typfy,fcH

typfy,fcH

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH hjzdK;a&;pnf;jyify&Sd typfy,fcH vlrsKd;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;

CORE

tzGJhrSxkwfa0onf

Edk0ifbmv 2012

typfy,fcH

CORE tzGJ@ta=umif;

vlxkpnf;Hk;a&;ESifh tcGifhta&;qdkif&m ynmay;a&;tzGJ@ (jrefrmEdkifiH) (Community Organizing and

jrefrmEdkifiH. jynfe,f (7) ckESifh wdkif;a'o}uD; (1)ck&Sd t"du vlrsKd;pk
wdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh Xmaewdkif;&if;om; tkyfpk}uD;rsm;rS vli,ftzGJ@tpnf; (14)zGJ@yg !Gef@aygif;tzGJ@u az:
aqmifaom pkaygif;vkyfief;tpDtpOfwckjzpfygonf? tzGJ@rSaeI ,ck(Excluded: Burmas Ethnic Nationalities) 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@zd;a&;pnf;jyify&Sd typfy,fcH vlrsKd;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;trnf&Sd tpD&ifcHpmudk
pDpOfyHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif; jzpfygonf?

Rights Education-Burma)onf

todtrSwfyaus;Zl;wifjcif;
TtpD&ifcHpmyg owif;tcsuftvuftm;vHk;onf yg0ifr_qdkif&mtcGifhta&;udk vHk;0vspfvsL_xm;jcif;
ESifh ywfoufI rSwfwrf;y&eftvdk@iSm pGef@pm;aqmif&Gufay;cJh=uaom wdkif;&if;om;vli,f tzGJ@tpnf; 14
zGJ@rS pkaqmif;ay;cJhaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; jzpfygonf? xkd@tjyif Tpmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf
aiGa=u;ulnDyHhydk;ay;cJhaom European Commission, Burma Relief Center ESifh pmtkyfa&;om;ay;ol/
tcsuftvufydkif;jcm;okH;oyfolwdk@tm; todtrSwfjyKaus;Zl;wifygonf?

okawoeESifh a&;om;ypka&;tzGJ@
- tcsuftvuf ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfol
Marcia Robiou - OD;aqmifa&;om;olESifh okawoerSL;
Eric Gonzalez

0efcHcsuf
TtpD&ifcHpmtwGuf awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;cHcJh&aom aus;&Gmol/ aus;&Gmom;rsm; ab;uif;vHkcHa&;twGuf
trnfrsm;udk ajymif;vJaz:jyxm;cJhygonf?

typfy,fcH

zGH@jzdK;a&;pD5rHudef;rsm;. ajrykH

typfy,fcH
rmwdum

1
tpD&ifcHpmtusOf;csKyf
8
2 pum;OD; 11
3
tem*wftwGuf tiftm;pktopfjzpfaom jrefrmEdkifiH. vli,frsm;
t=uHywifjycsufrsm;
4 ed'gef;

14
18

tydkif; 1? 20

vlrsKd;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;rSm xdcdkufepfemzG,f&Sdaejcif;ta=umif; (aemufcH
ordkif;a=umif;)


5;1 tcef; (1)? vlrsKd;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfrsm;a=umifh uyf
ab;oifh&jcif; 20

5;2 vd_if;xefayGvDaom ordkif;a=umif;
20

5;3 wdk;wufr_twGuf ay;qyf&onfhwefzdk;
21

5;4 &&SdaombmaiGrsm;udk jynfoltrsm;pk tusKd;twGuf toHk;yjcif;r&Sd
22

5;5 zGH@zd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&mtusKd;qufrsm;
25
6

tcef;(2)? od&Sdem;vnfr_jzifh udwifI vGwfvyfpGmay;aom oabmwlcGifhycsuf

6;1 (FPIC) qdkif&mtjrif 26

6;2 tcef; (3) ? (FPIC)udk tjynfht0av;pm;vdkufemapa&;
29
6;3 tcef; (4) ? (FPIC) qdkif&mtcGifhta&; awmif;qdkr_twGuf w&m;Oya'tajccH
Xmaewdkif;&if;om;jynfolwdk@. tcGifhta&;rsm;
31

6;4 tcef; (5) ? jrefrmEdkifiH. w&m;Oya'a&;&mESifh rl0g'a&;&mudpPrsm;wGif yg0ifcGifh 33

6;5 tcef; (6) ? jrefrmEdkifiH. EdkifiHwum wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;
37

7
8
9

(ILO)

oabmwlnDcsuf (169)

Xmaewdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m ukvor*~a=unmpmwrf;(UNDRIP)
umuG,fapmifhaSmufay;a&;wm0ef

37
38
39

typfy,fcH

10

tydkif; 2?

10;1 cGJjcm;qufqHr_aemufuG,fu tcsuftvufrsm;

10;2 tcef; (7) ? t"du awG@&Sdcsufrsm;

11

tydkif; 3?

vlrsKd;pkrsm;udk ypfy,fxm;jcif;ta=umif; rSwfwrf;ycsuf

11;1 tcef; (8) ? weoFm&Dwdkif;/ xm;0,f a&eufqdyfurf;
11;2 tcef; (9) ? u&ifjynfe,f/ zm;tHrd@&Sd pD;yGm;a&;Zkef
tcef; (10) ? &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;/ yifavmif;rd@e,f&Sd txufaygif;
avmif;qnf
11;3 tcef; (11) ? rGefjynfe,f/ uwdkufqnf pDrHudef;
11;4 tcef; (12) ? ucsifjynfe,f/ jrpfqHkqnf
11;5 tcef; (13) ? csif;jynfe,f/ wD;wdef- &d'fvrf;
11;6 tcef; (14) ? &cdkifjynfe,f/ ppfawGyifv,fqdyfurf;
11;7 tcef; (15) ? u&ifeDjynfe,f/ bdvyfajrpufHk
11;8 tcef; (16) ? &cdkifjynfe,f/ a$obm0"mwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;

40
40

42
43
49
53
58
61
68
74
79
83

12
ed*Hk;csKyf 89

jrefrmEdkifiH.a&&Snftem*wftwGuft"duusaom jynfolvlxkrsm;.yg0ifcGifh

13
aemufqufwGJrsm; 89

13;1 aemufqufwGJ (u)? tpD&ifcHpmypk&mY usifhoHk;aomenf;pepf

13;2 aemufqufwGJ (c)? okyfaz:udef;*%ef;rsm;
13;3 aemufqufwGJ (*)? ar;cGef;rsm;

89
91
91

typfy,fcH

tpD&ifcHpm tusOf;csKyf
qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfolwOD;u zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;wckudk pwiftaumiftxnfraz:rDtxd ,ckppfwrf;aumuf,l
jcif;cH&olrsm;. 90 eD;yg;onf pDrHudef;ta=umif;ESifhywfoufI rnfonfhowif;tcsuftvufr# r&&SdcJh=uacs?
ppfwrf;aumufe,fajr (2)ck rSvGJI wOD;wavr#udkyif owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ay;jcif;r&Sdacs?

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;.wdkufdkuftm;jzifh '%foifhcH&aom vlrsKd;pkwdkif;&if;om;

rsm;tm; od&Sdem;vnfr_jzifh udwifIvGwfvyfpGmay;aom oabmwlcGifhycsuf (Free Prior and
Informed Consent FPIC) qdkif&mtcGifhta&;udk wrifoufoufray;bJxm;a=umif;
TtpD&ifcHpmu pm&Gufpmwrf;taxmuftxm;rsm; wifjyxm;ygonf? zGH@zd;a&;vkyfief;ESifh
qufEG,faom vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;/ rawmfrw&m;r_rsm;udk aumif;pGmrSwfwrf;yxm;
onfrsm;&SdcJhaomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHrSm jynfolrsm;. yg0ifr_qdkif&mtcGifhta&;udk ray;bJxm;r_
rsm; tHhrcef; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ jzpfyGm;aeyHkESifhywfoufI tav;xm;az:jyaom tpD&ifcHpm
[lI wapmifwavr#yif r&Sdao;acs?
vlrsKd;pk (10)pkESifh zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;(9)ck&Sdaom jynfe,f (7)ckESifh wdkif;a'o}uD; (1)cktwGif; awG@
qHkar;jref;r_aygif; (216)ck tay:tajccHxm;onfh TtpD&ifcHpmyg tcsuftvufrsm;onf pDrH
udef;tm%mydkifrsm;wdk@. (jzpfaeus) tEdkifusifh+cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;/ pDrHudef;ESifhqdkifaom owif;
tcsuftvufrsm;udk wif;wif;usyfusyf zHk;zdxm;r_rsm;/ zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;onf rdrdwdk@. b0
rsm;udk aumif;usKd;ay;vdrfhrnf r[kwf[laom pDrHudef;'%foifhaus;&Gmrsm; xifjrifcsufrsm;udk
az:jyaeygonf? ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_. &v'frsm;t& pDrHudef;ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvuf
rsm;udk vlrsKd;pkrsm; qufvufrpHkprf;&Jatmif pepfwus tEdkifusifh+cdrf;ajcmufxm;+yD;/ xdkvlrsKd;pk
wdk@. toufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_tay: wdkufdkuftusKd;oufa&mufEdkifaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifh
ywfoufI rod&Sdatmif vHk;0tarSmifcsxm;avh&Sd&m jrefrmEdkifiH.cufxefwif;rmaomkyf
oGifudka&;jc,fjyaeygonf? TavhvmawG@&Sdcsufrsm;u !$efjyaeonfrSm jrefrmEdkifiH.vlrsKd;
aygif;pHkwdk@wGif aumif;pGm=udKwif today;xm;aom a'ocHwdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm;. vGwf
vyfaomqENjzifh xkwfazmfajym=um;onfh oabmwlnDcsufr&Sdygu zGH@zd;a&;vkyfief;. tusKd;
aus;Zl;rsm;udk rcHpm; r&&SdEdkif[lI jzpfygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHonf aumif;pGm=udKwiftoday;xm;aom a'ocHwdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm;. vGwf
vyfaomqENjzifh xkwfazmfajym=um;onfh oabmwlnDcsuf (Free Prior and Informed ConsentFPIC) qdkif&mtcGifhta&;udk &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm xnfhoGif;jyXmef;xm;aom Xmaewdkif;
&if;om;jynfolrsm;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m ukvor*~a=unmpmwrf; (UN Declaration on the
Rights of Indigenous Peoples-UNDRIP)rSm oabmwlvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhaomfvnf;
8

typfy,fcH

rdrdtay:tusKd;oufa&mufEdkifaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;cs&mY vlwOD;csif;. yg0ifcGifhudk xnfhoGif;

jyXmef;xm;aom EdkifiHawmftqifhtrsKd;om;Oya'[lI jrefrmEdkifiHwGif r&Sdao;acs? '%foifhcH&
ol wOD;csif;yk*~dKvfrsm;tay: (UNDRIP). tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm; trSefwu,f &Sdapvdkygu
jynfwGif;Oya'wGif (FPIC)qdkif&mtcGifhta&;udk xnfhoGif;jyXmef;ay;&ef r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfygonf?
xdk@tjyif zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;ESifh xufcsyfygvmavh&Sdaom (ajrodrf;,ljcif;uJhodk@aom)rawmf
rw&m;r_rsm;udk usL;vGef&mY jrefrmEdkifiHonf rdrd. jynfwGif;Oya'rsm;udkomru a'owGif;ESifh
EdkifiHwumwm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udkyg wdkufdkuf csKd;azmuf&ma&mufygonf? wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwfvkyf+yD;
trsm;yg0ifcGifhr&aom zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;onf e,fajrvlxktay: }uD;av;aom rawmfrw
&m;yr_rsm; jzpfyGm;apavh&Sda=umif;/ xdkpDrHudef;rsm;tm; rdrd. vkyfaqmifcsuftay: rdrdudk,fwdkif
}uD;=uyfcGifhay;&ef ,Hkpm;Ir&a=umif; TtpD&ifcHpmu avhvmawG@&Sdxm;ygonf? T}uD;av;
aom rawmfrw&m;r_rsm;udk [ef@wm;&eftvdk@iSm zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;qdkif&m a'owGif;ESifh
EdkifiHwumapmifh=unfh}uD;=uyfr_ r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfygonf? tpD&ifcHpmu jynfwGif;Oya'rsm;wGif
aumif;pGm=udKwiftoday;xm;aom a'ocHwdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm;. vGwfvyfaom qENjzifh
xkwfazmfajym=um;onfh oabmwlnDcsuf (Free Prior and Informed Consent FPIC)
qdkif&mtcGifhta&;udk tjrefxnfhoGif;jyXmef;ay;yg&ef jrefrmEdkifiHtm;wdkufwGef;xm;ygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHw0Srf;&Sd vlrsKd;pke,fajra'orsm;wGif vlxkyg0ifcGifhrsm;udk av;pm;vdkufemr_&Sdjcif;
odk@r[kwf xdkav;pm;vdkufemr_r&Sdjcif;wdk@udk wduspGmokyfaz:jyEdkifa&;twGuf udef;*%ef;rsm;
wduscdkifrmatmif }uD;pGm*kxm;cJh&ygonf? TtpD&ifcHpmrSm az:jyxm;aom avhvmawG@&Sd
csufrsm;onf tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mESifh zGH@zd;a&;vkyfief;qdkif&mpDrHudef;rsm;. '%foifh
jcif; cH&aom jrefrmEdkifiHw0Srf;&SdvlrsKd;pkrsm;. aus;vufa'orsm; (vHkcHr_aumif;aumif;r&&Sdaom
a'orsm;) tm;vHk;wGifrSefuefaea=umif; (,Hk=unfr_tqifh 95) (Confidence level 95%)
u|Efkyfwdk@ajymEdkifygonf?1
u|Efkyfwdk@. avhvmcsufu atmufygwdk@udk az:jyxm;ygonf?

qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfol tm%mydkifwOD;u zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;udk pwiftaumiftxnf r
az:rDtxd ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;cHolrsm;. 90 eD;yg;onf pDrHudef;ta=umif;ESifhywfoufI
rnfonfhowif;tcsuftvufr# r&&SdcJh=uacs? ppfwrf;aumufe,fajr (2)ck rSvGJI wOD;wavr#
udkyif owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ay;jcif;r&Sdacs?

ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;cH&aom vlOD;a&tm;vHk;. 80 cef@onf pDrHudef;ta=umif;
1/ usyef;erlem,lI ppfwrf;aumuf,lavhvmr_yI jzpf&yf 261 ckudk ar;jref;cJhygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh ,cktpD&ifcHpmwGif
azmfjyxm;onfh okawoeyr_enf;emt& ,cka'wmtcsuftvufrsm;onf tajccHtaqmuftODESifh pufr_zGH@zd;a&; pDrH
csuf vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&m a'otm;vHk;wGif (aus;vuf/ vHkcHr_ r&Sdonfh ae&mrsm;) tygt0if/ ,Hk=unfEdkifr_ tqifh
twef; (confidence interval 6.07 at confidence level 95%) &Sdaea=umif; cdkifvHkpGm azmfjyEdkifygonf?

typfy,fcH

owif;tcsuftvufrsm;&&Sda&;twGuf rnfolESifhqufoG,f&rnf/ rnfonfhae&modk@oGm;

a&muf&rnf qdkonfwdk@udk rod&Sd=uacs? ppfwrf;aumufe,fajr (3)ckY Todk@rodolrsm;onf
100 txdyif&Sdonf?

e,fajrcHvlxkwufa&mufEdkifaomae&mrSm pDrHudef;qHk;jzwfolu vlxkpnf;a0;yGJusif;
yay;onf[k ajymolonf 1 rjynfhwwfacs?

ppfwrf;aumufaom erlempHuGuf&Sd vlOD;a&pkpkaygif;teuf pDrHudef;ta=umif;
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pHkprf;avhvmv#if '%fcwfcH&rnfr[kwf[k xifolOD;a&onf 2
xufenf;onf?

pDrHudef;ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk qufvufpHkprf;v#if ab;ruif;[k
xifolOD;a&onf vlOD;a&. xuf0ufeD;yg;cef@ (44 1 ) &Sd+yD;/ ab;uif;ovm;/ab;ruif;ovm;
[lI rodolOD;a&url 452 &Sdonf?

zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;rSaeI aumif;usKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;udk cHpm;&olOD;a&onf vlOD;a&
pkpkaygif;. 1 rjynfhacs?
TtpD&ifcHpmonf yg0ifcGifhray;bJxm;&mY jzpfyGm;zG,f&Sdaom tusKd;qufrsm;ESifhywfoufI
owday;csufw&yfjzpfonfhtjyif &if;ESD;jrKyfESHrnfholrsm;tm; if;wdk@wGif rnfodk@aom vl@tcGifh
ta&;qdkif&m wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;&Sdonfudk owday;jcif;vnf;jzpfonf?
ppfwrf;aumufavhvmjcif;cH&aom zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;rSeforSsa=umifh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_
rsm; wpHkw&m&SdcJhonfcsnf;yifjzpfonf? csif;trsKd;om;aus;&Gmom;wdk@onf tdENd,EdkifiHu aiG
a=u;pdkufxkwfay;aom vrf;wvrf;.tpdwftydkif;wckudk razmufrae& azmufvkyfay;cJh&onfh
tjyif azmufvkyfaom vrf;.tcsKd@tpdwftydkif;rsm;twGufvnf; aiGa=u;ay;aqmif=u&ao;
onf? Oya'rJhtcGefaumufjcif;/ rlvt&yfa'orS twif;t"rRESifxkwfcH&jcif;/ ajrodrf;,lcH&
jcif;wdk@onf ,ae@txdvkyfaeaom zGH@zd;a&;vkyfief;ESifhywfoufonfh tjzpftrsm;qHk; rawmf
rw&m;r_rsm;jzpfonf?
jrefrmhwyfrawmfrS pDrHudef;vHkcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;onfom vlrsKd;pkrsm;tay: vltcGifhta&;csKd;azmuf
r_rsm;twGuf wm0ef&Sdonfr[kwfacs? EdkifiHpHkukr`%Drsm;jzpfap/ tpdk;&ydkifukr`%Drsm;jzpfap/
yk*~vduydkifukr`%Drsm;jzpfap ukr`%DrSefor#onf rdrdwdk@vkyfief;vkyfudkif&m rnfonfhwdkif;jynfrSm
rqdk vl@tcGifhta&;pHcsdefrsm;udk xdef;odrf;&efwm0ef&Sdonf? T&nfrSef;csufaygufajrmufa&;t
wGuf yxrOD;qHk;vkyf&rnfrSm aumif;pGm=udKwiftoday;xm;aom a'ocHwdkif;&if;om;jynfol
rsm;. vGwfvyfaomqENjzifh xkwfazmfajym=um;onfhoabmwlnDcsuf (FPIC) qdkif&mEdkifiHw
umpHcsdefrsm;udk oufqdkifoltm;vHk;tm; vdkufemapjcif;yifjzpfonf?
10

typfy,fcH

TudpPESifhywfoufI TtpD&ifcHpmujrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&/tmqD,H (ASEAN)tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;/

EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (International Financial Institutions - IFIs)ESifh EdkifiHw
um todkuft0ef;wdk@udk t=uHycsufrsm;ay;xm;ygonf? t=uHywifjycsufrsm;tm;vHk;onf
yGifhvif;jrifomr_/ wm0efcHr_ESifhyg0ifr_qdkif&mrlrsm;/ vlxktajcjyKtzGJ@tpnf;udk tcGifhtm%m
ay;a&; pdwf"mwf/ xdk@jyif vl@tcGifhta&;udk tpOfav;pm;todtrSwfyjcif;onf a&&SnfzGH@
zd;wdk;wufa&;. tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfonf[laom ,Hk=unfcsufwdk@ESifhtnD t=uHyxm;jcif;jzpfyg
onf?

pum;OD;
tem*wftwGuf tiftm;pktopfjzpfaom jrefrmEdkifiH. vli,frsm;
jrefrmEdkifiHu vlrsKd;pkvli,fawG[m olwdk@e,fajrawGxJu zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;awGta=umif;udk rajym&J=ubl;?
tvkyfywfrSmudk a=umufae=uw,f? 'Dvli,fawGudk olwdk@tcGifhta&;ta=umif; odatmiftm;ay;zdk@vdkygw,f?
'grSom olwdk@[m olwdk@vlrsKd;pktwGuf toHcsJ@puftjzpf aqmif&Gufay;Edkif=uvdrfhr,f?
wtmif;vli,f wufuGv_yf&Sm;ol2

TtpD&ifcHpm. aemufuG,fpdwf"mwfrSm vli,ftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uGef,ufrS ,Hk=unfcsufjzpf

onfh t!Gef@wvlvljzma0aeaom vli,fxkonf jrefrmEdkifiH.wefzdk;t&SdqHk;aom t&if;tjrpf
opfrsm;jzpfonf[laom tjrifudk tajccHygonf? qdk;usKd;ay;zG,f&Sdaom zGHzd;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;.
qHk;jzwfcsufcs&m tcef;ursm;wGif ab;z,fxm;jcif;ESifh E_wfydwfjcif;cH&p&m&SdEdkifonfh vlrsKd;pk
vli,frsm;.jy\emrsm;/ vdktyfcsufrsm;udk rSwfwrf;
yjcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd E_wfqdwfae&olrsm;udk
ajymqdkcGifhay;&ef u|Efkyfwdk@ar#mfvifhxm;ygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiH.vli,fwdk@onf 'Drdkua&pDyjyifajymif;vJ
r_twGuf vrf;cif;ay;&mY ta&;ygaom tcef;u
rSm&Sdaea=umif; jyocJh=u+yD;jzpfygonf? 1988 ckESpfu
vrf;ay:odk@ydqif;vm=u+yD; ppfwyftkyfpdk;r_tqHk;owf
ay;&ef awmif;qdkolrsm;/ wdkif;jynfw0Srf;vHk;rSm ,ae@
txdqENjyyGJ}uD;rsm;jzpfyGm;vmatmif azmufcGJolrsm;/
xdk@jyif 1990 ckvGefESpfrsm; twGif;uvnf; tm%m
ydkifwdk@. &uf&ufpufpufvkyf&yfrsm;udk&SKwfcs+yD;/ vl@
2/

,ck z,fusOfcHxm;&jcif; tpD&ifcHpmtwGuf awG@qHkar;jref;r_rS

11

typfy,fcH

tcGifhta&;twGuf aS@aqmifwifjycJholrsm;onf vli,frsm;yifjzpfygonf? rnfonfhtrsKd;om;

EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;rqdk vli,fwdk@.vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;&rnf[kvnf; vli,fwdk@u rdrd
wdk@.vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; twdtvif;xkwfaz:r_rsm;jzifh jyocJh+yD;jzpfygonf?
qdk;onfum; tqufquftpdk;&wdk@u jrefrmEdkifiH&Sdvli,frsm; txl;ojzifhvlrsKd;pkrsm;ESifh aus;
vufa'orsm;rS vli,frsm;. aumif;pm;a&;ESifh zGH@zd;wdk;wufa&;udk wrifoufouf vspfvsL_
xm;cJh=ujcif;yif jzpfygonf? zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;rSaeI &&SdaomtusKd;tjrwfrsm;jzifh vlr_a&;
toHk;pm;&dwfrSm wdk;I&if;ESD;jrKyfESHjcif;rybJ EdkifiH.&oHk;cef@rSef;aiGpm&if;(bwf*suf).3udkom
ynma&;twGuf cGJa0owfrSwfay;cJhonf? Tynma&;toHk;pm;&dwfyrm%onf urBmay:wGif
tedrfhqHk;yrm%wckjzpf+yD; a'owGif;pHcsdefESifh E_dif;,SOfv#ifyif edrfhaeao;onf?3 bwf*suf.rjzpf
pavmuf2r#udkom usef;rma&;apmifhaSmufr_twGuf owfrSwfay;cJh&m touf (5) ESpf
atmuf uav;oli,frsm;. 30cef@onf emwm&Snftm[m&csKd@wJhr_a&m*ga=umifh udk,f
tav;csdef rjynfhbJ&Sdae=uonf?4 tmSwdkuf. usef;rma&;tqifhtwef; tedrfhqHk; wdkif;jynf
wjynfjzpfaom jrefrmEdkifiHrSm vlrsKd;pka'orsm;. usef;rma&;tqifhtwef;u ydkIyif edrfhusae
ygao;onf? vlrsKd;pkvli,frsm;. 32omv#if a&m*gumuG,faq; tpHktvifxdk;ESHay;jcif;
cH=u&onf?5
wae@v#if wpfa':vmxufenf;aom toHk;pm;&dwfjzifh touf&Sifae&olrsm;. pm;0wfaea&;
jrifhwifay;&ef oHk;pGJ&rnfh tpdk;&bmaiGudk ppfwyf (zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;teD;tem;rSm aexdkif
ae=uaomvlrsKd;pkrsm;tm; rawmfrw&m;vkyfjcif;/ +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;yaeaom pDrHudef;vHkcHa&;
wyfrsm;udk arG;xkwfay;&mae&mXme) tiftm;}uD;xGm;apa&;twGuf oHk;pGJaeygonf? pDrHudef;
'%foifhcH&aom vli,fwOD;u olwdk@uaoewfwum;um;eJ@qdkawmh olwdk@em;udk usaemfwdk@
ruyf&Jbl;? pDrHudef;vkyfief;twGuf ppfom;awGeJ@ twlwlvmwJhvlawGudkvnf; usaemf
wdk@ wu,frkef;wD;w,f?6[kajymjycJhzl;onf? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf jynfytE W&m,f+cdrf;ajcmufr_
r&SdygbJv#uf ppfwyftwGuf bwf*suf. (4)yHk (1)yHkeD;yg; toHk;pm;&dwfowfrSwfay;xm;onf?
tusKd;qufum; tpdk;&axmufyHhaom pmoifausmif;rsm;ESifh aq;Hkrsm; t}uD;tus,f,dk,Gif;
ysufpD;ae=u+yD; e*dkuwnf;u qif;&JEGrf;yg;ae=u&Smaom jynfolrsm;tzdk@ usef;rma&;ESifhynma&;
vkyfief;rsm;udk rdrdwdk@pm;&dwfjzifhpdkufxkwfI vkyf=u&jcif;yifjzpfonf?
3/
U.S. policy toward Burma, testimony before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on
East Asian and Pacific Affairs, U.S. State Department, by Joe Yun, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary, Bureau of East Asian
and Pacific Affairs, 26 April 2012
4/
5/
6/

The World Factbook: Burma, Central Intelligence Agency, 20 June 2012

Burma Operational Plan: Gender Annex, UK Aid, Department for International Development, 2011, p.2

,ck z,fusOfcHxm;&jcif; tpD&ifcHpmtwGuf awG@qHkar;jref;r_rS

12

typfy,fcH

jynfwGif;rSm ynma&;ESifh tvkyftudkif&&Sda&; tcGifhtvrf;rsm; acgif;yg;rSKa=umifh vlrsKd;pkvli,f

rsm;tzdk@ roifhawmf ra&&maomtajctaeodk@ a&muf=u&avonf? uav;ppfom;pkaqmif;r_
udk urBmay:rSm tqdk;&Gm;qHk;usL;vGefaom EdkifiHwEdkifiHtjzpf umvtawmf=umuwnf;u
vufndK;txdk;cHcJh&aom jrefrmEdkifiHrSm (2011)ckESpfu ppfwyftkyfpdk;r_udk w&m;0ifzsufodrf;+yD;
aemufrSmyif TudpPESifhywfoufI taumif;bufodk@ajymif;vJr_ r&Sdao;acs? (2012) ckESpf.
yxr (3)vydkif;twGif;rSm uav; (24)OD;udk ppfwyfxJodk@ oGwfoGif;cJhonf[k ukvor*~u
twnfyaz:jycJhonf? uav;ppfom;pkaqmif;r_E_ef;onf oDwif;ywf (1)ywfrSm (2) a,muf
E_ef;jzpfonf?
rdom;pkudk axmufyHha&;twGuf teD;tem;rd@rsm; odk@r[kwf rd@}uD;rsm;odk@ tvkyfSmoGm;=u
aom uav;rsm;tzdk@ twif;t"rRvkyftm;apcdkif;jcif;/ ay:wmqGJjcif;/ vlukeful;jcif;wdk@udk cH&
zG,f&Sdonf? Todk@qdkvdkufjcif;onf vGef&mrusyg? ta=umif;rSm tqdk;&Gm;qHk;omefjzifh jzpf
yGm;aeaom uav;vkyftm;cdkif;apr_onf jrefrmEdkifiHtESH@rSm &Sdaeaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?
uav;oli,frsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeaumif;udk Sm=uH&eftvdk@iSm tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;odk@
oGm;avh&Sd=uonf? e,fpyfjzwfausmfoGm;a&mufoltrsm;pkonf ausmif;aezl;HkqdkHkr#om&Sdaom
odk@r[kwf ausmif;raezl;olrsm;jzpfaom aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;rS vli,frsm;jzpfonf[k urBmh
usef;rma&;tzGJ@ (WHO). avhvmcsufwapmifuqdkygonf?7
vli,fwdk@.ar#mfvifhcsuf a&a&&m&mr&SdcJhaom a&Snfjy\emonf wurBmvHk;aqmif&Gufay;r_
ESifh tmHkpdkufr_udk r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaeaom jy\emjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif a=umufcref;vdvd
90 r#aom vli,frsm;onf tvkyfvufrJhjzpfae=uonf? wae@wjcm;}uD;xGm;vmaeaom
tvkyfvufrJhE_ef;udk atmifqef;pk=unfu jrefrmEdkifiH. tem*wfudk +cdrf;ajcmufaeaom csdef
udkufAHk;tjzpf &nf!$ef;ajymqdkcJhonf?8 rdrdwdk@. tem*wftvm;tvmudkvnf;rod atmif
jrifa&;vrf;pvnf; r&&Sdaoma=umifh pdwfav+yD; ar#mfvifhcsufrJhol vli,fwdk@onf rl;,pfaq;0g;/
&mZ0wfr_/ avmif;upm;wdk@bufodk@ vSnfhoGm;wwf=uonf? ucsifjynfe,fY touf (1425)ESpft&G,fvli,frsm;xJrSm w&m;r0ifrl;,pfaq;0g;oHk;pGJr_onf wdk;vmaev#uf&Sd+yD; Todk@rl;
,pfaq;0g;oHk;pGJr_wkd;vm&jcif;onf t"dutm;jzifh tvkyfvufrJhjzpfyGm;r_E_ef; }uD;xGm;vmjcif;
a=umifhjzpfonf[k ucsifrl;,pfaq;0g;apmifh=unfha&;tzGJ@ (Kachin Drug Watch-KDW) .
tpD&ifcHpmwapmifuqdkygonf? vli,frsm; rl;,pfaq;0g;bufodk@ vSnfhoGm;&jcif;rSm ar#mfvifh
csufrJhaom pdwfcHpm;r_a=umifhjzpfa=umif; xdk(KDW). tpD&ifcHpmu Todk@qdkygonf? vli,f
wdk@onf rdrdwdk@rSm tem*wf&nfrSef;csufaygufajrmufa&; tcGifhtvrf;rsm;r&Sd[k cHpm;ae=u
&onf?9
7/
8/
9/

Fact Sheet: Myanmar and Adolescent Health, World Health Organization, January 2007
Myanmar Dissident Cautions Perspective Investors, NY Times, 2 June 2012
Getting Higher: Number of Kachin Youth Using Illegal Drugs is Rising, Kachin News, 24 August 2009

