AOTs Most of the scientic observations and many calibration observations have been performed using predened Astronomical Observation Templates (AOTs). Data Obtained Using Non-Standard Commanding Many data, especially those obtained during the Performance Verication Phase, from activation sequences and from calibration observations, have been obtained using non-standard commanding. Data obtained using the Calibration Uplink System are an example. Since all these data are of scientic interest, usually the same range of products as dened for AOT-derived data are available. An exception is PHT, for which only ERD is available for these observations (including the two polarisation modes PHT50 & PHT51). Parallel and Serendipity Data CAM, PHT and LWS have data which were obtained when the instrument itself was not prime, such as during slews or when other instruments were in staring or raster mode. A suitable range of raw and processed data, as far as possible mirroring of those for AOT-derived data, have been dened and archived. Again, for PHT serendipity mode only ERD data are available. An overview of the les per product level for each instrument can be found in Tables E.1, E.2 and E.3.

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278

APPENDIX E. IDA CONTENT DETAILS Table E.1: List of les per product level Raw Data Satellite IRPH IIPH CRPH CIPH CAM CSTA CUFF AAR CPER ERD CIER ERD LWS LSTA LIER ERD LGER ERD LSER ERD LLER ERD LXER ERD LWHK ERD LSPD SPD LIPD SPD LWGH SPD PHT PSTA PSTI P1ER ERD P2ER ERD PPER ERD PSER ERD P2ES ERD PC1D SPD PC2D SPD PP1D SPD PP2D SPD PP3D SPD SWS SSTA SWER ERD SWSP SPD SWGH SPD SWS SWS SWS SWS Compact Status Edited Raw Data Standard Processed Data Glitch History Data PHT Compact Status PHT serendipity mode Compact Status PHT C100 Edited Raw Data PHT C200 Edited Raw Data PHT-P Edited Raw Data PHT-S Edited Raw Data PHT C200 Serendipity ERD PHT C100 dark currents PHT C200 dark currents PHT-P1 dark currents PHT-P2 dark currents PHT-P3 dark currents LWS LWS LWS LWS LWS LWS LWS LWS LWS LWS Compact Status Illuminator ERD le grating scan ERD le FPS scan ERD le FPL scan ERD le CLO ERD le housekeeping ERD le SPD Illuminator Processed Data glitch history le CAM CAM CAM CAM Compact Status User-Friendly log File parallel Edited Raw Data Image Edited Raw Data Instrument Reference Pointing History Instrument Instantaneous Pointing History CAM Reference Pointing History (for parallel mode data only) CAM Instantaneous Pointing History (for parallel mode data only)

E.1. OFF-LINE PRODUCTS Table E.2: List of les per product level Basic Science Satellite IRPH IIPH CRPH CIPH CAM CSTA CUFF AAR CISP SPD CPSP SPD LWS LSTALWS LIPD SPD LSAN AAR LSNR AAR LIAC AAR LSCA AAR LGIF AAR PHT PSTA PSTI P1ER ERD P2ER ERD PPER ERD PSER ERD P2ES ERD SWS SSTA SWAA AAR SWS Compact Status SWS Auto Analysis Results PHT Compact Status PHT serendipity mode Compact Status PHT C100 Edited Raw Data PHT C200 Edited Raw Data PHT-P Edited Raw Data PHT-S Edited Raw Data PHT C200 Serendipity ERD Compact Status LWS Illuminator Processed Data LWS Automatic Analysis Results LWS AAR data, no responsivity correction LWS illuminator results summary LWS scan summary le LWS scan group information le CAM CAM CAM CAM Compact Status User-Friendly log File Standard Processed Data parallel Standard Processed Data Instrument Reference Pointing History Instrument Instantaneous Pointing History CAM Reference Pointing History (for parallel mode data only) CAM Instantaneous Pointing History (for parallel mode data only)

279

280

APPENDIX E. IDA CONTENT DETAILS Table E.3: List of les per product level Fully Auto-Processed Products CAM CMAP AAR CPSL AAR CSSP AAR CCIM AAR CGLL AAR CJAM AAR CUFF AAR CMOS AAR LWS LSAN AAR LSNR AAR LIAC AAR LSCA AAR LGIF AAR PHT PPAP AAR PPAE AAR PPAS AAR PLAP AAR PLAE AAR PLAS AAR PSAP AAR PSAE AAR PSAS AAR PCAP AAR PCAE AAR PCAS AAR PGAI AAR PGAU AAR PGAT AAR SWS SWAA AAR SWS Auto Analysis Results PHT-P point source photometry PHT-P extended source photometry PHT-P scan & slew photometry PHT-SL point source spectroscopy PHT-SL extended source spectroscopy PHT-SL Raster mode spectroscopy PHT-SS point source spectroscopy PHT-SS extended source spectroscopy PHT-SS Raster mode spectroscopy PHT-C point source photometry PHT-C extended source photometry PHT-C scan & slew photometry PHT Photometric Image PHT Uncertainty Image PHT Exposure Image LWS LWS LWS LWS LWS Automatic Analysis Results AAR data, no responsivity correction illuminator results summary scan summary le scan group information le ISOCAM maps of IR ux vs celestial position CAM Point-Source List CAM Source Spectrum CAM calibration images in detector coordinates CAM Glitch List CAM Jitter, Memory and Stabilisation information CAM User-Friendly log File ISOCAM celestial IR mosaic

