12 Energy and Energy Balances

SKF2123-ENERGY BALANCE SESSION 2007/2008
LECTURER : ASSOC. PROF. DR AZEMAN MUSTAFA

7- 1
Energy & Energy Balances Energy & Energy Balances
Azeman Mustafa, PhD
ENERGY BALANCE (SKF 2123) ENERGY BALANCE (SKF 2123)
Chapter 7 Chapter 7
7- 2
7- 3
7- 4
- What is energy?
- Forms of Energy
- Kinetic energy (KE)
- Potential energy (PE)
- Internal energy (U)
Total Energy , E = KE + PE + U
7.1-7.2 Energy & 1
st
Law of
Thermodynamics
2
2
1
mV KE =
mgz PE =
7- 5
Change in kinetic energy:
Note: means change and is always calculated as
final value minus initial value
) (
2
1
2
1
2
2 1 2
V V m KE KE KE = =
) (
1 2 1 2
z z mg PE PE PE = =
Change in potential energy
Change in potential energy
1 2
U U U =
7- 6
How energy can be transferred between a system and its
surroundings?
Heat energy that flows as a result of
temperature difference between a system and its
surrounding ; heat is defined positive when it is
transferred to the system from the surroundings.
Work energy that flows in response to any
driving force other than a temperature difference.
; work is defined positive when it is done by the
system on the surroundings.
7- 7
Types of Work
Flow work (W
fl
) - energy carried across the
boundaries of a system with the mass flowing across
the boundaries (i.e. internal, kinetic & potential
energy)
Shaft work (W
s
) - energy in transition across the
boundaries of a system due to a driving force other
than temperature, and not associated with mass flow
(an example would be mechanical work due to a
piston, pump or compressor)
7- 8
ENERGY CONVERSION UNITS
1 newton (N) = 1 kg. m/s
2
1 dyne = 1 g.cm/s
2
1 lb
f
= 32.174 lb
m
.ft/s
2
7- 9
Example 1
1. An automobile weighing 2500 lb
m
is traveling at 55 miles per
hour when the brakes are suddenly applied bringing the vehicle
to a stop. After the brakes have cooled to the ambient
temperature, how much heat (in Btu) has been transferred from
the brakes to the surroundings?
2. Suppose you pour a gallon of water from a height of 10 feet. How
much potential energy (ft-Ib
f
) does the water lose? How fast is
the water traveling (m/s) just before the impact?
3. Air at 300
o
C and 130 kPa flows through a horizontal 7 cm ID pipe
at a velocity of 42 cm/sec.
a) Calculate E
k
(J/s), assuming ideal gas behaviour
b) If the air is heated to 400
o
C at constant pressure, what is
the rate of change of kinetic energy (J/s) ?
7- 10
Example 1 (Solution no. 1)
Q = KE
2
KE
1
KE
2
KE
1
7- 11
Suppose you pour a gallon of water from a height of 10 feet. How much
potential energy (ft-Ib
f
) does the water lose?
How fast is the water traveling (m/s) just before the impact?
0 W 0, Q 0, U
s
= = =
s
W Q U PE KE = + +
( )
f
Ib ft V m
V V m KE
. 4 . 83 ) 0 (
2
1