13

typfy,fcH

EdkifiHjcm; wdkufdkuf&if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_ESifh zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;wdk@onf Todk@aom a&SnftvkyfvufrJhjzpf

yGm;r_jy\em tqHk;owfa&;ESifh onfhxufyifydkI ta&;}uD;aom vli,fwdk@tm; ar#mfrSef;p&m
tem*wfudkay;a&;wdk@twGuf tusKd;yEdkifpGrf;&Sdygonf? zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;udk toufarG;0rf;
ausmif; ynmoifwef;rsm;ESifh qufpyfay;jcif;/ ynmoif=um;a&; tcGifhtvrf;rsm;zefwD;ay;jcif;/
EdkifiHjcm;rS0efxrf;rsm;udk ac:,lvmjcif;xuf e,fajrcHvli,frsm;udk OD;pm;ay;Itvkyfcef@xm;
jcif;wdk@tm;jzifh tusKd;yEdkifygonf? yg0ifcGifhta=umif;ESifhywfoufI vltrsm;od&Sdatmif ynm
ay;jcif;tm;jzifh taumiftxnfaz:rnfh zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;rS&aom 0ifaiGjzifh e,fajrcHvlxk
twGuf rnfodk@taumif;qHk;jzpfatmif tusKd;yEdkifyHk (pmoifausmif;wausmif;aqmufvkyfay;
onfjzpfap/ enf;ynmoifwef;ausmif;wausmif; wnfaxmifay;onfjzpfap) udk oufqdkif&m
pDrHudef;rSyk*~dKvfrsm;ESifh tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm; odatmifvkyfay;Edkifygonf?
vli,frsm;udktcGifhtm%may;tyfjcif;onf usifh0wft&vdktyfonfomru EdkifiHa&;ESifhpD;yGm;
a&;t&vnf; vdktyfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHrSm touf (15)ESpfatmuf vli,frsm;onf vlOD;a&pkpk
aygif;. 30 eD;yg;&Sd&m10 wdkif;jynfonf EkysdKaomvlOD;a&&Sd&m wdkif;jynfwjynftjzpfodk@a&muf
vkeD;eD;jzpfjzpfaeygonf? Tvli,fwdk@onf wae@wGif a&S@odk@ wdkif;jynfwufvSrf;a&;twGuf
wm0ef,l=u&vdrfhrnfjzpf&m olwdk@udkpGrf;aqmif&nfjznfhqnf;ay;&mY taumif;qHk;aom enf;
vrf;um; ynma&;tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ay;jcif;ESifh pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufay;jcif;yifjzpfygonf? odk@rS
om tem*wfjrefrmEdkifiHudk xda&mufr_&SdpGmESifh pkaygif;nDnmpGm pDrHtkyfcsKyfEdkif=urnfjzpfyg
onf?

t=uHywifjycsufrsm;
jrefrmEdkifiH. vlrsKd;pkwdkif;&if;om;vli,frsm;jzpfaom u|Efkyfwdk@taeESifh atmufygtcsufrsm;udk t=uHy
wifjyygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHrSm jynfoltrsm; yg0ifcGifhvnf;&/ a&Snfvnf;wnfwHhEdkifaom zGH@zd;a&;twGuf
tajccHtkwfjrpfcsa&;wnf;[laom tjrifhqHk;&nfrSef;csufjzifh jynfolrsm;yg0ifcGifhudk wdk;I usifhoHk;vm+yD;/ zGH@
zd;a&;tusKd;tjrwfrsm;udk yg0ifywfoufolrsm;tm;vHk;tm; txl;ojzifhvlrsKd;pke,fajra'orsm;&Sd xdcdkuf
epfemcH&aom e,fajrol/ e,fajrom;rsm;tm; r#a0ay;vdrfhrnf[k u|Efkyfwdk@ar#mfvifhygonf?
atmufygypfrSwftoD;oD;udk wrlxl;jcm;pGm owfrSwfay;xm;jcif;onf vlrsKd;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;. e,fajr
a'orsm;wGif rSefrSefuefuefaqG;aEG;wdkifyifa&;vkyfief;udk tav;xm;vkyfaqmifapa&;twGufjzpfygonf?
om"utm;jzifhqdk&v#if jrefrmEdkifiH trsKd;om;vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif (Myanmar National Human
Rights Commission-MNHRC) taeESifh jrefrmEdkifiHrSm vl@tcGifhta&;tm;vHk;udk umuG,fapmifhaSmuf
10/

Population under age 15 (percent) 2011, The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

14

typfy,fcH

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jcif;ESifh xdef;odrf;jcif;wdk@ESifhpyfvsOf;I t"dutcef;urSm&Sdaeygonf? vlrsKd;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;. EdkifiH
a&; ygwDrsm;taeESifhrl xdcdkufepfemcH&aom e,fajrvlxktay: zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;wckcku rvSnfhpm;Edkif
atmif aqmif&Gufay;&ef tcGifhtm%m&Sdygonf? Tt=uHywifjycsuftm;vHk;onf wurBmvHk; oabm
wlvufcH xm;aom vl@tcGifhta&;pHcsdefrsm;twdkif; jrefrmEdkifiHvdkufemusifhoHk;&mY taxmuftulyay;&ef
&nf&G,fygonf?

jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&odk@ wdkufwGef;csufrsm;

Xmaewdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm; tcGifhta&;qdkif&m ukvor*~ a=unmpmwrf; (UN Declaif;ESifhoufqdkif&m tjynf

jynfqdkif&m tvkyform;tzGJ@csKyf (ILO)oabmwlnDcsufrsm;ponfh jrefrmEdkifiH. twd
tvif;az:jyxm;cJhaom EdkifiHwum uwdu0wfrsm;udk tav;xm;aomtm;jzifh jynf
wGi;f Oya'wGif aumif;pGm=udKwiftoday;xm;aom a'ocHwikd ;f &if;om;jynforl sm;. vGwf
vyfaomqENjzifh xkwfazmfajym=um;onfh oabmwlnDcsuf (Free Prior and Informed
Consent FPIC) qdkif&mtcGifhta&;udk xnfhoGif;jyXmef;ay;&ef?
ration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples-UNDRIP)ESifh

t"dy`g,f&SdpGmyg0ifa&; tcGifhta&;udk tjynfht0av;pm;vdkufemjcif; r&Sdao;ciftcsdefrSm

wdkufyGJjzpfyGm;&m e,fajra'orsm;&Sd zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;udk &yfqdkif;xm;&efESifh wdkufyGJjzpf
yGm;&m e,fajra'orsm;rSmaomfvnf;aumif;/ typftcwf&yfpJa&;aphpyfaqG;aEG;rSKrsm;
ysufjym;oGm;EdkifzG,f&Sdaom e,fajra'orsm;rSmaomfvnf;aumif; pDrHudef;topfrsm;az:
aqmifjcif;ry&ef?

xdcdkufepfemcH&aom vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;twGuf tvSrf;rSDEdkifaom/ yGifhvif;jrifomr_&Sdaom/

oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom/ cGJjcm;qufqHr_r&Sdaom wdkifwef;csuf=um;emppfaq;a&;tpDtrH
w&yfudk (MNHRC)ESifhwGJzufItaumiftxnfaz:&ef?

tjynfjynfqdkif&m aiGa=u;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (International Financial Fnstitutions-IFIs)/ txl;

ojzifh tmSzGH@zd;a&;b%f(Asian Development Bank)/ urBmhb%f (World Bank)ESifh tjynfjynf
qdkif&maiGa=u;&efyHkaiG tzGJ@ (International Monetary Fund)odk@wdkufwGef;csuf

xdcdkufepfemcH&aom vlrsKd;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;/ vlxktajcjyKtzGJ@tpnf;rS yg0ifywfouf

olrsm;ESifh t"dy`g,f&Sd&SdxdawG@qufqHr_onf (FPIC)qdkif&m jyXmef;csufESifh udkufnDap&ef

15

typfy,fcH

onfhtjyif(IFI). jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m r[mAsL[mrsm;teuf ta&;}uD;aom r[mAsL[m

rsm;ESifhvnf; udkufnDap&rnf?

jrefrmEdkifiHrSmavmavmq,fvkyfief;vkyfae=uaom ukr`%Drsm;ESifh vkyfudkif&efpdkif;jyif;

jyifqifae=uaom ukr`%Drsm;odk@wdkufwGef;csuf

jrefrmEdkifiHywf0ef;usifqdkif&m tvkyftzGJ@ (Burma Environment Working Group)u

a&;qGJowfrSwfxm;aom atmufyg pHcsdefowfrSwfcsufrsm;udk zwf_=unfh&ef/11

vuf&Sd&if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_rsm;ESifh &nf&G,fxm;aom &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_rsm;wGif vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;.
epfemcsufrsm;udk tjynfht0 ajz&Sif;ay;&rnf?

o
t&yfom;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;taeESifh ESdyfuGyfjcif; odk@r[kwf rawmfrw&m;yjcif;wdk@udk
a=umufaep&mrvdkbJ rdrdwdk@. tcef;utwdkif; vGwfvyfpGm aqmif&GufEdkif&rnf?
o

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aemufaemiftzdk@ ypfy,fxm;cH&jcif;/ toufqHk;_H;jcif;/ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;

qHk;_H;jcif;wdk@ rjzpfyGm;&avatmif tapmwvsifvkyf&rnfhvkyfief;tjzpf vlrsKd;pke,fajra'
orsm;&Sd wdkifwef;csufrsm;udk csufcsif;vufiif;ta&;,l aqmif&Gufay;&efESifh vuf&Sdum
uG,fapmifhaSmufa&; tpDtrHudk taumiftxnfaz:&ef?

vlrsKd;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;. e,fajra'o&Sd zGH@zd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk apmifh=unfha&;twGuf

t&yfom;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk tcGifhtm%may;tyfrnfh &nf&G,fcsufjzifh t&yfom;tzGJ@t
pnf;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_udk wdk;jrifh&efESifh oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom t&yfom;tzGJ@t
pnf;rsm;ay:xGef;vma&;twGuf tcGifhomapaom ywf0ef;usifw&yfudk ypkysKd;axmifay;
&ef?

jrefrmEdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;ygwD tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;odk@ wdkufwGef;csuf

jynfolrsm;yg0ifcGifhudk av;pm;vdkufemr_r&Sdjcif;uJhodk@aom vlxktajcjyKtzGJ@tpnf;epfem

11/
To read the rest of the BEWG benchmarks, please refer to: Burma Environmental Working Group Issues
Benchmarks for Investment in Energy, Extractive and Land Sectors in Burma, BEWG press release, 22 March 2012

16

typfy,fcH

csufrsm;udk xkwfaz:ajym=um;&efESifh v$wfawmfodk@wifjy&ef? Todk@aqmif&Gufjcif;onf

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aomfvnf;aumif;/ vGwfvyfpGm a&G;aumufwifajrmufxm;aom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rS
wqifhaomfvnf;aumif; jynfolrsm;yg0if&eftcGifhta&;ESifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;&Sd&rnf[k
qdkxm;aom EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&moabmwlnD
csuf(International Covenant on Civil and Political Right-ICCPR).yk'fr(25)12 ESifh
udkufnDygonf?

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tcGifhta&;udk umuG,fapmifhaSmufay;aom &Sif;vif;jywfom;onfhjyXmef;csufrsm;yg&Sd
atmif aqmif&Gufay;&ef?

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[kwf rnfhonfhvkyfief;opfrsm;ESifhrqdk oufqdkifaom (FPIC)qdkif&m jyXmef;csufrsm;udk
aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif xnfhoGif;aqG;aEG;&ef?

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I e,fajrvlxktm; ynmay;&ef?

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tcGifhtm%may;&efESifh yg0ifp&mudpPrsm;wGif wdkufdkufyg0ifEdkifatmif aqmif&Gufay;&ef?

UNDRIP

12/
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner on Human Rights, adopted by UN General Assembly on 16 December 1966.

17

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13/
14/

Myanmar: Ending the worlds longest running civil war, Global Post, 5 May 2012
How not to invest in Myanmar, Brian P. Klein, Foreign Policy, 25 July 2012

18

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(FPIC) qdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;udk av;pm;vdkufemjcif;onf a&SnfwnfwHhEdkifaomzGH@zd;a&;ESifh
qif;&Jr_av#mhcsa&;wdk@twGuf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaom enf;vrf;w&yfjzpfygonf?

15/
Todk@aom rawmfrw&m;yr_rsm;wGif pDrHudef;ESifh eD;uyf&ma'orsm;wGif aexdkif=uonfh wdkif;&if;om;
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19

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a=umufrufzG,f&m80txd&Sdonf?16

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16/
Chin State Applies for Special Region Status, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, 2 September
2011, accessed 18 June 2012

20

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jrefrmEdkifiHwGif obm0o,HZmw xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief; vkyf&efESifh &if;ESD;jrKyfESH&ef tajy;tv$m;a&mufvm
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aom jrefrmEdkifiHrSmwurBmvHk;. ywWjrm;90/ wurBmvHk;.ausmufpdrf;98/ urBmrSmeHygwf (10)ajrmuf
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17/
18/

2012

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Stock exchanges battle for a piece of the frontier, Democratic Voice of Burma, 14 May 2012, accessed 18 June

21

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19/

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Stevens, Jane. "Teak Forests of Burma Fall Victim to Warfare."The Oregonian [Portland, Oregon]. March 16,

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22/
23/

Burma opens for business, Irrawaddy, 11 January 2012, accessed 18 June 2012
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22

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vsm; uGmjcm;aeygonf? tu,fI vuf&Sdxkwfvkyfr_E_ef;ESifh 0,f,lr_aps;E_ef;rsm;udk rajymif;bJ
bJxm; rnf[kqdkygpdk@? jrefrmEdkifiHonf vmrnfhESpfaygif; (40)twGif;rSm obm0"mwfaiG@rsm;
a&mif;csr_rSaeI wESpfv#ifa':vm (2)bDvsHE_ef;jzifh 0ifaiG&&Sdrnfjzpfonf? tu,fI pDrHudef;cs
xm;onfhtwdkif;xkwfvkyfr_udkwdk;csJ@vdkufygv#if 2013 ckESpfwGif wdk;csJ@p&m&Sdonf) T0ifaiG
onf 60wdk;vmrnf[k ar#mfvifh&ygonf?27
24/
Chin State Applies for Special Region Status, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, 2 September
2011, accessed 18 June 2012
25/
All poverty statistics, unless otherwise noted, come from the United Nation Development Program report
Targeting the Most Vulnerable, 1 May 2008, accessed 18 June 2012

26/
All poverty statistics, unless otherwise noted, come from the United Nation Development Program report Targeting the Most Vulnerable, 1 May 2008, accessed 18 June 2012
27/
Projected profits come from following article Despite reforms, Western oil firms avoid Myanmar, AungHlaTun,
24 November 2011, accessed 18 June 2012

23

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avmq,fwnfaqmufaeaom a&tm;v#yfppfpDrHudef; (50)cef@rSaeIvnf; ESpfpOf0ifaiGa':vm
(4)bDvsHcef@ &vdrfhOD;rnfjzpfonf?29 tuJqwf+yD; qif;&JrGJawr_'%fudkvnf; cHpm;ae&aom&Srf;
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vmonf ESifhtr# ydkIaumif;vmzG,f&Sdonf? TEdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_rsm; w[kefxdk;vSdrfh0ifvm
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jrefrmEdkifiHYwdkif;jynf. bma&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESifh zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;wdk@onf b,faomt
cgur# yGifhvif;jrifomjcif; odk@r[kwf wm0efcHjcif;r&SdcJhzl;acs? Ttcsufonf yGifhvif;jrifomr_
qdkif&m EdkifiHwumapmifh=unfha&;tzGJ@ (TransparencyInternational). urBmhtusifhysufjcpm;r_
pm&if;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHtzdk@(tmz*efepPwefESifh tqifhwl) tqifh (2)&&Sdapaom ta=umif;&if;
wckjzpfonf?30 pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;rSm yGifhvif;jrifomr_r&SdqdkonfrSm tusKd;t
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aejcif;/ if;0ifaiGbmrsm; rnfonfhae&ma&mufoGm;rSef; rod&jcif;yifjzpfonf? TaiGrsm;
onf aq;Hk/ pmoifausmif;aqmufay;jcif;/ tvkyftudkifrsm; ydkI&&Sdapjcif;tm;jzifh ywf0ef;usif
aus;&Gmrsm;. vlaer_tqifhtwef;udkjrSifhwifay;jcif;uJhodk@aom vlr_a&;twGufoHk;pGJr_qDodk@
a&muf&SdroGm;onfuawmh aocsmygonf?