E.1.1

Quality ags

At the time of writing, the following quality categories are present in the ISO Data Archive: General: Good: No technical problems. Unknown: The quality assessment was not made for non-standard observations. Unknown appears for all AOT99 observations (except CAM99), parallel & serendipity and engineering modes. Never Executed

E.2. BROWSE PRODUCTS AFTER OLP

281

Processing problems: (problems encountered during the dierent pipeline processing steps; a number of products are missing) Raw and basic science data OK: The rst two levels of data products have been derived. Auto-processed data missing. Raw data OK: Only the rst level of data products could be derived. Basic science data and auto-processed data missing. No science data available: No data products could be derived. Real-Time problems: (problems during operations of satellite, instruments or with the communication link) TM drop: The data are heavily aected by an interruption of the telemetry. Poor pointing: The actual pointing was signicantly o the target, or the target was not acquired at all. Instrument malfunction: The data are heavily aected by a problem in one of the instrument components. Further information on all events during a specic ISO revolution can be found in the Real-Time Revolution Reports (RRPs), in the Observations Details panel.

E.2
E.2.1

Browse Products after OLP

Survey products

These are fully reduced standard data sets, either FITS images or ASCII FITS tables, for survey-type work. Although these products contain fully reduced data, it must be emphasised that the processing is done in a standard and automatic way which does not involve any scientic judgement. These products may serve for statistical or survey-type analysis of large samples.

E.2.2

Icons and postcards

These are static representations in GIF-format of the survey products. Icons are small images intended to give an impression of the data: photometry, an image or a spectrum. Postcards are essentially enlarged icons with annotations added to give users an impression of the ux levels and wavelengths covered. Icons and postcards facilitate a quick-look to scan the data for their particular purposes and identify which data need to be retrieved. These should never be used for scientic work. The postcards are also used to give a quick look impression of the ISO data for a given observation when browsing through ISO information from other archives/databases, in the framework of the Virtual Observatories, within the socalled Postcard Server. Through calling a URL / Java Server Page (JSP) containing the ISO observation identier, it returns the ISO postcard (GIF image) of this observation and ancillary information embedded into an HTML page (e.g. the observation quality ag or the status of validation of the observation mode used. Links are also provided to specic sections of the ISO Handbook. A short description follows of the main, instrument-dependent, characteristics of the browse products. More details can be found in the relevant instrument volumes of the ISO Handbook.

282 1. CAM Survey Products

APPENDIX E. IDA CONTENT DETAILS

These products are the equivalent of the AAR, giving the image from the CMOS le when it exists and CMAP otherwise. Icons and Postcards The postcard is the image of the survey product projected in RA,DEC coordinates. It contains a grey-scale coded wedge to indicate ux levels. The icon is a small version of the CMAP/CMOS image shown in detector coordinates. For the CAM spectral observations (CAM04) the mean image of all wavelengths is displayed; the spectrum shown is that of the innermost 1010 pixels. Up to four multi-lter or multi-PFOV measurements (for a given observation) are shown inside the corresponding icon. 2. LWS Survey Products The following processing steps are applied to the standard AAR LSAN le: (a) Remove all data points with bad status (b) Clip outliers (c) Remove individual scans which are inconsistent with the majority of the scans (d) Average the remaining scans for each detector. It should be noted that the resulting spectrum is not stitched together nor is it averaged across detectors. Also, no defringing is applied. Icons and Postcards Postcard and icon are spectra. In the case of a raster map only the spectrum of the central point is presented. 3. PHT Survey Products The survey product is the equivalent of AAR. No survey product is derived for polarisation observations. Icons and Postcards Depending on the observing mode, postcards and icons are: spectrum or ux per lter against wavelength plots (single or multi-lter staring observations with PHT-P, spectrophotometry with PHT-S) ux against aperture size (multi-aperture photometry), image (single lter raster maps with PHT-P and PHT-C) or mosaic (raster map with PHT-S, multi-lter image for PHT-P and PHT-C)

E.3. OTHER PRODUCTS 4. SWS Survey Products The following processing steps are applied to the standard AAR le:

283

(a) Remove all data points with bad or unreliable status (b) Flateld the data such that all detectors are scaled to the same level (c) Clip outliers using sigma clipping (d) Rebin the data to a grid with the nominal resolution

Icons and Postcards Postcard and icon are spectra which are presented in a mosaic form when the observation contains more than one wavelength range.

E.3
E.3.1

Other Products
Auxiliary data

Data needed for processing observational data All spacecraft and instrument data needed to process observational data from the Raw Data level onwards are archived. [Spacecraft pointing and velocity data are examples.] Mission-planning data All data needed for the planning of observations, including proposal data abstracts, are archived. [PH reports, the Mission Data Base, the ISO Log and CAL-U les are examples.] Diagnostic data All spacecraft and instrument data needed for diagnostic and trend-analysis purposes are archived. [QLA reports and data needed to correlate observational data with orbital position are examples.]

E.3.2

Ancillary data

Space weather Space weather reports, obtained from external sources, are archived.