) (
2
1
2 2
2
2
1
2
2
= =
=
m = 1 gallon = ? kg
KE = 83.4 ft.Ib
f
= ? kg.m
2
/s
2
7- 12
a) Calculate E
k
(W), assuming ideal gas behaviour
What method is used to calculate m?
What is an alternative method to calculate m ?
7- 13
b) If the air is heated to 400
o
C at constant pressure what is E
k
(300
o
C
400
o
C)?
What method is used to calculate velocity?
What is an alternative method to calculate velocity ?
7- 14
General Balance Equation
A balance on conserved quantity (i.e. mass, energy,
momentum) in a process system may be written as:
Input + generation - output - consumption
= accumulation
7- 15
7.3 Energy Balance on Closed Systems
How do you describe a closed system control
volume?
What effect does this have on the mass and
energy balances?
7- 16
There is no mass transfer into a closed system
The only way energy can get into or out of a closed
system is by heat transfer or work
a. Heat transfer (Q):
b. Work (W
s
):
Note: * Work is any boundary interaction that is not
heat (mechanical, electrical, magnetic, etc.)
W
s
Q
7- 17
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed ; It can
only change forms
Input + generation - output - consumption
= accumulation
Input Input - - output = accumulation output = accumulation
0
0
7- 18
In a closed system, In a closed system,
no mass crosses the boundary, hence the input & no mass crosses the boundary, hence the input &
output terms are eliminated output terms are eliminated
energy can be transferred across the boundary as heat energy can be transferred across the boundary as heat
& work, hence the accumulation term may be defined & work, hence the accumulation term may be defined
as the change in total energy in the system, i.e. as the change in total energy in the system, i.e.
s
W - Q E -
energy system
total in the Change
System in the
Energy Total Initial
System in the
Energy total Final
i f
E
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
7- 19
s
i f
W Q E
E E E
U PE KE E
=
=
+ + =
s
W Q U PE KE
U PE KE E
= + +
+ + =
Q = heat transferred to the system
W
s
= work done by the system
7- 20
E = U + PE + KE = Q W
Note: (Summation of all heat
transfer across system
boundary)
(Summation of all work
across system boundary)
=
i
i
Q Q
=
i
i s, s
W W
7- 21
For a closed system what is E equal to?
s
W Q U PE KE E = + + =
Is it adiabatic? (if yes, Q = 0)
Are there moving parts, e.g. do the walls move? (if
no, W
s
= 0)
Is the system moving? (if no, KE = 0)
Is there a change in elevation of the system? (if no,
PE = 0 )
Does temperature, phase, chemical composition
change, or pressure change less than a few
atmospheres ? (if no to all, U = 0)
7- 22
Example 2
A closed system of mass 5 kg undergoes a process in which there is
work of magnitude 9 kJ to the system from the surroundings. The
elevation of the system increases by 700 m during the process. The
specific internal energy of the system decreases by 6 kJ/kg and there
is no change in kinetic energy of the system. The acceleration of
gravity is constant at g=9.6 m/s
2
. Determine the heat transfer, in kJ.
General energy bal. : U + PE + KE = Q W
W = - 9 KJ
PE = mgz = (5kg)(9.6 m/s
2
)(+700m)(N/1 kg.m/s
2
)
= 33600 N/m = 33600 J = 33.6 kJ
U = m = (- 6 kJ/kg)(5kg) = - 30 kJ
KE = 0
thus, .. Q = - 5.4 kJ
7- 23
Example 3
5 kg of steam contained within a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes
an expansion from state 1, where the specific internal energy is
u1=2709.9 kJ/kg, to state 2, where u2=2659.6 kJ/kg. During the
process, there is heat transfer to the steam with a magnitude of 80
kJ. Also, a paddle wheel transfers energy to the steam by work in the
amount of 18.5 kJ. There is no significant change in the kinetic or
potential energy of the steam. Determine the energy transfer by
work from the steam to the piston during the process, in kJ.
m= 5 kg
steam
1 2
Q = 80 kJ
W
pw
= -18.5 kJ
W
piston
7- 24
Example 3 (Solution)
7- 25
Working session 1
A cylinder with a movable piston contains 4.00 liters of a gas at
30C and 5.00 bar. The piston is slowly moved to compress the
gas to 8.00 bar.
State 1 : V = 4 L, T = 30
o
C, P = 5 bar
State 2 : V = ? L, T = ?
o
C, P = 8 bar
1 2
W
piston
7- 26
Working session 1 (Cont.)
(a) Considering the system to be the gas in the cylinder and
neglecting E
p
, write and simplify the closed-system energy
balance. Do not assume that the process is isothermal in this
part.
(b) Suppose now that the process is carried out isothermally, and
the compression work done on the gas equals 7.65 L-bar. If the
gas is ideal so that U is a function only of T, how much heat (in
joules) is transferred to or from (state which) the surroundings?
(Use the gas-constant table in the back of the book to
determine the factor needed to convert L-bar to joules.)
7- 27
7- 28
(c) Suppose instead that the process is adiabatic and that U
increases as T increases. Is the final system temperature
greater than, equal to, or less than 30C? (Briefly state your
reasoning.)
U = Q W
Adiabatic compression,
Q=0 and U = - W
since W has a negative value (work done on the system),
U > 0, hence the final temperature should be greater
than 30C
7- 29
7.4 Energy Balances on Open
Systems
How are open systems control volumes different from
closed systems
What effect does this have on the energy balance?
7- 30
Some common open system steady flow devices
Only one in and one out
7- 31
Mixer
Heat Exchanger
7- 32
Application of First Law - Conservation of
energy for a control volume
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
+
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
m flow mass
ng accompanyi
volume control
the into transfer
energy of rate net
t time
at work by
out d transferre
being is energy
which at rate net
t time at
transfer heat by
in d transferre
being is energy
which at rate net
t time
at volume control the
within contained
energy the of
change of rate time
&
| | | |
out in cv
cv
cv
PE KE U PE KE U E
E W Q
t
E
+ + + + =
+ =
& & &

