Character Oriented Protocols

They interpret a frame of data as a group of successive

bits combined in predefined patterns of fixed length. Control information is included in the frame like STX and ETX control characters Also called as byte oriented protocols Examples: XMODEM, YMODEM, ZMODEM, KERMIT, BLAST, IBMs 83B asynchronous data-link protocol, IBMs BSC(bisync)

Bit Oriented Protocols

It interprets the data in bit-by-bit fashion rather than

fixed length group of n bits No dedicated control characters Control field within a frame defines more than one control function More efficient than Character oriented which conveys more information in small frames Examples: SDLC(Synchronous Data Link Comm) HDLC(High-level Data Link Comm)

Classification

Asynchronous Data Link Protocols

XMODEM
It is a simple means of having two computers talk to

each other Popularity: Half duplex mode of operation ACK/NCK responses CRC data checking It specifies half-duplex stop and wait protocol using a data frame consists of four fields

XMODEM

YMODEM
Capacity of 1024 bytes
Two CAN characters are used to abort a transmission ITU-T-CRC 16 is used to calculate the frame check

sequence Multiple frames can be sent with a single ACK or NAK character ZMODEM: Combines the features of XMODEM and YMODEM

KERMIT
It is a terminal emulation program as well as file

transfer protocol Control characters are transmitted as a text A fixed number to its ASCII code followed by # added to it Receiver detects # thereby discarding it and interpreting the next character as control character In case of # character, two #s are sent

BLAST
Defines rules for file transfer and file management

with remote computer Full-duplex transmission and uses sliding window flow control

IBMs 83B Asynchronous Data-Link Protocol

Central-controlled multipoint data circuit with polling

environment It uses VRC for error detection ARQ for error correction Four operating modes:
Line monitoring Transmit

Receive
Local

IBMs 83B Asynchronous Data-Link Protocol

83B Polling Sequence:

83B responses to Polls:

IBMs 83B Asynchronous Data-Link Protocol