28/

Burmas Natural Resources Add Fuel to Conflict, Simon Roughneen, Irrawaddy, 25 July 2011, accessed 18 June

29/
30/

Attempts to boost development in Burma fuel conflict, David Myers, Deutsche Welle, accessed 18 June 2012

2012

Myanmars path to prosperity strewn with obstacles, Dane Bryant, World Politics Review, 8 June 2012

24

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ausmif; vkyfief;qdkonfrSm pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;trsKd;rsKd;jzpfygonf? odk@&mwGiftwif;t"rRa$@
ajymif;cdkif;cH &olrsm;udkvGifwD;acgife,fajr/ odk@r[kwfta0;ajy;vrf;r}uD;ab;rSm ae&mcsxm;
avh&Sdwwf&m/olwdk@wawG. t"du toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm; qHk;_H;=u&onf? jzpf&yf
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=u&+yD;/ TwGif ,if;wvJvlrsKd;pk (u&ifeDvlrsKd;pk0ifvlrsKd;wrsKd;jzpf+yD;/ vlOD;a& 1000 ywf0ef;usif
om&Sdonf? jrpfurf;ab;rsm;rSm aexdkifvkyfudkifpm;aomuf=uolrsm;jzpfonf) aysmufuG,f
oGm;awmhrnfvm;[k wae@wjcm;pdk;&drfp&mjzpfaeygonf?31

u,ef; ,Ofaus;rSKyGJrsm; jyKvkyfusif;yaeaomykH

31/

Karenni State: Dam Construction Threatens Community, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization,
accessed 18 June 2012

25

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cGifhta&; (umuG,fapmifhaSmufa&;)twGuftxl;ta&;}uD;ygonf?32
dk'dkzdkpwufAifa[*if (Rodolfo Stavenhagen) vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh Xmaewdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm;. tajccHvGwfvyfcGifh tajctaeqdkif&m ukvor*~ txl;oHwrefa[mif;
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yg0if&jcif;tm;jzifh u|Efkyfwdk@onfrdrdwdk@. uH=urRmudkpdk;rdk;csKyfudkifEdkifpGrf;&Sdygonf? Xmaewdkif;&if;
om;jynfolrsm;qdkif&m ukvor*~txl;oHwref *sdrf;tefe,m (James Anaya)u vl@tcGifht
a&;jzpfaom TtajccHtcGifhta&;r&Sdygu pkaygif;tcGifhta&;a&m wOD;csif;tcGifhta&;udkygt
jynhft0rcHpm;&Edkifacs?33[kqdkygonf? odk@jzpf&myg0ifcGifhonfvl@tcGifhta&;ESifhvGwfvyfcGifh
tm;vHk;udk&&SdcHpm;Edkifa&;twGuf txl;t
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tm;vHk;tay: tjynfht0tm%m ydkifqdkif
a'ocHjynfolrsm; jrpfqkHa&umwmudk qef@usifaom
cGifh&Sdonf?
vSHK@aqmfrSKyGJrsm;jyKvkyfaepOf

32/
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous
people, Rodolfo Stavenhagen, submitted in accordance with Commission resolution 2001/65 (Fifty ninth session), U.N. Doc.
E/CN.4/2003/90, January 21, 2003, para 66
33/
Report of the Special Rapporteur on indigenous people, James Anaya, Addendum Report on the Situation of
Human Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Brazil UN Doc A/HRC/12/34/Add.2 (26 August 2009) at para. 22.

26

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27

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34/
Maia S. Campbell & S. James Anaya, The Case of the Maya Villages of Belize: Reversing the Trend of Government
Neglect to Secure Indigenous Land Rights, 8 Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 377, 379 (2008).
35/
Maia S. Campbell & S. James Anaya, The Case of the Maya Villages of Belize: Reversing the Trend of Government
Neglect to Secure Indigenous Land Rights, 8 Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 377, 379 (2008).
36/
Free, Prior and Informed Consent and the World Bank Group, Robert Goodland, Sustainable Development
Law & Policy, Vol. 4, Issue 2, p. 61

28

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y,fus,f0ef;aom tajccHvl@tcGifhta&; wyHwr}uD;udkcsKd;azmuf&ma&mufygonf? Ttcef;
onfjrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;& pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaz:udkifzuf wdkif;jynfrsm;/ aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;taeESifhjrefrm
EdkifiHtygt0if ydkifeufe,fajrwckckwGif zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;az:aqmifa&;ESifhywfoufIqHk;jzwfcsuf
wpHkw&mrcsrSwfrDrSm vdkufem&rnfhvrf;!$efcsufrsm;udk ay;&ef&nf&G,fygonf?37

37/

2011

Information sourced from draft UN-REDD Guidelines of Free, Prior, and Informed Consent dated 1 December

29

typfy,fcH

vkyfief;tqifh (1)? (FPIC)ESifh qdkifaom pHkprf;avhvmoHk;oyfr_

tpdk;&/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaz:udkifzufwdkif;jynfrsm;/ aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm; uJhodk@aom pDrHudef;twGuf
wm0ef&Sdolrsm;u oufqdkif&m tcGifhta&;&Sdolrsm; (Rights-Rolders)ESifh yl;aygif;I (FPIC)ESifh
qdkifaom pHkprf;avhvm oHk;oyfr_w&yfudk vkyfaqmifjcif;? (FPIC) ESifhqdkifaom pHkprf;avhvm
oHk;oyfr_wGif atmufygvkyfaqmifcsufrsm; yg0if&rnfjzpfygonf?
(u) az:aqmif&ef =uH&G,fxm;aom pDrHudef;ta=umif; tao;pdwf &Sif;jyjcif;?
(c)pDrHudef;a=umifh xdcdkufepfemzG,f&Sdonfh tcGifhta&;&Sdolrsm;ta=umif;ESifhwuG
&mvkyfief;wGif olwdk@rnfodk@rnfyHk yg0ifvdkyHkta=umif;wdk@udk &Sif;jyjcif;?

(FPIC)qdkif

(*) oufqdkif&mjynfwGif;a'owGif;ESifh EdkifiHwum vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;tygt0if oufqdkif&m

w&m;Oya' vkyfief;pnf;rsOf;abmifta=umif;udk&Sif;jyjcif;? ajr,mrsm;. Oya'abmif0ifr_
tqifhtwef;ESifh if;ajr,mrsm;udktcGifhta&;&Sdolrsm;u w&m;Oya'enf;vrf;t&jzpfapw&m;
Oya'ESifhrqdkifaom enf;vrf;t&jzpfapoHk;pGJvmcJhyHkwdk@udk pDppfoHk;oyfjcif;?
(C)(FPIC)qdkif&mvkyfief;udkay:aygufaponfh taumiftxnfaz:rnfh pDrHudef;utcGifhta&;
&Sdolrsm;tay: vlr_a&;t&/ ,Ofaus;r_t&/ obm0ywf0ef;usift& oufa&mufr_rsm;ESifh T
oufa&mufr_rsm;udk rnfodk@enf;Edkifor#enf;atmifaqmif&Gufrnfqdkonfwdk@udk tuJjzwfjcif;?
&v'frsm;udk yg0ifywfoufoltm;vHk;u oabmwlvufcHonfhtcsdeftxd pHkprf;avhvmoHk;oyf
r_udk qufvufvkyfaqmifoGm;&rnfjzpfygonf? tcGifhta&;&Sdolrsm;u rdrdwdk@.jy\emrsm;udk
ajymjycGifh&aom pDrHudef;ESifh ywfoufI rdrdwdk@jzpfapvdkonfwdk@ (obm0o,HZmwrsm;udkxHk;
wrf;pOfvmt& rnfodk@cGJa0owfrSwfay;yHktygt0ifjzpfonf)udk ajymqdkcGifh&aom &yf&GmyHkpH vl
xkpnf;a0;yGJudkvnf; pDppfoHkoyfr_wGifxnfhoGif;&rnf?

tqifh (2)? (FPIC) awmif;cHv$m

(FPIC)ESifhqdkifaom

pHkprf;avhvmoHk;oyfcsufudk wnDwnGwfwnf; oabmwlvufcHvdkuf=u

aomtcgY oufqdkif&mqHk;jzwfcsufcsolrsm;u tcGifhta&;&Sdolrsm;ESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;um
atmufygtcsufrsm;yg0ifaom (FPIC) awmif;cHv$mudk a&;om;&rnfjzpfonf?
(u) wdkifyifaqG;aEG;r_rsm;udk rnfonfhae&mrSm rnfodk@vkyfrnf?
(c) oufqdkif&m tcGifhta&;&Sdolrsm;u rnfodk@ qHk;jzwfcsufcsrnf/ rnfodk@ rSwfwrf;wifrnf?
(*) aqG;aEG;wdkifyifr_rsm;rSm tuH;0ifrnfh yx0D0ife,fajrrsm;?
30

typfy,fcH

(C) (FPIC)qdkif&mvkyfief;ESifhywfoufI jyifyrSapmifh=unfhrnfh oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom tzGJ@

tpnf;rsm;/ ukvor*~tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ trsKd;om; vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uJhodk@aom
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; odk@r[kwf tjcm;apmifh=unfh a&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; &Sd/ r&Sd?
(i) oabmwlxm;aom tajctaersm;udk xdef;odrf;xm;apa&;twGuf qHk;jzwfcsufcsolrsm;ESifh
tcGifhta&;&Sdolrsm;u (FPIC) qdkif&mvkyfief;udk rnfonfhowfrSwfumvrSm pDppfoHk;oyfrnf?
(p)tcGifhta&;&SdolrsmtaeESifh (FPIC)qdkif&mvkyfief;tqifhwdkif;rSm jy\emrsm;udk wifjycGifh&Sd
onfhtjyif vdktyfygu enf;vrf;rsm;udk vHkvHkavmufavmufSmcGifh&Sdaom vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;wck
twGufvkyfief; pnf;rsOf;abmif?

tqifh (3)? (FPIC) qdkif&mvkyfief;

oufqdkifoltm;vHk;u qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk oabmwlvufcH+yD;rSomv#if (FPIC)qdkif&mvkyfief;
udk ,Ofaus;r_t& oifhavsmfaomenf;jzifh pwifEdkifygonf? (FPIC)ESifhqdkifaom pHkprf;avhvm
oHk;oyfr_ r+yD;ajrmufrDrSm xdk@tjyifoufqdkifoltm;vHk;u aqG;aEG;wdkifyifr_jzifh (FPIC) qdkif&m
vkyfief;udk twnfry&ao;rDrSm pDrHudef;udk pwiftaumiftxnfaz:cGifhr&Sda=umif; pGJrSwf
xm;oifhygonf?
(FPIC)qdkif&mvkyfief;. cdkifvHkr_ESifh ywfoufI jy\emwpHkw&m&Sdygu vkyfief;udkowfrSwfcsuf

rsm;ESifhtnD az:aqmifapa&;twGuf jyifytzGJ@tpnf;w&yfu oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaomtuJjzwf

csufvkyfaqmifay;&rnfjzpfygonf?

tcef;(4)
(FPIC) qdkif&mtcGifha&;awmif;qdkr_twGuf

w&m;Oya'tajccH

jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&u axmufcHtwnfyxm;cJhaom (UNDRIP)u jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd Xmaewdkif;&if;

om;jynfoltm;vHk;twGuf (txl;ojzifh wdkufdkuftm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ oG,f0dkufIaomf
vnf;aumif;olwdk@tay:xdcdkufapaom qHk;jzwfcsufcs&mwGifolwdk@. aumif;pGm=udKwiftoday;
xm;aom a'ocHwdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm;. vGwfvyfaomqENjzifh xkwfazmfajym=um;onfh
oabmwlnDcsuf (FPIC) qdkif&mtcGifhta&;ESifhywfoufI) w&m;Oya'umuG,fapmifhaSmufr_
ay;xm;ygonf? Ttcef;ujrefrmEdkifiH&SdvlrsKd;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf Xmaewdkif;&if;om;t&m
ajrmufa=umif;ESifh (UNDRIP)rSmjyXmef;xm;aom (FPIC)qdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;udk w&m;Oya'
t& awmif;qdkcGifh&Sda=umif; az:jy&ef&nf&G,fygonf?
31

typfy,fcH

Xmaewdkif;&if;om;jynfolwdk@. tcGifhta&;rsm;
EdkifiHwumOya't&=unhfv#if Xmaewdkif;&if;om;jynfolwdk@tm; vlrsKd;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;tm;
ay;aom umuG,fapmifhaSmufr_xuf ydkIus,fjyef@/ ydkIawmifwif;cdkifrmaom umuG,fapmifh
aSmufr_rsm;ay;xm;ygonf? om"utm;jzifhaz:jy&ygv#if UNDRIP (aumif;pGm=udKwift
oday;xm;aom a'ocHwdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm;. vGwfvyfaomqENjzifh xkwfazmfajym=um;
onfh oabmwlnDcsuf tcGifhta&;ygonfh wckwnf;aom EdkifiHwumpmcsKyfpmwrf;jzpfonf)
u Xmaewdkif;&if;om;jynfolwdk@tm; umuG,fapmifhaSmufr_ ay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? a,bk,s
tm;jzifhqdk&v#if Xmaewdkif;&if;om;tkyfpkrsm;onf rsm;jym;us,fjyef@aomtcGifhta&;rsm;
txl;ojzifh ajr,m/ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh/ rdrdwdk@tay:oufa&mufr_&Sdaom rl0g'rsm;ESifh pDrHudef;
rsm;udkcs rSwf&mwGif yg0ifcGifhwdk@ESifhywfoufaom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk awmif;qdkEdkifygonf?
tcsif;csif; pkpnf;vdkufaomtcgY Xmaewdkif;&if;om;jynfolwdk@rSm EdkifiHa&;t& zdtm;ay;&efESifh
yjyifajymif;vJ&ef (om"utm;jzifh rdrdwdk@.a&S;tpOftqufu ydkifqdkifcJh/ toHk;ycJhaom ajr
ay:rSm EdkifiHydkifaumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;vkyfief; vkyfaqmifyHkESifhywfoufI)tiftm;&Sdygonf? Xmae
wdkif;&if;om;jzpfonf[laomtcsuft& if;wdk@rSmEdkifiHwumESifhw&m;Oya'tqifhY rdrdwdk@.
&wufrat;zG,f pdk;&drfylyefp&mudpPrsm;udk ajymqdkwifjycGifh&Sdygonf? Xmaewdkif;&if;om;wdk@.
rdrdrsKd;EG,fudk rdrdwdk@udk,fwdkifowfrSwfjcif; (Self-Ascribement)onf TtcGifhta&;rsm;
awmif;qdka&; r[mAsL[m. tpdwftydkif;wckjzpfa=umif; trsm;u,lq=uonf?
Xmaewdkif;&if;om;tqifhtwef;udk awmif;qdkrnfqdkv#if yxrOD;pGm EdkifiHwumvkyfief;vkyfudkif
r_qdkif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm;rSmygaom pHxm;csufrsm; (om"utm;jzifh Xmaewdkif;&if;om;jynf
olwdk@tay: cGJjcm;qufqHr_jy\emqdkif&m ukvor*~txl;oHwrefa[mif; [dkaq;rmwDeufudk
bdk-Jose Martinez Cobo az:jycJhonfhpHxm;csufrsm;)udk jynfhrSDatmifjznfhqnf;v#uf rdrdwdk@
onf Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;jzpfa=umif; xkwfaz:jy&rnfjzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd vlrsKd;pk t
awmfrsm;rsm;onf trSefwu,fyif Xmaewdkif;&if;om;t&majrmufonfjzpf&m w&m;0ifXmae
wdkif;&if;om;tqifhtwef;udk &,lygu Xmaewdkif;&if;om;jzpfr_ESifh wygwnf;jzpfaomoufqdkif
&m tcGifhta&;rsm; (od&Sdem;vnfr_jzifhudwifI vGwfvyfpGmay;aomoabmwlcGifhycsufqdkif
&mtcGifhta&; tygt0ifjzpfonf)udk awmif;qdkEdkifygonf?