7- 33
General Energy Balances on Open Systems at
Steady State
W - Q E
energy system
total in the Change
System the Entering
Energy Total
System the Leaving
Energy Total
in
& & & &
out
E
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
W Q E
E E E
in out
& & &
& & &
=
=
W Q U PE KE
U PE KE E
& &
&
= + +
+ + =
W - Q E hence, 0
CV
& & &
= =
t
E
cv
7- 34
( )
( )
( )
W Q gz
v
U m
m m m
W Q PE KE U
i f
& &
&
& & &
&
&
&
& &
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
= =
=
=
=
= + +
2
z z g m PE
v v m
2
1
KE
U
m U
2
i f
2
i
2
f
i f
7- 35
Example 4 (. Recalling example 1 (no. 3))
Air at 300
o
C and 130 kPa flows through a horizontal 7 cm ID pipe at
a velocity of 42 cm/sec
a) Write and simplify the energy balance
b) Calculate the rate of kinetic energy (W), if the air is heated to 400
o
C at
constant pressure, assuming ideal gas behaviour
c) Why would be correct to say that the rate of heat transfer to the gas equals
the rate of change of kinetic energy? Why?
1
2
Air
T1 =300
o
C
P1=130 kPa
V1 = 42 m/s
T2 =400
o
C
P2=130 kPa
V2 = ? m/s
Q
7 cm ID
7- 36
a) Write and simplify the energy balance
E = U + Ek + Ep
b) Calculate E
k
(W), assuming ideal gas behaviour
0
7- 37
c) If the air is heated to 400
o
C at constant pressure what is E
k
(300
o
C
400
o
C)?
d) Why would be incorrect to say that the rate of heat transfer to the
gas in part (c) must equal the rate of change of kinetic energy?
E = U + Ek .hence E Ek
7- 38
7.4a Types of Work
Recall . How energy can be transferred across
boundaries of
a closed system ?
an open system?
7- 39
For open systems, two types of work
involved
Shaft work , W
s
.. Work done by a moving part of a
system
Flow works , W
fl
(PV) .. Work done to put a mass of
substance into/outside of system
boundary
Consider pipe full of flowing fluid (flow due to P where
P = P
1
P
2
):
7- 40
Consider volume defined by dashed lines system, where V =
AL
where P
1
V
1
is work done on system while P
2
V
2
is work done by
system on surroundings
/s) )(m .....(N/m V P V P W
3 2
in in out out fl
& & &
=
1
1
2
2
7- 41
7.4b Specific properties and Enthalpy
Total Energy of a flowing fluid (open system)
in in out out fl
s fl
V P V P W
W W Q PE KE U
W Q PE KE U
& & &
& & &
& &
=
+ = + +
= + +
) (
The fluid possesses an additional form of
energy the flow energy (flow work)
( )
...) / , / ( ......

..) cal (Joule, .......
kg cal kg J Enthalpy Specific V P U H
Enthalpy V P U H
W Q PE KE H
s
+ =
+ =
= + +
&
& &
Shaft work
7- 42
Example 5
a. Oxygen at 150 K and 41.64 atm has a tabulated specific volume
of 4.684 cm
3
/g and a specific internal energy of 1706 J/mol.
Calculate the specific enthalpy of oxygen this state.
7- 43
Example 6
b. Superheated steam at 5 bar and 200
o
C has a tabulated specific
internal energy of 2643 kJ/kg. Calculate the specific enthalpy of
steam this state assuming ideal gas behaviour.
( )
kg
m
0.436
1000L
m
x
mol
L
x7.865
0.018kg
mol
n
V
M
1
m
V
V
mol
L
7.865
5bar
K 273 200 x
mol.K
L.bar
0.08314
P
RT
n
V
nRT PV
3 3
= = |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
=
+
= =
=
gas ideal assuming ..... ? V

V P U H
=
+ =

Compare the specific volume & enthalpy with the values in Table B.5
( )
kg
kJ
2862 H
kg
kJ
219
1000J
kJ
x
mol.K
J 8.314
x
L.bar 0.08314
mol.K
x

m
L 10
x
kg
m
438 0 x 5bar V P

kg
kJ
2643 U
V P U H
3
3 3
=
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
+ =

