Graphical Integration Method - Back Flow Calculation (Steady Non Uniform Flow - Gradually Varied Flow)

Preliminary: - Calculation usually start from the section with known of depth and flow - Calculation usually perform form one section to another in small distance, so the water surface can considered as linear - For sub-critical flow calculation start from downstream to upstream - For supercritical flow calculation start from upstream to downstream Principle: - Generally and wide use, either for prismatic or non-prismatic channel with varies in shape and slope - Graphically integrated the dynamics equations in gradually varied flow - In calculation, x is the distance between consecutive sections, which by graphic equal to the hatched area