284

APPENDIX E. IDA CONTENT DETAILS

E.3.3

Observation details and associated les

There are many observational details and associated les connected to each individual observation in the archive. For example, observation identiers of all concatenated observations or raster parameters used by the spacecraft when making a celestial map are given in a short summary. Many associated les, which were mainly used for planning of observations and uplink, are also available. Most of them are only for expert usage. The following give a short summary of associated les: POF: Planned Observation File ICS: Instrument Command Sequence CUS4 ICPT: Calibration Uplink System Instrument Calibration Parameter File CUS4 ICS: Calibration Uplink System Instrument Command Sequence CUS4 IDSDB: Calibration Uplink System Instrument Default Setting Data Base CUS4 VERBS: Calibration Uplink System Verbs RRP: Real time Revolution Report ISR: Instrument Station Report COIF: Calibration Observation Input File COB: Calibration Observation Batch CO PARAM: Calibration Observation Parameters CO LIST: Calibration Observation List TIMELINE FILE: Calibration Observation scheduling instructions (PHT specic) IPF: Output le of the program PHTAOT (PHT specic) Additionally, the proposals abstracts are available for most of the observations. All these products can help to understand and/or interpret specic aspects of a measurement.

E.3.4

Calibration data

All versions of derived calibration data which have been used to process the observational data from the Raw Data level onwards are archived. [Cal-G les are an example].

E.3.5

Historical and chronological data

All data needed to reconstruct the chronology of the mission are archived.

E.3.6

Documentation

All documentation existing in electronic or widely-distributed hard-copy form is archived.

E.3.7

Software

A number of software packages are available to the community to reduce and analyse ISO data. These include: ISOCAM Interactive Analysis (CIA); ISOPHOT Interactive Analysis (PIA); Observers SWS Interactive Analysis (OSIA); LWS Interactive Analysis (LIA); and ISO Spectroscopic Analysis Package (ISAP). They all can be obtained through the ISO Data Center web pages at: http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/ ISO Data Analysis Software. .

Appendix F

Quaternions
Some explanation of how the pointing (as given in the IIPH and other similar les) is calculated is presented here. The attitude of a satellite is usually expressed by astronomers (and by FITS standard) in terms of the 3 angles: RA, DEC and ROLL, that specify the orientation of the instrument in the inertial J2000 frame. RA and DEC are the usual astronomical equatorial coordinates specied in degrees, while ROLL is the angle, measured anticlockwise, between north and the spacecraft z-axis (see Figure 3.2). This uses the normal astronomical denition of East (to the left). Operationally, on the other hand, attitudes are specied in terms of 4-component quaternions: Q = (Q(1), Q(2), Q(3), Q(4)) (F.1)

that provide the most concise representation of the series of rotations that are required to specify the satellite attitude. For a rotation of D degrees about an axis specied by the direction cosines l, m, n the quaternion components are given by Q(1) = l sin(D/2) Q(2) = m sin(D/2) Q(3) = n sin(D/2) Q(4) = cos(D/2) (F.2) (F.3) (F.4) (F.5)

The resultant quaternion, Qab , of successive rotations Qa and Qb is the product of a 4 4 matrix, each of whose elements is one of the elements of Qb , and the 4 1 matrix representation of Qa , i.e.: Qb (4) Qb (3) Qb (2) Qb (4) Qb (1) Qb (3) = Qa Qb = Qb (4) Qb (2) Qb (1) Qb (1) Qb (2) Qb (3) Qb (1) Qb (2) Qb (4) Qb (4) Qa (1) Qa (2) Qa (3) Qa (4)

Qab

(F.6)

The Attitude and Orbit Control System (AOCS) delivers instantaneous estimates of the Star-Tracker quaternions ST RQ that dene the STR J2000 pointing. These have to be combined with the STR/QSS misalignment quaternions ST RQSSQ and with any of the QSS/Instrument alignment quaternions (one per aperture): 285

286 - QSSCAM Q - QSSLW SQ - QSSP HT Q - QSSSW SQ

APPENDIX F. QUATERNIONS

[ any raster point quaternion RP Q] to give a resultant quaternion, Q, that denes the orientation of an instrument in the inertial frame. Thus, for example: (CAM )Q = [RP Q]QSSCAM Q ST RQSSQ ST RQ (F.7)

denes the orientation of the (CAM) x-, y- and z-instrument axes. If < i >, < j > and < k > are the instrument axis unit vectors in the J2000 inertial frame, then:

< X >= (Instrument)P ointingdirection = (RA, DEC) < Y >= (Instrument)y axis < Z >= (Instrument)z axis where

(F.8) (F.9) (F.10)

< X >= cos(DEC) cos(RA) < i > +cos(DEC) sin(RA) < j > +sin(DEC) < k > sin(DEC) = 2 (Q(1) Q(3) Q(2) Q(4)) cos(RA) cos(DEC) = Q(1) Q(1) Q(2) Q(2) Q(3) Q(3) + Q(4) Q(4) sin(RA) cos(DEC) = 2 (Q(1) Q(2) + Q(3) Q(4)) cos(ROLL) cos(DEC) = Q(1) Q(1) Q(2) Q(2) + Q(3) Q(3) + Q(4) Q(4) sin(ROLL) cos(DEC) = 2 (Q(1) Q(4) + Q(2) Q(3))

(F.11) (F.12) (F.13) (F.14) (F.15) (F.16)

These instantaneous attitude estimates are given in the IIPH columns XRA, XDEC and XROLL.