32

typfy,fcH

tcef;(5)
jrefrmEdkifiH. w&m;Oya'a&;&mESifh rl0g'a&;&mudpPrsm;wGif yg0ifcGifh
jrefrmEdkifiHY zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;ESifhqdkifaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk vltrsm;rjrifuG,f&m Oya'
jyifyrSm csrSwfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? pDrHudef;rl=urf;a&;qGJjcif;rS t+yD;owfa&;qGJ+yD;onftxd tqifh
wdkif;ESifh oufqdkifaomaqG;aEG;r_rsm;udk tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh ukr`%Dtvkyftr_aqmifvl
}uD;rsm;t=um;rSmom vkyfcJh=uonf? aumif;pGm=udKwiftoday;xm;aom a'ocHwdkif;&if;om;
jynfolrsm;. vGwfvyfaomqENjzifh xkwfazmfajym=um;onfh oabmwlnDcsuf (FPIC)ryg&Sd
ygue,f ajrvlxkudkwdkufdkufxdcdkufapaom rnfonfhqHk;jzwfcsufudkr# rcs&[laom EdkifiHw
umpHcsdefudk oabmwlvufcHxm;+yD;jzpfygv#uf vuf&SdOD;odef;pdeftpdk;&tygt0if jrefrmEdkifiH.
tpdk;&tqufqufonf TpHcsdefESifhzDvmqef@usifyI vkyfaqmifvmcJh=uonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHonfaumif;pGm=udKwiftoday;xm;aoma'ocHwdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm;.vGwfvyf
aomqENjzifh xkwfazmfajym=um;onfh oabmwlnDcsuftcGifhta&;yg&Sdaom t"duEdkifiHwum
vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;xJrS vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;tenf;tusOf;r#avmufudk twnfyvufrSwfa&;xdk;
cJhaomfvnf; if;wdk@teuftrsm;pkonf Oya't& tm%mwnfonfr[kwfacs? xdk@tjyif T
vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udk trsKd;om;Oya'xJrSm rnfodk@xnfhoGif;jyXmef;xm;onfudkvnf; vHk;0
rod&acs? vl@tcGifhta&;pHcsdefrsm;udk xda&mufapzdk@qdkv#if if;wdk@udktrsKd;om;Oya'xJrSmtcdkif
trmxnfhoGif;jyXmef;&rnf jzpfygonf? EdkifiHwumoabmwlpmcsKyftawmfrsm;rsm;u jynf
wGif;Oya'udk TpmcsKyfrsm;taumiftxnfaz:a&; vkyfief;pnf;rsOf;abmif. tpdwftydkif;
tjzpfusifhoHk;&ef wduspGmtcGifhtm%may;xm;a=umif; rSwfom;xm;&efvdkygonf?38 xdk@tjyif
urBmay:rSmvl@tcGifhta&;vkyfief; wdk;jrifhaqmif&Gufa&;enf;vrf;rsm;udk jyqdkxm;onfh t"du
a=unmcsufwapmifjzpfaom AD,ifema=unmcsufESifh vkyfaqmifcsuftpDtpOf (Vienna Declaration and Program of Action)uvnf; tpdk;&rsm;tm; xda&mufaom vl@tcGifhta&;umuG,f
apmifhaSmufr_enf;vrf;tjzpf EdkifiHwumpHcsdefrsm;udk trsKd;om;Oya'xJrSmxnfhoGif;jyXmef;&ef
wdkufwGef;xm;onf?39
a'ocHjynfolrsm;.cGifhycsufay;jcif; odk@r[kwf cGifhycsufray;bJaejcif;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;udk
tajccHusus w&m;0ifumuG,fapmifhaSmufay;r_ESifh w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_wdk@r&Sdrcsif; t}uD;
tus,f Oya'vpf[maer_a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHw0Srf;Y tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;
onf aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;tm; rnfonfhumuG,fapmifhaSmufrsKd;udk r#ray;bJ ra&&mraocsmaom
38/
Todk@aom OyrmwckrSm jrefrmEdkifiHu todtrSwfy vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onfh uav;rsm;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m
EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf (CRC) jzpfygonf?
39/
Vienna Declaration and Program of Action, UN General Assembly, 12 July 1993, A/CONF.157/23

33

typfy,fcH

tajctaexJodk@ ,cifh,ciftwdkif;armif;ydk haeOD;rnfom jzpfygonf?

jrefrmEdkifiH. trsKd;om;Oya'
jrefrmEdkifiH.=urf;=uKwfaom w&m;Oya'pepfonf 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;r_ESifhtwlajymif;
vJoGm;ao;onfr[kwfacs? 2002 ckESpfupI urBmhb%fu ESpfpOfvkyfaqmifcJhaom urBmh
tpdk;& tkyfcsKyfr_pepfrsm;!$ef;udef;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHonfatmufqHk; (5)&mcdkifE_ef;aom EdkifiHrsm;
wGifyg0ifaejcif;tm;jzifh Ttcsufuay:vGif xif&Sm;aeygonf?40 xdk@jyif (Maplecroft)41 tzGJ@.
tE W&m,f&SdEdkifzG,f tajctaepDppfoHk;oyfcsufyHkpHjzifhaz:jyaom 2012 ckESpf tpD&ifcHpmt& ppf
yGJ/ tm%m&Sifpepf/ rwnf+idrfr_wdk@u t"duEdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;jzpfaeaom jrefrmEdkifiH.
w&m;Oya'pepfonf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;vkyfaqmifa&;wGif urBmhtqdk;&Gm;qHk;Oya'pepfjzpf
onf[kowfrSwfcHcJh&onf? w&m;Oya't&umuG,fapmifhaSmufay;r_vHk;0r&Sdjcif;a=umifhEdkifiH
jcm; aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;tzdk@ jrefrmEdkifiHonf tvGeftE W&m,frsm;onfh wdkif;jynfjzpfonf[k
vnf; xdktzGJ@u&nf!$ef;cJhonf?42 jrefrmEdkifiH Temrnfqdk;&cJhonfrSm (5)ESpfvHk;vHk;=umcJh+yD
jzpfygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHrSmqHk;jzwfcsufcs&mY yg0ifcGifhudktodtrSwfyaom Oya'r&Sdaomfvnf; e,fajrol
e,fajrom;rsm;tzdk@ tcsdefumvwck=umr# aS;dk;pOfqufydkifqdkifjcif; odk@r[kwf pdkufysKd;jcif;
odk@r[kwf aexdkifjcif; odk@r[kwf toHk;yjcif;&SdcJhaom ajr,mrsm;ydkifqdkifcGifhudk Oya'tenf;t
usOf;avmufuom umuG,fapmifhaSmufay;a=umif; awG@&ygonf? TOya'rsm;um; 1963 ck
ESpf awmifolv,form;rsm;. tcGifhta&;umuG,fapmifhaSmufa&;Oya'/ 1963 ckESpfoD;pm;
csxm;a&;Oya'/ v,f,majrEdkifiHydkifyvkyfa&;tufOya'wdk@jzpfygonf? odk@qdkonfhwdkif TOy
a'rsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiHrSm wu,fwrf;tm%mwnfapcJhzl;jcif; r&Sdacs? tm%mwnfapcJhaom
tcgYvnf; wdkif;jynftESH@ajrodrf;,lr_rsm;udk w&m;r#wa=umif;az:jy&ef tvdk@iSmom Oya'udk
vufwvHk;jcm;vSnfhywf+yD; tm%mwnfapcJhjcif;jzpfonf? qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&u ajr,mtrsm;pk
udk EdkifiHydkiftjzpfodrf;,lcJhaom 1960 ckvGefESpfrsm;upI ajr,mydkifqdkifcGifhonf trsm;tm;jzifh
&Sif;vif; wdusr_r&Sdacs? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_,dk,Gif;ysufpD;aejcif;a=umifh ajr,mydkifqdkifcGifhonf
t"dutm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;tquftoG,fESifh aiGa=u;ay:rSmom wnfygonf?
1963 ckESpf awmifolv,form;tcGifhta&;/ umuG,fapmifhaSmufa&; Oya'onf ajrodrf;,lr_
40/
41/
42/

Rule of Law, The Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) project, The World Bank Group
Five key business risks in Myanmar, 7 February 2012, Maplecroft, referring to Q1 Country Risk Report

Weak rule of law in Myanmar, S Sudan, Turkmenistan, Libya, Angola and Iraq poses significant
risk to oil and gas firms new report, Maplecroft, 8 March 2012

34

typfy,fcH

rsm;ESifh twif;t"rRESifxkwfjcif;rsm;udk ydwfyifwm;qD;&ef &nf&G,faomOya'tenf;tusOf;xJrS

wckjzpfonf?43 TOya'u awmifolv,form;qdkonfrSmrdrd. t"dutoufarG;0rf;ausmif;
vkyfief;tjzpf v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;udk vkyfudkifoltjzpf owfrSwfxm;+yD; w&m;/rw&m; Hk;u
trdef@ 'D*&DcsrSwfonfhwdkif w&m;r0if[k qdkEdkifzG,f&Sdaom vkyf&yfrsm;udk owfrSwfaz:jyxm;
onf? Tvkyf&yfrsm;wGif v,f,mpdkufysKd;ajrudk odrf;,ljcif;/ awmifolv,form;rsm;tm;
v,f,majrxJodk@ rqif;&[k ydwfyifwm;jrpfaom w&m;Hk;trdef@/ Ttjcif;t&mrsm;ESifh pyf
vsOf;I awmifolv,form;tm;zrf;qD;jcif; odk@r[kwf csKyfaESmifjcif;wdk@yg0ifonf? jrefrmEdkifiH
tpdk;&u v,f,majrrsm;udk wdkufdkuftm;jzifh odrf;,ljcif;jzpfap/ odrf;,lcGifhay;jcif;jzpfap
1963 ckESpf awmifolv,form;tcGifhta&; umuG,fapmifhaSmufa&;Oya'udk wdkufdkuftm;
jzifh twdtvif; csKd;azmuf&ma&mufygonf?
v,f,majr EdkifiHydkifyvkyfa&;tufOya'ESifh 1963 ckESpf oD;pm;csxm;a&; Oya'ESpfckpvHk;onf
vuf&Sdvkyfaeaom v,f,majrudk ydkifqdkifcGifhay;xm;jcif;tm;jzifh aus;&Gmom;rsm;tm;rlvu
umuG,fapmifhaSmufay;&ef &nf&G,fcJhomfvnf;aemufydkif;rSm vmbfpm;aomtpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;
ESifh aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;.tusKd;twGuf vufwvHk;jcm;vkyfI toHk;csjcif;cHcJh&onf? om"utm;
jzifh v,f,majrEdkifiHydkifyvkyfa&;tufOya'onf awmifolv,form;rsm;tm;rdrdwdk@vkyfudkif
aeaom v,f,majrtenf;tusOf;cef@udk ydkifqdkifcGifh&Sdap&ef jyXmef;ay;onf? odk@&mwGifaemuf
ydkif;rSm vkyfcJhaomOya'jyifqifcsufrsm;u e*dkrlv&nf&G,fcsufudk kyfysufqif;ysufjzpfoGm;apcJh
+yD; tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;tzdk@ aus;&Gmom;rsm;xHrS t&if;tjrpfrsm;udkuJh,lum udk,fusKd;Smap
EdkifcJhonf?
ajr,mtoHk;yr_ESifh csxm;a&;udpPwGif tpdk;&tm;vdkv#if vdkovdkqGJqef@Edkifaom tm%mudkay;
xm;aoma=umifh v,f,majrEdkifiHydkifyvkyfa&; tufOya' udpPwGif Oya'vufwvHk;jcm;vkyfr_
rsm; t}uD;us,fjzpfjzpfyGm;aeygonf? odk@jzpf&mt&rf;uma&m ajr,modrf;,lr_rsm;ESifh v,f,m
ajrrS ESifxkwfr_rsm; rjzpfyGm;&atmif umuG,fapmifhaSmufay;aom tajccHOya'rsm;&Sdaeaomf
vnf; if;Oya'wdk@onf jrefrmEdkifiHjynfolwdk@. tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;xuf tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;.
tusKd;udkt"dutm;jzifh umuG,fapmifhaSmufay;aom bufvdkufusifhoHk;a&; (pmjzifha&;jyr
xm;aom) rl0g'ESifhywfoufI t&mra&mufacs?
2012 ckESpftwGif;u v$wfawmfwGif ajr,mOya' (2)&yf (v,f,majr Oya'rl=urf;ESifh ajr
vGwf/ yvyfajrESifh ajrdkif;rsm;csxm;a&;Oya'rl=urf;) wifoGif;&mY ajr,myjyifa&;udpPESifhywf
oufI jiif;ckefaqG;aEG;r_t}uD;tus,fjzpfyGm;cJhonf? TOya'rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiH&Sdywfouf
43/

Housing, Land, and Property Rights in Burma: the current legal framework, Scott Leckie and
Ezekiel Simperingham, Displacement Solutions & HLP Institute, p. 565, 2009

35

typfy,fcH

aeaom v,form;rsm;/ ajr,mtcGifha&;twGufv_yf&Sm;olrsm;rStp *sKd;qufzfpwpf*vpf

(Joseph Stiglitz)/ [m;bwfwuUodkvf -a*stufzfautpdk;&ausmif;rSynm&Sifrsm;ESifh (UNHabitat)wdk@rS ynm&Siftausmftarmfrsm;. a0zefjcif;cHcJh&onf? t"dujy\emum; tqdkwif
oGif;aom v,f,majrOya'rsm;onf awmifolv,form;rsm;tm; t}uD;tus,fajr,modrf;
jcif;&efrS umuG,fay;jcif;r&Sd[lI jzpfygonf?
tqdkyaomOya'rsm;wGif {&mr[muGuf}uD;rsm;&Sdaeygonf? txl;ojzifh pdkufysKd;oD;ESHudk vGwf
vyfpGm a&G;cs,fcGifhr&Sdjcif;/ t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm; (rnfodk@aomtajctaersKd;wGif v,f,majrudk
w&m;0if&,lcGifh&Sdonf[laom t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkcsufrsKd;tygt0ifjzpfonf) &Sif;vif;r_ r&Sdjcif;wdk@
jzpfygonf? ajrvGwf/ yvyfajrESifh ajrdkif;rsm;csxm;a&; Oya'rl=urf;onf if;vuf&Sdtaetxm;
twdkif;qdkv#if yvyfajr[kqdkEdkifaomajrrsm;udk t}uD;pm; v,fvkyfief;&Sifrsm;tm;&,lcGifhay;
xm;ygonf? UN-Habitat u rltqdkyaomOya'rl=urf;onf Tajr,m odrf;,lr_rsm;udk
w&m;0iftodtrSwfyay;rnfhtjyif aemufxyftrsm;tjym;jzpfyGm;apvdrfhrnfxdk@tjyifaus;
vufaeajr,mrJhrsm; trsm;tjym;yg0ifaom vlwef;pm;w&yfudkay:aygufap+yD;/ xdkrSwzef
OpPm"eESifh0ifaiGuGm[r_rsm;udk ydkIqdk;&Gm;apvdrfhrnf[laom jy\emudkwifjycJhonf?44
xdk@tjyif Oya'rl=urf;ypkpOfuvnf; t&yfom;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rS yg0ifywf
oufolrsm;ESifhvnf; tppftrSefwdkifyifaqG;aEG;cJhjcif;r&Sdacs? UN-Habitat tzGJ@rSajr,m/ oD;jcm;
csxm;r_ESifh ydkifqdkifypPnf; pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@ ( Land,Tenureand Property Management ) .
t}uD;tuJjzpfol a'gufwm=o*ufpwif;emh (Dr. Augustinus)u jrefrmEdkifiHc&D;rS jyefoGm;+yD;
aemufwGif ajr,mOya'rl=urf;wckudk atmifjrifpGm ta&;qGJa&;onf udwifvkyfaqmifcsuf
rsm; (aqG;aEG;wdkifyifjcif;tygt0if)tay:wGifrlwnfygonf[ka&;om;cJhonf?45 rdrdwdk@.jy\
emrsm;ESifhywfoufI wdkifyifaqG;aEG;jcif;rcH&aom jrefrmEdkifiH.awmifolv,form;rsm;u
rdrdwdk@.toHudk=um;atmif az:xkwfcJh=uonf? 2012 ckESpfwGifawmifolv,form; (1421)OD;
vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aompmwapmifudk orRwxHay;ydk@ cJh=uonf?46 tqdkyxm;aom Oya'
rl=urf;rsm;wGif ajz&Sif;ay;&efvdktyfonf[k ,lqaom tcsuf (7)csuf (v,fajrydkifqdkifcGifhESifh
ajr,mr_rsm;udk w&m;Hk;rsm;rSm ajz&Sif;ydkifcGifhuJhodk@aom tcsufrsm;jzpfonf)udkwifjyxm;onf?
vlOD;a&. (3)yHk (2)yHkonf 0rf;pmtwGufpdkufysKd;aom awmifolv,form;rsm;jzpf=uojzifh ajr
,myjyifa&;onf trsm;yg0ifr_&Sd+yD; a&Snfvnf;wnfwHhEdkifaom zGH@zd;r_&&Sda&;twGuf txl;t
a&;}uD;onf[k trsm;uSKjrif=uygonf?
44/
45/
46/