7- 44
Working session 2
A horizontal cylinder equipped with a frictionless piston contains
785 cm
3
of steam at 400 K and 125 kPa. A total of 83.8 joules
of heat is transferred to the steam, causing the steam
temperature to rise and the cylinder volume to increase. A
constant restraining force is maintained on the piston
throughout the expansion, so that the pressure exerted by the
piston on the steam remains constant at 125 kPa. The final
steam temperature is 480 K. Assuming ideal gas behaviour,
calculate
a. the expansion work done (Joule) by the steam
b. the change in internal energy (Joule) of the steam
7- 45
Working session 2 (Solution)
State 1 :
V
1
= 785 cm
3
, T
1
= 400K,
P
1
= 125 KPa
State 2 :
V
2
= ? cm
3
, T
2
= 480K,
P
2
= 125 kPa
a. the expansion work done (Joule) by the steam
1 2
Q = 83.8 J
W
piston
= ? J
7- 46
Working session 2 (Solution)
b. the change in internal energy (Joule) of the steam
7- 47
7.4c Energy balance on an open system at
steady state
t
E
gz
V
H m W gz
V
H m Q
cv
out
out
out
out
s in
in
in in
=
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + +

2
2 2
This work represents everything but
the flow work
The flow work
is included in
the enthalpy
term
Input - Output = Accumulation
7- 48
0
t
E
cv
out in m m
=
=

0
2 2
2 2
=
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + +

out
out
out
out
in
in
in in
gz
V
m
s
gz
V
m
W Q
s
gz
V
m gz
V
m
W
Q
in
in
in in out
out
out
out

=
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +

2 2
2 2
Energy Balance on Open Systems at Steady
State
7- 49
For an open system what is E equal to?
s p k
W Q E E H E
& & & & & &
= + + =
Is it adiabatic? (if yes, Q = 0)
Are there moving parts, e.g. pump, compressor,
turbine ? (if no, W
s
= 0)
Does the average velocity of the fluid change
between the input and the output? ? (if no, KE = 0)
Is there a change in elevation of the system between
the input and the output? ? (if no, PE = 0 )
Does temperature, phase, chemical composition or
pressure change? (if no to all, H = 0)
7- 50
Single Stream Steady Flow
System
Nozzles
Diffusers
Turbines
Compressors
Throttling Valve
Often the change in kinetic energy
of the fluid is small, and the
change in potential energy of the
fluid is small
( )
(
(
(
+ =

in out
in out
in out s
z z g
V V
H H m W Q
2

2 2
7- 51
Nozzles and Diffusers
A nozzle is a device that
increases the velocity of a
fluid at the expense of
pressure
A diffuser is a device that
slows a fluid down
nozzle
diffuser
7- 52
Example
7- 53
( )
(
(
(
+ =

in out
in out
in out s
z z g
V V
H H m W Q
2

2 2
Is there work in this system?
NO
Is there heat transfer?
Usually it can be ignored
Does the fluid change
elevation?
( )
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
2

0
2 2
in out
in out
V V
H H
enthalpy is converted
into kinetic energy
NO
7- 54
Turbines and Compressors
A turbine is a device that
produces work at the
expense of temperature
and pressure
A compressor is a device
that increases the pressure
of a fluid by adding work
to the system
low p
s
W
&
high p
turbine compressor
s
W
&
high p
low p
7- 55
( )
(
(
(
+ =

in out
in out
in out s
z z g
V V
H H m W Q
2

2 2
Is there work in this system? Yes!
Does the fluid change elevation?
Does the kinetic energy change? Usually it can be ignored
( )
in out s
H H m W

=
&
enthalpy is converted into
work
7- 56
Throttling Valve
A throttling valve reduces
the fluid pressure
For example, the water
that comes into your house
goes through a throttling
valve, so it doesnt have
excessive pressure in your
home.
7- 57
Is there work in this system? NO
Does the fluid change elevation? NO
Does the fluid change velocity?
( )
(
(
(
+ =

in out
in out
in out s
z z g
V V
H H m W Q
2

2 2
7- 58
h
in
= h
out
P
in
> P
out
For gases that are not ideal, the temperature goes
down in a throttling valve
For ideal gases
H = C
p
T
But H = 0
So T = 0
The inlet and outlet temperatures are the same!!!
in out
H H