Appendix G

IDA SQL-Queries: Worked Examples

Here are some worked examples of IDA SQL-queries based on the current data model1 . The SQL-applet which allows expert users to perform these queries is available at the IDC web site under: http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/ Access the Archive SQL Queries To fully understand these examples it is necessary to know the denitions and the structures of the ISO Data Archive Physical Data Model, [47]. 1. Find all ISO observations of NGC 7582: select observations.obsno from observations where observations.target = NGC 7582 2. Find all SWS02 observations of HR6705 (wildcarding is important for name searches): select observations.obsno from observations where observations.target like %HR%6705% 3. Find all SWS01 observations at 0 < RA < 6h and DEC > 30 : select distinct observations.obsno from planning_info p, observations where observations.aotname = S01 and p.orgra > 0 and p.orgra < 6 and p.orgdec > 30 and p.obsno = observations.obsno NOTE: orgra is in hours and orgdec in degrees. We assume that the observations made, apertures used, are points. The above query can be performed, better, via the browse/request applet interface. This interface will make use of the positions table, the actual aperture sizes, and the downlink (IRPH) coordinates.
1 These

examples were produced by John Dowson.

287

288

APPENDIX G. IDA SQL-QUERIES: WORKED EXAMPLES

4. Find all SWS01 observations with exposure time > 1.5 hours: select observations.obsno from observations where observations.aotname = S01 and observations.utc_end - observations.utc_start > 5400

5. Find all SWS01 observations with 40 min < exposure time < 1 hour: select observations.obsno from observations where observations.aotname = S01 and (observations.utc_end - observations.utc_start) > 2400 and (observations.utc_end - observations.utc_start) < 3600

6. Find all SWS06 observations of HR6705 GAMMA-DRA from SWS CAL with exposure time between 30 and 40 minutes: select observations.obsno from observations where observations.aotname = S06 and observations.target = HR6705 GAMMA-DRA and obsid = SWS_CAL and (observations.utc_end - observations.utc_start) > 1800 and (observations.utc_end - observations.utc_start) < 2400

7. Find all SWS data from revolution 79: select observations.obsno from observations where observations.instid = S and observations.revno >= 079

NOTE: assumed that data means all FITS product files (filename and version). The above query can be performed, better, via the browse/request applet interface.

8. Find all SWS data with start time between 04 Feb 1996 12:00:00 (date1) and 04 Feb 1996 18:00:00 (date2): select observations.obsno from observations where observations.instid = S and observations.utc_start > date1 and observations.utc_start < date2 NOTE: date1 and date2 should be converted to UTC in seconds since 1989.

289 9. Find all SWS02 observations which include a line at rest wavelength between 17.91 and 17.93 m: select distinct observations.obsno from observations, wavelengths where observations.aotname = S02 and wavelengths.lower > 17910 and wavelengths.lower < 17930 and wavelengths.obsno = observations.obsno

10. Find all SWS02 observations that include both a line in the rest wavelength range 12.812.85 and a line in the range 15.515.6 m: select o1.obsno from observations o1, wavelengths w1 where o1.aotname = S02 and (w1.lower > 12800 and w1.lower < 12850) and w1.obsno = o1.obsno and exists (select * from observations o2, wavelengths w2 where o2.aotname = S02 and (w2.lower > 15500 and w2.lower < 15600) and w2.obsno = o2.obsno and o1.obsno = o2.obsno)

11. Find all SWS observations following a CAM-CVF measurement: select obsno, utc_end, aotname into #sws1 from observations where aotname in (C01,C03,C04) select obsno, fltr_cvf, beam into #sws2 from cam_measurement where fltr_cvf in (12,11) select distinct s1.obsno, s1.utc_end into #sws3 from #sws1 s1, #sws2 s2 where s1.aotname= C04 or ((s1.aotname = C01 or s1.aotname = C03) and (s2.fltr_cvf = 12 or (s2.fltr_cvf = 11 and (s2.beam=3 or s2.beam=4)))) and s1.obsno=s2.obsno select o.obsno, o.utc_start, s3.utc_end from observations o, #sws3 s3 where o.instid = S and abs(o.utc_start - s3.utc_end) < 120 and prodqlty != J NOTE: Assumes that following means within 120 seconds of

12. Find all SWS02 observations which requested S/N in excess of 200 (easy, but only useful if proposers were careful...):

290

APPENDIX G. IDA SQL-QUERIES: WORKED EXAMPLES select distinct observations.obsno from observations, sws_measurement s where observations.aotname = S02 and s.sgnr_req > 200 and observations.obsno = s.obsno

13. Find all PHT40 observations from RGENZEL since revolution 600: select observations.obsno from observations where aotname = P40 and obsid = RGENZEL and revno >= 600

14. Find all CAM observations which changed the gain during one observation: select obsno from cam_cstat group by obsno having count(distinct cstagain) > 1 15. Find all CAM parallel data + IxPH les where HUGO is the observer of the prime instrument: select obsno from observations where obsno-1 in ( select obsno from observations where cam_par_flag = Y and obsid like %HUGO%) NOTE: This gives the observations that match, these must then be added to the shopping basket and the type of data requested specified. 16. Find all LWS02 observations where LVDT 1000: select distinct o.obsno from observations o, lspd l where aotname = L02 and lspdglvp <= 1000.0 and o.obsno = l.obsno 17. Find all LWS04 observations using detector LW5: select distinct o.obsno from observations o, lspd l where aotname = L04 and l.lspdadet = 512 and o.obsno=l.obsno 18. Find all LWS observations of the 88 m line on detector SW5 with FPS: select distinct l.obsno from wavelengths w, liac l where lower <= 88000 and upper >= 88000 and countno=5 and liacwhap=0 and w.obsno = l.obsno

291 19. Find all occurrences of the total number of ramps in an LWS scan being less than x (LSCA le): select obsno, lscanrmt, lscaitks, lscaitks from lsca where lscanrmt < x

20. Find all LWS observations containing more than 20 scans (LSAN le): select distinct obsno from lsan where (lsan.scanb + lsan.scanf) > 20

