We now have four phrases to parse

Ph: (i) This step is vacuous in this case, since all the elements of the phrases are words, and these are already identified for us by our writing system. But later when we parse phrases with subordinate phrases in them, this step will be a necessary one.

Ph: (ii) Now identify the phrase elements (see Chapter 4). This is fairly easy, but remember the VP (see 4.5) and prepositions (see 4.3.3). The brackets become superfluous at this stage, so we omit them (see Figure 5.7).

Ph: (iii) Identify the class of the words filling each phrase function (see Chapter 3). Remember that we have already identified the class of but and alas, and remember the preposition without, which does not receive a function label because it is a particle (see Figure 5.8).

We have now parsed the sentence as fully as we can do without parsing words into their grammatical constituents.