Name ___________________________________ Date _____________________________ Period _________ AP Biology Unit 2 Exam: The Chemistry of Life I pledge on my honor that

I have not given or received any unauthorized assistance on this assignment/examination. Signature: ______________________________________________ Section I: Multiple Choice 1. About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these 25 elements make up approximately 96% of living matter? (A) Carbon, sodium, chlorine, nitrogen (B) Carbon, sulfur, phosphorous, hydrogen (C) Oxygen, hydrogen, calcium, sodium (D) Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen 2. A covalent bond is likely to be polar when (A) one of the atoms sharing electrons is much more electronegative than the other atom (B) the two atoms sharing electrons are equally electronegative (C) the two atoms sharing electrons are of the same element (D) the two atoms sharing electrons are different elements 3. Which of the following is NOT considered to be an emergent property of water? (emergent = rising from the interaction between water molecules) (A) cohesion (B) transpiration (C) high specific heat capacity (D) a versatile solvent 4. Which of the following is responsible for the cohesive property of water? (A) Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atoms of two adjacent water molecules (B) Covalent bonds between the hydrogen atoms of two adjacent water molecules (C) Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule (D) Covalent bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule 5. Which of the following molecules is a storage form of carbohydrates in animal muscle tissue? (A) Glucose (B) Glycerol (C) Glycogen (D) Guanine

Questions 6-7refer to the diagrams of organic molecules below.

6. Starch is a polymer of this molecule. ______ 7. This molecule could result from the hydrolysis of a protein. ______ 8. Which of the following is not a polymer? (A) Glucose (B) Cellulose (C) Chitin (D) DNA 9. Which of the following pairs of functional groups characterizes the structure of an amino acid?

10. There are 20 different amino acids. What makes one amino acid different from another? (A) Different carboxyl groups (B) Different amino groups (C) Different side chains (R groups) (D) The presence or absence of nitrogen

11. In the figure above, which bond is a peptide bond? _______ 12. Which bond is closest to the N-terminus of the molecule? ________ 13. How many different kinds of polypeptides, each composed of 12 amino acids, could be synthesized using the 20 common amino acids? (A) 412 (B) 1220 (C) 125 (D) 2012

14. Which of the following statements is true regarding the lipid molecule illustrated above? (A) It is a saturated fatty acid (B) A diet rich in this molecule may contribute to atherosclerosis (heart disease) (C) Molecules of this type are usually liquid at room temperature (D) A and B only 15. Why are human sex hormones considered to be lipids? (A) They are essential components of cell membranes (B) They are nonpolar and insoluble in water (C) They are hydrophilic compounds (D) They contribute to atherosclerosis (heart disease) 16. What type of chemical interactions do phospholipids have with their environments? (A) Covalent (B) Hydrophobic (C) Hydrophilic (D) Amphipathic

Questions 17-19 refer to the following diagram.

17. A chemical group that, together with a sugar and a nitrogen base, makes up a nucleotide ______ 18. A hydrogen bond ______ 19. A 5' carbon of deoxyribose ______ 20. What type of molecule moves across a cell membrane most easily? (A) Ions, such as chloride (B) Small nonpolar molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide (C) Large macromolecules, such as starch (D) Charged amino acids

21. Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion are related in that both (A) require protein carriers (B) depend on a concentration gradient (C) occur via contractions of cytoskeletal elements attached to membrane proteins (D) are endergonic processes and thus require ATP Questions 22-24 refer to the diagram of the plasma membrane below.

22. Hydrophobic portion of phospholipid molecule ______ 23. Cell-identification component_______ 24. Carrier or channel involved in cell transport ______ 25. A cell whose cytoplasm has a concentration of 0.02 M glucose is placed in a test tube of water containing 0.04 M glucose. Which of the following terms describes the tonicity of the external solution relative the cytoplasm of the cell? (A) turgid (B) hypertonic (C) hypotonic (D) isotonic

26. A student sets up an experiment as shown above using dialysis tubing (which is permeable to water) and variaous sucrose solutions. Arrange the beakers in order of the mass of the bags inside them after the experiment has run for 30 minutes. List the bag that loses the most mass first. (A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (B) 1, 5, 2, 3, 4 (C) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1 (D) 2, 1, 5, 3, 4

Section II: Short Answer 27. The molar concentration of a sucrose solution in an open beaker has been determined to be 0.3M. Calculate the water potential at 27 degrees Celsius. Round your answer to the nearest hundredth. Please show your work and circle your final answer (3 points).

28. In the wintertime, salt is often used to treat highways and prevent ice forming. These salts can runoff into the soil of fields and forests surrounding the highway. Identify how the increased salt concentration will affect the water potential of water in the soil. Describe how this may impact plant life (3 points).

29. Identify one reason that RNA most likely preceded DNA as the information molecule of life, as suggested by the RNA World Hypothesis. (2 points)

30. Explain the arrangement of membrane phospholipids into a bilayer in terms of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions that occur. (2 points)

Section III: Essay (15 points) 31. All life on Earth is carbon based. Our carbon basis allows for the formation of complex molecules. Pick three of the four groups of complex carbon based molecules (macromolecules) and for each: a) For each group, discuss the structural components of the molecule group. (8 points max) b) For each group, discuss two examples of molecules that belong to each of the groups that you chose. Briefly describe their function. (6 points max) c) All of these groups of molecules are created from monomers joining to form polymers. Explain the process that joins these molecules. (2 points max)