21. Find all LWS observations where all scans are done in the forward direction (LSCA le): select distinct obsno from lsca where obsno not in (select distinct obsno from lsca where lscadir != 0)

22. Find all occurrences of the last ash in an LWS observation having an LW2 responsivity correction factor above x (LIAC le): select obsno, liaciks, liacike from liac where liacres7 > x

23. Find all occurrences of the LWS dark current for SW1 being greater than x (LIAC le): select obsno, liaciks, liacike from liac where liacbk1 > x

24. Find all occurrences of the LWS absolute responsivity correction factor for any detector greater than x when the wheel is in the FPL position: select obsno, liaciks, liacike from liac where liacwhap = 2 and liacres1 > x or liacres2 > x or liacres3 > x or liacres4 > x or liacres5 > x or liacres6 > x or liacres7 > x or liacres8 > x or liacres9 > x or liacres10 > x

25. Find all occurrences of the LWS responsivity drift slope for SW3 being above x: select obsno, lgifitks, lgifitke from lgif where lgif2rel3 > x

26. Find all CAM LW3 rasters with 1.5 pixel eld of view (pfov), which have a raster dimension > 44 and at least 25 readouts per position: select distinct o.obsno from observations o, cam_cstat c, cam_measurement m, raster_map r where c.cstafltw=125 and m.pfov = 1.5 and r.m*r.n > 16 and c.cstaread >= 25 and o.obsno = c.obsno and o.obsno = m.obsno and select distinct o.obsno from observations o, cam_cstat c, cam_measurement m, raster_map r

292 where c.cstafltw=125 and m.pfov = 1.5 and r.m*r.n > 16 and c.cstaread >= 25 and o.obsno = c.obsno and o.obsno = m.obsno and o.obsno = r.obsno

APPENDIX G. IDA SQL-QUERIES: WORKED EXAMPLES

select distinct o.obsno from observations o, cam_cstat c, aph a, obs_pointing p where o.obsno=p.obsno and p.pointing_id = a.pointing_id and o.obsno = c.obsno and c.cstafltw=125 and c.cstalnsw=192 and a.scan_dist*a.linedist > 16 and c.cstaread >= 25 o.obsno = r.obsno select distinct o.obsno from observations o, cam_cstat c, aph a, obs_pointing p where o.obsno=p.obsno and p.pointing_id = a.pointing_id and o.obsno = c.obsno and c.cstafltw=125 and c.cstalnsw=192 and a.scan_dist*a.linedist > 16 and c.cstaread >= 25

27. Find all CAM raster observations longer than 1 hour, which started at the latest 2 hours after activation: select distinct t1.obsno, (t1.utc_end - t1.utc_start) from observations t1, raster_map where t1.obsno = raster_map.obsno and (t1.instid = C) and (t1.utc_end - t1.utc_start > 3600) and exists (select * from observations t2 where (t2.aotname=C60 or t2.aotname=C61) and (t1.utc_start - t2.utc_end) < 7200) Or, alternatively: select distinct t1.obsno, (t1.utc_end - t1.utc_start) from observations t1, aph a, obs_pointing p where t1.obsno = p.obsno and p.pointing_id = a.pointing_id and (a.reqtype = R) and (t1.instid = C) and (t1.type != C) and (t1.utc_end - t1.utc_start > 3600) and exists (select * from observations t2 where (t2.aotname=C60 or t2.aotname=C61) and (t1.utc_start - t2.utc_end) < 7200) NOTE: The second query is probably better as it uses the aph to distinguish a raster observation. This is generally more accurate than using the raster_map table as this only contains planned uplink values (and so obs which did not go through PGA into the Uplink MDB, such as C99, will not be included). Note,

293 that this query also explicitly excludes CAM parallel observations - these could easily be included if wanted.

28. Find all CAM parallel data + IxPH les for LWS rasters > 2 hours observing time with a dimension > 33: select distinct obsno from observations where type=C and obsno-1 in ( select o.obsno from observations o, raster_map r where instid=L and r.m*r.n > 9 and utc_end - utc_start > 7200 and o.obsno = r.obsno ) NOTE: Again, this query can also (better) be performed using the aph table.

29. Find all LWS raster observations longer than 1 hour which started at the latest 2 hours after activation: select o.obsno from observations o, raster_map where o.obsno = raster_map.obsno and (o.instid = L) and (o.utc_end - o.utc_start > 3600) and exists (select * from observations o2 where (o2.aotname=C60 or o2.aotname=C61) and (o.utc_start - o2.utc_end) < 7200) Or, alternatively: select o.obsno from observations o, aph a, obs_pointing p where o.obsno = p.obsno and p.pointing_id = a.pointing_id and a.reqtype=R and (o.instid = L) and type = S and (o.utc_end - o.utc_start > 3600) and exists (select * from observations o2 where (o2.aotname=C60 or o2.aotname=C61) and (o.utc_start - o2.utc_end) < 7200) NOTE: This query is restricted to science observations - this could easlily be modified to also return LWS parallel observations.