More warnings over land bills, Thomas Kean, Myanmar Times, 20-26 February 2012, volume 31, no. 615
More warnings over land bills, Thomas Kean, Myanmar Times, 20-26 February 2012, volume 31, no. 615
Farmers seek landbill changes, by EiEi Toe Lwin, Myanmar Times, 27 February 2012

36

typfy,fcH

trsKd;om;Oya' a&;qGJjyXmef;xm;onfhwdkif jrefrmEdkifiHrSm w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_r&Sdjcif;a=umifhouf

qdkif&mw&m;Oya' umuG,fapmifhaSmufay;r_rsm;ESifh jyXmef;csufrsm;udk tm%mwnfap&ef
tvGefcufcJygonf? oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfw&yf&Sda&;/ (tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;
tygt0if) rnfolr# w&m;Oya'rSvGwfjidrf;cGifhr&Sda&;wdk@ tygt0if w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_twGufr&Sd
rjzpfaomtcsufrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHrSmpdwfysufp&maumif;avmufatmifacgif;yg;onf? v#Kd@
0Sufw&m;Hk;rsm;ESifh xdef;odrf;a&;pcef;rsm;onf wdkif;jynfrSm jynfhESufae+yD; e,fajrtm%mydkif
rsm;u xifovdktEdkifusifhaom enf;y&d,m,fudkusifhoHk;jrJusifhoHk;aev#uf&Sdonf? 2012 ckESpf
urBmhpD;yGm;a&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJY a':atmifqef;pk=unfu taumif;qHk;qdkwJh &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_ Oy
a'awGjzpfygap/ 'DOya'awGudkw&m;r#wpGm usifhoHk;EdkifavmufwJhoef@&Sif; vGwfvyfwJhw&m;Hk;
rsm;r&Sdbl;qdk&if toHk;0ifrnfvdrfhr,fr[kwfygbl;? 'guusrwdk@&J@jy\emyg? b,favmuftxd
jzpfaeovJqdk&if/ w&m;pD&ifa&;bufrSm bmyjyifajymif;vJa&;rSrawG@&ao;ygbl; [kajym
=um;um &if;ESD;jrKyfESHrnfholrsm;udk cyfjywfjywfowday;cJhonf?47

tcef;(6)
jrefrmEdkifiH. EdkifiHwum wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;
jrefrmEdkifiHonf (UNDRIP)udk oabmwltwnfjyKcJhonfhtjyif tjynfjynfqdkif&mtvkyform;
tzGJ@csKyf (ILO). wif;jynfhtzGJ@0if EdkifiHwEdkifiHvnf;jzpfonf?48 odk@&mwGif TtpD&ifcHpmrSm
az:jyxm;aom jzpf&yfrsm;u jrefrmEdkifiHtm;EdkifiHwum uwdu0wfrsm; ysufuGufonfhtjzpf
odk@a&mufapaom usL;vGefaeus rawmfrw&m;r_rsm;udk txif;om;ay:vGifapygonf? rsufESm
yef;vSHkvkyfjyHkESifhr+yD;aom w&m;Oya'qdkif&mumuG,fapmifha&Smufay;r_ uif;rJhjcif;a=umifh
jrefrmEdkifiHonf vlrsKd;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh Xmaewdkif;&if;om;tkyfpkrsm;. toufarG;0rf;
ausmif;r_udk xdcdkufaponfhudpPrsm;wGifyg0ifr_tcGifhta&;ESifhywfoufI txifao;p&m EdkifiH
wum tqifhtwef;odk@a&mufapcJhygonf?
(ILO)oabmwlnDcsuf

(169)

(ILO)oabmwlnDcsuf

(169)onf Xmaewdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm;ESifh rsKd;EG,fpkrsm;rdrdwdk@aexdkif

&majrrsm;udk ydkifqdkifatmifESifh rdrdwdk@tay:xdcdkufapaom vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ywfoufIqHk;jzwf
csufrsm;csEdkifatmif if;wdk@.tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;onfhwckwnf;aom

47
2012

Democracy leader cautions investors against reckless optimism in Myanmar, Thomas Fuller, NY Times, 1 June

48 (ILO) u jrefrmEdkifiHESifh ywfoufI uef@owfxm;csufrsm;udk 2012 ckESpf? ZGefv 13 &ufae@wGif

&kyfodrf;ay;cJhygonf? ,cktcg jrefrm EdkifiHonf (ILO) . wif;jynfhtzGJ@0ifEdkifiH jzpfygonf?

37

typfy,fcH

EdkifiHwumOya'jzpfonf? oabmwlnDcsuf. yk'fr 13-16wdk@onf ajr,mtcGifhta&;rsm;udk

oD;oef@&Sif;vif;zGifhqdkxm;+yD; Xmaejynfolwdk@udk ae&ma$@ajymif;apjcif;onf xdkjynfolwdk@.
vGwf vyf+yD; od&Sdr_jzifhay;aom cGifhycsufjzifhomv#if vkyfaqmif&rnfh c|if;csufoabmaqmif
aom tpDtrHjzpfa=umif; txl;tav;wif; az:jyxm;onf?49 tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;teuf oabm
wlnDcsufudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;olOD;a&onf pdwfysufp&maumif;avmufatmif enf;aomfvnf;
(ILO)zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkpnf;rsOf;t& EdkifiHwEdkifiHonfoabmwlnDcsuftopfwckudk wESpft
wGif;rSm vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif;ryygu tb,fha=umifh vufrSwfa&;xdk;&ef aESmifhaES;ae&a=umif;udk
&Sif;jy&rnfjzpfygonf? (ILO)onf ukvor*~uJhodk@ r[kwfbJ oabmwlnDcsufwckudk vuf
rSwfa&;xdk;&ef jiif;qefjcif;udk vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmuf&ef tvm;tvm&Sdjcif;tjzpf oabm
xm;onfhtjyif vufrSwfa&;xdk;onfjzpfap/ rxdk;onfjzpfap tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHtm;vHk;. vufawG@
tajctaeudk apmifh=unfhavhvmonf? odk@jzpf&mjrefrmEdkifiHonf oabmwlnDcsuf (169)udk
w&m;0ifvufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; tqdkygoabmwlnDcsufyg tcGifhta&;rsm;udk t
aumiftxnfaz:ay;&ef wm0ef&Sdaeao;onfhtjyif (ILO).apmifh=unfhr_udkvnf; cH&OD;rnfjzpf
onf?

Xmaewdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm; tcGifhta&;qdkif&m ukvor*~a=unmpmwrf;

Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples-UNDRIP)

(UN

aumif;pGm=udKwiftoday;xm;aom a'ocHwdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm;. vGwfvyfaomqENjzifh

xkwfazmfajym=um;onfh oabmwlnDcsuf (FPIC) qdkif&mjyXmef;csuftjynfhtpHkudk jrefrmEdkifiH
u(2007)ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif axmufcHrJay;cJhaom (UNDRIP)xJrSmom awG@Edkifygonf?
if;wdk@.ajr,mrsm;/ ydkifeufe,fajrrsm;ESifh tjcm;aomo,HZmwt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk xdcdkuf
apaom pDrHudefrsm; txl;ojzifh zGH@zd;a&;/ "mwfowWK/ a&/ tjcm;aom o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfwdk@
udktoHk;ya&;/ xkwf,la&;wdk@ESifhoufqdkifaom pDrHudef;wckckudktwnfryrDrSm50od&Sdem;vnf
r_jzifh vGwfvyfpGmay;aomcGifhycsufvdktyfonf[k yk'fr(32)uqdkxm;onf? Oya'tm%mr
wnfaomfvnf; Ta=unmcsufudktjcm;aom ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh
w&m;Hk;csKyfwHk;wdk@u EdkifiHwumpHcsdefw&yftjzpf &nf!$ef;udk;um;=uonf?51

49/

Article 16-2 of the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169), adopted 27 June 1989 and
entered into force 5 September 1991, International Labor Organization

50/
51/

Article of the UNDRIP, adopted by UN General Assembly 13 September 2007, A/61/L.67 and Add.1

Maia S. Campbell & S. James Anaya, The Case of the Maya Villages of Belize: Reversing the Trend of Government Neglect to Secure Indigenous Land Rights, 8 Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 377, 379 (2008).

38

typfy,fcH

umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;a&;wm0ef
jrefrmEdkifiHonftcsKd@aom EdkifiHwumoabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;udk vufrSwfra&;xdk;cJhonfhwdkif T
odk@vufrSwfra&;xdk;cJhjcif;a=umifh ToabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;ESifhravsmfnDaomvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
udkvkyfcGifh&Sdonf[k oabmroufa&mufacs? urBmw0Srf;vHk;r EdkifiHtpdk;&trsm;pku oabmwl
vufcHxm;aoma=umifh xHk;wrf;pOfvm EdkifiHwumOya'wGif xnfhoGif;xm;aom vl@tcGifht
a&;pHcsdeftrsm;tjym;&Sdonf? odk@jzpf&m EdkifiHtpdk;&w&yfu TOya'udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif;
aomfvnf;aumif;/ oabmwljcif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ cGifhyjcif;aomfvnf;aumif; r&SdcJhapumrl
TOya'onf tm%mwnfvmygonf? TtcsufESifh ywfoufI &Sif;vif;aom om"u
wckum; nOf;yef;ESdyfpufr_qef@usifa&;oabmwlnDcsuf odk@r[kwf urBmhvl@tcGifhta&; a=u
nmpmwrf;jzpfonf? trsm;tm;jzifhw&m;&kH;rsm;onf rdrdwdk@.qHk;jzwfcsufcsjcif;vkyfief; t
wGuf vrf;!$efw&yftjzpf xkHwrf;pOfvm/ EdkifiHwumOya'ESifh pHcdfsefrsm;udk rSD+idrf;udk;um;avh&Sd=u
onf?
odk@jzpf&m jrefrmEdkifiHtaeESifhtrsm;oabmwlvufcHxm;=uaom tcsKd@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk o
abmwlvufrSwfa&;xdk; rxm;onfhwdkifvdkufem&ef EdkifiHwumwm0ef&Sdaeygao;onf? (FPIC)
. tajccHjzpfaom udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhESifh Xmaewdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm;/ vlrsKd;pktrdsK;om;rsm;.
tcGifhta&;umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;vkyfief;. tajccHrlrsm;onf xHk;wrf;pOfvmEdkifiHwum
Oya'avmufeD;eD;wmoGm;aom trsm;vufcHxm;onfh vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfonf[kqdkEdkifyg
onf? EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;wGifyg0ifcGifhtygt0if tjcm;tcGifhta&;trsKd;rsKd;52 wdk@yg0ifaom
udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&; tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf
(International Covenant on Civil and Political Right-ICCPR)/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_
tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m EdkifiHwumoabmwlnDcsuf (International Convenebt on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights-ICESCR)/ tom;ta&mif cGJjcm;r_yaysmufa&;qdkif&m aumfrwD (Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination-CERD) tygt0if t"du EdkifiHwumrSDjirf;udk;
um;p&mrsm;wGif &Si;f vif;jywfom;pGmaz:jyxm;ygonf? (UNDRIP)udo
k abmwlvufrw
S af &;xd;k
53
aomEdkifiHrsm;ydkIrsm;vmaomtcgY jrefrmEdkifiHonf vlr_tkyfpkrsm;urdrdwdk@.tay:xdcdkufap
aom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;cs&mY t"dy`g,f&Sd&Sdyg0ifEdkifa&;twGuf wm0ef,lEdkifa=umif;ESifhwm0ef,l&
rnfvnf;jzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;aeygonf?
52/
Erica-Irene A. Daes, Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Prevention of Discrimination and
Protection of Indigenous Peoples: Indigenous Peoples' Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources: Final Report of the
Special Rapporteur, United Nations, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/2004/30, at 17 (2004).

53/

(UNDRIP) oabmwlnDcsufudk

EdkifiH 144 cku axmufcHrJay;cJh=uygonf?

39

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Edkifusifh+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;ESifh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udkodkodkodyfodyfzHk;zdjcif; obm0udkay:vGif

apygonf?
tm%mydkifwOD;uzGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;udk pwiftaumiftxnfraz:rDtxd ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;cH
olrsm;. 90eD;yg;onf pDrHudef;ta=umif;ESifhywfoufI rnfonfhowif;tcsuftvufr#r&
&SdcJh=uacs?
TavhvmawG@&Sdcsufuaz:jyaeonfum; jrefrmEdkifiH&SdvltkyfpktrsKd;rsKd;wdk@onf aumif;pGm=udK
wiftoday;xm;aom a'ocHwdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm;.vGwfvyfaomqENjzifh xkwfazmfajym
=um;onfh oabmwlnDcsuf (FPIC)r&SdbJ zGH@zd;a&;.tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk cHpm;&&Sd&efrjzpfEdkif[l
Ijzpfygonf?

tcef;(7)
t"du awG@&Sdcsufrsm;
(CORE)tzGJ@u oifwef;ay;xm;aomtcsuftvufaumuf,lolrsm;onf (2012)ckESpf/ {+yDv

ESifharvtwGif;rSm TtpD&ifcHpmtwGuf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;pkaqmif;cJhygonf? tzGJ@t

oD;oD;tm; aG;xm;aom erlempHuGufrsm;rSm awG@qHkar;jref;r_ (30)pDvkyfaqmifapcJhygonf?
vlrsKd;pkaygif;(10)pk/ zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;aygif; (9)ckyg&Sdaomjynfe,f (7)ckESifh wdkif;(1)wdkif;wGifawG@
qHkar;jref;r_aygif; (261)ck jyKvkyfcJhygonf? erlempHuGuftjzpfaG;cs,fxm;aom e,fajrrsm;onf
xdkzGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;. '%foifhaome,fajrrsm;jzpf+yD; ucsifjynfe,f/ u&ifjynfe,f/ &Srf;jynf
e,f/ csif;jynfe,f/ &cdkifjynfe,f/ u&ifeDjynfe,fwdk@yg0ifygonf? zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;&Sdaeaom
tajctaewGif aumif;pGm=udKwiftoday;xm;aoma'ocHwdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm;.vGwfvyf
aomqENjzifh xkwfazmfajym=um;onfhoabmwlnDcsuf(FPIC)ESifhoufqdkifaomtcsuftvuf
trsKd;rsKd;udk pkaqmif;&eftvdk@iSm rd@&Gmrsm;Y ar;cGef;yHkaoowfrSwfxm;aom awG@qHkar;jref;r_
rsm;vkyfaqmifcJhygonf?
40

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41

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42

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54/

Myanmar Dissident Cautions Perspective Investors, NY Times, 2 June 2012

55/

No Rights to Know, Dawei Project Watch, p.14

43

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tvufrsm;ay;cJhaomfvnf;ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;cH&olvl24uaemufxyfowif;tcsufrsm;
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a&mufr_rsm;udk cHpm;ae=u&+yDjzpfonf?