0 =
7- 59
Mixing Chamber
Mixing two or more fluids
is a common engineering
process
Mixing
Chamber
7- 60
Mixing Chamber
We no longer have only one inlet and one exit stream
Is there any work done?
No
Is there any heat transferred?
No
Is there a velocity change?
No
Is there an elevation change?
No
s
gz
V
m gz
V
m
W
Q
in
in
in in out
out
out
out

=
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +

2 2
2 2

=
in
out
m m

=
in in out out
H m H m

0 &
7- 61
Heat Exchanger
A heat exchanger is a
device where two moving
fluids exchange heat
without mixing.
7- 62
Energy balance is the same as a mixing
chamber, but
Two inlets
Two outlets
Material Balance
Divide into two separate streams with equal
inlet and outlet flow rates
7- 63
7.5 Tables of Thermodynamic Data
Recall . Thermodynamics
7- 64
7- 65
7- 66
State property a property of a system component whose value
depends only on the state of the system (i.e. temperature, pressure,
phase and composition) e.g. internal energy (U) and hence, enthalpy
(H)
It is impossible to measure the absolute value of state property but
can estimate the change in specific value of U (i.e ) or H (i.e )
corresponding to a specified change of state (i.e. temperature,
pressure, phase and composition)
Reference state - specified state (i.e. temperature, pressure or state
of aggregation) assigned to measure relative changes in or thus,
the value of or of a certain material at a specified state (T,P or
phase) is relative to the value of or of the same material at other
specified state (T,P or phase)
Reference states and state properties
7- 67
change in specific value of U (i.e ) or H (i.e ) for the transition
from one tabulated state to other, i.e state 1 state 2
As internal energy & enthalpy are state property, reference
state is not required. Just determine the specific value at
state 1 and state 2, and calculate the difference, i.e.
=
2