294

APPENDIX G. IDA SQL-QUERIES: WORKED EXAMPLES

Appendix H

Acronyms
AAP AAR ADS AGN AMA AOCS AOPF AOS AOT AOTL APD APE APF APHSTAR APPH APPM AST/RO BAL BIBIB BKRP BLR CAL-G CAL-U CAM CAM-CVF CCD CCS CD-ROM CEA CEST CIA CID CIDT CIST Active Archive Phase Auto-Analysis Results Astrophysics Data System Active Galactic Nuclei Average Measurement Accuracy Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem Augmented Operations Plan File Acquisition-Of-Signal Astronomical Observation Template AOT Logic Absolute Pointing Drift Absolute Pointing Error Attitude Parameter File ISO operational guide-star list APerture Pointing History Aperture Programmed Pointing History Antarctic Submillimeter Telescope and Remote Observatory Broad Absorption Line Back Illuminated Blocked Impurity Band (Detector type) BulK ReProcessing Broad Line Region Calibration General Calibration Uplink The ISO Camera CAM Circular Variable Filter Charged Coupled Device Central Command Schedule Compact Disk - Read-Only Memory Laboratoire du Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique (at Saclay) Central European Summer Time CAM Interactive Analysis Charge Injection Device CAM Instrument Dedicated Team CAM Instrument Science Team 295

296 CMAP CMOS CO COB COBE COIF COT CPSL CRE CRP CSE CSH CSM CSSP CUS CVF CVV DBOB DEC DIDAC DIRBE DLCM DM D/SCI DT D/TOS ELAIS ELS EOH EOHA EOHC EOHI ERD ESA ESO ESOC ESTEC EUV EXOSAT FCP FCS FD FDD FDS FET FIR FITS FOV FP ISOCAM Celestial IR image ISOCAM Celestial IR mosaic Calibration Observation Calibration Observation Batch COsmic Background Explorer Calibration Observation Interface File Calibration Observation Template CAM Point Source List (an AAR product) Cold Readout Electronics Contingency Recovery Procedure Circumstellar Envelope Compact Status History Circumstellar Medium ISOCAM Source Spectra Calibration Uplink System Circular Variable Filter Cryo Vacuum Vessel

APPENDIX H. ACRONYMS

Data Base of Observable Bins Declination Dutch ISO Data Analysis Centre (at SRON in the Netherlands) Diuse Infrared Background Explorer (onboard COBE) Direct Liquid Content Measurement Development Model Directorate of Science of ESA Discretionary Time Directorate of Technical and Operational Support of ESA European Large Infrared Area Survey Earth Limb Sensor Executed Observation History Executed Observation History per AOT Continuous Executed Observation History Executed Observation History per ICS Edited Raw Data European Space Agency European Southern Observatory European Space Operations Centre European Space Research and Technology Centre Extreme Ultraviolet ESA X-Ray Observatory SATellite Flight Control Procedure Fine Calibration Source Flight Dynamics Flight Dynamics Division Flight Dynamics System Field-Eect Transistor Far InfraRed (> 50 m) Flexible Image Transport System Field Of View Fabry Prot e

297 FPG FPL FPS FPU FSS ftp FWHM GEHK GIF GMC GOES-9 GSHH GST GT HEASARC HH HK HPDP HST HTML H/W IA IAS ICS ID IDA IDC IDCS IDL IDPD IDT IFPG IIPH ILT IMEC INTEGRAL IPAC IPC IRAS IRPH IRPSS IRSA IRTS ISAP ISAS ISM ISO ISOCAM ISOGAL Focal Plane Geometry Long Wavelength Fabry-Prot for LWS e Short Wavelength Fabry-Prot for LWS e Focal Plane Unit Fine Sun Sensor le transfer protocol Full Width Half Maximum General Housekeeping Graphics Interchange Format Giant Molecular Cloud Geostationary Operational Enviromental Satellite-9 General Housekeeping (sampled) Ground Station Time Guaranteed Time High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center Herbig-Haro HouseKeeping Highly Processed Data Product Hubble Space Telescope Hyper-Text Mark-up Language Hardware Interactive Analysis Institut dAstrophysique Spatiale (at Orsay) Instrument Command Sequence IDentier ISO Data Archive ISO Data Centre ISO Dedicated Control System Interactive Data Language ISO Data Product Document Instrument Dedicated Team ISO Focal Plane Geometry Instrument Instantaneous Pointing History Instrument Level Tests Interuniversitary Micro Electronics Center (at Leuven, Belgium) INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory Infrared Processing and Analysis Center Industrial Policy Committee InfraRed Astronomical Satellite Instrument Reference Pointing History ISO Remote Proposal Submission System NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive Infrared Telescope in Space ISO Spectroscopic Analysis Package Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (of Japan) InterStellar Medium Infrared Space Observatory The ISO CAMera ISOCAM survey of the Inner Galaxy

298 ISOPHOT ISOSDC ISS IST ISTR ITK KAO LEOP LHe LIA LIDT LIST LMC LOS LPV LRS LSAN LWS MAU MDB MIR MIRS MISQ MLI MSX MPE MPIA MPIfR MPIK MPP1 MPP2 NASA NDC NED NIR OBDH OCC OCT ODS OLP OPSNET OSIA OSN OSS OT OTAC OTF The ISO PHOTo-Polarimeter ISO Spectrometer Data Centre (at MPE-Garching) Integrated Switching System ISO Science Team ISO Star TRacker Instrument Time Key (=214 s) Kuiper Airborne Observatory Launch and Early Orbit Phase Liquid Helium LWS Interactive Analysis LWS Instrument Dedicated Team LWS Instrument Science Team Large Magellanic Cloud Loss-Of-Signal Long Period Variables Low Resolution Spectrograph (IRAS) LWS Auto-Analysis results The ISO Long Wavelength Spectrometer Million Accounting Units Mission Data Base Mid InfraRed (5 50 m) Mid-Infrared Spectrometer (on board IRTS) Misalignment Quaternion Multi-Layer Insulation Midcourse Space Experiment Max-Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics Max-Planck Institute for Astronomy Max-Planck Institute for Radioastronomy Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics Mission Planning Phase 1 Mission Planning Phase 2 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (of US) National Data Centre NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database Near InfraRed (< 5 m) On-Board Data Handling Operations Control Centre (at ESOC) Observatory Command Template Operational Data Server O-Line Processing Operations Network Observers SWS Interactive Analysis Observation Sequence Number Optical Support Structure Open Time Observing Time Allocation Committee On-Target Flag