56/

Environmental and Social Impact Concerns for Dawei Project, Dawei Development Company Limited official
website, accessed 17 July 2012

44

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uvnf; t}uD;tus,fzdtm;ay;jcif;a=umifh ydkIjynfhpHkaom tuJjzwfcsufudk vkyfapygrnf[k
57/
July 2012

Locals under stress when SIA unveils on Dawei Deep Seaport Project,byNilar, Eleven Media Group, accessed 17

58/
Dawei Development: Environmental Impact Assessment team a major concern for villagers, Karen News, 23
February 2012

45

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aom e,fcHtzGJ@wzGJ@jzpfonfh xm;0,fpDrHudef;apmifh=unfha&;tzGJ@ (Dawei Project Watch-DPW)
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60
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59/
Villagers accuse Burma Army and government officials of extortion, Karen News, 10 June 2012
60/
Taus;&Gmrsm;wGif urdifaqG/ rl;'l;/ xdef}uD;/ rl;'l;i,f (taemuf rl;'l;)/ yef;wiftif;/ yaumqGef;/ ,mvdkif/
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61/
Dawei Development Association rS owif;tcsuftvuf jzpfonf?

46

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Itjzpfrsm;onf?64 65
62/
63/
64/

Dawei Development Association

rS owif;tcsuftvuf jzpfonf?

Conference and photography exhibit highlight dangers of Dawei Seaport, Kaowao Newsgroup, 27 July 2012

,cktydk'fwGif azmfjyxm;onfh pm&if;tif;udk;um;csufrsm;udk Map ThaPhut: Thailands Minamata?,

tpD&ifcHomrS &,lygonf?
2012 ckESpf/ arvwGif rufwmzGwf puf&Hkwck. tpdwftydkif;wck aygufuGJcJhygonf? vl 12-OD;aoqHk;I 129 OD;

HURIGHTS Osaka, Focus, June 2012, Vol. 68

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47

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66/
Map ThaPhut: Thailands Minamata?, HURIGHTS Osaka, Focus, June 2012, Vol. 68

48

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67/
18, 2011

Kayin Chief Minister opens Hpa-an IZ, by Juliet ShweGaung, Myanmar Times, Vol. 31, No. 605, December 12-

49

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71
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pufHkrsm;wnfaqmuf&ef pDpOfv#uf&Sdonf[kod&onf?

68/
Industrial zones in Burma and Burmese labour in Thailand, by Guy Lubeigt, chapter 8 of The State, community, and the environment, published October 2007 by Asia Pacific Press
69/
Kayin Chief Minister opens Hpa-an IZ, by Juliet ShweGaung, Myanmar Times, Vol. 31, No. 605, December
12-18, 2011
70/
71/

Myanmar stresses establishment of industrial zone, Xinhua, 21 December 2011

Industrial zones in Burma and Burmese labour in Thailand, by Guy Lubeigt, chapter 8 of The State, community,
and the environment, published October 2007 by Asia Pacific Press

50

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Hpa-An Project Aims to Halt Worker Exodus,JulietShweGaung, Myanmar Times, 19-25 December 2011

52

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costs of building Burmas Upper Paunglaung Dam rS73

aemufcHordkif;tusOf;
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avmif;qnf[lI qnf(2)pif;yg0ifonf? atmufaygif;avmif;qnfonf +yD;pD;ae+yD jzpf+yD; ,ck
vnfywfv#uf&Sdonf? txufaygif;avmif;qnfonf aqmufvkyfaeqJjzpf+yD;/ (2015)ckESpf
wGif +yD;pD;rnf[kar#mfvifh&onf? rlvar#mfvifhxm;onfxuf (7)ESpfaemufusjcif;jzpfonf? ae
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qdk=uonf?
73/

May 2011

Ordered Out: The costs of building Burmas Upper Paunglaung Dam, by Kayan New Generation Youth, p.1,

53

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qufvuf apmifh=uyf=unfh&SKjcif;

Malcolm Dutstan and

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Association
Yunnan Machinery and Export
Company (YMEC)
China Exim Bank

54

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74/

aiGa=u;t& &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_rsm;qdkif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk txufazmfjyyg owif;&if;jrpfrS &&Sdygonf?

55

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56

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57

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ESpfoD;pm;rl0g'udkcsrSwfcJhonf? aemufESpfaygif;(40)t=umY Trl0g'udkrGefjynfe,f. ae&m
tawmfrsm;rsm;YusifhoHk;vmjyefum v,form;tm;vHk;tm; aEGpyg;udkrpdkufrae&pdkufysKd;apcJh
onf? odk@&mwGif ESpfoD;pm;rl0g'onf t}uD;tus,f'kuQay;a=umif;awG@&onf? tjrwft
pGef;rjzpfpavmufom&+yD; aiG&onfxuf a&&SnfqHk;_H;r_u rsm;pGmydk}uD;onf?
qnfudk (2001)ckESpf Edk0ifbmvrSm pwifaqmufvkyfcJh+yD; (2007)ckESpf/ {+yDvwGif+yD;pD;onf?
v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;ESifh qnfajrmif;0ef}uD;AdkvfrSL;csKyfaX;OD;. ajym=um;csuft&qdkv#if uwdkuf
qnfonf t&Snfay(5200)/ tjrifh(134)ay&Sd+yD;/ v,fajr{u(56000)udk a&ay;Edkifonf[k
qdkonf?77 oluqnfaqmufvkyfjcif;. &nf&G,fcsufonf aEGpyg;pDrHudef; twGufa&ay;a&;ESifh
e,fajrzGH@zd;a&;jzpfonf[k twdtusaz:jycJhonf? odk@&mwGif pm&Gufpmwrf;taxmuft
75/
Kadaik dam bringing development to Mon State, New Light of Myanmar, p.1 and 7, Vol. XVII, Number 282, 23
January 2010

76/
Unless otherwise noted, information is taken from section From Grassroots to Global: Voices from Burma on
Earth Rights Abuses,pp.110-124, Earth Rights International, 2009
77/

Above ERI report p. 112

58

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78/

Above ERI report p. 112

60

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79/

The Kachin: Washed away by the Myitsone Dam, by Jason Motlaugh, Pulitzer Center, 9 July 2012

61

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80/
Unless otherwise noted, information on Myitsone was taken from AKSYU report Damming the Irrawaddy and
Lessons from the Kachin Development Experience by Kachin Development Networking Group, 2012
81/

Irrawaddy/NMai/Mali Dams, Burma Rivers Network, 2012

62

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82/

Myitsone Dam Continues: Kachin NGO, Irrawaddy, 5 March 2012

63

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83/

Driven Away: Trafficking of Kachin Women Among the China-Burma Border, KWAT, 2005

65

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Over 260 Households Forced to Contribute for Indo-Burma Rih Road Construction, Chinland Guardian, 25

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April 2012

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87/
88/
89/

Bolster Ties with Myanmar, Arvind Gupta, New Indian Express, 25 May 2012
India Funds Three Nation Road, by NophakhunLimsamarnphun, The Nation, 11 August 2012
Myanmar Keen to Reopen Stillwell Road, The Assam Tribune, 14 October 2011

69

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90/
Myanmar Critical Partner in Indias Look East Policy, Truth Drive, 29 May 2012
91/
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92/
USDP Will Spend India Funds, Burma News International, 23 August 2011
93/
Indian PM to Relax Terms on $500 million line of credit:reportsMizzima News, 23 May 2012
94/
Indian-Myanmar Relations, India Ministry of External Affairs official website, accessed 18 July 2012
95/
Bolster Ties with Myanmar, Arvind Gupta, The New Indian Express, 25 May 2012

70

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Life Under Junta: Evidence of Crimes Against Humanity in Chin State, Physicians for Human Rights, 2011

71

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Briefing: Visit to the India-Burma Border, Christian Solidarity Worldwide, November 2010

CHROS Submission to the ICFTU and ILO Expert Team on Forced Labor in Burma/Myanmar,Chin Human
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99/

Local Youth Campaign for Relocation of Indian Seaport in Sittwe,Narinjara, 8 January 2012

74

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100/

Local Youth Campaign for Relocation of Indian Seaport in Sittwe, Narinjara, 8 January 2012

75

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101/
102/
103/

For India and Burma, its Business as Usual, The Epoch Times, 9-15 April 2008
RITES
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104/

India Seeks Stronger Burma Ties, Montreal Gazette

105/

Myanmar to be Site of Sino-India Cooperation?,RamtanuMaitra, Executive Intelligence Review, 2007

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106/

Information taken from monthly updates on Sittwe Seaport provided by Arakan Rivers Network

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81

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82

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aemufcHordkif;tusOf;108
(2009) ckESpf/ ZGefvwGif wkwfjynftrsKd;om; a&eHukr`%D (China Petroleum Cpmpany-CNPC)
trnf&Sdaom ukr`%Dujrefrmtpdk;&ydkif jrefrmha&eHESifh "mwfaiG@vkyfief; (Myanmar Oil and Gas
Enterprise)ESifh em;vnfr_pmc|efv$mwckudk oabmwlvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhonf? Tem;vnfr_
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(12) bDvsHydk@ay;&ef&nf&G,fxm;onf?109 "mwfaiG@ESifha&eHxGufypPnf;rsm;. 80udk wkwfjynf
107/
108/

Local youths campaign for share of benefits from Shwe Gas,Narinjara, 7 March 2012

109/

Construction begins on China-Myanmar oil, gas pipelines, Shwe Gas Movement, 7 May 2012

Unless otherwise stated main sources of information for this project come from Main sources: Corridor of Power
and Shwe Gas Movement

83

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cJhacs?
110/

Burma-China pipelines brings benefits, complaints, by Daniel Schearf, Shwe Gas Movement, 7 May 2012

84

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r#r&Sd?
111/

Pipeline in the crossfire, by Yin Hongwei, Shwe Gas Movement, 7 May 2012

85

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112/
113/

Shwe Gas pipeline project to India: another Yadana begins?, Shwe Gas Bulletin, vol. 1, Issue 10, February 2006
New laws for investors but lawlessness for Burmese in the way, William Boot, The Irrawaddy, 22 May 2012

86

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&cdkifjynfe,fu obm0"mwfaiG@eJ@ obm0t&if;tjrpfawG[m &cdkifjynfe,fuvlawGtwGuf
r[kwfbl;? 'DpDrHudef;&J@tusKd;aus;Zl;awGudk wjcm;vlawGucHpm;ae&+yD; &cdkifjynfe,fuvlawG
u(a$obm0"mwfaiG) pDrHudef;&J@'%fawGudk cHpm;ae&wJh"g;pmcHawG oufoufjzpfae=uw,f?
tpdk;&[m'DvdktajctaersKd;udk ajymif;vJay;zdk@wm0ef&Sdygw,f? usaemfwdk@uawmh e,fajrvlxk
tzdk@tusKd;r&SdwJh b,fpDrHudef;udkrqdk qef@usifoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f?
pDrHudef;e,fajrom;wOD;jzpfol ausmfqef;uvnf;tvm;wlyif rauseyfa=umif;ajym+yD;aemuf
&cdkifjynfe,frSm (24)em&D v#yfppfrD;ay;&efom tpdk;&udk awmif;qdkvdkufonf?

&cdkifjynfe,fu obm0"mwfaiG@eJ@wjcm;obm0o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfawGudk e,fajrvlxk

uydkifygw,f? 'gayr,fhe,fajrvlxku'DpDrHudef;u aebmtusKd;rS rcHpm;&bJ ydkufvdkif;aqmuf
wm/ yifv,fqdyfurf;aqmufwm/ obm0"mwfaiG@wl;wmawG&J@ qdk;usKd;oufa&mufr_awGudk
cHpm; ae&w,f? tpdk;&taeeJ@'DpDrHudef;u &wJhtusKd;tjrwfawGudk wdkif;jynfrSm (24)em&D v#yf
ppfrD;ay;zdk@oHk;oifhw,f?
apmxl;armifu a$"mwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;udpPrSm xdcdkufcH&onfh (tcGifhta&;&ydkifcGifh&Sdaomolrsm;)
tm;aqG;aEG;wdkifyifr_ r&Sdjcif;a=umifh wnfaqmufrnfhpDrHudef;udk t,Hkt=unfuif;rJhr_ESifh rvdk
rkef; xm;r_rsm;jzpfyGm;yHkudk tao;pdwfajymjycJhonf?
87

typfy,fcH

oufqdkif&mtm%mydkifawG taeeJ@pDrHudef;taumiftxnf raz:cifrSm usaemfwdk@odxm;oifh

wmawGtygt0if pDrHudef;ta=umif;owif;tcsuftvufawG e,fajrvlxkudk ay;oifhw,f?
'DvdkrS r[kwf&ifvnf; tpdk;&eJ@oufqdkif&m ukr`%DawGu pDrHudef;eJ@ywfoufwJhe,fajr vlxk&J@
tusKd;cHpm;cGifhawGtwGuf wm0ef,l&r,f? pDrHudef;udk e,fajrvlxk&J@ qENoabmxm;awGeJ@
tnD taumiftxnf az:oifhw,f?
tcGifhta&;&Sdolrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;wdkifyifjcif;r&Sdygu tjrwfxkwfjcif; / ajrodrf;jcif;uJhodk@aom a$
ydkufvdkif;rsm;. qdk;usKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;udk a&SmifuGif;Edkifrnf r[kwfa=umif; xdcdkufepfemcH&ol
wOD;jzpfaom at;cdkifu atmufygtwdkif;ajymjycJhonf?

pDrHudef;rSefor#udktaumiftxnfaz:&mrSm e,fajrvlxk&J@oabmwlnDcsufeJ@ taumift

xnfaz:oifhw,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh usaemfwdk@vlxkawG[mpDrHudef;&J@aumif;usKd;/ qdk;usKd;
awGudk wdkufdkufcHpm;&olawGjzpfaevdk@bJ? e,fajrvlxktay:usa&mufr,fh pDrHudef;&J@qdk;usKd;
awGeJ@ywfoufvdk@&Sif;vif;wduswJh owif;tcsuftvufawGr&Sdbl;qdk&if aemufydkif;rSm qdk;usKd;
awG ydkjzpfvmvdrfhr,f?
EdkifiHwumukr`%DawG&J@ &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_pDrHudef;awGa=umifh ckusaemfwdk@&GmrSmajrodrf;r_awGtawmf
rsm;rsm;jzpfaew,f? 'DudpPa=umifhe,fajrvlxktay: tjrwfxkwfr_awGtrsm;}uD;jzpfvmvdrfh
r,fqdkwm usaemfwdk@odw,f? 'gha=umifhb,fpDrHudef;udkrS e,fjrvlxk&J@qENrygbJ taumift
xnfraz:oifhbl;?
pDrHudef; e,fajrom; aemufwOD;jzpfol rrf;OD;url aqG;aEG;wdkifyifr_ r&SdbJ a$ydkufvdkif;rsm;udk
aqmufvkyfjcif;onf xdcdkufepfem&onfh e,fajra'orsm;rSm aexdkifolrsm;tm; apmfum;&m
a&mufonf[k qdkygonf?

tpdk;&taeeJ@ 'DpDrHudef;ta=umif;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; &Sif;jyoifhw,f? e,fajrvlxktaeeJ@

pDrHudef;&J@ aumif;usKd; qdk;usKd;awGudk odxm;zdk@vdkygw,f? tpdk;&eJ@EdkifiHwum ukr`%DawGuolwdk@
vkyfcsif&mvkyfaewm[m e,fajrvlxkudk apmfum;aewm jzpfygw,f?