1
=
2

1
State 2
State 1
7- 68
7- 69
Recall
1. E is always measured relative to reference point!
Reference plane for PE
Reference frame for KE
Reference state for or (i.e. usually, but not
necessarily or = 0)
And
1. Changes in E are important, not total values of E
2. E depends only on beginning and end states
3. Q and W depend on process path (could get to the same
end state with different combinations of Q and W)
7- 70
Example 7
Values of the specific internal energy of Bromine at three conditions are
listed here
a. What reference state was used to generate the listed internal energies?
b. Calculate (kJ/mol) for a process in which Bromine vapor at 300K is
condensed at constant pressure. Calculate also (kJ/mol) for the same
process.
c. Bromine vapor in a 5 liter-container at 300 K and 0.205 bar is to be
heated to 340 K. Calculate the heat (kJ) that must be transferred to the
gas to achieve the desired temperature increase, assuming that is
independent of pressure.
0.000
28.24
29.62
0.0516
79.94
20.92
0.310
0.310
1.33
300
300
340
Liquid
Vapor
vapor
(kJ/mol) V (L/mol) P (bar) T(K) State
7- 71
Example 7 (solution)
Values of the specific internal energy of Bromine at three conditions are
listed here
a. What reference state was used to generate the listed internal energies?
b. Calculate (kJ/mol) for a process in which Bromine vapor at 300K is
condensed at constant pressure. Calculate also (kJ/mol) for the same
process.
0.000
28.24
29.62
0.0516
79.94
20.92
0.310
0.310
1.33
300
300
340
Liquid
Vapor
vapor
(kJ/mol) V (L/mol) P (bar) T(K) State
7- 72
(kJ/mol) =
2
-
1
=
(kJ/mol) = + (PV) = + PV
c. Bromine vapor in a 5 liter-container at 300 K and 0.205 bar is to be
heated to 340 K. Calculate the heat (kJ) that must be transferred to the
gas to achieve the desired temperature increase, assuming that is
independent of pressure.
7- 73
state 1 : V=5L, T1=300K, P=0.205bar
state 2 : V=5L, T2=340K, P2=? Bar
and # f(P)
General energy bal. for closed system
U + PE + KE = Q W
s
.. PE, KE, W
s
= 0
Q =U = n
= 29.62 - 28.24 = 1.38 kJ/mol
Assuming ideal gas
kJ 0.0567 U n Q = =
( )( )
mol 0.0411
300K x
mol.K
L.bar
0.08314
5L bar 0.205
n
nRT PV
= =
=
7- 74
Working session 3
a. Steam at 25
o
C and 0.0317 bar has a tabulated specific internal
energy of 2409.9 kJ/kg. Calculate the specific enthalpy of steam
this state
7- 75
Working session 3
b. The specific enthalpy of steam at 125 kPa varies with
temperature approximately as
i) Estimate the internal energy of the steam at 480 K
ii) Derive a formula for (BTU/Ibm) as a function of T(R)
T(K) 5 . 35 980 , 34 (J/mol) H
+ =
7- 76
7.5b Steam Properties
Recall . Thermodynamics
7- 77
Property of Steam Tables
P pressure
T - temperature
v specific volume
u specific internal energy
h specific enthalpy h = u + Pv
s specific entropy
7- 78
7- 79
7- 80
Superheated Properties
7- 81
7.6 Energy Balance Calculation Procedures
1. Select a suitable control volume for analysis, and
sketch the system, indicating appropriate
boundaries
2. Determining what energy interaction are important,
and recognize the sign conventions on such terms
3. Start with the basic 1
st
law (energy balance) for the
chosen system
4. Obtain physical date for the substance under study.
Is an equation of state applicable, or must
graphical and/or tabular data be employed? What
are other property relations for the substance?
7- 82
5. Determine the path of the process between the
initial and final states and indicate it in a diagram.
Is the process isothermal, isobaric, quasistatic,
adiabatic, etc.?
6. What other idealizations or assumptions are
necessary to complete the solution? Are kinetic and
potential energies negligible, etc.?
7. Draw a suitable diagram for the process, as an aid
in picturing the overall problem.
8. Complete the solution for the required item(s) on
the basis of the information supplied
Note: * check the units in each equation used!!!
7- 83
Example 8
Air is heated from 25C to 150C prior to entering a combustion
furnace. The change in specific enthalpy associated with this
transition is 3640 J/mol. The flow rate of air at the heater outlet
is 1.25 m
3
/min and the air pressure at this point is 122 kPa
absolute.
Q
Heater
Air
25C
V=1.25 m
3
/min
T=150C
P=122 kPa
=3640 J/mol
7- 84
a. Calculate the heat requirement in kW, assuming ideal gas
behaviour and that kinetic and potential energy changes from
the heater inlet to the outlet are negligible.
General energy bal. for open system
H + PE + KE = Q W
s
and PE=0, KE=0 and W = 0 (why?)
Hence, H = Q and H = 3640 J/mol
Q = 3640 J/mol but the unit required is kW (kJ/s)
Q = 3640 J/mol x n
air
mol/s x kJ/1000J (kJ/s)
7- 85
Recall mass bal. (SKF1113), for ideal gas,
PV = nRT or use standard ideal gas conversion
thus, Q = 2.631 kW
( )
( )
s
mol
723 0
423K
mol.K
.Pa m
8.314
60s
min
min
m
1.25 Pa 122000
RT
PV
n
3
3
. =
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
7- 86
Example 9 : Mixing Chamber
Given: shower
inlet 1: T
1
= 15
o
C (cold water)
inlet 2: T
2
= 60
o
C (hot water)
Find:
What is the ratio of mass flow rates
(hot/cold) in order to get a shower
temperature of T
3
= 38
o
C
Assumptions:
(1) steady state steady flow (SSSF)
(2) no work, (3) PE=0, KE=0,
(4) adiabatic, (5) incompressible water
T
2
T
1
T
3
7- 87
Example 9 : Mixing Chamber
Basic equations:
(open system)
Solution:
Then
3 2 1
m m m & & & = +
3 3 2 2 1 1
H m H m H m

& & & = +
3 2
1 3
1
2
3
1
2
2
1
2
1
3 2 1 2 2 1 1
H H
H H
m
m
H )
m
m
(1 H
m
m
H
H ) m m ( H m H m

=
+ = +
+ = +
&
&
&
&
&
&
& & & &

=
in
in
out
out
m m & &

=
in
in in
out
out out
H m H m

& &
7- 88
Example 9 : Mixing Chamber (Solution)
kg
kJ
159.1 C) 38 (T H H
kg
kJ
251.1 C) 60 (T H H
kg
kJ
62.95 C) 15 (T H H
o
3 f 3
o
2 f 2
o
1 f 1
= = =
= = =
= = =