APPENDIX H. ACRONYMS

299 OTT PAH PCS PDEC PDR PDS PFM PFOV PGA PH PHT PHT-C PHT-P PHT-S PI PIA PIDT PN POF POPS PPM PPN PSF PSF PV QC QLA QMW QSO QSS RA RAL RAM RF RIXOS r.m.s. ROE ROSAT RP RPE RPID RPQ RRP RSRF RTA SAp SAS S/C On-Target Time Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Permanent Command Sequences Proposal Data Entry Centre (at ESTEC) Photo-Dissociation Region Product Distribution System Proto-Flight Model Pixel Field Of View Proposal Generation Aids Proposal Handling see ISOPHOT PHT Camera Arrays PHT Photopolarimeter PHT Spectrophotometer Principal Investigator PHT Interactive Analysis PHT Instrument Dedicated Team Planetary Nebula Planned Observation Files Post-Operations (Phase) Programmable Pointing Mode Proto-Planetary Nebula Planning Skeleton File Point Spread Function Performance Verication (Phase) Quality Control Quick Look Analysis Queen Mary and Westeld College (at London) Quasar (Quasi-Stellar Object) Quadrant Star Sensor Right Ascension Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Random Access Memory Radio Frequency ROSAT Internation X-Ray/Optical Survey root mean squared Royal Observatory of Edinburgh Rntgensatellit (German X-Ray space observatory) o Routine Phase Relative Pointing Error (pointing jitter) Raster Point ID Raster Point Quaternion Revolution Report Relative Spectral Response Function Real-Time Technical Assessment Service dAstrophysique (at CEA - Saclay) Sun Acquisition Sensor Spacecraft

300 SCC SCP SCREW SED SETI SI SIA SIAP SIDT SIMBAD SMC S/N SNR SOC SOST SOT SPC SPEVAL SPD SPDT SPR SQL SRON SSO STR S/W SWS TDATA TDF TDT TM ToO TOS TRS TTP UDF UIR UK UKIRT USA UTC UTK VCS VILSPA VLA VO WWW

APPENDIX H. ACRONYMS Spacecraft Control Centre Satellite Commissioning Phase Software Change Requests and Extra Wishes Spectral Energy Distribution Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence International System of Units SWS Interactive Analysis Simple Image Access Protocol SWS Instrument Dedicated Team Set of Identications, Measurements And Bibliography for Astronomy Data Small Magellanic Cloud Signal-to-Noise (ratio) Supernova Remnant Science Operations Centre Spacecraft Operations Science Team Science Operations Team Science Programme Committee Spacecraft Performance EVALuation Standard Processed Data Survey Product Display Tool Software Problem Report Structured/Standard Query Language Space Research Organisation of the Netherlands Solar System Object Star TRacker Software The ISO Short Wavelength Spectrometer Transparent Data Telemetry Data/Distribution Format Target Dedicated Time TeleMetry Target of Opportunity Technical and Operational Support Thermal Radiation Source Technology Test Phase User Dened Function Unidentied Infrared Bands United Kingdom United Kingdom Infra-Red Telescope (Hawaii) United States of America Universal Time (Coordinated) Uniform Time Key Vapour-cooled radiation Shields Villafranca Satellite Tracking Station in Spain Very Large Array Virtual Observatory World Wide Web

301 x-axis Roll in the S/C control frame XMM-NewtonX-ray Multi-Mirror Telescope y-axis YSO z-axis ZIP Pitch in the S/C control frame Young Stellar Object Yaw in the S/C control frame Zodiacal Infrared Project

302

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Index
AAR, 179 acknowledgements, 7 Active Archive Phase, 26 ADS, 183 AMA, 79 AOCS, 30, 37, 39, 67, 235, 285 AOCSFRAM, 235 AOTs, 40, 70 APD, 79 APE, 79 APHSTAR, 238 APPH, 240 APPM, 242 astronomical calibrators, 197 background radiation, 194 baes, 30, 35 beam proles, 74 BKRP, 189 browse products, 181, 281 business logic, 183 calibration proposals, 231 CAM, 21, 30, 37, 70, 74, 78, 83, 89, 93, 107, 123, 126, 158, 246, 250, 255, 261 cross-calibration, 122, 128 description, 41 observing modes, 41 parallel mode, 40 performance, 42 survey products, 282 celestial background, 194 chronology, 28 CIA, 11 cirrus confusion, 196 COBE/DIRBE, 153, 155 cross-calibration, 153 Commissioning Phase, 20 concatenated observations, 68 costs, 16 cross-calibration, 117 external, 134 internal, 120 313 models, 158 cryostat subsystem description, 32 performance, 73 CVV, 33 Data Analysis Software, 11 detectors curing, 89 dark current, 89 glitches, 84, 86 noise, 89 performance, 84 responsivity, 89 transients, 91 development model, 16 dimensions, 29 discretionary time programme, 64 proposals, 231 documentation, 6 Earth Limb Sensor, 30, 37 EOHA, 244 EOHC, 248 EOHI, 250 ERD, 84, 179 xed time observations, 69 focal plane geometry, 35, 260 Fouks-Schubert model, 91 FSS, 37 Ge:Ga detectors, 97 GEHK, 253, 256 GOES-9, 86 ground segment, 51 stations, 51, 52 GSHH, 256 GST, 82 guaranteed time programme, 58 proposals, 200