88

typfy,fcH

ed*Hk;csKyf
jrefrmEdkifiH. a&&Snftem*wftwGuf t"duusaomyg0ifcGifh
jrefrmEdkifiHonf vlrsKd;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;.yg0ifcGifhudk vHkvHkavmufavmuf umuG,fapmifh
a&Smufay;jcif;r&Sda=umif; txift&Sm;awG@&ygonf? UNDRIP udkaxmufcHrJay;jcif;/ (ILO).
tjynfhtzGJ@0ifEdkifiHjzpfvmjcif;uJhodk@aom auseyfzG,fvkyfaqmifcsuftcsKd@&SdcJhaomfvnf; tajym
ESifhtvkyfnDatmif vkyfaqmifjy&ef trsm;=uD; vdkaeygao;onf?
yxrOD;pGm EdkifiHwumESifha'oqdkif&mwm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk vrf;!$eftjzpfusifhoHk;um jrefrm
EdkifiH. EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rSm yg0ifcGifhtcGifhta&;rsm;udk xnfhoGif;jyXmef;oifhygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiH. jynfwGif;rl0g'rSm xnfhoGif;jyXmef;jcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;rSm &if;ESD;jrKyfESHrnfhol
rsm;.usifh0wfESifh vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;tay: tm%mwnfapEdkifonfhtjyif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
&if;ESD;jrKyfESHolrsm;ESifh vlxktajcjyKvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uJhodk@aom yg0ifywfoufolrsm;tm;vHk;
yg0ifcGifhjy\emudk ajz&Sif;apygonf? yg0ifcGifhudk OD;wnfaomjrefrmEdkifiH. rnfonfhOya'opfr
qdk tay:,Husjcif; odk@r[kwf a00g;jcif;r&Sdoifhacs? TOya'rSm tpD&ifcHwifjyjcif;ESifh wm0efcH
jcif;qdkif&menf;Oya'rsm;yg&Sd&rnfhtjyif Oya'rl=urf;a&;qGJ&mYvnf; vlxkxJrSyg0ifywfouf
oltrsKd;rsKd;wdk@. oabmwlnDcsufjzifh a&;qGJoifhygonf?

yg0ifcGifhr&SdygujrefrmEdkifiHtzdk@a&&Snftem*wf&Sdrnfr[kwfacs?
aemufqufwGJrsm;
aemufqufwGJ (u)
tpD&ifcHpmypk&mY usifhoHk;aom enf;pepf
CORE uzGJ@pnf;

oifwef;ay;xm;aomtzGJ@ (9)zGJ@rS okawoeorm;rsm;u 2012 ckESpf/ {+yDv

ESifharvtwGif;rSm TtpD&ifcHpmtwGuf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;pkaqmif;cJhygonf? tzGJ@t
oD;oD;tm;usyef;aG;xm;aom erlempHuGufrSmawG@qHkar;jref;r_ (30)pDvkyfaqmifapcJhygonf?
zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;owif;tcsuftvufrsm;pkaqmif;yHkygaompmrsm;udk atmufygtzGJ@rsm;xHay;
ydk@cJhygonf?

89

typfy,fcH

tzGJ@trnf
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ps

pDrHudef;ESifh wnf&me,fajr
xm;0,f a&eufqdyfurf;/ weoFm&Dwdkif;
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;pk/ u&ifjynfe,f
aygif;avmif;qnf/ awmifydkif; &Srf;jynfe,f
u'dkufqnf/ rGefjynfe,f
jrpfqHkqnf/ ucsifjynfe,f
wD;wdef-&d'f vrf;/ csif;jynfe,f
ppfawG yifv,fqdyfurf;/ &cdkifjynfe,f
bdvyfajrpufHk/ u&ifeD (u,m;) jynfe,f
a$ "mwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;/ &cdkifjynfe,f

vlrsKd;pkaygif;(10)pk zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;aygif; (9)ckyg&Sdaomjynfe,f (7)jynfe,fESifhwdkif; (1)wdkif;wGif

awG@qHkar;jref;r_rsm; vkyfcJhygonf? erlempHuGuftjzpf aG;cs,fxmaom e,fajrrsm;onf xdkzGH@
zd;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;. '%foifhcJhaom e,fajrrsm;jzpfonf? zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;&Sdaeaom tae
atxm;wGif aumif;pGm=udKwiftoday;xm;aom a'ocHwdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm;. vGwfvyf
aomqENjzifhxkwfazmfajym=um;onfhoabmwlnDcsuf(FPIC)ESifh oufqdkifaom tcsuftvuf
trsKd;rsKd;udk pkaqmif;&eftvdk@iSm rd@&Gmrsm;Y ar;cGef;yHkaoowfrSwfxm;aom awG@qHkar;jref;r_
rsm;vkyfaqmifcJhygonf? rd@rsm;xJrSm awG@qHkar;jref;r_rsm;rvkyfcJhacs? ta=umif;rSmrd@rsm;xJrSm
awG@qHkar;jref;r_vkyfjcif;onf tvGeftE W&m,frsm;aoma=umifh jzpfygonf?
ppfwrf;aumufyHk 'DZdkif;tay: ,Hk=unfr_ydk&Sdapa&;twGuf awG@qHkar;jref;r_rsm;udk usyef;aG;cs,f
aom tdrfaxmifpkrsm; erlemyHkpHjzifh vkyfaqmifcJhygonf? ppfwrf;aumufe,fajrrsm;&Sd uef@
owfcsufrsm;a=umifh u|Efkyfwdk@onfdk;&Sif;aom usyef;erlempHuGufowfrSwfenf;(simple random sampling-SRS)udk aG;cs,fcJhygonf? Tenf;t&ppfwrf;aumufolrsm;onf aus;&Gm&Sd
tdrfaxmifpkOD;a&ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;&rnfh tdrfaxmifpkOD;a&udk rSwfom;oGm;ygonf? aus;&Gm&Sd
awG@qHkar;jref;&rnfh tdrfaxmifpkrsm;udkusyef;owfrSwfygonf? tdrfaxmifpkrsm;udkawG@qHkar;
jref;&mY trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;udkwwfEdkifor# tajymif;tvJvkyfI ar;ygonf? T
odk@ vkyf&jcif;rSm(simple random sampling-SRS)yHkpHusap&efESifh trsKd;om;rsm;a&m trsKd;orD;rsm;
ygay;onfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk &&Sd&efjzpfygonf?
aus;&Gmrsm;ESifhrd@rsm;Y vlOD;a&tenf;i,fr#udkomaG;cs,fygonf? pDrHudef;'%foifh e,fajrrsm;
wGif aus;&Gmw&Gmv#if vlOD;a&tenf;i,fr#udkom awG@qHkar;jref;&ef ppfwrf; aumufolrsm;tm;
t=uHycJhygonf? ta=umif;rSmar;jref;cHolrsm;. trnfrsm;ay:Edkifajcenf;ap&efjzpfygonf?
90

typfy,fcH

vHHkcHa&;jy\emrsm;a=umifhppfwrf;aumuf tzGJ@rsm;rStzGJ@0iftcsKd@onf ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;

vkyfief;rSaeI E_wfxGufcJh&ygonf? ppfwrf;aumuftzGJ@(c)onf vHkcHa&;jy\emrsm;a=umifhawG@
qHkar;jref;r_ (10)ckudkomvkyfaqmifEdkifcJhygonf?
usyef;aG;xm;aom erlempHuGufrSm awG@qHkar;jref;r_aygif; (261)ckudk vkyfaqmifcJhygonf?
Tta=umif;a=umifhtjyif TtpD&ifcHpmrSm&Sif;jycJhonfh ppfwrf;aumuf,lyHk enf;pepfa=umifh
tvm;wl e,fajrtm;vHk;(aus;vufe,fajrESifh vHkcHa&;wyfrsm;rxlxyfome,fajrrsm;)ESifh
qdkifaom tcsuftvufrsm;onfcHIajym&v#if tv,ftvwf tqifh,Hk=unfr_ 607 ,Hk
=unfr_t qifh 95 &Sdonf[kqdkEdkifygonf? udpPtrsm;pkY &mcdkifE_ef;rsm;onf wae&mESifh wae
&mrr#rwjzpfae+yD; ,Hk=unfr_tqifhudkrsm;pGm edrfhapygonf? vlOD;a&wckvHk;.yuwdtjzpfrSef
udkxif[yfjy onfhoabmydkaqmifygonf? rd@jye,fajrrsm; odk@r[kwf vHkcHa&;wyfrsm; xlxyf
aome,fajrrsm; &SdpDrHudef;tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI u|Efkyfwdk@ wifjyjcif; ryyg?
owif;ay;olrsm;udk tE W&m,frjzpfa&;twGuf awG@qHkar;jref;cH&olwdk@. trnfrsm;udkvnf;
aumif;/ olwdk@. aus;&Gmtrnfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ ppfwrf;aumuf,laom tzGJ@. trnf
udkvnf;aumif; ajymif;vJI oHk;xm;ygonf?

aemufqufwGJ (c)
okyfaz: udef;*%ef;rsm;
awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;cH&olrsm;onf jynfe,f(7)jynfe,f/ wdkif;(1)wdkif;/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;
pk (10)pkwdk@rSjzpf+yD;/ trsKd;om;571ESifhtrsKd;orD; 429jzpfygonf? trsKd;om;rsm; ysrf;
r#toufonf(34 5)ESpfjzpf+yD;trsKd;orD;rsm;. ysrf;r#toufonf(295)ESpfjzpfygonf?

aemufqufwGJ (*)
ar;cGef;rsm;
ar;cGef;1? zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;ESifhywfoufIrnfol@qDoGm;&rnfodk@r[kwfrnfolESifhqufoG,f&rnf
qdkonfudk oifodygovm;?
vlOD;a& 785 urnfol@udk qufoG,f&rnfrSef; rod[kajzygonf? aygif;avmif;qnf/ uwdkuf
91

typfy,fcH

qnf u&ifeDbdvyfajrpufHkwdk@wnf&Sd&m zGH@zd;a&;pDrHuef;e,fajrrsm;Y awG@qHkar;jref;cH&ol100

uzGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;ESifhywfoufIrnfol@qDoGm;&rnf/odk@r[kwfrnfolESifhqufoG,f&rnfqdkonf
udkrodyg[k ajzygonf? trsKd;orD;rsm;.125ESifhif;.(2)qcef@&Sdaom trsKd;om;rsm;. 248
wdk@urnfolESifh qufoG,f&rnfqdkonfudkodonf?
ar;cGef; 2? pDrHudef;rprDrSm qHk;jzwfcsufcsolrsm;u pDrHudef;ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk
oifhtm;ay;ygovm;?
vlOD;a& 874 uowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udkr&&Sdyg[kajzygonf? ppfwrf;aumufe,fajr (2)
ckrSvGJIvlwdkif;u pDrHudef;rprDrSmowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk r&&Sdyg[kajzygonf? wD;wdef-&d'f
vrf;YawG@qHkar;jref;cH&ol 50u owif;tcsuftvufrsm;&a=umif;ajymygonf? ppfawGyif
v,fqdyfurf;teD;&Sdvlrsm;. 72 uowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk&onf[k ajzygonf?
ar;cGef; 3? oifonf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk &&Sdonf[kqdkygu/ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk
rnfolay;ygoenf;?
18u owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk aus;&Gmvl}uD;xHrS&onf? 5u ukr`%Dajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol
xHrS&onf? 23 utpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;xHrS&onf? 27 utjcm;ae&mrsm;rS&onf?
51 3 u rlpDrHudef;ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk qHk;jzwfcsufcsolrsm;xHrSr&&SdcJhzl;
acs?

92

typfy,fcH

vdif

a&wGuf

a&wGuf

ar;cGef; 4?
ar;cGef; (4)udkpGef@ypfvdkuf&onf? ppfwrf;aumuftzGJ@rsm;uar;cGef;udkt"dy`g,ftrsKd;rsKd;jyefqdk
=ucJh=u&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm; cdkifvHkr_r&Sdaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
ar;cGef; 5? qHk;jzwfcsufcsolrsm; usif;yay;onfh oifwdk@wufa&mufEdkifaom vlxktpnf;ta0;
wckck &SdcJhygovm;?
vlOD;a&. 08uomv#if Todk@aom tpnf;ta0;rsKd;&SdcJhonf[kajzygonf? Todk@ajzoltm;
vHk;onf ppfawGqdyfurf;rSjzpfonf? ppfawGyifv,fqdyfurf;a=umifh xdcdkufcH&aom e,fajrxJrS
vl(30)udkomv#if awG@qHkar;jref;cJhonf? (2)OD;uomv#if vlxktpnf;ta0; wck&SdcJhonf[kajz
cJhonf? T(2)OD;pvHk;onftrsKd;om;rsm;jzpfonf? pDrHudef;erlempHuGufvlOD;a&. 666 jzpf
onf? ppfawGqdyfurf;teD;rSvlOD;a& (30)&SdaomerlempHuGufonfusyef; owfrSwfxm;aom
pHuGufjzpf&m tv,ftvwf,Hk=unfr_ tqifh85ESifh ,Hk=unfr_tqifh 95&Sdonf[k u|Efkyf
wdk@ajymEdkifygonf? odk@jzpf&mvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;wckwGif TE_ef;onf (tu,fIrSm;,Gif;wdrf;apmif;
wwfr_a=umifh 1513 tjzpfwGufcsufrdonfhwdkif)vlOD;a&.tvGefao;i,faom tpdwftydkif;
jzpfaeao;+yD;vufcHzG,fr&Sdavmufatmifedrfh aeygonf?
93

typfy,fcH

ar;cGef; 6? qHk;jzwfcsufcsolwOD;OD;xHodk@ pDrHudef;ESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk

oifwifjyaomtcgY rnfodk@wkef@jyefcH&ygoenf;?
erlempHuGufvlOD;a&.354u rdrdwdk@onfrnfol@udkr#t=uHycsufrsm;ray;cJhyg[k ajzygonf?
60.8urlrdrdwdk@ut=uHyaomfvnf; rdrdwdk@.t=uHycsufonf ta&;pdkufjcif; rcH&[k ajzyg
onf? 38 urdrdwdk@ut=uHy csufay;&mYt=uHycsufudk vufcHonf[kajzygonf? rdrdwdk@.
t=uHycsufudkvufcHonf[k ajz=uaom (erlempHuGufxJrS)vlrsm;onf wDwdef-&d'fvrf;azmuf
vkyfa&;e,fajrrS vlrsm;jzpfonf? trsKd;orD;rsm;.t=uHycsufudk vufcHr_tvGefenf;onf? rdrd
wdk@.t=uHycsufudk vufcHonf[kxifaom trsKd;orD;rsm;onf 18&Sd+yD; rdrdwdk@. t=uHycsuf
udkvufcHonf[kxifaom trsKd;om;rsm;u 54 &Sdonf?
ar;cGef; 7? pDrHudef;ta=umif; aemufxyf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pHkprf;jcif;onf ab;uif;
onf[kxifygovm;?
107uab;uif;onf[kxifonf?441uab;ruif;[kxifonf? usefvlrsm;urlab;uif;/
ruif;rod=uacs? zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;(3)ckrS awG@qHkar;jref;cH&olrsm;uomv#if owif;tcsuft
vufpHkprf;ar;jref;jcif;onf/ ab;uif;onf[k qdkygonf? ab;uif;onf[kxifolrsm;onfjrpf
qHkqnfrS 452 / wD;wdef-&d'f vrf;rS 30/ ppfawGyifv,fqdyfurf;rS20jzpfonf? Todk@
xifolrsm;wGif trsKd;om;rsm;u trsKd;orD;rsm;.(2)&Sd+yD; 141&Sdonf? trsKd;orD;rsm;u 63
&Sdonf?
ar;cGef; 8? tb,fha=umifhab;uif;onf[koifxifygoenf;? odk@r[kwftb,fha=umifhab;r
uif;[koifxifygoenf;?
erlempHuGufvlOD;a&. 517urdrdwdk@taeESifh aemufxyfowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pHkprf;
v#ifwenf;enf;jzifh'%fcwfcH&rnf[k xifonf? 19uomv#if'%fcwfcH&rnf r[kwf[kxif
onf? aemuf 19 uajymp&m&Sdonfudkajymjcif;onf vkyfoifhaomtvkyfjzpfojzifh'%fcwf
cH&rnfudkta&;rpdkuf/ '%fcwfcH&usKd;eyfonf[kxifonf? 444urlrodyg[kajzonf? odk@r
[kwfrajzbJaeonf?
ar;cGef; 9? vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;tajcytzGJ@tpnf;rsm;upDrHudef;ta=umif;owif;tcsuftvuf
rsm;udk ay;ygovm;?

94

typfy,fcH

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Name -

CORE

Email Adress - corecoordinators@gmail.com

Phone No -

0894350273, 0862116041

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