1 2
1
2
m m
1.05
kg
kJ
159.1) - (251.1
kg
kJ
62.95) - (159.1
m
m
& &
&
&
=
7- 89
Working session 4 : Heat Exchanger
Saturated steam at 2.00 barg is to be used to heat a stream of ethane
at constant pressure. The ethane enters the heat exchanger at 16C
and 1.5 barg at a rate of 795 m
3
/min and is heated at constant
pressure to 93C. The steam condenses and leaves the exchanger as a
liquid at 27C. The specific enthalpy of ethane at the given pressure is
941 kJ/kg at 16C and 1073 kJ/kg at 93C
a. How much heat (kW) must be provided to heat the ethane
from 16C to 93C?
b. Assuming that all the energy transferred from the steam goes
to heat ethane, at what rate in m
3
/min must steam be
supplied to the heat exchanger?
T
2
T
1
T
3
7- 90
Example 10
Two hundred kg/min of steam enters a perfectly - insulated
steam turbine at 350C and 40 bar through a 7.5-cm
diameter line and exits at 75C and 5 bar through a 5-cm
line. How much energy is transferred to or from the turbine?
State 1
350C
40 bar
ID=7.5-cm
State 2
75C
5 bar
ID= 5-cm
Energy bal. for open system
H + PE + KE = Q W
s
Assumptions :
PE = 0, Q = 0 (adiabatic)
Hence, H + KE = W
s
7- 91
Hence,
s
= 13,460 kW (work produced by turbine)
7- 92
Working session 5
A turbine discharges 200 kg/h of saturated steam at 10.0 bar
absolute. It is desired to generate steam at 250C and 10.0 bar
by mixing the turbine discharge with a second stream of
superheated steam of 300C and 10.0 bar.
a. If 300 kg/h of the product steam is to be generated, how much
heat must be added to the mixer?
b. If instead the mixing is carried out adiabatically, at what rate is
the product steam generated
Saturated steam
200 kg/h, 10 bar
Superheated steam
300
o
C, 10 bar
Steam
250
o
C, 10 bar
7- 93
Working session 5 (solution)
7- 94
Example 11
Atmospheric air at 38C and 97% relative humidity is to be cooled
to 18C and fed to a plant area at the rate of 510 m
3
/min.
Assuming the atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg,
(a) calculate the rate (kg/min) at which water condenses
(b) calculate the cooling requirement in tons (1 ton of cooling =
12,000 BTU/h), assuming the enthalpy of water vapor is that
of saturated steam at the same temperature and the
enthalpy of dry air is given by the equation
(kJ/mol) = 0.0291 [ T(
o
C) 25 ]
7- 95
n
1
kmol/min
38
o
C
RH=97%
Y
w,1
= ? mol H
2
O/mol
Y
air,1
= ? mol air/mol
cooler
n
2
kmol water /min condensed
18
o
C
510 m
3
/min
18
o
C
n
3
kmol/min
Y
w,3
= ? kmol H
2
O/mol
Y
air,3
= ? kmol air/mol
Q
&
7- 96
7- 97
7- 98
Working session 6
A 10.0-m
3
tank contains steam at 275C and 15.0 bar. The tank
and its contents are cooled until the pressure drops to 1.2 bar.
Some of the steam condenses in the process.
(a) What is the final temperature of the tank contents?
(b) How much steam condensed (kg)?
(c) How much heat was transferred from the tank?
7- 99
7.7 Mechanical Energy Balances for
Steady-State Flow Processes
loss friction 0
m
Q
U
F
m
W
- F z g
2
v P

1
m
V
V
, V
P U
W - Q z g
2
v
H
m
s
2
s
2
=
= + + +
= = + =
=
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
&
&
&
&
& &
&
Energy balance for an
isothermal (constant T)
& steady state flow of
an incompressible fluid
( is constant - for
liquids) through a piping
system
(m
in
= m
out
)