314 guide stars, 81, 238, 257, 275 HEASARC, 183 helium tank, 30, 33 Highly Processed Data Products , see HPDPs HIPPARCHOS, 257 HPDPs, 180, 181, 187 icon, 186, 281, 282 ICS, 250 IDA, 177 ancillary data, 283 auxiliary data, 283 basic science level, 179, 279 contents, 179, 277 fully auto-processed level, 179, 280 interoperability, 183 observation details, 284 physical data model, 181 quality ags, 180, 280 queries, 184 raw data level, 179, 278 shopping basket, 188 user interface, 183 IFPG, 35 IIPH, 67, 81, 261, 285, 286 in-orbit performance, 73 industrial consortium, 14 infrared units, 193 Interim Archive, 189 IRAS, 134, 137, 142, 145, 146, 183 cross-calibration, 134 IRPH, 81, 264 ISAP, 11 ISOCAM , see CAM ISOPHOT , see PHT ISTR, 267 ITK, 82 java applet, 183 large surveys, 62 Launch and Early Orbit Phase, 20 Legacy Archive, 189 LIA, 11 linked observations, 69 LWS, 21, 30, 37, 70, 75, 78, 83, 89, 102, 108, 137, 145, 159, 246, 251, 255 cross-calibration, 124, 129, 130, 142 description, 43 observing modes, 44 parallel mode, 40 performance, 44 serendipity mode, 40 survey products, 282 MC ORBIT, 269 middle-tier, 183 MLI, 33 model development, 16 MSX cross-calibration, 148 National Data Centres, 9 NED, 183 observing cycle, 59 modes, 40 mapping, 66 parallel, 40, 64 per instrument, 70 rasters, 66, 67, 81 satellite, 66 serendipity, 40, 64 strategy, 58 time, 58 OLP, 179, 277 on-board clocks, 82 open time programme, 58 proposals, 205 operational events, 112 Operational Phase, 20 optical subsystem description, 34 parameters, 35 performance, 74 ORBIT, 268 orbit description, 49 phases, 50 science window, 50 orientation angle, 67 OSIA, 11 OSS, 33 OTAC, 60 OTF, 264 parallel mode, 40, 64, 70 payload module, 21, 30 Performance Verication Phase, 22, 80 periodic observations, 69 Phase A, 13, 28 Phase B, 14, 28 Phase C/D, 14, 28

INDEX

INDEX PHT, 21, 30, 37, 50, 70, 76, 77, 81, 83, 90, 95, 98, 108, 123, 126, 146, 153, 155, 167, 169, 170, 247, 252, 255 cross-calibration, 120, 129, 130 description, 44 observing modes, 45 performance, 47 serendipity mode, 40 survey products, 282 PIA, 11 point spread function, 74 pointing constraints, 37, 50 les, 261, 264, 285 jitter, 68, 79 modes, 39 performance, 79 Post-Helium Phase, 24 Post-Operations Phase, 25 postcard, 186, 281, 282 PPM, 242 pre-Phase A, 13, 28 principal investigators, 17 project organisation, 13 proposals calibration, 231 calls, 59 data entry, 61 discretionary time, 231 evaluation, 60 guaranteed time, 200 open time, 205 selection, 60 protoight model, 16 publications guidelines, 6, 9 inventory, 9 tracking, 183 QSS, 30, 35, 37, 80, 260263, 265, 266 quality control, 180, 280 quaternions, 67, 261, 285 radiation eects, 84, 89 roll angle, 67 Routine Phase, 22 RPE, 68, 79 RPQ, 286 satellite development, 13, 14 les, 235 performance, 73

315 SCC, 19, 51, 52 science operations, 19 team, 17 window, 50 scientic apertures, 35 instruments, 40 observations, 199 programme, 62 validation, 180 serendipity mode, 40, 64, 70 service module, 21, 30 Si:Ga detectors, 93 SIAP, 184 SIMBAD, 183 SOC, 19, 51, 56 source confusion, 196 spacecraft operations, 19 subsystems, 32 velocity, 268 SPD, 179 SPDT, 186 SQL queries, 188, 287 SSOs, 81, 233, 262, 265 Star-Tracker, 30, 37, 67, 80, 237, 261, 267 straylight, 30, 34, 77 STRQ, 285 STRQSSQ, 285 Sun Acquisition Sensor, 30 sunshade, 30, 35 survey products, 281, 282 SWS, 21, 30, 37, 67, 70, 76, 77, 81, 83, 89, 97, 111, 247, 252, 255 cross-calibration, 120, 122, 124, 128, 129, 134, 142, 172 description, 47 observing modes, 47 performance, 48 survey products, 283 targets of opportunity, 64 TDATA, 244 TDF, 82 TDT, 250 Technology Test Phase, 24, 85 telescope mirrors, 35 timing, 82 Transition Phase, 25 TYCHO, 275 UTC, 82

316 UTK, 82 VCS, 33 Virtual Observatory, 27, 183 VizieR, 183 VOTable, 184 zodiacal light, 153

INDEX