P v
g z
+ + =
2
2
0
If there is no shaft work (Ws = 0, i.e., no pump,
compressor, etc.), and if the friction losses can be
neglected (F = 0), then Bernoullis equation
results:
7- 100
Example 12
Water from a reservoir
passes a dam through a
turbine and discharges from
a 70 cm- ID pipe at a point
65 m below the reservoir
surface. The turbine delivers
0.8 MW. Calculate the
required flow rate in m
3
/min
if friction is neglected.
7- 101
7- 102
Working session 6 : Pipe flow
Given: Water is pumped on higher
elevation through piping
D
1
= 10 cm and D
2
= 15 cm;
T
2
= T
1
= T
atm
= 20
o
C
p
2
= p
1
= p
atm
= 101.3 kPa
Find:
Pump power
Assumptions:
(1) steady state steady flow (SSSF)
(2) adiabatic
(3) incompressible water
T
2
T
1
T
3
.
7- 103
Problem 1 from Test #1 (session 0506)
Which of the following process requires the most
energy. Elaborate and prove your answers
a) Lifting 100 kg of liquid water to a height of 32 feet
b) Raising the temperature of 1 kg of liquid water by
10
o
C without phase change
c) Converting 1 kg of liquid water at room
temperature 25
o
C and pressure to water vapour.
7- 104
Half liter of water in a glass at 64.4
o
F is to be cooled by adding
ice and stirring. The enthalpy of the ice relative to liquid water at
32
o
F and the specific volume of the ice are -150 BTU/Ibm and
0.01745 ft
3
/Ibm, respectively. Calculate the mass of ice (Ibm)
that must melt to bring the liquid temperature to 41
o
F, neglecting
heat losses to the surroundings.
m
i
Ibm, Ice
32
o
F (0
o
C)
m
l
Ibm
L water
64.4
o
F (18
o
C)
m
mix
Ibm
41
o
F (5
o
C)
Energy Balance for closed system :
U + PE + KE = Q W
piston
PE = KE = Q = W
piston
=0
7- 105
Hence, U = 0 = (m)
in
- (m)
out
= 0
m
i
i
+ m
l
l
- m
mix
mix
= 0
m
l
= (0.5L)(35.3145 ft
3
/L)(62.34 Ibm/ft
3
) = 1.1023 Ibm
m
i
+ m
l
= m
mix
Reference for internal energy @ 32
o
F (0
o
C) .. Table B5
l
(liquid water, 18
o
C) = 75.5 kJ/kg = 32.486 BTU/Ibm
mix
(liquid water, 5
o
C) = 21 kJ/kg = 9.0358 BTU/Ibm
i
(0
o
C) = ? = + PV
= -150 BTU/Ibm + (1 atm)(0.1745ft
3
/Ibm)(1.987
BTU/0.7302 ft
3
.atm)
= -150.48 BTU/Ibm
Performing simultaneous mass & energy bal.. m
i
= 0.1621 Ibm
7- 106
At most chemical plants, water is stored in an elevated tank that provides
sufficient water pressure for emergency use if the municipal water supply is
interrupted. At a petroleum refinery in Kertih, Terangganu, water is stored
in an elevated cylindrical storage tank 5 m in diameter and 15 m tall. The
elevated tank is vented to the atmosphere. It is painted white to minimize
heating by sunlight. It is 25 m from the ground to the bottom of the tank.
Water may be withdrawn from the elevated tank at ground level via a 4-
inch inside diameter pipe.
a. Estimate the volumetric flow rate (L/min) of water available in an
emergency.
b. If the tank is full how long (minutes) that the water supply can
last if the water in the tank is not being replenished during the
time of emergency.
7- 107
A boiler at a power plant produces 1.33 10
6
kg/hr of steam at 550 C
and 250 bar which feeds a turbine. Steam leaves the turbine at 350 C
and 60 bar. Ten percent of this steam is used to preheat the water
going into the boiler; the rest feeds other turbines in the plant. Steam
leaves the preheater at 250 C and 60 bar. Water enters the
preheater at 245 C and 250 bar. After leaving the preheater it goes
directly to the boiler.
a. Sketch the diagram of the process and its labels.
b. Calculate the work (hp) done by the turbine
c. The energy (Btu/s) that must be transferred to the water in
the boiler
7- 108
Air at a flow rate of 50 kg/hr is compressed adiabatically from 1 bar
and 0 C to 3 bar and 25 C. The velocity of the air stream entering the
compressor is 5.0 m/s. The velocity of the air stream exiting the
compressor is 60.0 m/s. The air stream exits the compressor 3 m
higher than it enters.
a. What is the volumetric flow rate (m
3
/hr) of the air exiting the
compressor?
b. What is the inside diameter (inch) of the outlet duct of the
compressor?
7- 109
A 10000 Liter tank contains steam at 250 C and 20.0 bar. The tank and
its contents are cooled until the pressure drops to 1.2 bar. Some of the
steam condenses in the process.
a. What is the final temperature (C) of the tank contents?
b. How much steam condensed (kg)?
c. How much heat (kJ) was transferred from the tank?
7- 110
success success
in course in course
exams exams

12 Energy and Energy Balances

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12 Energy and Energy Balances

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SKF2123-ENERGY BALANCE SESSION 2007/2008

LECTURER : ASSOC. PROF. DR AZEMAN MUSTAFA

& & &

gas ideal assuming ..... ? V

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